Patent Grant
11873405
The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted electronically in XML file format and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said XML, copy, created on Jan. 19, 2023, is named 50727_719_301_SL.xml, and is 148,831 bytes in size.
Oleaginous microorganisms have the ability to convert carbon substrates into oils, including triacylglycerides (TAGs) or lipids, and accumulate these oils intracellularly. Some microorganisms can have capacity to accumulate lipids in amounts of up to 80% dry weight. Thus, oleaginous microorganisms, including microalgae, bacteria, fungi, and yeasts, can serve as an ideal source for biobased oil production. Genetic and non-genetic modification techniques can allow for the production of non-naturally occurring oils having particular fatty acid profiles.
All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.
In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a non-naturally occurring oil comprising a triacylglyceride (TAG) component and ergosterol, wherein the TAG component has a fatty acid content comprising 80% or more C18:1 fatty acids.
In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a non-naturally occurring oil, obtained through non-genetic engineering means, comprising a triacylglyceride (TAG) component and ergosterol, wherein the TAG component has a fatty acid content comprising 80% or more C18:1 fatty acids.
In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a formulation comprising a non-naturally occurring oil described herein.
In some aspects, the present disclosure provides an oleaginous, non-naturally occurring microorganism that produces a non-naturally occurring oil described herein.
In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a bioreactor comprising an oleaginous, non-naturally occurring microorganism described herein.
In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a method for producing a non-naturally occurring oil described herein, the method comprising: culturing in a bioreactor an oleaginous, non-naturally occurring microorganism described herein, thereby producing the non-naturally occurring oil.
In some aspects, the present disclosure provides an oil comprising a TAG component and at least 100 mg of ergosterol per 100 g of the oil, wherein the TAG component has a fatty acid content comprising 80% or more C18:1 fatty acids.
In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a microbial cell that produces a TAG oil comprising 80% or more C18:1 fatty acids, wherein the cell does not comprise an exogenous gene or exogenous nucleotides.
In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a method of producing an oil described herein, the method comprising: culturing a cell described herein, in a medium in a bioreactor.
In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a bioreactor comprising an oil described herein.
In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a bioreactor comprising a cell described herein.
In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a method of producing a cell, the method comprising: obtaining a microbial base strain; and subjecting the base strain to a classical strain improvement method to induce random or semi-random mutagenesis, wherein the cell produces a TAG oil comprising 80% or more C18:1 fatty acids, wherein the cell does not comprise an exogenous gene or exogenous nucleotides.
In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a cell produced by a method described herein.
The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the invention are utilized, and the accompanying drawings of which:
Provided herein are oil compositions having high oleic acid content, methods of making thereof, and formulations and applications thereof. Oil compositions provided herein can be produced by a microorganism that is genetically modified or non-genetically modified. Non-genetically modified microorganisms can be produced by classical strain improvement strategies such as those described herein. In turn, these non-naturally occurring microorganism can produce non-naturally occurring oils provided herein.
Genetic and non-genetic modification techniques can allow for the production of non-naturally occurring oils having particular phenotypes. While genetic engineering techniques can tend to be more targeted to phenotypes elicited in a host oleaginous microbe, classical strain improvement or other non-genetic engineering techniques can also be employed to enhance phenotypes. Enhancement of phenotypes can include elaboration of a particular fatty acid profile (e.g., high oleic acid content), yield on carbon, volumetric oil accumulation (e.g., g oil/L culture), oil productivity (e.g., g oil/L culture day), and oil as a percent dry cell weight (DCW) as a measure of strain performance.
A further benefit of classical strain improvement techniques, when used as the sole means to alter or improve strain phenotype and performance, can be realized from both a regulatory and business/marketing perspective. From a regulatory perspective, non-genetically engineered microbes may be exempt from regulatory oversight by entities such as U.S. EPA's Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) and the requirement to file a Microbial Commercial Activity Notice (MCAN) when the material is to be used in chemical (non-food) applications. Such dispensation extends to other geographies as well, such as Brazil, for example, where such microbes are exempt from filing a Strain Dossier with the Brazilian regulatory body (the National Technical Commission of Biosafety, Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovation, and Communications or CTNBio) that oversees industrial microbes. The avoidance of such regulatory oversight can save millions of dollars in development costs. From a marketing and consumer branding perspective, the raw materials produced by such non-genetically engineered means can meet GMO-free and organic labeling standards, as well as brands' and consumers' desires for “clean labeling”.
As used herein, the term “classical strain improvement” refers to methods of random or semi-random mutagenesis of microbes to create non-naturally occurring strains with improved properties. These methods include, but not limited to, mutagenesis of a population to create genetic variants, random selection or screening of a surviving population to identify an improved strain, and identification of improved strains by assaying fermentation broth for products. Classical strain improvement methods include exposure to UV radiation, chemical mutagens, and/or selective or enrichment agents. Classical strain improvement methods do not include recombinant genetic engineering methods targeted to one or more genomic regions, e.g., via homologous recombination.
As used herein, the term “microbial oil” refers to an oil produced or extracted from a microorganism (microbe), e.g., an oleaginous, single-celled, eukaryotic, or prokaryotic microorganism, including but not limited to, microalgae, yeast, bacteria, and fungi.
As used herein, the term “triacylglycerol”, “triglyceride”, or “TAG” refers to esters between glycerol and three saturated and/or unsaturated fatty acids. Generally, fatty acids of TAGs have chain lengths of 6 carbon atoms or more.
As used herein, the term “TAG purity”, “molecular purity”, or “oil purity” refers to the number of molecular species that make up an oil composition, on an absolute basis or present in amounts above a certain threshold. The fewer the number of TAG species in an oil, the greater the “purity” of the oil.
As used herein, the term “fatty acid profile” refers to a fatty acid composition of an oil, e.g., an oil produced by a cell provided herein or a derivative thereof. Derivatives of an oil produced by a cell provided herein include a refined, bleached, and deodorized oil. Fatty acid profiles can be determined by subjecting an oil to transesterification to generate fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) and subsequently quantitating fatty acid type by Gas Chromatography equipped with a Flame Ionization Detector (GC/FID).
As used herein, the term “sterol profile” refers to a sterol composition of an oil, e.g., an oil produced by a cell provided herein or a derivative thereof. Derivatives of an oil produced by a cell provided herein include a refined, bleached, and deodorized oil.
As used herein, the term “polyol” refers to triglycerols or fatty acid alcohols comprising hydroxyl functional groups. As used herein, the term “polyol derived from a TAG oil” generally refers to a polyol obtained from chemical conversion of a TAG oil, e.g., via epoxidation and ring opening, ozonolysis and reduction, or hydroformylation and reduction.
As used herein, the term “polyurethane”, “PU”, or “urethane” refers to a class of polymers comprised of carbamate (urethane) linkages formed between a polyol and an isocyanate moiety.
As used herein, the term “oleic content”, “oleic acid content”, “oleate content”, or “olein content” refers the percentage amount of oleic acid in the fatty acid profile of a substance (e.g., a TAG oil). As used herein, the term “C18:1 content” refers the percentage amount of a C18:1 fatty acid (e.g., oleic acid) in the fatty acid profile of a substance (e.g., a microbial oil).
As used herein, the term “high oleic” can refer to greater than 60% oleic acid, greater than 65% oleic acid, greater than 70% oleic acid, greater than 75% oleic acid, greater than 80% oleic acid, greater than 85% oleic acid, or greater than 90% oleic acid.
As used herein, “sequence identity” refers to a percentage of identical amino acid residues between two sequences being compared after an optimal alignment of sequences. An optimal alignment of sequences may be produced manually or by means of computer programs that use a sequence alignment algorithm (e.g., ClustalW, T-coffee, COBALT, BestFit, FASTA, BLASTP, BLASTN, and TFastA). Sequence identity can be calculated by determining the number of identical positions between the two sequences being compared, dividing this number by the number of positions compared, and multiplying the result obtained by 100 to obtain the sequence identity between the two sequences.
As used herein, the term “about” refers to ±10% from the value provided.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can also be used in the practice or testing of the present teachings, some exemplary methods and materials are described herein.
Microbial Cells and Oils Produced Therefrom.
An oil provided herein is obtained from a non-genetically modified microorganism (microbe), for example, oleaginous microalgae, yeast, or bacteria. In some embodiments, the non-genetically modified microorganism is a microalgal cell. In some embodiments, the microalgal cell is a non-genetically modified Prototheca sp. strain. The non-genetically modified Prototheca sp. strain can be produced by one or more classical strain improvement strategies described herein.
