High power laser pipeline tool and methods of use

Abstract

There is provided a high power laser tool system for transmitting and delivering high power laser energy within the interior of pipes, which includes a high power laser-pig and long distance high power optical tether. The high power laser system performs high power laser pigging operations and other operations, such as, cleaning, assembling, maintaining and monitoring of pipelines.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present inventions relate to tools for use in and in conjunction with the assembly, maintenance, management, cleaning and operation of pipelines, which tools utilize high power laser energy. Thus, and in particular, the present inventions relate to novel pipeline tools, such as a laser-pig.

As used herein the term “pipeline” should be given its broadest possible meaning, and includes any structure that contains a channel having a length that is many orders of magnitude greater than its cross-sectional area and which is for, or capable of, transporting a material along at least a portion of the length of the channel. Pipelines may be many miles long and may be many hundreds of miles long. Pipelines may be located below the earth, above the earth, under water, within a structure, or combinations of these and other locations. Pipelines may be made from metal, steel, plastics, ceramics, composite materials, or other materials and compositions know to the pipeline arts and may have external and internal coatings, known to the pipeline arts. In general, pipelines may have internal diameters that range from about 2 to about 60 inches although larger and smaller diameters may be utilized. In general natural gas pipelines may have internal diameters ranging from about 2 to 60 inches and oil pipelines have internal diameters ranging from about 4 to 48 inches. Pipelines may be used to transmit numerous types of materials, in the form of a liquid, gas, fluidized solid, slurry or combinations thereof. Thus, for example pipelines may carry hydrocarbons; chemicals; oil; petroleum products; gasoline; ethanol; biofuels; water; drinking water; irrigation water; cooling water; water for hydroelectric power generation; water, or other fluids for geothermal power generation; natural gas; paints; slurries, such as mineral slurries, coal slurries, pulp slurries; and ore slurries; gases, such as nitrogen and hydrogen; cosmetics; pharmaceuticals; and food products, such as beer.

Pipelines may be, in part, characterized as gathering pipelines, transportation pipelines and distribution pipelines, although these characterizations may be blurred and may not cover all potential types of pipelines. Gathering pipelines are a number of smaller interconnected pipelines that form a network of pipelines for bringing together a number of sources, such as for example bringing together hydrocarbons being produced from a number of wells. Transportation pipelines are what can be considered as a traditional pipeline for moving products over longer distances for example between two cities, two countries, and a production location and a shipping, storage or distribution location. The Alaskan oil pipeline is an example of a transportation pipeline. Distribution pipelines can be small pipelines that are made up of several interconnected pipelines and are used for the distribution to for example an end user, of the material that is being delivered by the pipeline, such as for example the feeder lines used to provide natural gas to individual homes. As used herein the term pipeline includes all of these and other characterizations of pipelines that are known to or used in the pipeline arts.

As used herein the term “pig” is to be given its broadest possible meaning and includes all devices that are known as or referred to in the pipeline arts as a “pig” and would include any device that is inserted into and moved along at least a portion of the length of a pipeline to perform activities such as inspecting, cleaning, measuring, analyzing, maintaining, welding, assembling, or other activities known to the pipeline arts. In general, pigs are devices that may be unitary devices, as simple as a foam or metal ball, or a complex multi-component device such as a magnetic flux leakage pig. In general, pigs are devices that when inserted in the pipeline travel along its length and are moved through the pipeline by the flow of the material within the pipe. Pigs may generally be characterized as utility and in-line inspection pigs, although these characterizations may be blurred and may not cover all potential types of pigs. Utility pigs perform such functions as for example cleaning, separation of products and removal of water. In-line inspection pigs, would include gauge pigs, as well as, more complex pigs, which may also be referred to by those of skill in the art as instrument pigs, intelligent pigs or smart pigs. Smart pigs perform such functions, as for example, supplying information on the condition of the pipeline, as well as, on the extent and location of any problems with the pipeline. Pigs are used both during the construction and during the operational life of the pipelines. Pigs may also be used in the decommissioning of a pipeline and its removal.

As used herein the term “earth” should be given its broadest possible meaning, and includes, the ground, all natural materials, such as rocks, and artificial materials, such as concrete, that are or may be found in the ground, including without limitation rock layer formations, such as, granite, basalt, sandstone, dolomite, sand, salt, limestone, rhyolite, quartzite and shale rock.

As used herein the term “borehole” should be given it broadest possible meaning and includes any opening that is created in the earth, in a structure (e.g., building, protected military installation, nuclear plant, or ship), or in a structure in the ground, (e.g., foundation, roadway, airstrip, cave or subterranean structure) that is substantially longer than it is wide, such as a well, a well bore, a well hole, a micro hole, slimhole and other terms commonly used or known in the arts to define these types of narrow long passages. Although boreholes are generally oriented substantially vertically, they may also be oriented on an angle from vertical, to and including horizontal. Thus, using a vertical line, based upon a level as a reference point, a borehole can have orientations ranging from 0° i.e., vertical, to 90°,i.e., horizontal and greater than 90° e.g., such as a heel and toe. Boreholes may further have segments or sections that have different orientations, they may have straight sections and arcuate sections and combinations thereof; and for example may be of the shapes commonly found when directional drilling is employed. Thus, as used herein unless expressly provided otherwise, the “bottom” of a borehole, the “bottom surface” of the borehole and similar terms refer to the end of the borehole, i.e., that portion of the borehole farthest along the path of the borehole from the borehole's opening, the surface of the earth, or the borehole's beginning. A pipeline may be positioned within a borehole. Similarly, a borehole may be used as a pipeline or portion of a pipeline.

As used herein, unless specified otherwise “high power laser energy” means a laser beam having at least about 1 kW (kilowatt) of power. As used herein, unless specified otherwise “great distances” means at least about 500 m (meter). As used herein the term “substantial loss of power,” “substantial power loss” and similar such phrases, mean a loss of power of more than about 3.0 dB/km (decibel/kilometer) for a selected wavelength. As used herein the term “substantial power transmission” means at least about 50% transmittance.

2. Discussion of Related Art

Pigging Activities

In general, pigs may be used in pipeline activities to perform various operations on a pipeline, including inspecting, cleaning and assembling. The pigs may be moved through the pipeline by the force of a material that is being pumped or otherwise moved through the pipeline. Pigging operations, i.e., the use of a pig, can be done without stopping the flow of the product in the pipeline, by substituting the flow of the product with the flow of another fluid, such as nitrogen to move the pig through the pipeline, or by having no flow of material through the pipeline and having the pig have an independent motive means for movement through the pipeline.

