The present invention relates to light emitting diodes (LEDs) and in particular relates to LEDs formed with active portions of Group III nitrides on silicon carbide substrates.
As set forth in Ser. No. 11/037,965 cited above (“the '965 application”), significant improvements have recently been demonstrated in the output of light emitting diodes based on the Group III nitride material system using conductive silicon carbide substrates. In particular, the '965 application discloses light emitting diodes that have high brightness on a unit area basis.
A light emitting diode (LED) is a p-n junction semiconductor diode that emits photons when forward biased. Thus, light emitting diodes produce light based upon the movement of electrons in a semiconductor material. Therefore, LEDs do not require (although they can be used in conjunction with) vapors or phosphors. They share the desirable characteristics of most semiconductor-based devices, including high efficiency (their emissions include little or no heat), high reliability and long life. For example, typical LEDs have a mean time between failures of between about 100,000 and 1,000,000 hours meaning that a conservative half lifetime for an LED is on the order of 50,000 hours.
In particular, an LED's emitted light has a frequency (which in turn relates directly to wavelength and color in accordance with well-understood principles of physics) based upon the energy difference between permitted energy levels in the material, a characteristic referred to as the bandgap. The bandgap is a fundamentally property of the semiconductor material and its doping. Thus, LEDs formed in silicon (Si, bandgap of 1.12 electron volts (eV)) will have energy transitions in the infrared (but not the visible) portions of the spectrum. Silicon-based diodes are thus used for items such as low-cost sensors in which visibility to the human eye is either unimportant or specifically undesired. LEDs formed in gallium arsenide (bandgap 1.42 eV), or most commonly in silicon-doped aluminum gallium arsenide (AlGaAs) will emit in the visible portion of the spectrum, but at lower frequencies that produce infrared radiation and red and yellow light.
In turn, because green, blue, and ultraviolet (UV) photons represent higher frequency colors (E=hυ) within (and beyond) the visible spectrum, they can only be produced by LEDs with bandgaps of at least about 2.2 eV. Such materials include diamond (5.47 eV), silicon carbide (2.99 eV) and Group III nitrides such as GaN (3.4 eV). In addition to producing green, blue or ultraviolet light per se, wide bandgap LEDs can be combined with red and green LEDs to produce white light, or with phosphors that produce white light when excited by blue or UV light, or both.
For several reasons, the Group III nitride compositions (i.e., Group III of the periodic table), particularly GaN, AlGaN, InGaN and AlInGaN are particularly useful for blue-emitting LEDs. As one advantage, they are “direct” emitters, meaning that when an electron transition occurs across the bandgap, much of the energy is emitted as light. By comparison, “indirect” emitters (such as silicon carbide) emit their energy partially as light (a photon) and predominantly as vibrational energy (a phonon). Thus Group III nitrides offer efficiency advantages over indirect transition materials. The Group III nitrides will also be referred to herein as the Group III nitride material system.
As another advantage, the bandgap of ternary and quaternary Group III materials (e.g., AlGaN, InGaN, AlInGaN) depends upon the atomic fraction of the included Group III elements. Thus the wavelength (color) of the emission can be tailored (within limits) by controlling the atomic fraction of each Group III element in a ternary or quaternary nitride.
Wide bandgap semiconductors have been, however, historically more difficult to produce and work with than gallium-arsenide or gallium phosphide (GaP). As a result, blue and UV-emitting LEDs have lagged behind GaP-based LED's in their commercial appearance. For example, silicon carbide is physically very hard, has no melt phase, and requires high temperatures (on the order of about 1500-2000° C.) for epitaxial or sublimation growth. The Group III nitrides have relatively large nitrogen vapor pressures at their melting temperatures and thus are likewise difficult or impossible to grow from a melt. Additionally, difficulties in obtaining p-type gallium nitride (and other Group III nitrides) remained a barrier to diode production for a number of years. Accordingly, the commercial availability of blue and white-emitting LEDs is more recent than the corresponding availability of GaP-based and GaAs-based LEDs.