In some embodiments, a cell provided herein does not comprise an exogenous gene or exogenous nucleotides that encodes for an exogenous protein or gene. For example, a cell provided herein does not comprise an exogenous gene in a lipid biosynthetic pathway. In some embodiments, a cell provided herein does not comprise a genetic disruption of one or more alleles of an endogenous gene in a lipid biosynthetic pathway. In some embodiments, a cell provided herein does not comprise a heterologous insertion within a genomic region that encodes for an endogenous gene in a lipid biosynthetic pathway. Non-limiting examples of genes involved in lipid biosynthesis include acyl-ACP thioesterase (FAT), delta-12 fatty acid desaturase (FAD), ketoacyl-ACP synthase (KAS), stearoyl-ACP desaturase (SAD), lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAAT), ketoacyl-CoA reductase (KCR), hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase (HACD), and enoyl-CoA reductase (ECR).
In some embodiments, a cell provided herein does not comprise an exogenous acyl-ACP thioesterase gene. In some embodiments, a cell provided herein does not comprise a genetic disruption of one or more alleles of an endogenous acyl-ACP thioesterase gene. In some embodiments, a cell provided herein does not comprise a heterologous insertion within a genomic region that encodes for an endogenous acyl-ACP thioesterase gene. In some embodiments, the endogenous acyl-ACP thioesterase gene is FATA.
In some embodiments, a cell provided herein does not comprise an exogenous fatty acid desaturase gene. In some embodiments, a cell provided herein does not comprise a genetic disruption of one or more alleles of an endogenous fatty acid desaturase gene. In some embodiments, a cell provided herein does not comprise a heterologous insertion within a genomic region that encodes for an endogenous fatty acid desaturase gene. In some embodiments, the endogenous fatty acid desaturase gene is a delta-12 fatty acid desaturase. In some embodiments, the endogenous fatty acid desaturase gene is FAD2.
In some embodiments, a cell provided herein does not comprise an exogenous ketoacyl-ACP synthase gene. In some embodiments, a cell provided herein does not comprise a genetic disruption of one or more alleles of an endogenous ketoacyl-ACP synthase gene. In some embodiments, a cell provided herein does not comprise a heterologous insertion within a genomic region that encodes for an endogenous ketoacyl-ACP synthase gene. In some embodiments, the endogenous ketoacyl-ACP synthase gene is KASI, KASII, or KASIII.
In some embodiments, a cell provided herein does not comprise an exogenous stearoyl-ACP desaturase gene. In some embodiments, a cell provided herein does not comprise a genetic disruption of one or more alleles of an endogenous stearoyl-ACP desaturase gene. In some embodiments, a cell provided herein does not comprise a heterologous insertion within a genomic region that encodes for an endogenous stearoyl-ACP desaturase gene. In some embodiments, the endogenous stearoyl-ACP desaturase gene is SAD2.
In some embodiments, a cell provided herein does not comprise an exogenous lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase gene. In some embodiments, a cell provided herein does not comprise a genetic disruption of one or more alleles of an endogenous lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase gene. In some embodiments, a cell provided herein does not comprise a heterologous insertion within a genomic region that encodes for an endogenous lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase gene.
In some embodiments, a cell provided herein does not comprise a genetic disruption of one or more alleles within 1.5 kb of an endogenous V-type proton ATPase catalytic subunit A isoform 1 gene or 6S genomic region. In some embodiments, a cell provided herein does not comprise a heterologous insertion within 1.5 kb of an endogenous V-type proton ATPase catalytic subunit A isoform 1 gene or 6S genomic region.
In some embodiments, a cell provided herein does not comprise a genetic disruption of one or more alleles within 1.5 kb of an endogenous DAO1B gene. In some embodiments, a cell provided herein does not comprise a heterologous insertion within 1.5 kb of an endogenous DAO1B gene.
In some embodiments, a cell provided herein does not comprise a genetic disruption of one or more alleles within 1.5 kb of an endogenous Thi4 gene. In some embodiments, a cell provided herein does not comprise a heterologous insertion within 1.5 kb of an endogenous Thi4 gene.
Accordingly, a cell provided herein comprises uninterrupted sequences of endogenous genes or genomic regions, including FAD2, FATA1, KASII, SAD2, V-type proton ATPase catalytic subunit A isoform 1 (6S), DAO1B, and Thi4 described herein.
In some embodiments, a cell provided herein comprises at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NO:1-26. In some embodiments, a cell provided herein comprises any one of SEQ ID NO:1-26 (genomic regions of CHK22 and CHK80). In some embodiments, a cell provided herein comprises SEQ ID NO:1-26 (genomic regions of CHK22 and CHK80).
In some embodiments, a cell provided herein comprises at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 18, 19, 21, 23, and 25 (genomic regions of CHK80). In some embodiments, a cell provided herein comprises any one of SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 18, 19, 21, 23, and 25 (genomic regions of CHK80). In some embodiments, a cell provided herein comprises SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 18, 19, 21, 23, and 25 (genomic regions of CHK80).
In some embodiments, an oil provided herein is produced by microalgae. In some embodiments, the microalgae is a species of a genus selected from the group consisting of: Chlorella sp., Pseudochlorella sp., Heterochlorella sp., Prototheca sp., Arthrospira sp., Euglena sp., Nannochloropsis sp., Phaeodactylum sp., Chlamydomonas sp., Scenedesmus sp., Ostreococcus sp., Selenastrum sp., Haematococcus sp., Nitzschia, Dunaliella, Navicula sp., Trebouxia sp., Pseudotrebouxia sp., Vavicula sp., Bracteococcus sp., Gomphonema sp., Watanabea, sp., Botryococcus sp., Tetraselmis sp., and Isochrysis sp. In some embodiments, the microalgae is Prototheca sp. In some embodiments, the microalgae is P. moriformis. In some embodiments, the microalgae is P. wickerhamii. In some embodiments, a cell provided herein is derived from a UTEX 1435 base strain. In some embodiments, a cell provided herein is derived from a UTEX 1533 base strain. In some embodiments, a cell provided herein is derived from a base strain having a 23S ribosomal DNA sequence that is at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NO:30 or SEQ ID NO:31. In some embodiments, a cell provided herein has a 23S ribosomal DNA sequence that is at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NO:30 or SEQ ID NO:31.
In some embodiments, an oil provided herein is produced by oleaginous yeast. In some embodiments, the oleaginous yeast is a species of a genus selected from the group consisting of: Candida sp., Cryptococcus sp., Debaromyces sp., Endomycopsis sp., Geotrichum sp., Hyphopichia sp., Lipomyces sp., Pichia, sp., Rodosporidium sp., Rhodotorula sp., Sporobolomyces sp., Starmerella sp., Torulaspora sp., Trichosporon sp., Wickerhamomyces sp., Yarrowia sp., and Zygoascus sp.
In some embodiments, an oil provided herein is obtained from or produced by oleaginous bacteria. In some embodiments, the oleaginous bacteria is a species selected from the group consisting of: Flavimonas oryzihabitans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Morococcus sp., Rhodobacter sphaeroides, Rhodococcus opacus, Rhodococcus erythropolis, Streptomyces jeddahensis, Ochrobactrum sp., Arthrobacter sp., Nocardia sp., Mycobacteria sp., Gordonia sp., Catenisphaera sp., and Dietzia sp.
Further provided herein are bioreactors comprising a non-naturally occurring microorganism provided herein. For example, these bioreactors comprise an oleaginous, non-naturally occurring microorganism and an oil produced by the microorganism.
While in many embodiments, an oil provided herein is obtained from a non-genetically modified microorganism or a classically-improved microorganism, in other embodiments, an oil provided herein is obtained from a genetically modified microorganism, for example, oleaginous microalgae, yeast, or bacteria. In some embodiments, an oil provided herein is obtained from a classically-improved microorganism that is then genetically modified to produce a genetically modified microorganism. In some embodiments, the genetically modified microorganism is a genetically modified Prototheca sp. strain.
Classical Strain Improvement.
Classical strain improvement strategies can be used to select for organisms having desired phenotypes, e.g., high oleic oil production. Classical strain improvement (also called “mutation breeding”) involves exposing organisms to chemicals or radiation to generate mutants with desirable traits. These classical strain improvement methods introduce random or semi-random mutations, which can thereby allow selection of strains exhibiting desirable traits as a result of random mutagenesis. Several iterations of mutagenesis and selection can be performed with one or more mutagens to arrive to a strain having desirable phenotypes. Ultraviolet (UV) light can be used to introduce random mutations within a microorganism's nuclear genome. Chemical mutagens include compounds which inhibit or disrupt biosynthetic processes of a microorganism, e.g., antibiotics, antifungals, or carcinogens. Non-limiting examples of chemical mutagens include ICR-191, ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), and 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4-NQO). Non-limiting examples of chemical mutagens also include acridine mutagens, amino acid analogs, fatty acid biosynthesis inhibitors, cholesterol biosynthetic inhibitors, mTOR inhibitors, and membrane solubilizing agents. Combinations of chemical mutagens can also be used simultaneously to induce mutagenesis. Following mutagenesis, selective or enrichment agents can be used to select or enrich for strains of interest. Non-limiting examples of enrichment agents include L-canavanine, cerulenin, triparanol, clomiphene, clomiphene citrate, clotrimazole, terfenadine, fluphenazine, AZD8055, BASF 13-338, cafenstrole, clomiphene, PF-042110, and phenethyl alcohol.