In general, pigging is accomplished by inserting the pig into a pig launcher or launching station, which may generally be a valved off-shoot section of the pipeline that enables the pig to be placed into the launcher, sealed, and then have the flow of the pipeline material move the pig from the launcher into the pipeline itself. The pig is removed from the pipeline at a pig catcher or receiving station that in most embodiments is similarly, in general, a valved off-shoot to enable removal of the pig from the pipeline.

In general, pigs require a mechanism or structure to drive them through, or along, the interior of the pipeline. Such devices are well known to the pipeline arts and would include things ranging from a simple sphere or ball, that by its own shape and size is pushed through the pipeline by the force of the pipeline fluid to the use of a drive cup and combinations of drive cups, which are sections of the pig that are specifically designed to catch the flow of the fluid in the pipeline and be driven forward by that force of that fluid flow. For example, scraper pigs, brush pigs, and more complex pigs may typically have a cup or set of cups at the front of the pig that are pushed by the material moving through the pipeline. These cups in turn pull the rest of the pig through the pipeline. Thus, differential pressure acting between the front and back of the drive cups provides a force along the pipe axis. This force propels the drive cups, which in turn pulls the rest of the pig.

The driving force from the cups, in general, should overcome the friction between the pig and the internal surfaces of the pipeline. The pressure differential required to move for example a 24-inch pig may be between about 6.9 psi and 10.4 psi. Although, greater pressure differentials may in general be needed to start a non-moving pig, push a pig through an uphill section of pipeline or a dislodge pig that has become stuck. These pressure differentials, to move the pig, are relatively small compared to the typical pipeline pressure during in-line inspection of about 300 to 600 psi. Operation pressures in some lines may be as great as 800 to 1,000 psi, however, greater and smaller pressures may also be seen in various pipeline operations. In general, drive cups are typically at the front of the pig. Additional cups can be used to center portions of a pig in the pipeline. To prevent fluid pressure from pushing a trailing portion of a pig into a leading portion, the fluid can be vented through holes in trailing cups or through a bypass on the pig components. Wheeled assemblies may also be employed to provide centering support for trailing pig portions. Multiple drive cups may be use to assist the pig in moving past pipeline connections. At tee connections and at valves, the differential pressure across a cup can drop if gas bypasses around the cup. Thus, an additional set of drive cups may overcome this loss of motive pressure, by spacing the cups far enough apart so that one cup is always away from the area of the connection or valve.

Pipeline Corrosion and Damage

In general, one of the important roles for pigs and pigging operations is to detect damage to pipelines before that damage can cause a failure of the pipeline and a potentially serious pipeline accident. Pipeline accidents and failures can be caused by many sources, including for example: external damage from excavators and nature; material deficiencies; stress cracking; weld, grout or joint deficiencies; corrosion; and combinations of these and other events.

Corrosion has been related to several recent natural gas transmission pipelines accidents and, by some estimates, corrosion damage and abatement costs the pipeline industry more than $5 billion annually. A major cause of corrosion and of corrosion related failures in pipelines is microbiologically influenced corrosion (“MIC”) MIC occurs when bacteria, or other microbes, grow on the inner surface of a pipeline. In general, sulphate reducing bacteria (“SRB”) are one of the major types of bacteria that cause MIC. These bacteria release byproducts that break down the metal that forms the pipeline walls, and in particular carbon steel pipelines. By some estimates as much as $1.5 billion annually is spent on chemicals to inhibit the growth of such bacteria. It was reported in a 2009 Current Science Article (B. Anandkumar, Effect of thermophilic sulphate-reducing bacteria (Desulfotomaculum geothermicum) isolated from Indian petroleum refinery on the corrosion of mild steel, p. 142 (Current Science, Vol. 97, No. 3, Aug. 10, 2009)) that SRBs have been estimated to have been responsible for over 75% of corrosion in oil wells, and for over 50% of the failures in buried pipelines and cables.

Typically, such bacterial growth is found in the form of a biofilm. These biofilms may be very complex and are formed when the colonizing bacteria, or other microbes, become encapsulated in a slimy, exopolymeric substances composed for example from secreted compounds, such as polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids. These biofilms may have a high level of adherence to the inner surface of the pipeline and may further protect the underlying microbes from biocides, or other treatment chemicals, that are flowed through the pipeline.

SUMMARY

There has been a long standing need for a tool that can inspect pipelines for damage and detect, correct, mitigate or combinations thereof, such damage before an accident or failure to the pipeline occurs. There has also been a long standing need for tools that can assist in the assembly of pipelines. The present inventions, among other things, solve these and other needs by providing the articles of manufacture, devices and processes taught herein.

Thus, there is provided a high power laser pipeline tool for performing laser operations on a pipeline, the tool having a laser-pig having a body and a means for moving within the pipeline; the laser-pig body having a high power laser tool; a high power laser cable; and, the high power laser cable in optical association with the high power laser tool and capable of being optically associated with a high power laser source.

Yet additionally, there is provided a high power laser hot tap assembly having: a top section, a bottom section and a laser delivery assembly; the top section having a high power optical cable, a feed through assembly, wherein the high power optical cable passes through the feed through assembly and is in optical communication with the laser delivery assembly, and an assembly for moving the laser delivery assembly relative to an outer surface of a pipeline; the bottom section having a body defining a cavity, a flange for engaging the outer surface of the pipeline, and wherein the lowering assembly is configured to permit the movement of the laser delivery assembly in the cavity relative to the outer surface of the pipeline.

Further, there is provided a high power laser pipeline pig system having: a laser pig associated with a pig holder section; a launching section; a feed through section; and, an optical capable section.

Moreover there is provided a system for performing high power laser hot-tapping operations on a pipeline, the system having: a high power laser; the high power laser in optical association with a laser hot-tapping assembly, having: a first and a second section; a first and a second valve; a high power laser delivery assembly, having at least one laser cutter; wherein the high power laser cutters are movable between a first position in the first section and a second position in the second section, and; a means for attaching the hot-tapping assembly to the outer surface of an active pipeline.

Still further there is provided a method of treating the interior of a pipeline having: positioning a high power laser outside of the pipeline for providing high power laser energy; positioning a laser-pig adjacent to the pipeline and in optical communication with the high power laser; moving the laser-pig into the pipeline; while maintaining the laser-pig in optical communication with the high power laser; and, delivering the high power laser energy from the laser-pig to the interior of the pipeline.