For comparison and other relevant purposes, lighting is typically quantified as to its output. One typical unit of measure is the lumen, defined as a unit of luminous flux equal to the light emitted in a unit solid angle by a uniform point source of one candela (cd) intensity. In turn, the candela is the base unit of luminous intensity in the International System of Units that is equal to the luminous intensity in a given direction of a source which emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540×1012 hertz and has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 watt per unit solid angle.
Using lumens as the unit of measurement, an intensity of 1200-1800 lumens is typical of incandescent bulbs and 1000-6000 lumens (depending upon circumstances) is typical in natural daylight. Light emitting diodes, however, are much less intense, for example on the order of about 10-100 lumens. One reason is their small size. Thus, applications for single (or small groups of) LEDs have historically gravitated towards indication (e.g. the register of a hand-held calculator) rather than illumination (a reading lamp). Although the availability of blue LEDs and corresponding white-emitting devices have moved such LEDs into wider commercial availability, for illumination purposes, several (or more) LEDs are typically grouped together to provide the desired output.
Because of their typical size and structure, the output of LEDs is often measured in units other than lumens. Additionally, an LED's output also depends upon the applied current, which in turn depends upon the potential difference applied across the diode. Thus, the output of an LED is often referred to as its radiant flux (Rf) and is expressed in milliwatts (mW) at a standard 20 milliamp (mA) drive current.
Blue LEDs are becoming more frequently included in consumer electronic devices, particularly small displays. Common examples include items such as computer screens, personal digital assistants (“PDAs”) and cellular phones. In turn, these small devices drive demand for LEDs with reduced size (“footprint”). Such LEDs, however, must still operate at low forward voltages (Vf) and high light output. To date, however, reducing the size of the blue-emitting Group III nitride devices has tended to increase their forward voltage and reduce their radiant flux.
As noted above, the LEDs disclosed in the '965 application offers significant advantages in increased brightness (using the standard parameters noted above) and reduced forward voltage even at small size.
Although small, relatively thin LEDs are advantageous for smaller devices (such as cellular phone displays); the incorporation of LEDs into larger devices presents different challenges. For example, using greater numbers of small diodes in larger displays can reduce energy conversion, increase power consumption and require the manufacturer to purchase, assemble and maintain a greater number of components. Larger numbers of smaller components can also increase weight, size, volume and the number of required electrical connections. Statistically, larger numbers of smaller devices will include a larger absolute number of defects and may require the manufacturer to maintain larger inventories in order to maintain or increase a given reliability.
As one example, electronic visible displays such as oscilloscopes, televisions, and computer monitors, have historically been based upon cathode ray tubes (“CRTs”). In recent years, however, the advances in various technologies commonly grouped as “flat panel” displays have rapidly displaced cathode ray tubes for many purposes and in particular for consumer uses such as televisions and monitors for personal computers.
Additionally, these and other technologies have in turn driven the growth of much larger displays for consumer and other personal use. Examples include plasma-based and liquid crystal (“LCD”) television screens that are quite large compared to their technological ancestors; i.e., 46 inch flat-panel televisions in place of 21 inch CRT-based televisions.
In particular, liquid crystal displays operate by changing the orientation of liquid crystals, and thus their appearance, using appropriate electrical controls. Liquid crystals do not emit light, however, and thus LCD displays such as televisions must be back lit by some additional source. The availability of “RGB” (red, green, and blue) or white light emitting diodes in large quantity at competitive cost offers such an appropriate back lighting source.
A large display, however, requires a large number of light emitting diodes. In turn, the individual diodes must be physically supported and functionally incorporated into electronic circuits. Furthermore, although light emitting diodes are highly efficient in comparison to incandescent lighting, they still generate a finite amount of energy as heat. Thus, incorporating hundreds or thousands of light emitting diodes into larger applications, particularly those used indoors, correspondingly generates noticeable, or even troublesome amounts of heat and other technological challenges.