Methods provided herein include classical strain improvement methods to improve strain productivity, carbon yield, and oleic acid content. Glucose consumption rate can be highly predictive indicator of lipid titer. As such, glucose consumption rate can be used as an enrichment tool in the mutant selection process. The methods provided herein can further include one or more of determining a total lipid titer of the cell, determining a fatty acid profile of the oil, or determining a C18:1 (e.g., oleic acid) content of the oil. Further, the methods provided herein can include assaying cell media to determine glucose consumption rate, total lipid titer, a fatty acid profile, and/or a C18:1 (e.g., oleic acid) content.
High Oleic Oils of the Disclosure.
The complexity and physical properties of an oil can be evaluated by the fatty acid profile and the TAG profile of the TAG component of an oil. The fatty acid profile is a measure of fatty acid composition, and can be determined by subjecting an oil to transesterification to generate fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) and subsequently quantitating fatty acid type by Gas Chromatography equipped with a Flame Ionization Detector (GC/FID). Accordingly, fatty acid content can be determined by GC/FID. Since TAGs comprise of three fatty acids arrayed along the glycerol backbone in the triglyceride molecule, the number of possible distinct regioisomers of TAGs can be defined by the number of fatty acid species in the oil raised to the third power. The TAG profile provides relative amounts of various TAG species in an oil, which can be determined by subjecting the oil to TAG fractionation using Liquid Chromatography/Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometry (LC/TOF-MS) equipped with an Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization (APCI) source.
In some embodiments, an oil provided herein has a high oleic acid content and low saturated fatty acid content. For example, the fatty acid content of the TAG component of an oil provided herein can be high in oleic acid and low in saturated fatty acids.
Non-limiting examples of monounsaturated fatty acids include C10:1, C12:1, C14:1, C16:1, C17:1, C18:1, C18:1-OH, C20:1, C22:1, and C24:1. In some embodiments, an oil provided herein comprises one or more of C10:1, C12:1, C14:1, C16:1, C17:1, C18:1, C18:1-OH, C20:1, C22:1, or C24:1 fatty acids. In some embodiments, an oil provided herein has a monounsaturated fatty acid content of at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90%. For example, an oil provided herein has a C18:1 content of at least about 60%, at least about 61%, at least about 62%, at least about 63%, at least about 64%, at least about 65%, at least about 66%, at least about 67%, at least about 68%, at least about 69%, at least about 70%, at least about 71%, at least about 72%, at least about 73%, at least about 74%, at least about 75%, at least about 76%, at least about 77%, at least about 78%, at least about 79%, at least about 80%, at least about 81%, at least about 82%, at least about 83%, at least about 84%, at least about 85%, at least about 86%, at least about 87%, at least about 88%, at least about 89%, at least about 90%, at least about 91%, at least about 92%, at least about 93%, at least about 94%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or more.
In some embodiments, an oil provided herein has a fatty acid content comprising 60% or more, 70% or more, 80% or more, or 90% or more of C18:1 fatty acids. In some embodiments, the C18:1 fatty acids comprise oleic acid. In some embodiments, the C18:1 fatty acids comprise at least 90% oleic acid. In some embodiments, the C18:1 fatty acids comprise at least 95% oleic acid. In some embodiments, the C18:1 fatty acids comprise at least 99% oleic acid.
An oil provided herein has a C18:1 content of from 60-100%, 60-70%, 70-80%, 80-90%, 85-90%, or 80-100%. In some embodiments, an oil provided herein has a C18:1 content of at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90%. For example, an oil provided herein has a C18:1 content of at least about 60%, at least about 61%, at least about 62%, at least about 63%, at least about 64%, at least about 65%, at least about 66%, at least about 67%, at least about 68%, at least about 69%, at least about 70%, at least about 71%, at least about 72%, at least about 73%, at least about 74%, at least about 75%, at least about 76%, at least about 77%, at least about 78%, at least about 79%, at least about 80%, at least about 81%, at least about 82%, at least about 83%, at least about 84%, at least about 85%, at least about 86%, at least about 87%, at least about 88%, at least about 89%, at least about 90%, at least about 91%, at least about 92%, at least about 93%, at least about 94%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or more.
An oil provided herein has an oleic content of from 60-100%, 60-70%, 70-80%, 80-90%, 85-90%, or 80-100%. In some embodiments, an oil provided herein has an oleic content of at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90%. For example, an oil provided herein has an oleic content of at least about 60%, at least about 61%, at least about 62%, at least about 63%, at least about 64%, at least about 65%, at least about 66%, at least about 67%, at least about 68%, at least about 69%, at least about 70%, at least about 71%, at least about 72%, at least about 73%, at least about 74%, at least about 75%, at least about 76%, at least about 77%, at least about 78%, at least about 79%, at least about 80%, at least about 81%, at least about 82%, at least about 83%, at least about 84%, at least about 85%, at least about 86%, at least about 87%, at least about 88%, at least about 89%, at least about 90%, at least about 91%, at least about 92%, at least about 93%, at least about 94%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or more.
An oil provided herein has a triolein (OOO) content of from 50-100%, 60-100%, 60-90%, 60-80%, 60-70%, 50-70%, or 60-65%. In some embodiments, an oil provided herein has a triolein content of at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90%. For example, an oil provided herein has a triolein content of at least about 30%, at least about 31%, at least about 32%, at least about 33%, at least about 34%, at least about 35%, at least about 36%, at least about 37%, at least about 38%, at least about 39%, at least about 40%, at least about 41%, at least about 42%, at least about 43%, at least about 44%, at least about 45%, at least about 46%, at least about 47%, at least about 48%, at least about 49%, at least about 50%, at least about 51%, at least about 52%, at least about 53%, at least about 54%, at least about 55%, at least about 56%, at least about 57%, at least about 58%, at least about 59%, at least about 60%, at least about 61%, at least about 62%, at least about 63%, at least about 64%, at least about 65%, or more.
An oil provided herein has a C16:1 content of from 0.1-5%, 0.1-2%, 0.1-1%, 0.1-0.5% or 0.1-0.2%. In some embodiments, an oil provided herein has a C16:1 content of greater than 0.1%, greater than 0.2%, greater than 0.3%, greater than 0.4%, or greater than In some embodiments, an oil provided herein has a C16:1 content of less than 0.5%, less than 0.4%, less than 0.3%, less than 0.2%, or less than 0.1%. In some embodiments, this oil has a C16:1 content of greater than 0%. In some embodiments, an oil provided herein has a C16:1 content of about 0.1% or about 0.2%.
An oil provided herein has a C20:1 content of from 0.1-5%, 0.1-2%, 0.1-1%, 0.5-2%, or 1-2%. In some embodiments, an oil provided herein has a C20:1 content of greater than 0.1%, greater than 0.2%, greater than 0.3%, greater than 0.4%, greater than 0.5%, greater than 0.6%, greater than 0.7%, greater than 0.8%, greater than 0.9%, or greater than 1%. In some embodiments, an oil provided herein has a C20:1 content of less than 5%, less than 4%, less than 3%, less than 2%, less than 1%, less than 0.9%, less than 0.8%, less than less than 0.6%, less than 0.5%, less than 0.4%, less than 0.3%, less than 0.2%, or less than 0.1%. In some embodiments, this oil has a C20:1 content of greater than 0%. In some embodiments, an oil provided herein has a C20:1 content of about 1% or about 1.5%.
Non-limiting examples of saturated fatty acids include C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, C17:0, C18:0, C20:0, C22:0, and C24:0. In some embodiments, an oil provided herein comprises one or more of C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, C17:0, C18:0, C20:0, C22:0, or C24:0 fatty acids. In some embodiments, an oil provided herein has a saturated fatty acid content of less than 30%, less than 20%, less than 10%, less than 9%, less than 8%, less than 7%, less than 6%, less than 5%, less than 4%, less than 3%, less than 2%, or less than 1%. For example, an oil provided herein has a saturated fatty acid content of less than about 30%, less than about 29%, less than about 28%, less than about 27%, less than about 26%, less than about 25%, less than about 24%, less than about 23%, less than about 22%, less than about 21%, less than about 20%, less than about 19%, less than about 18%, less than about 17%, less than about 16%, less than about 15%, less than about 14%, less than about 13%, less than about 12%, less than about 11%, less than about 10%, less than about 9%, less than about 8%, less than about 7%, less than about 6%, less than about 5%, less than about 4%, less than about 3%, less than about 2%, less than about 1%, or less. In some embodiments, this oil has a saturated fatty acid content of greater than 0%. In some embodiments, an oil provided herein has a saturated fatty acid content of about 0%.