Additionally, there are provided the forgoing embodiments which may further be such that the tool, method or system may employ or utilize the following: a high power laser cable having a length of greater than about 1 mile and having a high power optical fiber having a core having a diameter of greater than about 300 μm; a second high power laser tool, wherein the first or second high power laser tool is selected from at least one of a laser cutter, a laser illuminator, and a laser monitor; a laser source having a power of at least about 15 kW and a wavelength in the range of from about 800 nm to about 1600 nm; and, a mobile system.

Still, additionally, there are provided the forgoing embodiments which may further be such that the tool, method or system may employ or utilize the following: the laser pig having a high power laser tool; the launching section having a valve in fluid communication with the holder section; the feed through section having a packer; and, the optical capable section having a high power optical cable having a length of greater than about 1 mile, a means for winding and unwinding the optical cable, and a high power optical fiber having a core having a diameter of at least about 200 μm; a laser source having a power of at least about 10 kW; the launching section having a valve in fluid communication with the holder section; the feed through section having a means for managing pressure between the launching section and the optical cable section; and, the optical capable section having a high power optical cable having a length of greater than about 1 mile and a high power optical fiber having a core having a diameter of at least about 500 μm.

Yet, additionally, there are provided the forgoing embodiments which may further be such that the tool, method or system may employ or utilize the following: a laser source having a power of at least about 5 kW, wherein the laser source is in optical communication with the high power optical cable; a first and a second valve in fluid communication with the bottom section; the top and bottom sections having respective engaging flanges; the top and bottom sections are integral; a laser delivery assembly having two high power laser cutters; a first and a second valve in fluid communication with the bottom section; the top and bottom sections comprise respective engaging flanges; the top and bottom sections are integral.

Yet additionally, there is provided a high power laser hot tap assembly wherein the laser delivery assembly has two high power laser cutters; a laser source having a power of at least about 10 kW, at least about 20 kW and at least about 40 kW; and, the laser source is in optical communication with the high power optical cable.

Still further there are provided the forgoing embodiments, which may further be such that the tool, method or system may employ or utilize the following: a delivered laser energy greater than 2 kW, greater than about 2 kW, greater than about 5 kW, greater than about 10 kW or greater than about 20 kW, and the laser-pig is moved through the pipeline while maintaining optical communication with the laser for at least about 0.5 miles, at least about 1 mile, at least about 2 miles, at least about 3 miles, or at least about 5 miles; the delivered laser energy is characterized by having the ability to kill a microbe associated within the interior of the pipeline; the delivered laser energy is characterized by having the ability to eradicate a biofilm associated within the interior of the pipeline; the delivered laser energy is characterized by having the ability to remove a substantial portion of a biofilm associated within the interior of the pipeline; the delivered laser energy is characterized by having the ability to clean the interior of the pipeline; the delivered laser energy is characterized by having the ability to selectively remove a material from the interior of the pipeline, without damaging a wall of the pipeline; the delivered laser energy is directed toward a grouting material to connect pipeline sections; the delivered laser energy is directed to a pipeline joint connecting two abutting section of pipeline to weld the two abutting section together; and, the delivered laser energy is directed to secure an attachment between two sections of pipeline.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an embodiment of a laser-pig launcher in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a schematic view of an embodiment of a laser-pig in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 3A is a schematic view of an embodiment of a portable laser-pig launcher in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 3B is a schematic view of the portable laser-pig launcher of FIG. 3A connected to a pipeline in accordance with the present invention.

FIGS. 4A and 4B are schematic views of an embodiment of a laser-pig launcher and a laser-pig catcher, respectively in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a schematic view of an embodiment of a laser-hot tap assembly in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a schematic view of an embodiment of a laser-hot tap pig assembly in accordance with the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

In general, the present inventions relate to high power laser pipeline tools that can be used for pipeline activities, such as for example inspecting, cleaning, measuring, analyzing, maintaining, welding, assembling, or other activities known to the pipeline arts, or that may be recognized in the future based upon the present inventions and teachings of this specification. By way of general illustration there is provided a pipeline tool that has as a laser tool for performing pipeline activities, e.g., a laser-pig. The laser-pig utilizes a high power laser tool, which is in optical communication, by way of a high power optical fiber cable, with a high power laser that is located outside of the pipeline. The laser-pig may also have cups or other structures, which use the movement of the fluid through the pipeline as a motive means for the laser-pig. The laser-pig may also have braking devices, or similar devices as part of the cups or otherwise, that regulate and/or control the speed at which the laser-pig moves through the pipeline. The laser-pig may also contain additional non-laser components or sections that would be found in a conventional smart pig, such as magnetic and acoustical sensors.

The laser-pig may also have a tractor device as a motive means for moving the laser-pig through the pipeline. The tractor device may be employed with other motive means, e.g., devices using the pipeline material flow as the source of motive power. In general, the tractor device may also have centralizers, which center, or otherwise hold the laser-pig in a predetermined location within the pipeline, relative to a wall or the pipeline. The tractor would provide for the laser-pig to move through dry pipelines, empty pipeline, and active pipelines, e.g., having flow and pressure therein. Regarding active pipe lines, the tractor device would provide for the laser-pig to move with the flow, at rates equal to, greater than, or less then the flow; and would also provide for the ability to move the pig against the flow, e.g., the ability to back the pig off from an obstruction.

The high power optical fiber cable and the systems and components for delivering high power laser energy over great distances from the laser to the laser-pig's laser tool are disclosed and set forth in detail in pending US patent application publications 2010/0044106, 2010/0044103, 2010/0215326, and 2010/0020631, and in pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/210,581 and Ser. No. 61/493,174, the entire disclosures of each of which are incorporated herein by reference. One or more high power optical fibers, as well as, lower power optical fibers may be used or contained in a single cable that connects the laser pig to the outside of the pipeline, this connecting cable could also be referred to herein as a tether, an umbilical, or a pig-tail. The optical fibers may be very thin on the order of hundreds of μm (microns). Further, the optical fibers in the optical cable may have a core and at least one cladding. For fibers having a circular core, the core diameter may be from about 100 μm to about 1000 μm and greater, preferably the core diameter is greater than about 300 μm, greater than about 400 μm and more preferable the core diameter is from about 500 μm to about 800 μm. These high power optical fibers have the capability to transmit high power laser energy having many kW of power (5 kW, 10 kW, 20 kW, 50 kW or more) over many thousands of feet. The high power optical fiber further provides the ability, in a single fiber, although multiple fibers may also be employed, to convey high power laser energy to the laser-pig, convey control signals to the laser-pig, and convey back from the laser-pig control information and data (including video data). In this manner the high power optical fiber has the ability to perform, in a single very thin, less than for example 1000 μm diameter fiber, the functions of transmitting high power laser energy for pipeline activities to the laser-pig, transmitting and receiving control information with the laser-pig and transmitting from the laser-pig data and other information (data could also be transmitted down the optical cable to the laser-pig). As used herein the term “control information” is to be given its broadest meaning possible and would include all types of communication to and from the laser-pig.

