Patent Application
20130055491
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a blended yarn useful for the production of fabrics that possess the combination of improved comfort, due to its high moisture regain, and superior arc protection. This invention also relates to garments produced with such fabrics.
2. Description of Related Art
U.S. Pat. No. 7,348,059 to Zhu et al. discloses modacrylic/aramid fiber blends for use in arc and flame protective fabrics and garments. Such blends have on average a high content (40-70 weight percent) modacrylic fiber and lower content (10 to 40 weight percent) meta-aramid fiber having a degree of crystallinity of at least 20%, and para-aramid fiber (5 to 20 weight percent). Fabrics and garments made from such blends provide protection from electrical arcs and exposures to flash fires up to 3 seconds.
United States Patent Application Publication US2005/0025963 to Zhu discloses a fire retardant blend, yarn, fabric and article of clothing made from a blend of 10-75 parts of at least one aramid staple fiber, 15 to 80 parts by weight of at least one modacrylic staple fiber, and 5 to 30 parts by weight of at least one aliphatic polyamide staple fiber. This blend will not provide a Category 2 arc rating for fabrics in the range of 186.5 to 237 grams per square meter (5.5 to 7 ounces per square yard) because of the high proportion of flammable aliphatic polyamide fiber in this blend.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,156,883 to Lovasic et al. discloses a fiber blend, fabrics, and protective garments comprising amorphous meta-aramid fiber, crystallized meta-aramid fiber, and flame retardant cellulosic fiber, the meta-aramid fiber being 50 to 85 weight percent with one to two thirds of the meta-aramid fiber being amorphous and with two to one third of the meta-aramid fiber being crystalline. Again, fabrics made by these blends would not provide a Category 2 arc rating for fabrics in the range of 186.5 to 237 grams per square meter (5.5 to 7 ounces per square yard).
United States Patent Application Publication US2010/0299816 to Zhu discloses crystallized meta-aramid blends for improved flash fire protection and superior arc protection. consisting essentially of from (a) 50 to 60 weight percent meta-aramid fiber having a degree of crystallinity of at least 20%, (b) 31 to 39 weight percent modacrylic fiber, and (c) 5 to 15 weight percent para-aramid fiber, based on the total weight of components (a), (b), and (c). In some embodiments, 1 to 3 weight percent of the meta-aramid fiber is replaced with antistatic fiber with the proviso that at least 50 weight percent meta-aramid fiber is maintained. The garments provide thermal protection such that a wearer would experience less than a 65 percent predicted body burn when exposed to a flash fire exposure of 4 seconds per ASTM F1930, while maintaining a Category 2 arc rating per ASTM F1959 and NFPA 70E. The basis weight of fabrics that have both the desired arc and flash fire performance is 135 g/m2 (4 oz/yd2) or greater.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,744,999 to Zhu relates to yarn for use in arc and flame protection, and fabrics and garments made from that yarn, the yarn consisting essentially of from (a) 50 to 80 weight percent meta-aramid fiber having a degree of crystallinity of at least 20%, (b) 10 to 30 weight percent modacrylic fiber, (c) 5 to 20 weight percent para-aramid fiber, and (d) 1 to 3 weight percent antistatic fiber based on the total weight of components (a), (b), (c) and (d). The fabrics and garments have a basis weight in the range of 186.5 to 237 grams per square meter (5.5 to 7 ounces per square yard). In one embodiment, garments made from the yarn provide thermal protection such that a wearer would experience less than a 65 percent predicted body burn when exposed to a flash fire exposure of 4 seconds per ASTM F1930, while maintaining a Category 2 arc rating.
Unfortunately, the aforementioned fabrics that provide best protection tend to have lower moisture regain and therefore can be relatively uncomfortable in some environments. Apparel designed to protect an individual from electrical arcs is of use only if it is worn by the individual in a hazardous environments. If the apparel is uncomfortable, an individual is more likely to forego the protective apparel, risking injury. Therefore any improvement in the comfort of arc protective garments is welcomed.
This invention relates to a yarn for use in arc and flame protection consisting essentially of (a) 10 to 40 weight percent meta-aramid fiber having a degree of crystallinity of at least 20%, (b) 20 to 60 weight percent modacrylic fiber, (c) 15 to 45 weight percent FR rayon fiber, and (d) 5 to 20 weight percent para-aramid fiber; based on the total weight of components (a), (b), (c), and (d).