Because both complexity and heat are typical problems that must be addressed in designing and using electronic equipment (including large flat-panel displays) that incorporates LEDs, a need exists, and corresponding benefits are desired, for further increasing the efficiency and output of light emitting diodes. This need includes the call for light emitting diodes that produce white light from blue emitting diodes either by incorporating phosphors or through their combination with red and green LEDs.
Accordingly, a need exists for continual improvement in the output of small-size LEDs formed in the Group III nitride silicon carbide material system.
In one aspect, the invention is a light emitting diode comprising a silicon carbide single crystal substrate, a light emitting structure formed from the Group III nitride material system on the single crystal substrate, the diode having an area greater than 100,000 square microns, and in many examples at least one side that is at least 400 microns in length, and the diode having a radiant flux at 20 milliamps current of at least 29 milliwatts at its dominant wavelength between 390 and 540 nanometers.
In another aspect the invention is a light emitting diode comprising quantum efficiency a silicon carbide single crystal substrate, a light emitting structure formed from the Group III nitride material system on the single crystal substrate, the diode having an area of at least 100,000 square microns, and in many examples at least one side that is at least 400 microns in length and, and the diode having an external quantum efficiency greater than 50 percent at 20 milliamps current at its dominant wavelength between 390 and 540 nanometers.
In yet another aspect the invention is a light emitting diode comprising a silicon carbide single crystal substrate, a light emitting structure formed from the Group III nitride material system on the single crystal substrate, the diode having an area of at least 100,000 square microns, and in many examples at least one side that is at least 400 microns in length, and the diode having an optical power efficiency of at least 50 percent at a dominant wavelength between 450 and 460 nanometers.
The foregoing and other advantages of the invention and the manner in which the same are accomplished will become clearer based on the followed detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
The invention is a light emitting diode formed in the Group III nitride material system, often on silicon carbide (SiC) substrates. In particular, and in comparison to recent generations of light emitting diodes, the diodes according to the present invention have an area greater than 100,000 square microns and, as set forth in the following discussion and in the drawings, properties such as a radiant flux at 20 milliamps current of at least 29 milliwatts at the diode's dominant wavelength between 390 and 540 nanometers.
In particular, diodes of this size will typically have at least one side that is at least 400 microns in length, with exemplary diodes forming a square with each side being 420 microns.
In the blue frequencies, the diodes have a radiant flux at 20 milliamps current of at least 29 milliwatts at the dominant wavelength between 450 and 460 nanometers.
In the green frequencies, the diode has a radiant flux of at least 12 milliwatts at its dominant wavelength between 530 and 540 nanometers.
The performance of the diodes is set forth in the accompanying drawings, and these drawings, taken with this detailed description, give a full clear, concise, and exact description of the diodes to those of ordinary skill practicing in this art.
As set forth in the Background, a number of structural features of the invention are set forth in the commonly assigned, copending, and incorporated applications. In some instances, the improvements described herein are most clearly expressed in comparison to the diodes described in previously incorporated application Ser. No. 11/037,965. The diodes described in the '965 application may be referred to herein as “'965 diodes” or in some similar manner. The same type of description may be applied to refer to other material in the copending applications, with the meaning also being clear in context.
The diode includes at least one, and preferably several, layers that form the light emitting (“active”) portions. These layers are selected from the Group III nitride material system. Two layers are shown in
Such structures are well-understood in this art and can be practiced in the context of the present invention without undue experimentation.
The embodiment illustrated in
A solder layer 26 is attached to the barrier layer 25 typically, but not exclusively, based upon the method of making the diode. These and other structural features are set forth in the previously-incorporated '042 and '965 applications. A metal or conductive semiconductor layer 27 forms a physical support and a backside ohmic contact 30 completes the structure and, with the top ohmic contact 28, provides the full current path for injecting current through the diode 20.
In an alternate embodiment, the metal or semiconductor support layer 27 can be omitted, with or without the solder layer 26. In such embodiments, the backside ohmic contact 30 is positioned against the mirror and barrier metals 24, 25.