By way of general illustration, the laser tool in a laser-pig may be incorporated into an existing pig, such as a smart pig, or it may be incorporated into a separate pig, or the laser tool may be a section of a pig, which section can be incorporated with other sections, such as cups, and combinations thereof. The laser tool can be specifically designed for a specific pipeline activity.

Thus, for example, the laser tool may be a laser monitoring tool for illuminating the inner surface of a pipeline wall to detect surface anomalies, cracks, corrosion, etc. In this type of laser monitoring tool, the laser beam may be scanned as a spot, or other shape, along the inner surface of the pipeline, in a pattern, or it may be directed to the pipeline inner surface in a continuous line that impacts some or all of the inner circumference of the inner wall of the pipeline. The light reflect by and/or absorbed by the pipeline wall would then be analyzed to determine if any anomalies were present, identify their location and potentially characterize them. A laser radar type of system may be used for this application, a laser topographic system may be used for this application, as well as, other known laser scanning, measuring and analyzing techniques. Thus, as the laser-pig moves through the pipeline the laser beam will contact the inner surfaces of the pipeline along the length of the pipeline.

The laser tool may be a laser cutter, such as the cutters discussed herein, that is used to remove unwanted material from within the pipeline inner wall, cut a hole through, or otherwise remove a section of the pipeline wall, or weld a joint between two sections of pipeline, or repair a grout line between two section of pipeline by for example activating a heat activated grout material.

The laser tool may be a laser illumination tool that provides sufficient high power laser energy to an area of the surface of the interior of the pipeline to kill or remove a biofilm. This type of laser illumination tool may also be used to clear and remove other materials, such as waxes, from the interior surface of the pipeline.

In general, when dealing with cleaning activities, and by way of example, the power of the laser energy that is directed to the interior surface of the pipeline should preferably be such that the foreign substance, e.g., a biofilm, wax, etc., is removed or sterilized, by heating, spalling, cutting, melting, vaporizing, ablating etc., as a result of the laser beam impinging upon the foreign substance, but the pipeline wall is not damaged or adversely affected by the laser beam. In determining this power, the power of the laser beam, the surface area of the pipeline that the laser beam illuminates, and the time that the laser beam is illuminating that surface area are factors to be balanced.

Combinations of laser tools, e.g., a cutter, an illuminator, a measurement tool, and non-laser tools, may be utilized in a single assembly that is then run through the pipeline, or they may be used in separate assemblies that are run through the pipe in different orders, as is best suited for a particular task or activity.

Thus, for example, a laser-pig could utilize high power laser energy to locate and destroy a biofilm, it could utilize high power laser energy to identify cracks, dents or deformations in a pipeline, or among other things it could identify the inner diameter of the pipeline wall, and thus provide information to determine the current wall thickness. Further, low power (less than 1 kW) laser energy could be used for the measuring and/or analysis activity, e.g., information gathering and high power laser energy could be used to address or remedy potential causes for failure that were identified by the low power laser. This activity of identification and remediation can occur with a single laser-pig, with two types of laser tools, or a single laser tool having both capabilities, and during a single pass through the pipeline, or it could occur with multiple laser pigs during a single sequential pass, or multiple passes through the pipeline.

Turning to FIG. 1 there is illustrated an embodiment of a laser-pig positioned in a pig launcher. Pipeline 110 has a pipeline flow in the direction of arrows 111. The pipeline 110 has valves 102, 103 and 101 associated with it. As shown in the figure, the laser-pig 107, having a laser tool 108 is positioned in the pig launcher 100. The laser-pig 107 has a high power laser cable 105 in optical communication with the laser-pig's laser tool 108 by way of coupler 106. Preferably coupler 106 is releasable, and more preferably automatically releasable, so that when the run of the laser-pig is completed, or near to completion, the cable 105 can be automatically released from the pig. In this way the catching of the laser-pig, e.g., pig retrieval, can be done without any special equipment or procedures and the high power laser cable 105 can be retrieved back through the launcher, by winding for example on a spool, creel or other winding apparatus.

If a detachable cable coupler for the cable is not used, the laser-pig can still be caught for example, by cutting or breaking the cable with an existing valve in the pig catcher, by adding an adjustable ram or packer type device that could seal around the cable in the catcher, permitting the removal of the pig from the end of the catcher without losing pressure or fluid from the pipeline flow. Further, such a packer assembly at the catcher could be employed with a releasable coupler at or near the spool, creel, or launcher. In this way the cable could be disconnected from the laser, released from the spool, or even cut or broken at or near the launcher and retrieved at the catcher by winding the cable up at the catcher.

In FIG. 1 the high power laser cable 105 would be connected to a high power laser (not shown in this figure). The high power laser cable 105 passes through cap 104, which a pressure feed through 109. The pressure feed through permits the cable to be pulled through the cap, and follow along behind the laser-pig as it moves through the pipeline, while maintaining pressure so that the contents of the pipeline do not escape in to the environment. In operation, the laser-pig 107 would be launched into the pipeline by opening and closing valves 101, 102 and 103 to have fluid flow behind the pig to move it forward from the launcher 100 into the pipeline 110.

Turning to FIGS. 4A and 4B there is illustrated an embodiment of a laser-pig system and a laser-pig launcher and receiver associated with a pipeline. Thus, the system has a high power laser 400 that has a chiller 401. The laser would also have control systems, electrical support and other support equipment not shown in the figure. A high power laser fiber 402 optically connects the laser 400 to an optical slip ring 404 located in a spool 403. The spool 403 contains a high power optical cable 405 that is optically and mechanically connected to the laser-pig 409 and the laser tool 410. The spool may be located outside the pipeline as shown, or it may be located inside the pipeline. When positioning the spool inside the pipeline it is preferred to avoid unnecessary bending looses to the fiber, as taught by US patent application publication 2010/0020631. The laser spool, the laser and other support equipment could preferably be located on a support truck or vehicle.