An oil provided herein has a C14:0 content of from 0.1-1%, 0.1-0.5%, 0.1-0.2%, or In some embodiments, an oil provided herein has a C14:0 content of less than 1%, less than 0.9%, less than 0.8%, less than 0.7%, less than 0.6%, less than 0.5%, less than 0.4%, less than 0.3%, less than 0.2%, or less than 0.1%. In some embodiments, this oil has a C14:0 content of greater than 0%. In some embodiments, an oil provided herein has a C14:0 content of about 0%.
An oil provided herein has a C16:0 content of from 1-10%, 1-5%, 3-5%, or 3-4%. In some embodiments, an oil provided herein has a C16:0 content of less than 10%, less than 9%, less than 8%, less than 7%, less than 6%, less than 5%, less than 4%, less than 3%, less than 2%, or less than 1%. In some embodiments, this oil has a C16:0 content of greater than 0%. In some embodiments, an oil provided herein has a C16:0 content of greater than 3%. In some embodiments, an oil provided herein has a C16:0 content of about 0%.
An oil provided herein has a C18:0 content of from 1-10%, 1-5%, 2-5%, or 2-3%. In some embodiments, an oil provided herein has a C18:0 content of less than 5%, less than 4%, less than 3%, less than 2%, or less than 1%. In some embodiments, this oil has a C18:0 content of greater than 0%. In some embodiments, an oil provided herein has a C18:0 content of about 0%.
An oil provided herein has a C20:0 content of from 1-10%, 1-5%, 1-3%, 1-2%, or 2-3%. In some embodiments, an oil provided herein has a C20:0 content of less than 5%, less than 4%, less than 3%, less than 2%, or less than 1%. In some embodiments, this oil has a C20:0 content of greater than 0%. In some embodiments, an oil provided herein has a C20:0 content of about 0%.
Non-limiting examples of polyunsaturated fatty acids include C18:2, C18:3, C18:3 alpha, C18:3 gamma, and C22:2. In some embodiments, an oil provided herein comprises one or more of C18:2, C18:3, C18:3 alpha, C18:3 gamma, or C22:2 fatty acids. In some embodiments, an oil provided herein has a polyunsaturated fatty acid content of less than 30%, less than 20%, less than 10%, less than 9%, less than 8%, less than 7%, less than 6%, less than 5%, less than 4%, less than 3%, less than 2%, or less than 1%. For example, an oil provided herein has a polyunsaturated fatty acid content of less than about 30%, less than about 29%, less than about 28%, less than about 27%, less than about 26%, less than about 25%, less than about 24%, less than about 23%, less than about 22%, less than about 21%, less than about 20%, less than about 19%, less than about 18%, less than about 17%, less than about 16%, less than about 15%, less than about 14%, less than about 13%, less than about 12%, less than about 11%, less than about 10%, less than about 9%, less than about 8%, less than about 7%, less than about 6%, less than about 5%, less than about 4%, less than about 3%, less than about 2%, less than about 1%, or less. In some embodiments, this oil has a polyunsaturated fatty acid content of greater than 0%. In some embodiments, an oil provided herein has a polyunsaturated fatty acid content of about 0%.
An oil provided herein has a C18:2 content of from 1-10% or 5-10%. In some embodiments, an oil provided herein has a C18:2 content of less than 10%, less than 9%, less than 8%, less than 7%, less than 6%, less than 5%, less than 4%, less than 3%, less than 2%, or less than 1%. In some embodiments, this oil has a C18:2 content of greater than 0%. In some embodiments, an oil provided herein has a C18:2 content of about 0%.
In some embodiments, the fatty acid content of a TAG component comprises one or more of C14:0, C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2, C18:3 alpha, C20:0, or C20:1 fatty acids. In some embodiments, the fatty acid content of the TAG component comprises C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, and C18:2 fatty acids.
The fatty acid content of the TAG component can comprise 1-10%, 1-5%, or 3-5% of C16:0 fatty acids. In some embodiments, the fatty acid content of a TAG component comprises 3% or more of C16:0 fatty acids. In some embodiments, the fatty acid content of a TAG component comprises more than 3% of C16:0 fatty acids.
The fatty acid content of the TAG component can comprise 1-5%, 2-5%, or 2-3% of C18:0 fatty acids. In some embodiments, the fatty acid content of the TAG component comprises 2% or more of C18:0 fatty acids. In some embodiments, the fatty acid content of the TAG component comprises more than 2% of C18:0 fatty acids. In some embodiments, the fatty acid content of the TAG component comprises less than 3% of C18:0 fatty acids.
The fatty acid content of the TAG component can comprise 1-10%, 1-5%, or 5-10% of C18:2 fatty acids. In some embodiments, the fatty acid content of the TAG component comprises 5% or more of C18:2 fatty acids. In some embodiments, the fatty acid content of the TAG component comprises more than 5% of C18:2 fatty acids.
In addition to the fatty acid profile, an oil can be further evaluated by the sterol profile or composition. Sterol composition can be determined by mass spectrometry, for example, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS); liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS); tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), and coupled liquid and gas chromatography with subsequent flame ionization detection (LC-GC-FID). Concentration of the different sterols present in an oil can be expressed as mg sterol/100 g of oil. Non-limiting examples of sterols include brassicasterol; campesterol; stigmasterol; beta-sitosterol (β-sitosterol); ergosterol; ergosta-5,7,9(11),22-tetraen-3-ol,(3β,22E), ergosta-7,22-dien-3-ol, (3β,22E); ergost-8(14)-en-3-ol, (3β); ergosta-5,8-dien-3-ol, (3β); 5.xi.-ergost-7-en-3β-ol; 9,19-cyclolanost-24-en-3-ol, (3(3); and 9,19-cyclolanostan-3-ol, 24-methylene-, (3β).
In some embodiments, an oil provided herein comprises one or more of ergosterol; ergosta-5,8-dien-3-ol, (3β); 5.xi.-ergost-7-en-3β-ol; 9,19-cyclolanost-24-en-3-ol, (3β); and 9,19-cyclolanostan-3-ol, 24-methylene-, (3β).
An oil provided herein comprises 50-200 mg, 100-200 mg, 100-150 mg, 100-130 mg, 150-200 mg, 160-180 mg, or 160-170 mg of ergosterol per 100 g of the oil. In some embodiments, an oil provided herein comprises more than 50 mg, more than 100 mg, more than 150 mg, or more than 160 mg of ergosterol per 100 g of the oil. In some embodiments, an oil provided herein comprises no more than 170 mg of ergosterol per 100 g of the oil. In some embodiments, the sterol content (as a percentage of total sterols) of an oil provided herein comprises 40-80%, 40-70%, 50-70%, 50-60%, 40-50%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or at least 60% ergosterol on a weight-by-weight basis.
An oil provided herein comprises 0-10 mg, 0-5 mg, 0-2 mg, or 0-1 mg of campesterol per 100 g of the oil. In some embodiments, an oil provided herein comprises no more than 10 mg, no more than 9 mg, no more than 8 mg, no more than 7 mg, no more than 6 mg, no more than 5 mg, no more than 4 mg, no more than 3 mg, no more than 2 mg, or no more than 1 mg of campesterol per 100 g of the oil. In some embodiments, an oil provided herein does not comprise campesterol. In some embodiments, an oil provided herein does not contain a detectable level of campesterol. In some embodiments, the sterol content (as a percentage of total sterols) of an oil provided herein comprises about 0% campesterol on a weight-by-weight basis.
An oil provided herein can comprise 0-10 mg, 0-5 mg, 0-2 mg, or 0-1 mg of brassicasterol per 100 g of the oil. In some embodiments, an oil provided herein does not contain brassicasterol. In some embodiments, an oil provided herein does not contain a detectable level of brassicasterol. In some embodiments, the sterol content (as a percentage of total sterols) of an oil provided herein comprises about 0% brassicasterol on a weight-by-weight basis.