This invention also relates to a fabric suitable for use in arc and flame protection comprising a yarn consisting essentially of (a) 10 to 40 weight percent meta-aramid fiber having a degree of crystallinity of at least 20%, (b) 20 to 60 weight percent modacrylic fiber, (c) 15 to 45 weight percent FR rayon fiber, and (d) 5 to 20 weight percent para-aramid fiber, based on the total weight of components (a), (b), (c), and (d); the fabric having a basis weight in the range of 135 to 407 grams per square meter (4 to 12 ounces per square yard).
This invention further relates to a garment suitable for use in arc and flame protection comprising a fabric consisting essentially of (a) 10 to 40 weight percent meta-aramid fiber having a degree of crystallinity of at least 20%, (b) 20 to 60 weight percent modacrylic fiber, (c) 15 to 45 weight percent FR rayon fiber, and (d) 5 to 20 weight percent para-aramid fiber, based on the total weight of components (a), (b), (c), and (d); the fabric having a basis weight in the range of 150 to 339 grams per square meter (4.5 to 10 ounces per square yard).
This invention relates to a yarn made from a blend of fibers that when made into fabrics and garments has superior arc protection while also having high moisture regain. This high moisture regain translates to improved comfort for the wearer. Specifically, this invention relates to a yarn for use in arc and flame protection consisting essentially of (a) 10 to 40 weight percent meta-aramid fiber having a degree of crystallinity of at least 20%, (b) 20 to 60 weight percent modacrylic fiber, (c) 15 to 45 weight percent FR rayon fiber, and (d) 5 to 20 weight percent para-aramid fiber; based on the total weight of components (a), (b), (c), and (d).
In some preferred embodiments, the yarn consists essentially of (a) 20 to 30 weight percent meta-aramid fiber having a degree of crystallinity of at least 20%, (b) 40 to 50 weight percent modacrylic fiber, (c) 15 to 25 weight percent FR rayon fiber, and (d) 5 to 15 weight percent para-aramid fiber; based on the total weight of components (a), (b), (c), and (d). If desired, 1 to 3 weight percent of the para-aramid fiber in the yarn can be replaced with an antistatic fiber comprising carbon or metal with the proviso that at least 5 weight percent para-aramid fiber is maintained in the yarn. In other words, if antistatic fiber in used it is used in an amount of 1 to 3 weight percent and the weight percent of (d) becomes 5 to at most 19 weight percent para-aramid fiber.
The above percentages are on a basis of the four named components, that is, the total weight of these four named components in the yarn. If antistatic fiber is included in the yarn, the above percentages are on a basis of the four named components and the antistatic fiber. By “yarn” is meant an assemblage of fibers spun or twisted together to form a continuous strand that can be used in weaving, knitting, braiding, or plaiting, or otherwise made into a textile material or fabric. In some preferred embodiments, the fibers are staple fibers.
In some preferred embodiments, the yarn has a moisture regain of at least 3 percent by weight, and in some embodiments the yarn has a moisture regain of at least 4 percent by weight. In some embodiments the yarn has a moisture regain of at least 5 percent by weight. It is believed the use of flame-retardant rayon in the fiber blend adds a fiber component to the yarn that has high moisture regain, which imparts more comfort to the wearer of garments made from fabrics containing the yarn. Fabrics made with FR rayon fiber, while having good fire retardancy and flash fire performance, are not known for having the highest arc performance. Surprisingly, it has been found that if the FR rayon fiber is combined with modacrylic fiber in the blend in the claimed percentages, fabrics and garments having both improved moisture regain and comfort can be obtained while retaining high arc rating performance, high fire retardancy, and in some instances improved fire performance.
As used herein, “aramid” is meant a polyamide wherein at least 85% of the amide (—CONH—) linkages are attached directly to two aromatic rings. Additives can be used with the aramid and, in fact, it has been found that up to as much as 10 percent, by weight, of other polymeric material can be blended with the aramid or that copolymers can be used having as much as 10 percent of other diamine substituted for the diamine of the aramid or as much as 10 percent of other diacid chloride substituted for the diacid chloride of the aramid. Suitable aramid fibers are described in Man-Made Fibers—Science and Technology, Volume 2, Section titled Fiber-Forming Aromatic Polyamides, page 297, W. Black et al., Interscience Publishers, 1968. Aramid fibers are, also, disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,172,938; 3,869,429; 3,819,587; 3,673,143; 3,354,127; and 3,094,511. Meta-aramid are those aramids where the amide linkages are in the meta-position relative to each other, and para-aramids are those aramids where the amide linkages are in the para-position relative to each other. The aramids most often used are poly(metaphenylene isophthalamide) and poly(paraphenylene terephthalamide).