As illustrated in
Diodes according to the invention have an area greater than 100,000 square microns. Examples include, but are not limited to diodes that have at least one side that is at least 400 microns in length and that are square or rectangular in their geometry.
Diodes according to the invention can also incorporate the lenticular surfaces described in copending and incorporated application Ser. No. 11/082,470.
In all of
In this regard,
Radiant flux (e.g.
In the green wavelengths (approaching 540 nm in
As background and further explanation with respect to
The efficiency for the green wavelengths is even more striking. As illustrated in
As noted elsewhere herein, the output and performance of a light emitting diode can be characterized using several related, but not identical, parameters. Luminous efficiency as plotted in
The human eye is sensitive to light having wavelengths of between about 410 and 720 nm (the “visible” spectrum). Furthermore, within the visible spectrum, the eye responds differently to different wavelengths. As a result, the luminous flux is related to—and differs from—the radiant flux by a factor equivalent to the sensitivity of the human eye.
Thus, the solid bold line in
For comparison purposes, a luminous efficiency equivalent to half of the theoretical maximum is plotted as the series of X's that form a corresponding curve below the theoretical maximum curve.
As an additional point of comparison,
As yet another point of comparison, a “world record” (with respect to efficiency regardless of wavelength) light emitting diode from Osram is shown as the circle at approximately 620 nm and slightly above 100 lumens per watt.
Diodes according to the invention are plotted as the diamond shapes in
Accordingly, in another aspect the invention is a blue light emitting diode with a luminous efficiency above 15 lumens per watt at a dominant wavelength between 450 and 460 nm.
In a similar aspect, the invention is a green light emitting diode with a luminous efficiency greater than 100 lumens per watt at a dominant wavelength between 520 and 540 nanometers.
As used in the art (and herein), the term “dominant wavelength” describes a measure of the hue sensation produced in the human eye by a light emitting diode. The dominant wavelength is determined by drawing a straight line through the color coordinates of a reference illuminant and the measured chromaticity coordinates of the LED in the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) 1931 chromaticity diagram. The intersection of the straight-line on the boundary of the chromaticity diagram gives the dominant wavelength.
The peak wavelength is the wavelength at the maximum spectral power. The peak wavelength may have less significance for practical purposes because two different light emitting diodes may have the same peak wavelength, but different color perception.
Radiant flux, which is also referred to as the radiant power, is the rate (dθ/dt) at which the radiation field transfers radiant energy from one region to another. As noted above, if theta (θ) is the radiant energy, the unit of radiant power is the watt.
An appropriate discussion of these and other optical characteristics of light emitting diodes is set forth in the Labsphere Technical Guide, “The Radiometry of Light Emitting Diodes,” from Labsphere Inc. of North Sutton N.H.
As known to those familiar with light emitting diodes and their packages, of the photons generated by current injected through the diode, less than 100% escape externally from the diode. Accordingly, in this art, the term “external quantum efficiency” is used to describe the ratio of emitted light intensity to current flow (e.g., photons out/electrons in). Photons can be lost through absorption within the semiconductor material itself, through reflection losses when light passes from the semiconductor to air because of the differences in refractive index, and from the total internal refraction of light at angles greater than the critical angle defined by Snell's law. Accordingly, the external quantum efficiency (EQE) as a percentage can be calculated from the radiant flux (Watts), the wavelength (nanometers), the drive current (amps) and the conversion factor between wavelength and energy (λ=1.24/eV) according to the following formula:
As used herein, and for purposes of describing and defining the luminous output, the light emitting area or surface is defined as the “footprint” of the device. For a chip or die with different portions having different dimensions, the term “area” means the largest area of semiconductor or substrate material within the die or chip, because this largest dimension is the one that the circuit or device designer must deal with in using the individual light emitting diode.
Expressed in alternative fashion, but with the same meaning, the area is the larger of either (i) the largest semiconductor area in the diode or (ii) the substrate area of the diode that must or will be packaged. In almost all circumstances, area (ii) is greater or equal to area (i).