An oil provided herein comprises 0-10 mg, 0-5 mg, 0-2 mg, or 0-1 mg of stigmasterol per 100 g of the oil. In some embodiments, an oil provided herein comprises no more than 10 mg, no more than 9 mg, no more than 8 mg, no more than 7 mg, no more than 6 mg, no more than 5 mg, no more than 4 mg, no more than 3 mg, no more than 2 mg, or no more than 1 mg of stigmasterol per 100 g of the oil. In some embodiments, an oil provided herein does not contain stigmasterol. In some embodiments, an oil provided herein does not contain a detectable level of stigmasterol. In some embodiments, the sterol content (as a percentage of total sterols) of an oil provided herein comprises about 0% stigmasterol on a weight-by-weight basis.
An oil provided herein can comprise 0-10 mg, 0-5 mg, 0-2 mg, or 0-1 mg of β-sitosterol per 100 g of the oil. In some embodiments, an oil provided herein comprises no more than 20 mg, no more than 15 mg, no more than 10 mg, no more than 9 mg, no more than 8 mg, no more than 7 mg, no more than 6 mg, no more than 5 mg, no more than 4 mg, no more than 3 mg, no more than 2 mg, or no more than 1 mg of β-sitosterol per 100 g of the oil. In some embodiments, an oil provided herein does not contain β-sitosterol. In some embodiments, an oil provided herein does not contain a detectable level of β-sitosterol. In some embodiments, the sterol content (as a percentage of total sterols) of an oil provided herein comprises about 0% β-sitosterol on a weight-by-weight basis.
An oil provided herein can comprise 0.1-100 mg, 0.1-50 mg, 1-20 mg, 1-50 mg, 10-mg, 10-30 mg, or 10-20 mg of ergosta-5,8-dien-3-ol, (3β)-per 100 g of the oil. In some embodiments, an oil provided herein comprises more than 1 mg, more than 5 mg, more than mg, more than 15 mg, more than 20 mg, more than 25 mg, more than 30 mg, more than 35 mg, more than 40 mg, more than 45 mg, or more than 50 mg of ergosta-5,8-dien-3-ol, (3β)-per 100 g of the oil. In some embodiments, the sterol content (as a percentage of total sterols) of an oil provided herein comprises 1-10%, 5-10%, at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 6%, or at least 7% ergosta-5,8-dien-3-ol, (3β)-on a weight-by-weight basis.
An oil provided herein can comprise 0.1-100 mg, 0.1-50 mg, 1-50 mg, 10-50 mg, 20-mg, 30-50 mg, or 30-40 mg of 5.xi.-ergost-7-en-3β-ol, (3β) per 100 g of the oil. In some embodiments, an oil provided herein comprises more than 1 mg, more than 5 mg, more than mg, more than 15 mg, more than 20 mg, more than 25 mg, or more than 30 mg of 5.xi.-ergost-7-en-3β-ol, (3β) per 100 g of the oil. In some embodiments, the sterol content (as a percentage of total sterols) of an oil provided herein comprises 1-20%, 1-10%, 10-20%, at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 6%, at least 7%, at least 8%, at least 9%, at least 10%, at least 11%, or at least 12% 5.xi.-ergost-7-en-3β-ol, (3(3) on a weight-by-weight basis.
An oil provided herein can comprise 0.1-100 mg, 0.1-50 mg, 1-100 mg, 1-50 mg, 50-100 mg, 50-70 mg, 60-70 mg, 30-50 mg, or 30-40 mg of 9,19-cyclolanost-24-en-3-ol, (3β) per 100 g of the oil. In some embodiments, an oil provided herein comprises more than 20 mg, more than 30 mg, more than 40 mg, more than 50 mg, or more than 60 mg of 9,19-cyclolanost-24-en-3-ol, (3β) per 100 g of the oil. In some embodiments, the sterol content (as a percentage of total sterols) of an oil provided herein comprises 1-50%, 10-40%, 10-30%, 20-30%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 11%, at least 12%, at least 13%, at least 14%, at least 15%, at least 16%, at least 17%, at least 18%, at least 19%, or at least 20% 9,19-cyclolanost-24-en-3-ol, (3β) on a weight-by-weight basis.
An oil provided herein can comprise 0.1-100 mg, 0.1-50 mg, 1-100 mg, 1-50 mg, 1-mg, or 10-20 mg of 9,19-cyclolanostan-3-ol, 24-methylene-, (3β) per 100 g of the oil. In some embodiments, an oil provided herein comprises more than 1 mg, more than 2 mg, more than 3 mg, more than 4 mg, more than 5 mg, more than 6 mg more than 7 mg, more than 8 mg, more than 9 mg, more than 10 mg, or more than 11 mg of 9,19-cyclolanostan-3-ol, 24-methylene-, (3β) per 100 g of the oil. In some embodiments, the sterol content (as a percentage of total sterols) of an oil provided herein comprises 1-10%, 1-5%, 5-10%, at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, or at least 5% 9,19-cyclolanostan-3-ol, 24-methylene-, (3β) on a weight-by-weight basis.
Polyol Applications and End Products.
The oils described herein can be used or formulated with one or more excipients for a variety of applications, including but not limited to, process oils (e.g., for tires), waxes, lubricants, polyols, macrodiols, polyesterdiols, and polyurethane products, e.g., hard foams, soft foams, cast polyurethanes, thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs), elastomers, adhesives, coatings, laminates, films, and dispersions. Polyurethane products can be used to construct aerospace, automotive, medical, electronic, building and construction goods; sporting goods or recreational equipment, e.g., skis, snowboards, sidewalls, boating equipment, kayaks; and other consumer goods, e.g., industrial containers, coolers, mattresses, leather goods, apparel, footwear, mannequins, and phone cases. These polyurethane applications can serve as sustainable alternatives to petroleum-based, non-renewable materials, such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), or high density polyethylene (HDPE).
Oil provided herein can have improved production efficiency and a TAG composition that is enhanced for improved control of hydroformylation chemistry for generating polyols. These characteristics of microbial oil result in a greater degree of hydroxyl group (—OH) functionality relative to oils with greater TAG heterogeneity (hence, lower purity) and/or diversity (e.g., oilseed or plant derived oils). Thus, polyols produced from hydroformylation of high oleic oils can be preferable in generating polymers, including in instances where physical properties of a polymer can be compromised by molecular impurities, such as non-hydroxylated fatty acids that may be present in oils having a more diverse or heterogeneous TAG profile.
Polyols derived from hydroformylation of a high oleic oil can be particularly useful for producing polyurethane materials. For example, oils provided herein can have relatively low TAG diversity, low fatty acid diversity, and the majority of fatty acids present in the oils may be unsaturated fatty acids. A higher ratio of unsaturated fatty acid to saturated fatty acid can allow for increased chemical reactivity at the double bonds. Oils having low TAG diversity and a high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids can be especially desirable in production of polyurethanes because hydroformylation of such a mixture yields a greater percentage of fatty acids that can participate in crosslinking reactions with isocyanates. Unlike unsaturated fatty acids, saturated fatty acids do not contain carbon-carbon double bounds and cannot participate in crosslinking reactions with isocyanates. Thus, polyols generated from hydroformylation of unsaturated fatty acids from high oleic oil can yield polyurethane materials having superior properties.
The hydroxyl functionality can be introduced into oils provided herein via a chemical conversion of the TAG component. This conversion requires the presence of a double bond on the acyl moiety of the fatty acid, e.g., an olefinic group, which can be accomplished using several different chemistries including, for example:
While typically carried out in organic solvent, processes that utilize aqueous systems have been developed to improve sustainability of these chemistries. Of the chemistries described above, only hydroformylation results in the preservation of fatty acid length and formation of primary hydroxyl moieties. Primary hydroxyl functionalities are highly desirable due to increased reactivity compared to secondary hydroxyl moieties. Furthermore, only olefinic fatty acids with a double bond that is converted into a site possessing hydroxyl functionality, through epoxidation and ring opening, ozonolysis, or hydroformylation/reduction, can participate in subsequent downstream chemistries, i.e., reaction with an isocyanate moiety to form a urethane linkage or reaction with methyl esters to form polyesters. All other fatty acids, namely, fully saturated fatty acids that do not contain carbon-carbon double bonds, cannot participate in crosslinking reactions with isocyanates. Hence, saturated fatty acids can compromise the structural integrity and degrade performance of the polymer produced therefrom.
Personal Care Product Applications.
The oils described herein can be used or formulated with one or more excipients for a variety of personal care product applications, including but not limited to, cosmetics, creams, face creams, hand creams, balms, lip balms, serums, face serums, body oils, hair oils, soaps, shampoos, conditioners.
Food Applications.
The oils described herein can be used or formulated with one or more excipients for a variety of food applications, including but not limited to, food products, e.g., food-grade oils, cooking oil, frying oils, coatings, salad dressings, spreads, frozen desserts, pharmaceuticals, nutritional supplements, nutraceuticals, meal replacements, infant formulas, beverages, flavoring agents, and food additives.