When used in yarns, the meta-aramid fiber provides a flame resistant char forming fiber with an Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) of about 26. Meta-aramid fiber is also resistant to the spread of damage to the yarn due to exposure to flame. Because of its balance of modulus and elongation physical properties, meta-aramid fiber also provides for a comfortable fabric useful in single-layer fabric garments meant to be worn as industrial apparel in the form of conventional shirts, pants, and coveralls. The yarn has at least 10 weight percent meta-aramid fiber. In some preferred embodiments, the yarn has at least 20 weight percent meta-aramid fibers. In some embodiments, the preferred maximum amount of meta-aramid fibers is 30 weight percent or less; however, amounts as high as 40 weight percent can be used.
By flame-retardant rayon fiber, it is meant a rayon fiber having one or more flame retardants and having a fiber tensile strength of at least 2 grams per denier. Cellulosic or rayon fibers containing as the flame retardant a silicon dioxide in the form of polysilicic acid are specifically excluded because such fibers have a low fiber tensile strength. Also, while such fibers are good char formers, in relative terms their vertical flame performance is worse that fibers containing phosphorous compounds or other flame retardants.
Rayon fiber is well known in the art, and is a manufactured fiber generally composed of regenerated cellulose, as well has regenerated cellulose in which substituents have replaced not more than 15% of the hydrogens of the hydroxyl groups. They include yarns made by the viscose process, the cuprammonium process, and the now obsolete nitrocellulose and saponified acetate processes; however in a preferred embodiment the viscose process is used. Generally, rayon is obtained from wood pulp, cotton linters, or other vegetable matter dissolved in a viscose spinning solution. The solution is extruded into an acid-salt coagulating bath and drawn into continuous filaments. Groups of these filaments may be formed into yarns or cut into staple and further processed into spun staple yarns. As used herein, rayon fiber includes what is known as lyocell fiber.
Flame retardants can be incorporated into the rayon fiber by adding flame retardant chemicals into the spin solution and spinning the flame retardant into the rayon fiber, coating the rayon fiber with the flame retardant, contacting the rayon fiber with the flame retardant and allowing the fiber to absorb the flame retardant, or any other process that incorporates a flame retardant into or with a rayon fiber. Generally speaking, rayon fibers that contain one or more flame retardants are given the designation “FR,” for flame retardant. In a preferred embodiment, the FR rayon has spun-in flame retardants.
The FR rayon has a high moisture regain, which provides a comfort component to fabrics. It is believed that the yarn should have at least 15 weight percent FR rayon to provide improved comfort in the fabrics. Further, while larger percentages of FR rayon might provide even more comfort, it is believed that if the amount of FR rayon exceeds about 45 weight percent in the yarn, the fabric could have negative performance issues that would outweigh any comfort improvement. In some preferred embodiments the FR rayon fiber is present in the yarn in an amount of 15 to 25 weight percent.
The FR rayon fiber can contain one or more of a variety of commercially available flame retardants; including for example certain phosphorus compounds like Sandolast 9000® available from Sandoz, and the like. While various compounds can be used as flame retardants, in a preferred embodiment, the flame retardant is based on a phosphorus compound. A useful FR rayon fiber is available from Daiwabo Rayon Co., Ltd., of Japan under the name DFG “Flame-resistant viscose rayon”. Another useful FR rayon fiber is available from Lenzing AG under the name of Viscose FR (also known as Lenzing FR® available from Lenzing Fibers of Austria).
By modacrylic fiber it is meant acrylic synthetic fiber made from a polymer comprising primarily acrylonitrile. Preferably the polymer is a copolymer comprising 30 to 70 weight percent of a acrylonitrile and 70 to 30 weight percent of a halogen-containing vinyl monomer. The halogen-containing vinyl monomer is at least one monomer selected, for example, from vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, vinyl bromide, vinylidene bromide, etc. Examples of copolymerizable vinyl monomers are acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, salts or esters of such acids, acrylamide, methylacrylamide, vinyl acetate, etc.
The preferred modacrylic fibers are copolymers of acrylonitrile combined with vinylidene chloride, the copolymer having in addition an antimony oxide or antimony oxides for improved fire retardancy. Such useful modacrylic fibers include, but are not limited to, fibers disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,193,602 having 2 weight percent antimony trioxide, fibers disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,748,302 made with various antimony oxides that are present in an amount of at least 2 weight percent and preferably not greater than 8 weight percent, and fibers disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,208,105 & 5,506,042 having 8 to 40 weight percent of an antimony compound.