In the drawings and specification there has been set forth a preferred embodiment of the invention, and although specific terms have been employed, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation, the scope of the invention being defined in the claims.
This application is a divisional of Ser. No. 11/112,429 filed Apr. 22, 2005 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,737,459 which is a continuation in part of Ser. No. 11/082,470 filed Mar. 17, 2005 for “High Efficiency Group III Nitride LED with Lenticular Surface;” and of Ser. No. 11/037,965 filed Jan. 18, 2005 for “High Output Small Area Group III nitride LEDs;” and of Ser. No. 10/951,042 filed Sep. 22, 2004 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,259,402 for “High Efficiency Group III Nitride Silicon Carbide Light Emitting Diode.” The contents of each of these applications are incorporated entirely herein by reference.
Number | Name | Date | Kind |
---|---|---|---|
2001622 | McCaa | May 1935 | A |
4675875 | Takamlya et al. | Jun 1987 | A |
4703219 | Mesquida | Oct 1987 | A |
4902356 | Noguchi et al. | Feb 1990 | A |
4912532 | Cook et al. | Mar 1990 | A |
4990972 | Satoh et al. | Feb 1991 | A |
5103271 | Izumiya et al. | Apr 1992 | A |
5162878 | Sasagawa et al. | Nov 1992 | A |
5376580 | Kish et al. | Dec 1994 | A |
5404031 | Sasaki et al. | Apr 1995 | A |
5416342 | Edmond et al. | May 1995 | A |
5429954 | Gerner | Jul 1995 | A |
5502316 | Kish et al. | Mar 1996 | A |
5696389 | Ishikawa et al. | Dec 1997 | A |
5739554 | Edmond et al. | Apr 1998 | A |
5779924 | Krames et al. | Jul 1998 | A |
5792698 | Nishitani | Aug 1998 | A |
5814839 | Hosoba | Sep 1998 | A |
5838706 | Edmond et al. | Nov 1998 | A |
5912477 | Negley | Jun 1999 | A |
5962875 | Motoki et al. | Oct 1999 | A |
5985687 | Bowers et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
6057562 | Lee et al. | May 2000 | A |
6071795 | Cheung et al. | Jun 2000 | A |
6100104 | Haerle et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
6120600 | Edmond et al. | Sep 2000 | A |
6133589 | Krames et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
6169296 | Kamiyama et al. | Jan 2001 | B1 |
6187606 | Edmond et al. | Feb 2001 | B1 |
6194743 | Kondoh et al. | Feb 2001 | B1 |
6201262 | Edmond et al. | Mar 2001 | B1 |
6242761 | Fujimoto et al. | Jun 2001 | B1 |
6258618 | Lester | Jul 2001 | B1 |
6258699 | Chang et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
6287947 | Ludowise et al. | Sep 2001 | B1 |
6303405 | Yoshida et al. | Oct 2001 | B1 |
6335263 | Cheung et al. | Jan 2002 | B1 |
6365429 | Kneissl et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
6373077 | Edmond et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
6403985 | Fan et al. | Jun 2002 | B1 |
6410940 | Jiang et al. | Jun 2002 | B1 |
6410942 | Thibeault et al. | Jun 2002 | B1 |
6420199 | Coman et al. | Jul 2002 | B1 |
6420242 | Cheung et al. | Jul 2002 | B1 |
6420735 | Kim | Jul 2002 | B2 |
6448102 | Kneissl et al. | Sep 2002 | B1 |
6459100 | Doverspike et al. | Oct 2002 | B1 |
6465809 | Furukawa et al. | Oct 2002 | B1 |