Strain Acquisition, Isolation, and Characterization.
A Prototheca wickerhamii strain (UTEX 1533) was obtained from the University of Texas at Austin Culture Collection of Algae (UTEX). Analysis of the 23S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequence of UTEX 1533 (SEQ ID NO:30) suggests that UTEX 1533 is very closely related to a Prototheca moriformis strain, UTEX 1435 (SEQ ID NO:31). The 23S rDNA sequence of UTEX 1533 has 100% sequence identity with the published 23S rDNA sequence from UTEX 1435 (
First Round of Mutagenesis.
Classical strain improvement of Strain 0 was undertaken in an effort to improve strain productivity, carbon yield, and oleic acid content. First, Strain 0 was exposed to UV light to introduce a diverse collection of random mutations within the nuclear genome. To accomplish this, Strain 0 cells were grown to mid-log phase in 50 mL of vegetative growth media (M21 seed media) in a 250-mL baffle flask at 28° C./200 rpm. The cells were then washed in seed media and 3×107 cells were spread on a 150-mm solid tryptone soy agar (TSA)+5 g/L glucose plate+1.5% agar and allowed to dry. The cells on the plate were then exposed to 25,000 μJoules of UV radiation (approximately 8.02 sec) using a Stratalinker ° 1800 UV Crosslinker system. Following UV exposure, the cells were scraped off of the solid media surface with a sterile cell scraper and into M21 seed media lacking both sugar and nitrogen. These cells were then washed extensively in the same nitrogen-free and sugar-free media, and then collected in a sterile 0.2-micron filter sterilization unit by vacuum filtration. Light exposure was kept to a minimum during this process to reduce the frequency of light-dependent repair of UV damage. The cells were washed off of the sterile filter and re-suspended in M20+5 g/L glucose pre-seed media formulated with 10 mM L-serine as a nitrogen source, in lieu of the typical ammonium sulfate. Half of the mutagenized cell population was exposed to the acridine mutagen ICR-191 in M20+5 g/L glucose pre-seed media for 24 h at 28° C. with 200 rpm agitation. ICR-191 can introduce both double strand breaks and frame-shift mutations when used as a single agent, and significant chromosomal rearrangements when used in conjunction with other mutagens, including UV radiation.
The culture of Strain 0 in M22 pre-seed media formulated with 10 mM L-serine as a nitrogen source was previously shown to have little impact or no impact growth. Nonetheless, amino acid uptake studies in related microalgae have suggested that culture under such conditions stimulates the uptake of L-arginine. After 16-24 h of incubation at 28° C./200 rpm agitation, a portion of the mutagenized and mock-mutagenized cultures were independently plated to M20+5 g/L glucose+10 mM L-serine+100 μg/mL L-canavanine+0.8% agarose solid media. L-canavanine is a toxic analog of L-arginine that disrupts protein synthesis and leads to growth arrest. It is possible, albeit exceedingly rare, (i.e., approximately 1 in 108 to 1 in 109) to spontaneously obtain L-canavanine-resistant (L-canR) colonies when plating otherwise wild-type populations of cells onto L-canavanine-containing media in the presence of L-arginine. Based on this possibility, the frequency of L-canR individuals observed in UV-mutagenized versus mock-mutagenized cell populations can serve as a rough measure of the efficiency of a given mutagenesis at increasing the rate of mutation over background. In the case of this UV-mutagenesis campaign, L-canR colonies were obtained at a rate >10,000 times more frequently in the UV-mutagenized population than in the mock-mutagenized population, indicating a significant mutagenic load.
The mutagenesis, trait selection, high-throughput, and automated screening steps of the improvement process are outlined in
Enrichment for changes in fatty acid profiles using cerulenin, an inhibitor of KASI/KASII.
Cerulenin is an antifungal antibiotic reported to inhibit fatty acid and sterol biosynthesis. Data from a number of studies suggest that cerulenin can specifically inhibit both the β-ketoacyl-ACP synthase I (KASI) and the β-ketoacyl-ACP synthase II (KASII) enzymes in plants, bacteria, and fungi. KASI catalyzes the two carbon at a time condensation reaction that generates 6-16 carbon long fatty acids. KASII functions in the condensation of palmitoyl-ACP with malonyl-ACP to yield stearoyl-ACP, which is rapidly desaturated to oleate. UV-induced mutants of Strain 0 that show resistance to cerulenin could achieve this resistance through mutations that increase KASI/KASII activity, a phenotype that could be highly beneficial for oleate production. In order to isolate cerulenin-resistant Strain 0 mutants, the approach illustrated in
While growth of the vast majority of the cells can be negatively impacted by cerulenin, a very small subset of cells with beneficial mutations within the mutant population can be resistant to the antibiotic. To increase the likelihood of isolating these resistant cells, wells in which inhibition of growth was >50% of the growth observed in DMSO-treated controls were collected onto sterile filters, extensively washed in M20 pre-seed media, and then used to initiate another round of M20 pre-seed culture. These cells were then subjected to another round of seed and then lipid culture in the presence of differing amounts of cerulenin or DMSO, as was performed in the first round of enrichment for cerulenin resistance. This cycle was repeated until a “differentiation event” was observed in which the MIC50 of the mutant population is higher than that of the mock mutagenized population. Wells in which statistically significant differences were observed were pooled, collected on sterile filters, washed extensively, and then diluted and plated for single colonies on 10-cm M20+5 g/L glucose+1.5% agar plates. Clonally isolated mutants from the cerulenin-resistant population constituted a cerulenin-resistant “mutant library”.
Using the UV-mutagenized and UV+ICR−191-mutagenized library of Strain 0, four cycles of enrichment were conducted as described at which time a very small but statistically significant increase in the MIC50 was observed only in the UV-mutagenized mutant population when compared to the mock-mutagenized controls (
Colonies arising from individual mutant clones were picked from the solid media plates for screening using a Picolo™ automated colony picking inoculation tool integrated into a TECAN Freedom EVO® 200 automated liquid handling system. Each selected colony was used to inoculate both a single well of an archival 96-well solid media M20+5 g/L glucose+0.8% agarose storage plate, as well as the corresponding well of a 96-well deep well block containing 0.5 mL of M20 pre-seed media. Pre-seed cultures were incubated at 28° C./900 rpm/80% humidity for 72 h. An 8% (v/v) inoculum from each culture was then used to initiate a seed culture in 0.5 mL of standard M21 seed media in corresponding wells of 96-deep well block. These seed cultures were incubated at 28° C./200 rpm/80% humidity for 24-26 h to mid-log phase, and then the cultures were used to perform a 0.8% inoculation of corresponding wells of a 96-deep well block containing 0.5 mL of M22 lipid production media. Lipid cultures were incubated for 72 h and then samples from each culture were assessed for rate of glucose consumption using an automated glucose assay described in
TABLE 1 summarizes oleate content of select mutant strains exhibiting higher glucose consumption in a 96-well block lipid assay. Mutant strains (approximately 2,200 isolates) were grown in lipid production medium (0.5 mL) with shaking (900 rpm) for 72 hours at 28° C. at which point glucose consumption was measured. Isolates with high glucose consumption levels were further interrogated for fatty acid composition with lead strains shown here.
Strain
0_G07
15.1
10.1
2.6
5.0
2.0
67.60
Strain
0_E05
15.2
10.3
1.1
4.9
2.1
67.87
Strain
0_E06
15.1
10.2
2.3
4.8
2.1
69.24
TABLE 2 summarizes the performance of select mutant strains in a tube-based assay based on average dry cell weight (Avg DCW), average oil titer (g/L) (Avg Oil), oil titer g/L, % coefficient of variance (Oil % CV), average non lipid biomass (Avg NLB), average per cell production (oil titer/NLB-Avg PCP), and average % oleate content (Avg % Oleate). Mutants described in TABLE 1 were re-interrogated in a larger tube-based format in which isolates were grown in duplicate in 10 mL of lipid production medium in a 50-mL bioreactor with shaking (200 rpm) for 120 hours at 28° C. at which point 1 mL of biomass was removed, applied to a polycarbonate filter, washed with an equal volume of Milli Q water, and placed in tared glass vial at −80° C. for 30 minutes. Vials containing filters and frozen biomass were lyophilized to dryness overnight, weights were recorded, and filters with dried biomass were subjected to direct transesterification followed by GC/FID to quantitate FAMES. Mutants highlighted in bold showed both high productivity and high oleate levels.