Within the yarns, modacrylic fiber provides a flame resistant char forming fiber with an LOI typically at least 28 depending on the level of doping with antimony derivatives. Modacrylic fiber is also resistant to the spread of damage to the yarn due to exposure to flame. Modacrylic fiber while highly flame resistant does not by itself provide adequate tensile strength to a yarn, or fabric made from the yarn, to offer the desired level of break-open resistance when exposed to an electrical arc. It also does not provide, by itself, adequate char performance according to NFPA 2112 or ASTM F1506 requirement per testing method of ASTM D6413. The yarn has at least 20 weight percent modacrylic fiber and in some preferred embodiments the yarn has 40 to 50 weight percent modacrylic fiber. In some embodiments the preferred maximum amount of modacrylic fiber is 60 weight percent.
In some preferred embodiments, the meta-aramid fiber has a degree of crystallinity in a range of about 20 to 50 percent. Meta-aramid fiber provides additional tensile strength to the yarn and fabrics formed from the yarn. Modacrylic and meta-aramid fiber combinations are highly flame resistant but do not provide adequate tensile strength to a yarn or fabric made from the yarn to offer the desired level of break-open resistance when exposed to an electrical arc.
The meta-aramid fiber has a certain minimum degree of crystallinity to realize the improvement in arc protection. The degree of crystallinity of the meta-aramid fiber is at least 20% and more preferably at least 25%. For purposes of illustration due to ease of formation of the final fiber a practical upper limit of crystallinity is 50% (although higher percentages are considered suitable). Generally, the crystallinity will be in a range from 25 to 40%. An example of a commercial meta-aramid fiber having this degree of crystallinity is Nomex® T-450 available from E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company of Wilimington, Del.
The degree of crystallinity of an meta-aramid fiber is determined by one of two methods. The first method is employed with a non-voided fiber while the second is on a fiber that is not totally free of voids.
The percent crystallinity of meta-aramids in the first method is determined by first generating a linear calibration curve for crystallinity using good, essentially non-voided samples. For such non-voided samples the specific volume (1/density) can be directly related to crystallinity using a two-phase model. The density of the sample is measured in a density gradient column. A meta-aramid film, determined to be non-crystalline by x-ray scattering methods, was measured and found to have an average density of 1.3356 g/cm3. The density of a completely crystalline meta-aramid sample was then determined from the dimensions of the x-ray unit cell to be 1.4699 g/cm3. Once these 0% and 100% crystallinity end points are established, the crystallinity of any non-voided experimental sample for which the density is known can be determined from this linear relationship:
Since many fiber samples are not totally free of voids, Raman spectroscopy is the preferred method to determine crystallinity. Since the Raman measurement is not sensitive to void content, the relative intensity of the carbonyl stretch at 1650−1 cm can be used to determine the crystallinity of a meta-aramid in any form, whether voided or not. To accomplish this, a linear relationship between crystallinity and the intensity of the carbonyl stretch at 1650 cm−1, normalized to the intensity of the ring stretching mode at 1002 cm−1, was developed using minimally voided samples whose crystallinity was previously determined and known from density measurements as described above. The following empirical relationship, which is dependent on the density calibration curve, was developed for percent crystallinity using a Nicolet Model 910 FT-Raman Spectrometer:
where I(1650 cm−1) is the Raman intensity of the meta-aramid sample at that point. Using this intensity the percent crystallinity of the experiment sample is calculated from the equation.
Meta-aramid fibers, when spun from solution, quenched, and dried using temperatures below the glass transition temperature, without additional heat or chemical treatment, develop only minor levels of crystallinity. Such fibers have a percent crystallinity of less than 15 percent when the crystallinity of the fiber is measured using Raman scattering techniques. These fibers with a low degree of crystallinity are considered amorphous meta-aramid fibers that can be crystallized through the use of heat or chemical means. The level of crystallinity can be increased by heat treatment at or above the glass transition temperature of the polymer. Such heat is typically applied by contacting the fiber with heated rolls under tension for a time sufficient to impart the desired amount of crystallinity to the fiber.
The level of crystallinity of m-aramid fibers can be increased by a chemical treatment, and in some embodiments this includes methods that color, dye, or mock dye the fibers prior to being incorporated into a fabric. Some methods are disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,668,234; 4,755,335; 4,883,496; and 5,096,459. A dye assist agent, also known as a dye carrier may be used to help increase dye pick up of the aramid fibers. Useful dye carriers include aryl ether, benzyl alcohol, acetophenone, and mixtures thereof.
The addition of para-aramid fibers in the yarn can provide fabrics formed from the yarn some additional resistance to shrinkage and break-open after flame exposure. Larger amounts of para-aramid fibers in the yarns can make garments comprising the yarns uncomfortable to the wearer. The yarn has 5 to 20 weight percent para-aramid fibers, and in some embodiments, the yarn has 5 to 15 weight percent para-aramid fibers.