6468824 | Chen et al. | Oct 2002 | B2 |
6469324 | Wang | Oct 2002 | B1 |
6486499 | Krames et al. | Nov 2002 | B1 |
6492661 | Chien et al. | Dec 2002 | B1 |
6514782 | Wierer, Jr. et al. | Feb 2003 | B1 |
6521914 | Krames et al. | Feb 2003 | B2 |
6534798 | Sherer et al. | Mar 2003 | B1 |
6559075 | Kelly et al. | May 2003 | B1 |
6562648 | Wong et al. | May 2003 | B1 |
6576930 | Reeh et al. | Jun 2003 | B2 |
6607931 | Streubel | Aug 2003 | B2 |
6610551 | Doverspike et al. | Aug 2003 | B1 |
6635503 | Andrews et al. | Oct 2003 | B2 |
6649437 | Yang et al. | Nov 2003 | B1 |
6657236 | Thibeault et al. | Dec 2003 | B1 |
6664560 | Emerson et al. | Dec 2003 | B2 |
6677173 | Ota | Jan 2004 | B2 |
6716654 | Hsu et al. | Apr 2004 | B2 |
6734033 | Emerson et al. | May 2004 | B2 |
6740604 | Kelly et al. | May 2004 | B2 |
6740906 | Slater, Jr. et al. | May 2004 | B2 |
6747298 | Slater, Jr. et al. | Jun 2004 | B2 |
6757314 | Kneissl et al. | Jun 2004 | B2 |
6786390 | Yang et al. | Sep 2004 | B2 |
6791119 | Slater, Jr. et al. | Sep 2004 | B2 |
6794690 | Uemura | Sep 2004 | B2 |
6800500 | Coman et al. | Oct 2004 | B2 |
6800876 | Edmond et al. | Oct 2004 | B2 |
6806112 | Horng et al. | Oct 2004 | B1 |
6809341 | Hsu et al. | Oct 2004 | B2 |
6812502 | Chien et al. | Nov 2004 | B1 |
6815312 | Furukawa et al. | Nov 2004 | B2 |
6821804 | Thibeault et al. | Nov 2004 | B2 |
6825501 | Edmond et al. | Nov 2004 | B2 |
6828596 | Steigerwald et al. | Dec 2004 | B2 |
6831302 | Erchak et al. | Dec 2004 | B2 |
6844571 | Krames et al. | Jan 2005 | B2 |
6846686 | Saeki et al. | Jan 2005 | B2 |
6849878 | Bader et al. | Feb 2005 | B2 |
6900472 | Kondoh et al. | May 2005 | B2 |
6992334 | Wierer, Jr. et al. | Jan 2006 | B1 |
7064353 | Bhat | Jun 2006 | B2 |
7135709 | Wirth et al. | Nov 2006 | B1 |
7148520 | Yoo | Dec 2006 | B2 |
7166870 | Erchak et al. | Jan 2007 | B2 |
7211833 | Slater, Jr. et al. | May 2007 | B2 |
7250635 | Lee et al. | Jul 2007 | B2 |
7294866 | Liu | Nov 2007 | B2 |
7442966 | Bader et al. | Oct 2008 | B2 |
7501023 | Dmitriev et al. | Mar 2009 | B2 |
7514720 | Kim et al. | Apr 2009 | B2 |
20020022290 | Kong et al. | Feb 2002 | A1 |
20020068373 | Lo et al. | Jun 2002 | A1 |
20020121642 | Doverspike et al. | Sep 2002 | A1 |
20020123164 | Slater et al. | Sep 2002 | A1 |
20020197764 | Uemura et al. | Dec 2002 | A1 |
20030015721 | Slater et al. | Jan 2003 | A1 |
20030045015 | Slater, Jr. et al. | Mar 2003 | A1 |
20030132701 | Sato et al. | Jul 2003 | A1 |
20030173602 | Hsu et al. | Sep 2003 | A1 |
20030197170 | Bader et al. | Oct 2003 | A1 |
20040004226 | Eisert et al. | Jan 2004 | A1 |
20040012027 | Keller et al. | Jan 2004 | A1 |
20040033638 | Bader et al. | Feb 2004 | A1 |
20040051118 | Bruhns et al. | Mar 2004 | A1 |
20040072382 | Kelly et al. | Apr 2004 | A1 |
20040124429 | Stokes et al. | Jul 2004 | A1 |
20040135158 | Hon | Jul 2004 | A1 |
20040232812 | Beeson et al. | Nov 2004 | A1 |
20040256632 | Stein et al. | Dec 2004 | A1 |
20050006669 | Mishra et al. | Jan 2005 | A1 |
20050018725 | Nurmikko | Jan 2005 | A1 |
20050269588 | Kim et al. | Dec 2005 | A1 |