When the spool is located within the pipeline, it would be located and contained within the laser-pig, within a separate pig that is optically associated with the laser-pig, or as a sub-unit or sub-section of these pigs. The spool in this embodiment would preferably be a non-rotating spool, such as a creel, which would contain the high power optical cable wound up within the creel. Thus, as the laser-pig is deployed into a pipeline, one end of the optical cable is associated with the high power laser, and is fixed at or near the launch point, for example, e.g., at the cap 104, while the other end is fixed within the pig. Thus, as the pig moves through the pipe line the optical cable plays out, i.e., unwinds from the coil contained within the pig, as the pig movers away from the cap 104. When the pig is recovered, the optical cable may be disconnected as one end and wound up at the other.

The laser-pig 409 has a laser tool 410, which could be a high power laser illuminator, microbe killer, cutter, or monitoring tool. For simplicity a single high power laser tool is shown, however, it should be understood that multiple laser tools, as well as other types of tools may be contained in a laser-pig. As shown in FIG. 4A the laser-pig 409 is positioned in a pig launcher 411. The pig launcher 411 has an end cap 406 that is removable for loading of the laser-pig 409 into the pig launcher 411. The end cap should be capable of withstanding the pressures found in the pipeline 415. The end cap 406 also has a pressure feed-through assembly 407, which could be a pressurized packer, or other type of assembly that permits the high power optical cable 405 to be fed from the spool into the launcher 411 and into the pipeline 415 as it is pulled by the pig 409. Assemblies known to those of skill in the drilling arts, as well as, the pipeline arts for feeding lines into pressurized wells, well heads, and/or pipelines, while maintaining pressure in the well or pipeline, may be employed. A snubber 408 is also provided, which as a channel for permitting the cable 405 to pass through it. The pig 409 is moved through the pipeline 415 by the flow of the pipeline fluid. Arrow 416 shows the direction of flow of pipeline fluid. Arrows 417 show the direction of movement of the pig 409 as it leaves the launcher 411 and enters the pipeline 415.

In operation, valves 413 and 412 would be closed as the pig 409 is positioned within the launcher 411 and the end cap 406 sealed. Once sealed, valves 413 and 412 would be opened while valve 414 is partially or fully closed. In this manner the flow of the pipeline fluid is diverted into the launcher 411 and moves the pig 409 from the launcher into the pipeline. Once the pig has been launched valve 414 may be opened while valve 413 is closed.

FIG. 4B illustrates a pig receiver 418, in which laser pig 409 has been caught. There is provided valves 419, 420, and 421. These valves would be opened and closed to divert the flow of the pipeline fluid to direct the laser-pig 409 into the receiver 418. The receiver has a snubber 422 and an end cap 423.

Thus, in operation the laser-pig would be launched from a position as show in FIG. 4A and travel along the length of a pipeline, performing its intended laser assisted operations, and then be captured by the pig receiver 418. Once the laser pig is captured the cable 405, which could be greater than 1 mile, 2 miles, 5 miles or longer, is positioned between the launcher 411, and the associated spool 403, and the receiver 418. To recover the cable 405 and the laser-pig 409, a pressure seal should be maintained around the cable 405 at both the launcher 411 and the catcher 418. In the catcher the pressure seal may be maintained by for example an adjustable ram packer system 425, which in this figure is shown as being engaged with the cable 405 after having let the laser-pig 409 pass by. In this manner the laser-pig can be removed from the system, through cap 423, the cable disconnected and then recovered by the spool, or the cable could also be disconnected at the spool and then pulled through the pipeline to be recovered. In this latter situation a pressure feed through should also be associated with cap 423. Although less preferable, valve 419, could simply sever the cable, in a manner that did not capture the end of the cable and then the cable could be wound in by the spool 403.

In FIG. 2 there is provided an embodiment of a laser-pig in a pipeline. The laser-pig 209 is shown in a pipeline 200 have a fluid flow as shown by arrow 230. The laser-pig 209 has an optical cable 201 that is attached to it and in optical communication with a high power laser (not shown in this figure) and the laser tools 226, 215. The laser-pig 209 has a cup 211, that is connected to or otherwise associated with a first centralizer section 212 that has centralizers 213, 214, which may by way of example be rollers or wheels. The first centralizer section 212 is connected to or otherwise associated with a first or lead, laser tool section 215, which in this embodiment may preferably be a laser monitoring tool. The laser monitoring section 215 has laser delivery devices 216, 219 that deliver laser beams, along beam paths 217, 220, to illumination areas 218, 221 on the inner wall of the pipeline, respectively. The interaction of the laser beams with the laser illumination areas are then observed by sensors and/or receivers, in the laser-pig 209, which may preferably be located in the monitoring section 215, but could also be located in the adjacent sections of the laser-pig. In this manner the laser monitoring section is capable of obtaining information about the pipeline, its inner wall, the presence of biofilms, etc.

A second centralizer section 223, having centralizers 224, 225, is connected to, or otherwise associated with the monitoring section 215 and a second laser tool section 226. In this embodiment the second laser tool section 226 is preferably a remedial laser tool, having a laser delivery device 227 that deliver laser beams, along beam path 228 to illumination and perform the desired laser operation on target area 241. By way of example, the target area could be an area of biofilm that was identified by the monitoring tool 215. An on board control system in the laser-pig may also be used to coordinate these activities, which could be at any level of sophistication, from a simple on/off if biofilms are detected to a complex targeting system. Control and targeting information could also be transmitted along the cable 201 to a controller located outside of the pipeline.

It is believed that one, among many, advantages of the present inventions is the ability to eliminate or reduce the amount of costly pipeline treatment and maintenance chemicals that are used in pipeline operation, as well as, in other situations address problems that were not treatable with chemicals or other mechanical means, or that such treatment if effective is very time consuming and expensive. There are envisioned, however, situations where chemical and/or mechanical means may be used in conjunction with and obtain an additive benefit from the use of the high power laser energy.