Because static electrical discharges can be hazardous for workers working with sensitive electrical equipment or near flammable vapors, the yarn, fabric, or garment optionally contains an antistatic component. Illustrative examples are steel fiber, carbon fiber, or a carbon combined with an existing fiber. If added to the yarn, the antistatic component is present in an amount of 1 to 3 weight percent of the total yarn, replacing a similar amount of the para-aramid fiber, with the proviso that at least 5 weight percent para-aramid fiber is maintained in the yarn. If an antistatic component is used, the maximum amount of para-aramid fiber is 19 weight percent.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,612,150 (to De Howitt) and U.S. Pat. No. 3,803,453 (to Hull) describe an especially useful conductive fiber wherein carbon black is dispersed within a thermoplastic fiber, providing anti-static conductance to the fiber. The preferred antistatic fiber is a carbon-core nylon-sheath fiber. Use of anti-static fibers provides yarns, fabrics, and garments having reduced static propensity, and therefore, reduced apparent electrical field strength and nuisance static.
Staple yarns can be produced by yarn spinning techniques such as but not limited to ring spinning, core spinning, and air jet spinning, including air spinning techniques such as Murata air jet spinning where air is used to twist staple fibers into a yarn, provided the required degree of crystallinity is present in the final yarn. If single yarns are produced, they are then preferably plied together to form a ply-twisted yarn comprising at least two single yarns prior to being converted into a fabric. Alternatively, multifilament continuous filament yarns can be used to make the fabric.
This invention also relates to a fabric suitable for use in arc and flame protection comprising a yarn consisting essentially of (a) 10 to 40 weight percent meta-aramid fiber having a degree of crystallinity of at least 20%, (b) 20 to 60 weight percent modacrylic fiber, (c) 15 to 45 weight percent FR rayon fiber, and (d) 5 to 20 weight percent para-aramid fiber, based on the total weight of components (a), (b), (c), and (d); the fabric having a basis weight in the range of 135 to 407 grams per square meter (4 to 12 ounces per square yard). In some preferred embodiments, the yarn consists essentially of (a) 20 to 30 weight percent meta-aramid fiber having a degree of crystallinity of at least 20%, (b) 40 to 50 weight percent modacrylic fiber, (c) 15 to 25 weight percent FR rayon fiber, and (d) 5 to 15 weight percent para-aramid fiber; based on the total weight of components (a), (b), (c), and (d). If desired, 1 to 3 weight percent of the para-aramid fiber in the yarn can be replaced with an antistatic fiber comprising carbon or metal with the proviso that at least 5 weight percent para-aramid fiber is maintained in the yarn. In other words, if antistatic fiber in used it is used in an amount of 1 to 3 weight percent and the weight percent of (d) becomes 5 to at most 19 weight percent para-aramid fiber. The above percentages are on a basis of the four named components, that is, the total weight of these four named components in the yarn. If antistatic fiber is included in the yarn, the above percentages are on a basis of the four named components and the antistatic fiber. In some preferred embodiments, the meta-aramid fiber in the yarn has a degree of crystallinity in a range of about 20 to 50 percent. As with the previously described yarn, in some preferred embodiments, the fabric has a moisture regain of at least 3 percent by weight by use of flame-retardant rayon as a fiber component, and in some embodiments the fabric has a moisture regain of at least 4 percent by weight. In some embodiments the fabric has a moisture regain of at least 5 percent by weight.
To provide protection from the intense thermal stresses caused by electrical arcs it is desirable that arc protective fabric and garments formed from that fabric possess features such as an LOI above the concentration of oxygen in air (that is, greater than 21 and preferably greater than 25) for flame resistance, a short char length indicative of slow propagation of damage to the fabric, and good break-open resistance to prevent incident energy from directly impinging on the surfaces below the protective layer.
In some preferred embodiments, the fabric has a char length according to ASTM D-6413-99 of less than 6 inches. Char length is a measure of the flame resistance of a textile. A char is defined as a carbonaceous residue formed as the result of pyrolysis or incomplete combustion. The char length of a fabric under the conditions of test of ASTM 6413-99 is defined as the distance from the fabric edge that is directly exposed to the flame to the furthest point of visible fabric damage after a specified tearing force has been applied.
The term fabric, as used in the specification and appended claims, refers to a desired protective layer that has been woven, knitted, or otherwise assembled using one or more different types of the yarn previously described. A preferred embodiment is a woven fabric, and a preferred weave is a twill weave.