20060054909 | Shin et al. | Mar 2006 | A1 |
20090166659 | Edmond et al. | Jul 2009 | A1 |
Number | Date | Country |
---|---|---|
0 810 674 | Dec 1997 | EP |
1 263 058 | Dec 2002 | EP |
1 335 434 | Aug 2003 | EP |
1 416 543 | May 2004 | EP |
61059886 | Mar 1986 | JP |
11238913 | Aug 1999 | JP |
2003-249694 | Sep 2003 | JP |
2004-047760 | Feb 2004 | JP |
2004-260178 | Sep 2004 | JP |
WO 0141225 | Jun 2001 | WO |
Entry |
---|
Harle et al., “Advanced Technologies for High Efficiency GaInN LEDs for solid state lighting,” Third International Conference on Solid State Lighting, Proceedings of SPIE, vol. 5187, Jan. 2004. |
Dmitriev et al. “Compound Semiconductor Materials, Method and Apparatus to Produce the Same”, U.S. Appl. No. 60/449,085, filed Feb. 21, 2003. |
Fujioka et al., “Improvement in Output Power of 280-nm Deep Ultraviolet Light Emitting Diode by Using AlGaN Multi Quantum Wells”, Applied Physics Express, vol. 3, Mar. 26, 2010, pp. 041001-1-041001-3. |
Haerle et al., “High brightness LEDs for general lighting applications Using the new ThinGaN™—Technology”, phys. stat. sol. (a); 201(12):2736-2739; Sep. 2004. |
Correspondence regarding Office Action in Japanese Patent Application No. 2007-533557, dated Aug. 19, 2011, 4 pages. |
Kim et al., “Performance of High-Power AlInGaN Light Emitting Diodes”, phys. stat. sol. (a), 188(1):15-21, 2001. |
Lumileds, “Technical Data DS39—P5 Series InGaN LED Chips”, 2002, 5 pp. |
Pernot et al., “Improved Efficiency of 255-280 nm AlGaN-Based Light-Emitting Diodes”, Applied Physics Express, Jun. 11, 2010, pp. 061004-1-061004-3. |
Schubert et al., “Electron-beam excitation”, Nature Photonics, vol. 4, Nov. 2010, pp. 735-736. |
Shchekin et al., “High performance thin-film flip-chip InGaN—GaN light-emitting diodes”, Applied Physics Letters, 89(7):071109-071109-3, Aug. 2006. |
Tadatomo et al., “High output power near-ultraviolet and violet light-emitting diodes fabricated on patterned sapphire substrates using metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy”, Proc. of SPIE, 5187:243-249, Jan. 2004. |
Thibeault et al. “Enhanced Light Extraction Through Integrated Microlens Arrays and Dispersive Elements”, U.S. Appl. No. 60/168,817, filed Dec. 3, 1999. |
Japanese Office Action Corresponding to Japanese Patent Application No. 2007-533557; Dispatch Date: Mar. 9, 2012; English Translation, 2 pages. |
Japanese correspondence regarding JP office action dated Jul. 7, 2010, Ref. JP Patent Application No. 2007-533557, 4 pages. |
Communication Pursuant to Article 94(3) EPC, EPO Application No. 05808877.4, dated Sep. 15, 2016. |
Harle et al., Advanced Technologies for High Efficiency GaInN LEDs for Solid State Lighting, Third Intl. Conference on Solid State Lighting, Proc. of SPIE, vol. 5187, 2004. |
Koike et al., Development of High Efficiency GaN-based Multiquantum—Well Light Emitting Diodes and their Applications, IEEE, vol. 8 No. 2, Mar.-Apr. 2002. |
Kuo et al., Nitride-based Near-Ultraviolet LEDs with an ITO Transparent Contact, Materials Science and Engineering, vol. B106, pp. 69-72, 2004. |