FIG. 3A provides an embodiment of a portable laser-pig launcher that is also mobile. Portable laser-pig launcher 300 may have four sections, a pig holder section 301, a launch section 302, a feed through section 303, and an optical cable section 320. The high power laser (not shown in this figure) could also be located on the truck bed 331, or it could be contained in a separate portable unit, that could also be mobile, e.g., on a truck bed. In the preferred embodiment these section are releasably attached to each other for example by flanges. They may also be unitary, welled or attached my other means. In this manner an inventory of different sections can be maintained and the portable laser-pig can be readily reconfigured for a particular application or task. For example if different size pigs were needed a different holder and pig could be attached. Similarly if more, less, or different, e.g., multiple optical fibers vs. a single optical fiber, cables were needed the section containing the desired cable type could be attached. The section also could be integral, welled or unitary with adjacent sections.

In this embodiment the portable laser pig launcher 300 is also mobile, in that it is mounted on a truck trailer bed 331. Adjustment cells 326, 327, 328, 329 and 330 are positioned between the bed 331 and the portable laser pig 300 so that different diameters of the sections of the launcher 300 can be accommodated and supported; also the entire launcher can be raised and lowered so the height of the launcher can be adjusted for connection to the pipeline into which the laser-pig is intended to be launched.

Pig holder section 301 has a housing 305 having a first flange 306 on one end and a second flange 307 on its other end. Section 301 contains laser-pig 308, which has a coupler 309 that optically connects high power optical cable 310 to the laser-pig 308. Flange 306 is intended to be connected to a pipeline pig launcher flange. Flange 307 is attached to flange 312 of launch section 302.

Launch section 302, has a housing 311 that has two flanges 312, 313. Launch section 302 has a stem 314 that has a valve 315. A motive force is applied by launch section 302 to move the laser pig into the pipeline. As shown in the figure, the motive force could be provided by connecting stem 314 to a pressure source, including the flow of the pipeline itself. Valve 315 is provided in stem 314 and could be used to control pressure, or seal the section. Other means of providing motive force, may also be used, or could be employed by changing the launch section 302 in the portable launcher 300, such as hydraulic and mechanical means. Flange 313 of launch section 302 is connected to flange 318 of the feed through section 303.

Feed through section 303 has flanges 318, 319. Feed through section 303 should be configured to permit the cable 310 to pass through it, while maintaining pressure in the launch section, as well as, maintaining pressure and containing pipeline fluids during laser-pigging operation. In the embodiment of FIG. 3A, an adjustable packer 317 is employed. The adjustable packer 317 is controlled and inflated by way of line 316. Flange 319 of the feed through section 303 is connected to flange 324 of the optical cable section 304.

Optical cable section 304 has a housing 320 and a flange 324. Optical cable section 304 has an assembly 321 for winding and unwinding the high power optical cable 310. The assembly 321 has roller 322, 323. In this embodiment the cable is stored in a helix 325 that can be unwound and rewound as the laser-pig is deployed.

Turning to FIG. 3B there is shown an illustration of the portable laser pig launcher launching a laser-pig into a pipeline. Thus, flange 306 of the pig holding section 301 is connected to a flange 354 of a pipeline 350. The flange 354 also has associated with it valve 352. The direction of movement of the laser-pig 308 as it is being launched into the pipeline 350 is shown by arrow 353. The direction of the flow of material in the pipeline 350 is shown by arrows 351.

In FIG. 5 there is provided an embodiment of a laser hot-tap assembly 500 that uses a high power laser delivery assembly 515. The laser hot tap assembly 500 has a top section 501 and a lower section 502. The upper section 501 has a feed through assembly 508 that receives a high power optical cable 505 that is capable of being put in optical communication with a high power laser (not shown in this figure). In this embodiment the optical cable 505 has two high power laser optical fibers 506, 507. The top section 501 has an assembly 509 that lowers and raises the laser delivery assembly 515. The top section 501 has flange 510 that is connected to flange 514 of lower section 502. Lower section 502 has flange 514 and flange or bonnet 520. Lower section 502 has valve 511, stem 513, which has valve 512.

In operation the laser hot-tap 500 is positioned on pipeline 503, having material flowing in it, in the direction of arrow 504. Once positioned on the pipeline 503 the laser delivery assembly 515 is lowered into position adjacent the pipeline. The flange 520 is then sealed to the outer surface of the pipeline, by of for example a weld, shown as the dashed line 521. The laser cutters 516, 517 could also be configured to make this weld.

Laser cutters 516, 517 are then fired, e.g., a laser beam is shot from the cutter and delivered to the pipeline surface. The laser beams from the cutters cut out a coupon 518, as shown by dashed line 519, from the pipeline. As shown in the embodiment of FIG. 5, the two laser cutters 516, 517 are rotated a half-rotation to cut out the coupon 518. More or less laser cutters could be employed. A single or multiple laser cutters could also be used to direct the laser beam in for example a raster scan pattern to create an opening, eliminating the coupon all together. A coupon management assembly 522 is then used to handle and remove the coupon 518. During operation stem 513 can be connected to a pressure source and valve 512, or the pressure source, can be used to control and regulate the pressure in the lower section 502, during the laser cutting of the coupon 518. Thus, greater pressure, than found or anticipated in pipeline, can be maintained in section 502 to prevent the pipeline fluid from entering into section 502 and obstructing the laser beam. Coupon management device 515 can be used to prevent, e.g., hold or holdback, the coupon 518 from becoming entrained in the pipeline flow, including in situations when high pressure is put in to the section 502.

Once the coupon has been cut or eliminated, the laser delivery assembly 515 (and the coupon if being held by coupon management device 522) are moved up and out of section 502. Valve 511, which preferable is a ball valve, is then closed. Upper section 501 can then be removed, and another section of pipeline or other equipment attached.

FIG. 6 provides an embodiment of a laser hot tap assembly. This hot tap assembly 640 permits the launching of a laser-pig 609 or conventional pig into a pipeline 600 at locations where there are no pig launchers, or other points of access to the interior of the pipeline. This hot-tap pig launcher may further be useful in accessing small and very small pipelines, for example in factories, such as chemical processing plants, or other facilities or installations, where pig placement and/or pigging would otherwise be impossible or at a minimum very difficult. It further provides the ability to tap and place a pig in a pipeline with substantially less noise and vibration than would occur with a conventional mechanical drilling type hot tap procedure. The hot tap assembly 640 further permits the launching of the laser-pig or conventional pig without, or with minimal, disruption of flow in the pipeline 600. The hot tap assembly 640 further permits the connection of two or more pipelines while one or more pipelines are in operation. The direction of flow in pipeline 600 is shown by arrow 603. The hot tap assembly 640 has a flange 601 that is positioned on the outside of the pipeline 600. The flange 601 is then secured to the pipeline by way of for example a weld 602. The securement means extend around the entire flange and should form a fluid and pressure tight seal to the pipeline.