In some preferred embodiments the fabrics have an arc resistance, normalized for basis weight, of at least 1.2 calories per square centimeter per ounce per square yard (0.148 Joules per square centimeter per grams per square meter). In some embodiments the arc resistance of the fabric, normalized for basis weight, can be 1.5 calories per square centimeter per ounce per square yard (0.185 Joules per square centimeter per grams per square meter) or greater.
Yarns having the proportions of meta-aramid fiber, FR rayon fiber, modacrylic fiber, and para-aramid fiber, and optionally antistatic fiber as previously described, are exclusively present in the fabric. In the case of a woven fabric the yarns are used in both the warp and fill of the fabric. If desired, the relative amounts of meta-aramid fiber, FR rayon fiber, modacrylic fiber, para-aramid fiber and antistatic fiber can vary in the yarns as long as the composition of the yarns falls within the previously described ranges.
The yarns used in the making of fabrics consist essentially of the meta-aramid fiber, FR rayon fiber, modacrylic fiber, para-aramid fiber and antistatic fiber as previously described, in the proportions described, and do not include any other additional thermoplastic or combustible fibers or materials. Other materials and fibers, such as polyamide or polyester fibers, provide combustible material to the yarns, fabrics, and garments, and are believed to affect the flash fire performance of the garments.
This invention further relates to a garment suitable for use in arc and flame protection comprising a fabric consisting essentially of (a) 10 to 40 weight percent meta-aramid fiber having a degree of crystallinity of at least 20%, (b) 20 to 60 weight percent modacrylic fiber, (c) 15 to 45 weight percent FR rayon fiber, and (d) 5 to 20 weight percent para-aramid fiber, based on the total weight of components (a), (b), (c), and (d); the fabric having a basis weight in the range of 150 to 339 grams per square meter (4.5 to 10 ounces per square yard). In some preferred embodiments, the fabric consists essentially of (a) 20 to 30 weight percent meta-aramid fiber having a degree of crystallinity of at least 20%, (b) 40 to 50 weight percent modacrylic fiber, (c) 15 to 25 weight percent FR rayon fiber, and (d) 5 to 15 weight percent para-aramid fiber; based on the total weight of components (a), (b), (c), and (d). If desired, 1 to 3 weight percent of the para-aramid fiber in the fabric can be replaced with an antistatic fiber comprising carbon or metal with the proviso that at least 5 weight percent para-aramid fiber is maintained in the fabric. In other words, if antistatic fiber in used it is used in an amount of 1 to 3 weight percent and the weight percent of (d) becomes 5 to at most 19 weight percent para-aramid fiber. The above percentages are on a basis of the four named components, that is, the total weight of these four named components in the fabric. If antistatic fiber is included in the fabric, the above percentages are on a basis of the four named components and the antistatic fiber. In some preferred embodiments, the meta-aramid fiber in the fabric has a degree of crystallinity in a range of about 20 to 50 percent. As with the previously described yarn and fabric, in some preferred embodiments, the garment has a moisture regain of at least 3 percent by weight by use of flame-retardant rayon as a fiber component, and in some embodiments the garment has a moisture regain of at least 4 percent by weight. In some embodiments the garment has a moisture regain of at least 5 percent by weight.
The performance of a fabric or garment in a flash fire can be measured using an instrumented mannequin using the test protocol of ASTM F1930. The mannequin is clothed in the material to be measured, and then exposed to flames from burners; temperature sensors distributed throughout the mannequin measure the local temperature experienced by the mannequin that would be the temperatures experienced by a human body if subjected to the same amount of flames. Given a standard flame intensity, the extent of the burns that would be experienced by a human, (i.e., second degree, third degree, etc.) and the percent of the body burned can be determined from the mannequin temperature data. A low predicted body burn is an indication of better protection of the garment in an actual fire hazard.
The minimum performance required for flash fire protective apparel, per the NFPA 2112 standard, is less than 50% body burn from a 3 second flame exposure. Since flash fire is a very real threat to workers in some industries, and it is not possible to fully anticipate how long the individual will be engulfed in flames, any improvement in the flash fire performance of protective apparel fabrics and garments has the potential to save lives. In particular, if the protective apparel can provide enhanced protection to fire exposure above 3 seconds, e.g. 4 seconds or more, this means the wearer has additional time for escaping the hazard with certain protection. Flash fires represent one of the most extreme types of thermal threat a worker can experience; such threats are much more severe than the simple exposure to a flame.