Gardner et al., High-Flux and High Efficiency Nitride-Based Light Emitting Diodes, IEEE, pp. 641-642, 2002. |
Craford, M. George, Visible LEDs: The Trend Toward High Power Emitters and Remaining Challenges for Solid State Lighting, Solid State Lighting II, Proc. of SPIE, vol. 4776, 2002. |
Niki et al., White LEDs for Solid State Lighting, Third International Conference on Solid State Lighting, Proc. of SPIE, vol. 5187, 2004. |
Tadamoto et al., High Output Power Near-Ultraviolet and Violet Light-Emitting Diodes Fabricated on Patterned Sapphire Substrates Using Metalorganic Vapor Phase Epitaxy, Third Intl. Conference on Solid State Lighting, Proc. of SPIE, vol. 5187, 2004. |
Mukai et al., Recent Progress of Nitride-Based Light Emitting Devices, Phys. Stat. Sol. vol. 200, No. 1, pp. 52-57, 2003. |
Mukai et al., GaN-based Light Emitting Diodes Suitable for While Light, Light Emitting Diodes: Research, Manufacturing, and Applications VII, Proc. of SPIE, vol. 4996, 2003. |
Morita et al., Over 200mW on 365 nm Ultraviolet Light Emitting Diode of GaN-free Structure, Phys. Stat. Sol., vol. 200, No. 1, pp. 114-117, 2003. |
United Epitaxy Company, Ltd., Specifications Confirmation Letter, 4713DC AlInGaN Blue LED Chip, 2003. |
Labsphere, The Radiometry of Light Emitting Diodes—Technical Guide. |
Epitech Technology Corporation, Traffic Green LED Chip, Dec. 2003. |
Seoul Semiconductor Co. Ltd., AlInGaN LED DICE, 2003. |
Epitech Technology Corporation, Near Blue LED Chip, Dec. 2003. |
Unity Opto Technology Co., Ltd., AlGaAs/GaAs High Power T-1 ¾ Package Infrared Emitting Diode, Nov. 17, 2000. |
Nichia Corporation, White LED Analysis, Mar. 17, 2004. |
Instrument Systems, LED Station, MAS 40 Turn-key System for LED Testing. |
Bulman, G.E. et al; “Nitride Lasers on SiC Substrates,” Lasers and Electro-Optics Annual Meeting, ISBN 0-7803-4947-4, IEEE, Dec. 1, 1998, vol. 2, pp. 348-349. |
Windisch R, et al; “40% Efficient Thin-Film Surface-Textured Light Emitting Dios by Optimization of Natural Lithography,” IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, ISSN: 0018-9383, vol. 47 No. 7, Jul. 2000, pp. 1492-1498. |
Nakamura S, et al; “Superbright Green Ingan Single-Quantum-Well Structure Light-Emitting Diodes,” Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, ISSN; 0021-4922, vol. 34, No. 10B, Part 2, Oct. 15, 1995, pp. L1332-L1335. |
Office Action from related Korean Application No. 10-2007-7006475, dated Dec. 23, 2009. |
Office Action from related Korean Application No. 10-2008-7027784, dated Dec. 15, 2009. |
Edmond et al., Corresponding author: Cree, Inc., “High efficiency GaN-based LEDs and lasers on SiC”, Journal of Crystal Growth 272 (2004) pp. 242-250. |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
20100244052 A1 | Sep 2010 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
Parent | 11112429 | Apr 2005 | US |
Child | 12796365 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
Parent | 11082470 | Mar 2005 | US |
Child | 11112429 | US | |
Parent | 11037965 | Jan 2005 | US |
Child | 11082470 | US | |
Parent | 10951042 | Sep 2004 | US |
Child | 11037965 | US |