The hot tap assembly 640 has a first valve 620, a second valve 621, an end cap 622, which has a feed through assembly 623. As shown in the figure, the laser cutter 609 is positioned within the assembly 640, the high power optical cable 655 is attached to the laser cutter and optically associated with the laser section 610, a laser tap cutter 611, and a high power laser, not shown in the figure. As provide herein, the laser cable can have a one, two, three or more high power laser optical fibers contained within a protective covering. There is also present a snubber 625 having a passage way for permitting the cable 615 to pass through. Prior to operation, pressure is supplied through valve 621 until the differential pressure across the wall to be cut is zero or near zero. In operation, once the assembly flange 601 has been attached to and sealed to the pipeline 600, the laser tap cutter 611 is fired, delivering (e.g., propagating) a laser beam along beam path 612 to the pipeline 600. The laser tap cutter, and or the beam path, is then moved or directed in a manner to cut an opening in the pipeline to permit a passage into the pipeline. When making the opening care should be taken to avoid having the cut section (coupon) of the pipeline become entrained in the flow within the pipeline. This may be accomplished by way of example by completely cutting, in for example a raster like scan pattern, away the opening. A mechanical means of retaining the coupon may also be used. Also, a hinge, or flap opening may also be cut, however, in if this is done, a further means to open and eventual close the flap should be utilized, to prevent the presence of the flap from interfering with the flow in the pipeline, or to cause damage to the laser pig as it moves by the flap into the pipeline. Once the opening has been made to launch the laser-pig 609, valve 621 is opened and a pressurized fluid is forced into the assembly to drive the laser-pig into the flow of the pipeline.

The laser systems of the present invention may utilize a single high power laser, or they may have two or three high power lasers, or more. High power solid-state lasers, specifically semiconductor lasers and fiber lasers are preferred, because of their short start up time and essentially instant-on capabilities. The high power lasers for example may be fiber lasers or semiconductor lasers having 10 kW, 20 kW, 50 kW or more power and, which emit laser beams with wavelengths preferably in about the 1550 nm (nanometer), or 1083 nm ranges.

High powered optical cables, spools of cables and reels of cables of the type shown and disclosed in US patent application publications 2010/0044104 and 2010/0215326, 2101/0044106, 2010/0044103, and 2012/0020631 and in pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/211,729 may be preferably used as high power laser cables, e.g., a tether or pig-tail. Thus, the laser cable may be: a single high power optical fiber; it may be a single high power optical fiber that has shielding; it may be a single high power optical fiber that has multiple layers of shielding; it may have two, three or more high power optical fibers that are surrounded by a single protective layer, and each fiber may additionally have its own protective layer; it may contain other conduits such as a conduit to carry materials to assist a laser cutter, for example oxygen; it may have other optical or metal fibers for the transmission of data and control information and signals; and it may be any of the combinations set forth in the forgoing patent applications and combinations thereof.

A single high power laser may be utilized in the system, or the system may have two or three high power lasers, or more. High power solid-state lasers, specifically semiconductor lasers and fiber lasers are preferred, because of their short start up time and essentially instant-on capabilities. The high power lasers for example may be fiber lasers or semiconductor lasers having 5 kW, 10 kW, 20 kW, 50 kW or more power and, which emit laser beams with wavelengths in the range from about 455 nm (nanometers) to about 2100 nm, preferably in the range about 800 nm to about 1600 nm, about 1060 nm to 1080 nm, 1530 nm to 1600 nm, 1800 nm to 2100 nm, and more preferably about 1064 nm, about 1070-1080 nm, about 1360 nm, about 1455 nm, 1490 nm, or about 1550 nm, or about 1900 nm (wavelengths in the range of 1900 nm may be provided by Thulium lasers).

For example a preferred type of fiber laser would be one that includes 20 modules or more. The gain bandwidth of a fiber laser is on the order of 20 nm, the linewidth of the free oscillator is 3 nm, Full Width Half Maximum (FWHM) and may range from 3 nm to 5 nm (although higher linewidths including 10 nm are envisioned and contemplated). Each module's wavelength is slightly different. The modules further each create a multi-mode beam. Thus, the cumulative effect of combining the beams from the modules is to maintain the Raman gain and the Brillouin gain at a lower value corresponding to the wavelengths and linewidths of the individual modules, and thus, consequently reducing the SBS and SRS phenomenon in a fiber when the combined beams are transmitted through the fiber. An example of this general type of fiber laser is the IPG YLS-20000 (YB). The detailed properties of which are disclosed in US patent application Publication Numbers 2010/0044106 and 2010/0044103.

In some embodiments, a fiber laser emitted light at wavelengths comprised of 1060 nm to 1080 nm, 1530 nm to 1600 nm, 1800 nm to 2100 nm, diode lasers from 400 nm to 1600 nm, CO₂ Laser at 10,600 nm (however, CO₂ laser do not couple into conventional fused silica optical fibers, and thus, a solid fiber capable of transmitting these wavelengths, or hollow light pipe or later developed optical means may be utilized to transmit this laser beam), or Nd:YAG Laser emitting at 1064 nm can couple to the optical fibers. In some embodiments, the fiber can have a low water content. Preferably, the water content of the fiber should be as low as is possible.

Examples of lasers, and in particular solid-state lasers, such as fibers lasers, are set forth in US Patent Application Publication Numbers 2010/0044106, 2010/0044105, 2010/0044104, 2010/0215326, and 2012/0020631, and in pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/210,581 and Ser. No. 61/493,174; the entire disclosures of each of which are incorporated herein by reference. Further diode lasers, and for example, such lasers having a wavelength of from about 0.9 microns to 2 microns may be utilized.

The laser cutters and laser cleaners and laser delivery assemblies used for a laser tool with a laser-pig, may be any suitable device for the delivery of high power laser energy. Thus, any configuration of optical elements for culminating and focusing the laser beam can be employed. A further consideration, however, is the management of the optical effects of pipeline fluids that may be located within the beam path between the laser tool and the inner wall of the pipeline.