At a fabric weight of less than 6.5 ounces per square yard, garments made from yarns having the proportions of meta-aramid fiber, FR rayon fiber, modacrylic fiber, para-aramid fiber, and antistatic fiber as previously described provide thermal protection to the wearer that is equivalent to less than a 70 percent predicted body burn when exposed to 4 second flame exposure per ASTM F1930 while maintaining a Category 2 arc rating per ASTM F1959 and NFPA 70E. This is a significant improvement over the minimum standard of less than a 50 percent predicted body burn to the wearer at a 3 second exposure; burn injury is essentially exponential in nature with respect to flame exposure for some other flame resistance fabrics. The protection provided by the garment, should there be an additional second of flame exposure time, can potentially mean the difference between life and death.
There are two common category rating systems for arc ratings. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA 70E) has 4 different categories with Category 1 having the lowest arc hazard and Category 4 having the highest hazard. Under the NFPA 70E system, Categories 1, 2, 3, and 4 correspond to the arc protection value of a fabric of 4, 8, 25, and 40 calories per square centimeter, respectively. The National Electric Safety Code (NESC) also has a rating system with 3 different categories with Category 1 being the lowest hazard and Category 3 being the highest hazard. Under the NESC system, Categories 1, 2, and 3 correspond to the arc protection value of a fabric of 4, 8, and 12 calories per square centimeter, respectively. Therefore, a fabric or garment having arc rating of 8 calories per square centimeter can withstand a Category 2 hazard, as measured per standard set method ASTM F1959.
In some preferred embodiments the garment is made from a fabric having an arc resistance, normalized for basis weight, of at least 1.2 calories per square centimenter per ounce per square yard (0.148 Joules per square centimeter per grams per square meter). In some embodiments the garment is made from a fabric having an arc resistance, normalized for basis weight, of 1.5 calories per square centimeter per ounce per square yard (0.185 Joules per square centimeter per grams per square meter) or greater.
It is believed the use of crystalline meta-aramid fiber in the yarns, fabrics, and garments as previously described not only can provide improved performance in flash fires, but also results in significantly reduced laundry shrinkage. This reduced shrinkage is based on an identical fabric wherein the only difference is the use of meta-aramid fiber having the degree of crystallinity set forth previously compared to an meta-aramid fiber that has not been treated to increase crystallinity. For purposes herein shrinkage is measured after a wash cycle of 20 minutes with a water temperature of 140° F. Preferred fabrics demonstrate a shrinkage of 5 percent or less after 10 wash cycles and preferably after 25 cycles. As the amount of fabric per unit area increases, the amount of material between a potential hazard and the subject to be protected increases. An increase in fabric basis weight results in increased break-open resistance, increased thermal protection factor, and increased arc protection; however it is not evident how improved performance can be achieved with lighter weight fabrics. The yarns as previously described allow the use of lighter weight fabrics in protective apparel, particularly in more comfortable single fabric garments, with improved performance. The basis weight of fabrics that have both the desired arc and flash fire performance is 186.5 g/m2 (5.5 oz/yd2) or greater, preferably 200 g/m2 (6.0 oz/yd2) or greater. In some embodiments, the preferred maximum fabric basis weight is 237 g/m2 (7.0 oz/yd2). Above this maximum the comfort benefits of the lighter weight fabric in single fabric garments is believed to be reduced, because it is believed higher basis weight fabric would show increased stiffness.
In some preferred embodiments, the fabric is used as a single layer in a protective garment. Within this specification the protective value of a fabric is reported for a single layer of that fabric. In some embodiments this invention also includes a multi-layer garment made from the fabric.
In some particularly useful embodiments, spun staple yarns having the proportions of meta-aramid fiber, FR rayon fiber, modacrylic fiber, para-aramid fiber, and antistatic fiber as previously described, can be used to make flame-resistant garments having essentially one layer of the protective fabric made from the spun staple yarn. Exemplary garments of this type include jumpsuits and coveralls for fire fighters or for military personnel. Such suits are typically used over the firefighters clothing and can be used to parachute into an area to fight a forest fire. Other garments can include pants, shirts, gloves, sleeves and the like that can be worn in situations such as chemical processing industries or industrial electrical/utility where an extreme thermal event might occur.
The moisture regain of yarns, fabrics, and garments was determined in accordance with ASTM Test Method D2654-89.
The arc resistance of fabrics is determined in accordance with ASTM F-1959-99 “Standard Test Method for Determining the Arc Thermal Performance Value of Materials for Clothing”.
The limited oxygen index (LOI) of fabrics is determined in accordance with ASTM G-125-00 “Standard Test Method for Measuring Liquid and Solid Material Fire Limits in Gaseous Oxidants”. The minimum concentration of oxygen, expressed as a volume percent, in a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen that will just support flaming combustion of a fabrics initially at room temperature is determined under the conditions of ASTM G125/D2863.