The phenotypic stability of each of the most promising mutants (highlighted in bold in TABLE 2) was evaluated by repeated sub-culturing in vegetative growth media (M21+40 g/L glucose seed media) until 30 or more population doublings had occurred. Cultures were then plated to M20+5 g/L glucose+0.8% agarose solid media. Six colonies were picked to a solid media archival storage plate and were subsequently analyzed in duplicate 10-mL lipid production assays conducted in 50-mL bioreactor tubes at 28° C./200 rpm. One of the strains showed a coefficient of variance (% CV) of less than 3% for oil titer and less than 1% in oleate levels across all six sub-clones. This strain was deemed phenotypically stable and cryo-preserved as strain “Strain 1”. The other mutant clones were not phenotypically stable and were reserved for additional rounds of sub-culturing and phenotypic evaluation or subject to additional round of classical strain improvement.
TABLE 3 summarizes the results of tube-based assays assessing stability of classically improved high oleic strains. Tube-based assays in which six isolates from each strain were grown in duplicate in 10 mL of lipid production medium. Cultures were grown with shaking (200 rpm) for 120 hours at 28° C. at which point 1 mL of biomass was removed, applied to a polycarbonate filter, washed with an equal volume of Milli Q water, and placed in tared glass vial at −80° C. for 30 minutes. Vials containing filters and frozen biomass were lyophilized to dryness overnight, their weights recorded and filters with dried biomass were subjected to direct transesterification followed by GC/FID to quantitate FAMES. Strain 0_G07 was determined to be stable and was cryo-preserved as “Strain 1”.
Following the cryo-preservation of Strain 1, a series of fermentation development runs were conducted to ascertain which process conditions would yield the highest oleic acid content compared to the parental base strain, Strain 0, which elaborates ca. 58% oleic acid in low cell density fermentations, and ca. 69% oleic acid under an optimized high cell density, high oleic process in a 0.5-L bioreactor. As illustrated in TABLE 4, feeding a macronutrient bolus (Mg++ and PO4−−−) or administering a complete media replacement bolus, had little impact on oleic accumulation. In contrast, increasing the dissolved oxygen (DO) from 30 to 50%, further elevated the oleic acid content by roughly 3%. Additional attempts at stressing Strain 1 by reducing the run temperature after the base transition from 28° C. to 25° C. showed no additional impact on oleic acid levels.
TABLE 4 shows fermentation development runs for Strain 1 in comparison with the highest oleic content observed in runs of Strain 0 (all at 0.5 L scale). All runs were carried out at 0.5-L scale. Nitrogen refers to the total nitrogen used in the process (batched+fed ammonia). DO refers to dissolved oxygen. Mg++ and PO4−−− bolus refers to a bolus (equivalent to the amount of each macronutrient that is batched in the initial vessel seed medium) that is administered just after base transition. Complete media replacement refers to administering a bolus (just after base transition) containing all batched media components with the exception of nitrogen. All broth samples for analysis were applied to a polycarbonate filter, washed with an equal volume of Milli Q water, and placed in a tared glass vial at −80° C. for 30 minutes. Vials containing filters and frozen biomass were lyophilized to dryness overnight, weights were recorded, and filters with dried biomass were subjected to direct transesterification followed by GC/FID to quantitate FAMES.
Challenging membrane integrity to enrich for mutants with increased oleate levels.
The mutant strain, Strain 0_E06 (Strain E06), while not phenotypically stable, consistently achieved higher oleate levels than the mutant lineage that gave rise to Strain 1 (TABLE 3). As such, this mutant lineage was selected for further rounds of classical strain improvement, and designated as “Strain K”. Following overnight growth in M21+40 g/L glucose seed media to mid-log phase, the E06 mutant was exposed to 270 mM ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) in 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) for 45 min at room temperature in dark and with periodic gentle agitation. Mutagenesis was terminated with the addition of a sodium thiosulfate solution to final concentration of 3% (w/v). In parallel, a mock-mutagenized control cell population was taken through all the same manipulations, except for exposure to EMS. Cells were collected using 0.2-micron filter sterilization units, washed extensively with water, and then washed with and into 5 mL M20+5 g/L glucose pre-seed media. Pre-seed cultures were incubated at 28° C./900 rpm/80% humidity for 72 h. An 8% (v/v) inoculum from each culture was then used to initiate a seed culture in 10 mL of standard M21+5 g/L glucose seed media in 50-mL bioreactor tubes. These seed cultures were incubated at 28° C./900 rpm/80% humidity for 24-26 h to mid-log phase, and then the cultures were used to perform a 0.8% inoculation of replicate wells in a 96-deep well block containing 0.5 mL of M22 lipid production media formulated with 1.6 μM triparanol and varying concentrations of the membrane fluidizing chemical, phenethyl alcohol, in a range from 2-20 mM. Triparanol is a 24-dehydroreductase inhibitor that disrupts production of cholesterol in mammalian cells. Triparanol can inhibit phytosterol biosynthesis in some microalgae. These lipid cultures were incubated for approximately 72 hours at 28° C./900 rpm/80% humidity. Growth was then assessed by measuring optical density at 750 nm wavelength (OD750) in a Molecular Devices Spectramax M5 plate reader. Cells from lipid cultures with 50% or greater inhibition of growth relative to vehicle (DMSO)-treated controls as measured by optical density (
The cryo-vials were thawed and used to initiate a 10 mL pre-seed culture in bioreactor tube, which was incubated for 72 h at 28° C./200 rpm. Two rounds of selection and enrichment with increasing amounts of triparanol were conducted following the strategy outlined in
TABLE 5 summarizes the oleate content of select mutant strains exhibiting higher glucose consumption in a 96-well block lipid assay. Mutant strains (approximately 2,200 isolates) were grown in lipid production medium (0.5 mL) with shaking (900 rpm) for 72 hours at 28° C. at which point glucose consumption was measured. Isolates with high glucose consumption levels were further interrogated for fatty acid composition with lead strains shown here.
Lead strains where subsequently evaluated side-by-side in 10 mL lipid production cultures experiment conducted in 50-mL bioreactor tubes. As shown in TABLE 6, the best performing strain, designated as “Strain 2”, manifested >26% more oleate than Strain 1. Strain 2 also achieved a 15% higher lipid titer than Strain 1. Based on its performance in low cell density lipid assays in tubes, the performance of Strain 2 was then evaluated under high cell density fermentation conditions.
TABLE 6 summarizes results of tube based assays on classically improved derivatives of Strain 1 showing increased C18:1 content. All strains were run under standard lipid production conditions in which strains were grown in duplicate in 10 mL of lipid production medium. Cultures were grown with shaking (200 rpm) for 120 hours at 28° C. at which point 1 mL of biomass was removed, applied to a polycarbonate filter, washed with an equal volume of Milli Q water, and placed in a tared glass vial at −80° C. for 30 minutes. Vials containing filters and frozen biomass were lyophilized to dryness overnight, weights were recorded, and filters with dried biomass were subjected to direct transesterification followed by GC/FID to quantitate FAMEs.
A series of development runs utilizing Strain 2 were conducted in an effort to explore whether process conditions could further elevate C18:1 levels relative to the ca. 73-74% oleic obtained in tube and block based assays as described above. The results of these efforts are illustrated in TABLE 7 below. Reference runs showing Strain 0 and Strain 1 are also displayed, illustrating the best high oleic processes for these two strains as well. As shown in the data, the 220 mM nitrogen process that incorporated a Mg++ and PO4−−− bolus post base transition, delivered the highest oleic content. At approximately 81% oleic content, a 5% increase in oleate over the previous high oleic strain, Strain 1, was achieved.
TABLE 7 summarizes results of fermentation development runs for Strain 2 in comparison with the highest oleic content observed for Strain 0 and Strain 1 (all at 0.5-L scale). All runs were carried out at 0.5-L scale. Nitrogen refers to the total nitrogen used in the process (batched+fed ammonia). DO refers to dissolved oxygen. Mg++ and PO4−−− bolus refers to a bolus (equivalent to the amount of each macronutrient that is batched in the initial vessel seed medium) that is administered just after base transition. Complete media replacement refers to administering a bolus (just after base transition) containing all batched media components with the exception of nitrogen. All broth samples for analysis were applied to a polycarbonate filter, washed with an equal volume of Milli Q water, and placed in a pre-weighed glass vial at −80° C. for 30 minutes. Vials containing filters and frozen biomass were lyophilized to dryness overnight, weights were recorded, and filters with dried biomass were subjected to direct transesterification followed by GC/FID to quantitate FAMES.
To further increase the oleate levels achieved in Strain 2 by classical strain improvement methods, a number of different cocktails of metabolic inhibitors and herbicides were tested with the goal of increasing genetic diversity in mutant libraries and biasing mutant populations toward higher oleate and/or increased lipid production. To generate a diverse library of mutants, Strain 2 was exposed to 360 mM ethyl methane sulfonate for 1 hour at room temperature, followed by inactivation of the mutagen and recovery of the cells after culture for 24 h. The resulting mutant population was subjected to a single round of enrichment with different cocktails of selective agents (
Strain
3
0.64
8.22
2.79
78.89
8.21
0.31
6.0
(M05_H03.D02)
M05_H03.C05
TABLE 8 shows representative fatty acid profiles for sub-clones of a promising Strain 2 mutant generated through an additional round of classical strain improvement. All strains were run under standard lipid production conditions in a 96-well block format in which cells are grown in 0.5 mL of lipid production media. Cultures were grown with shaking (900 rpm) for 72 hours at 28° C., at which point 125 μL of biomass was removed, transferred to glass micro-vials, and frozen −80° C. for 30-60 minutes. The micro-vials containing frozen biomass were lyophilized to dryness overnight and then subjected to direct transesterification followed by GC/FID to quantitate FAMES. The sub-clone, M05_H03.005 (highlighted in bold italics), showed a significant deviation in fatty acid profile from the other sub-clones of the original mutant that was identified. Note that the glucose consumption rate in grams/liter*day (g/L*D) correlated linearly with lipid titer in this assay and also showed significant variability in this mutant clone. Given this phenotypic instability, one of the sub-clones that produced the highest level of oleate, M05_H03.D02 (also highlighted in bold), was selected for additional sub-culture stability re-evaluation.
As an alternative to stabilizing Strain 3, a new round of mutagenesis was pursued for Strain 2 utilizing treatment of cells with the mutagen 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4-NQO) for 5 minutes at 28° C. Mutagenized cells were enriched by growing under conditions of limited glucose (14 g/L) for three days, then the cells were subjected to fraction over a 60% Percoll/0.15 M NaCl density gradient. Cells recovered from a density zone of 1.06 g/mL were plated and assessed for glucose consumption and fatty acid profile. One of these clones was subsequently stabilized and given the strain designation “Strain 4”.
A subpopulation of the Strain 4 lineage was concurrently subjected to an enrichment strategy employing one round of enrichment in an inhibitor cocktail (Inhibitor Cocktail 2 in
Strain 5 was subjected to another round of mutagenesis with increasing concentrations and exposure time to 4-NQO (37 μM for 30 minutes at 28° C.). This population of cells was subsequently subdivided and grown in standard lipid production medium supplemented with a range of cerulenin concentrations (7-50 μM). Cells from all concentrations were pooled and fractionated over a 60% Percoll/0.15 M NaCl density gradient. Oil laden cells recovered from a density zone of 1.02 g/mL were plated and assessed for glucose consumption and fatty acid profile. One of these clones was subsequently stabilized and given the strain designation “Strain 6”.
Strain 6 was subsequently mutagenized with 8,000 μJoules of UV radiation. The resulting population of cells were subdivided and grown in standard lipid production medium supplemented with a range of concentrations (26-75 μM) of the mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) ATP-competitive inhibitor, AZD8055. Cells from all concentrations were pooled and fractionated over a 60% Percoll/0.15 M NaCl density gradient. Oil laden cells recovered from a density zone of 1.02-1.04 g/mL were plated and assessed for glucose consumption and fatty acid profile. One of these clones was subsequently stabilized and given the strain designation “Strain 7”. TABLE 9 shows the fatty acid profiles of strains depicted in
Strain 7 (CHK74) described in Example 7 was further subjected to classical strain improvement to produce the strain “CHK80”. CHK74 was mutagenized for 30 min at 32° C. with 40 μM or 60 μM 4-NQO or subjected to sham mutagenesis with the addition of only the mutagen solvent, 0.06% DMSO. The two mutagenized and the mock-mutagenized populations were each independently cultured in lipid production media supplemented with different concentrations of the inhibitor, clomiphene, along with 2.44 g/L Tween-40, 2.49 g/L Tween-60, & 0.2 g/L linoleic acid. The Tween-emulsified linoleic acid was added to enrich for mutants that inherently produce lower levels of C18:2. After the first cycle of exposure, mutant cells exposed to concentrations of clomiphene where growth was reduced >50% based on OD750 measurements were collected, pooled, washed free of the inhibitor, and subjected to another round of clomiphene exposure for 72 h in lipid media with linoleic supplementation, each time increasing the range of clomiphene exposures. By the third cycle of exposure, a resistant population arose from the 60 μM 4-NQO mutant library compared to both the 40 μM 4-NQO mutant population or the mock-mutagenized controls (
TABLE 11 shows sequence alignments of genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis in CHK80 and CHK22 (Strain 0; original progenitor strain): FAD2-1, FAD2-2, FATA1-1, FATA1-2, KASII-1, KASII-2, SAD2-1, and SAD2-2.
TABLE 12 shows sequence alignments of genomic regions of CHK80 and CHK22: 6S, DAO1B, FAD2, FATA1, and Thi4.
TABLE 13 shows genetic sequences of selectable markers that can be used to generate genetically modified microalgae. The classically improved microalgal strains provided herein do not comprises any of these exogenous sequences. Saccharomyces cerevisiae suc2 (ScSUC2) encodes for sucrose invertase, which allows for selection of strains that grow on sucrose media. Saccharomyces carlbergenesis MEL1 (ScarMEL) encodes for alpha-galactosidase (melibiase), which allows for selection of strains that grow on melibiose media. Arabidopsis thaliana ThiC (AtTHIC) encodes for phosphomethylpyrimidine synthase, an enzyme involved in pyrimidine synthesis in the thiamine biosynthesis pathway.
S. cerevisiae suc2
S. carlbergenesis
A. thaliana ThiC
The sterol and triterpene alcohol compositions of high oleic refined, bleached, and deodorized (RBD) triglyceride oils of the disclosure were determined using gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry and flame ionization detection. Samples were prepared using the technique described in the German standardized method F-III for sterols in fats and oils from Aitzetmüller, et al. (1998), Analysis of sterol content and composition in fats and oils by capillary-gas liquid chromatography using an internal standard. Comments on the German sterol method. Fett/Lipid, 100: 429-435, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. After addition of an internal standard, the oils were saponified. The unsaponifiable fractions were isolated using solid-phase extraction. Trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives of the unsaponifiable fraction were injected on an Agilent 8890 gas chromatograph equipped with a 5977B single quadrupole EI-MS and FID detector. A capillary flow technology (CFT) splitter was used to split the sample between the MS and FID detectors following separation using a DB-5MS Ultra Inert column (60 m length×0.25 mm inner diameter X 0.25 μm film thickness). Mass spectra data, in conjunction with retention time comparison with analytical standards, if available, were used to identify each of the sterol species. Quantification was based on the FID response of the sterol TMS ethers compared to that of the internal standard.
The resulting sterol profiles are shown in TABLE 14. Amounts are shown as mg/100 g of the oil and as approximate percentages of total detected sterols. Minor unidentified peaks were not accounted for. Not all sterols were identifiable and are listed as unknown. Ergosterol was the main sterol present in both oils. Various other sterols were present in the high oleic oils in significant amounts, including ergosta-5,8-dien-3-ol, (3β)- and 5.xi.-ergost-7-en-3(3-ol, (3β). Campesterol, stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol were not detected in either oils.
TABLE 15 shows fatty acid profiles of a TAG oil produced by strains CHK74 and CHK80. Values are in percentages of total detected fatty acids.
TAG analysis was carried out utilizing Liquid Chromatography/Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometry (LC/TOF-MS), where fractionation of TAG species is carried out on a C18 column followed by interrogation of individual peaks on a TOF LC-MS equipped with an Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization (APCI) source. LC TAG standards from NuChek and samples were run on a Shimadzu Shim-pack XR-ODS III 2.2 micron, 2.0×200 mm column and confirmed by MS on an Agilent TOF LC-MS equipped with an APCI ionization source utilizing a method from Neff, et al. (1995), Soybean Oil Triacylglycerol Analysis by Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry, JAOCS, 72: 1185-1191, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. TABLE 16 shows TAG profiles of a TAG oil produced by strains CHK74 and CHK80. Values are in percentages of total detected TAG species.
This application is a continuation of International Application No. PCT/US2022/43695 filed on Sep. 15, 2022, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/245,734, U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/245,736, U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/245,737, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/245,740, each filed on Sep. 17, 2021, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
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| Number | Date | Country | |
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| 63245736 | Sep 2021 | US | |
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| 63245740 | Sep 2021 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | PCT/US2022/043695 | Sep 2022 | US |
| Child | 18156929 | US |