The thermal protection performance of fabrics is determined in accordance with NFPA 2112 “Standard on Flame Resistant Garments for Protection of Industrial Personnel Against Flash Fire”. The term thermal protective performance (or TPP) relates to a fabric's ability to provide continuous and reliable protection to a wearer's skin beneath a fabric when the fabric is exposed to a direct flame or radiant heat.
Flash fire protection level testing was done according to ASTM F-1930 using an instrumented thermal mannequin with standard pattern coverall made with the test fabric.
The char length of fabrics is determined in accordance with ASTM D-6413-99 “Standard Test Method for Flame Resistance of Textiles (Vertical Method)”.
Shrinkage is determined by physically measuring unit area of a fabric after one or more wash cycles based on AATCC 135 method. A cycle denotes washing the fabric in an industrial washing machine for 20 minutes with a water temperature of 140 degrees F.
To illustrate the present invention, the following examples are provided. All parts and percentages are by weight and degrees in Celsius unless otherwise indicated.
This example illustrates a yarn, fabric, and garment having meta-aramid fiber having a degree of crystallinity that is at least 20% combined with modacrylic fiber, FR rayon fiber, and para-aramid fiber. A durable arc and thermal protective fabric was prepared having in the both warp and fill airjet spun yarns of intimate blends of Nomex® type 300 fiber, Kevlar® 29 fiber, DFG FR rayon fiber, and modacrylic fiber. Nomex® type 301 fiber is poly(m-phenylene isophthalamide) (MPD-I) fiber having a degree of crystallinity of 33-37%. The FR rayon fiber is commercially available from Daiwabo Rayon Company. The modacrylic fiber was ACN/polyvinylidene chloride co-polymer fiber having 6-8% antimony (known commercially as Protex®C) and available from Kaneka Corporation. The Kevlar® 29 fiber was poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPD-T) fiber. Both the Nomex® and Kevlar® fiber are available from E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company.
A picker blend sliver of 23 weight percent of Nomex® type 300 fiber, 20 weight percent FR rayon fiber, 10 weight percent of Kevlar® 29 fiber, 45 weight percent of modacrylic fiber, and 2 weight percent antistatic P-140 carbon-core nylon fiber (available from Invista) was prepared and made into spun staple yarn using cotton system processing and an airjet spinning frame. The resultant yarn was a 20 tex (30 cotton count) single yarn. Two single yarns were then plied on a plying machine to make a two-ply yarn having a ply twist of 10 turns/inch twist.
The yarn was then used as in the warp and fill of a fabric that is made on a shuttle loom in a 2×1 twill construction. The greige twill fabric had a basis weight of 186.5 g/m2 (5.5 oz/yd2). The greige twill fabric was then scoured in hot water and jet dyed using basic dye and dried. The finished twill fabric had a construction of 31 ends×16 picks per cm (77 ends×47 picks per inch) and a basis weight of 203.4 g/m2 (6.0 oz/yd2).
A portion of the fabric was cut into various shapes and sewn together to convert the fabric into single-layer protective coveralls useful for those exposed to electrical hazards.
The fabric the desired arc rating of 2 and the garment had an instrumented thermal mannequin predicted body burn at 4 seconds exposure of less than 70%. A portion of the fabric was also tested to determine its moisture regain per ASTM Test Method D2654-89 and the results are shown in Table 1.
The procedure of Example 1 was repeated to generate a comparative fabric using a Comparative Blend A, which consisted of a blend of 23 wt. % of meta-aramid fiber, 10 wt. % of the para-aramid fiber, 2% antistatic carbon-core nylon fiber, and 65 wt. % of the modacrylic fiber. This fabric was then also tested for moisture regain per ASTM Test Method D2654-89 with the resulting value shown in Table 1. The fabric of Example 1 had significantly better moisture regain, indicating that the fabric would have improved comfort over the fabric made with Comparative Blend A.
The procedure of Example 1 was repeated, except additional fabrics were made from Comparative blends B through G which were various blends of the meta-aramid fiber, the para-aramid fiber, the modacrylic fiber, and the FR-rayon fiber in the amounts as shown in Table 2. A portion of each of these fabrics was then tested for its arc properties with the results shown in Table 2.
Comparative items A through E illustrate the blends of meta-aramid, para-aramid, and modacrylic fibers show good performance, but not as good as the synergistic blend represented by Example 1. Comparative items F & G illustrate that the replacement of meta-aramid fiber with FR rayon fiber actually reduced arc performance. None of the Comparative items had arc performance equal to Example 1, which contained both FR rayon and modacrylic in its composition.