It is advantageous to minimize the detrimental effects of such fluids and to substantially ensure, or ensure, that such fluids do not interfere with the transmission of the laser beam, or that sufficient laser power is used to overcome any losses that may occur from transmitting the laser beam through such fluids, as well as to protect the laser beam delivery components that may be in the proximity or potentially adjacent the fluids, such as e.g., a window. To this end, mechanical, pressure and jet type systems may be utilized to reduce, minimize or substantially eliminate the effect of these fluids on the laser beam and related delivery components.

For example, mechanical devices may be used to isolate the area where the laser operation is to be performed and the fluid removed from this area of isolation, by way of example, through the insertion of an inert gas, or an optically transmissive fluid, such as an oil or diesel fuel. The use of a fluid in this configuration has the added advantage that it is essentially incompressible. Moreover, a mechanical snorkel like device, or tube, which is filled with an optically transmissive fluid (gas or liquid) may be extended between or otherwise placed in the area between the laser tool and the inner surface of the pipeline.

A jet of high-pressure gas may be used with the laser beam. The high-pressure gas jet may be used to clear a path, or partial path for the laser beam. The gas may be inert, or it may be air, oxygen, or other type of gas that accelerates the laser cutting.

The use of oxygen, air, or the use of high power laser beams, e.g., greater than about 1 kW, could create and maintain a plasma bubble or a gas bubble in the laser illumination area, which could partially or completely displace the fluid in the path of the laser beam.

A high-pressure laser liquid jet, having a single liquid stream, may be used with the laser beam. The liquid used for the jet should be transmissive, or at least substantially transmissive, to the laser beam. In this type of jet laser beam combination the laser beam may be coaxial with the jet. This configuration, however, has the disadvantage and problem that the fluid jet does not act as a wave-guide. A further disadvantage and problem with this single jet configuration is that the jet must provide both the force to keep the drilling fluid away from the laser beam and be the medium for transmitting the beam.

A compound fluid laser jet may be used as a laser tool. The compound fluid jet has an inner core jet that is surrounded by an annular outer jet. The laser beam is directed by optics into the core jet and transmitted by the core jet, which functions as a waveguide. A single annular jet can surround the core, or a plurality of nested annular jets can be employed. As such, the compound fluid jet has a core jet. This core jet is surrounded by a first annular jet. This first annular jet can also be surrounded by a second annular jet; and the second annular jet can be surrounded by a third annular jet, which can be surrounded by additional annular jets. The outer annular jets function to protect the inner core jet from the drill fluid present in the annulus between the laser cutter and the structure to be cut. The core jet and the first annular jet should be made from fluids that have different indices of refraction. Further details, descriptions, and examples of such compound fluid laser jets, and other high power laser cutting devices, assemblies and procedures that may be utilized with the laser-pig are contained in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 13/211,729 and 13/222,931, the entire disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference.

The angle at which the laser beam contacts the inner surface of the pipeline may be determined by the optics within the laser tool or it may be determined by mechanical or other types of positioning means. The laser tools have a discharge end from which the laser beam is propagated. The laser tools also have a beam path. The beam path is defined by the path that the laser beam is intended to take, and extends from the discharge end of the laser tool to the material or area to be illuminated by the laser, e.g., the inner surface of the pipeline.

The laser tethers, e.g., the laser-pig-tail, for the laser tools transmits or conveys the laser energy and other materials that are needed to perform the laser pipeline operations. Although shown as a single cable multiple cables could be used. Thus, for example, in the case of a laser tool employing a compound fluid laser jet the tether could include a high power optical fiber, a first line for the core jet fluid and a second line for the annular jet fluid. These lines could be combined into a single cable or they may be kept separate. Additionally, for example, if a laser cutter employing an oxygen jet is utilized, the cutter would need a high power optical fiber and an oxygen line. These lines could be combined into a single tether or they may be kept separate as multiple tethers. The lines and optical fibers should be covered in flexible protective coverings or outer sheaths to protect them from fluids, the pipeline environment, and the movement of the laser-pig through the pipeline structures, including the pig launcher, while at the same time remaining flexible enough to accommodate turns, bends, or other structures and configurations of the pipeline.

The systems and methods of the present inventions are, in part, directed to the cleaning, resurfacing, removal, and clearing away of unwanted materials, e.g., build-ups, deposits, corrosion, or substances, in, on, or around a pipeline, and related pipeline pumping, transferring and metering equipment. Such unwanted materials would include by way of example rust, corrosion, corrosion by products, degraded or old paint, degraded or old coatings, paint, coatings, waxes, hydrates, microbes, residual materials, biofilms, tars, sludges, and slimes. The present inventions provide the ability to have laser energy of sufficient power and characteristics to be transported over great lengths and delivered to remote and difficult to access locations. Thus, although pipeline related applications are the preferred application for the present inventions, they would also find many applications and uses in the related field of “flow assurance,” (a broad term that has been recently used in the oil and natural gas industries to cover the assurance that hydrocarbons can be brought out of the earth and delivered to a customer, or end user). Moreover, the present inventions would have uses and applications beyond pipelines, and flow assurance, and would be applicable to the cleaning, resurfacing, removal and clearing away of unwanted materials in any location that is far removed from a laser source, or difficult to access by conventional existing technology.

The high power laser energy that is delivered to a surface of the pipeline may be selected and delivered in such a manner as to specifically target an insulating material, which is other than steel. The high power laser energy may be selected and delivered to target a conducting material, which may include steel. Thus, for example, the laser energy could be modulated to specifically target an insulating material or a conducting material. Additionally, the bandwidth of the optical fiber may be used to transmit laser beams of wavelengths other then the high power laser beam for performing operations on the pipeline, e.g., 1.1 or 1.5 μm (microns), and in this manner communicate information along the optical fiber to other components or locations, or assist in the performance of other optical functions.

The parameters of the laser energy delivered to a substrate, e.g., the interior of a pipeline, having an unwanted material should be selected to provide for the efficient removal, or degradation of the unwanted material, while minimizing any harm to the substrate. The laser delivery parameters will vary based upon, for example, such factors as: the desired duty cycle; the surface area of the substrate to be cleaned; the composition of the substrate; the thickness of the substrate; the opacity of the unwanted material; the composition of the unwanted material; the absorptivity and/or reflectivity of the unwanted material for a particular laser wavelength; the removal speed (linear or area); as well as, other factors that may be relevant to a particular application. Although continuous wave and pulsed delivery lasers may be useful in addressing the issue of unwanted materials in or on pipelines, or in or on other substrates, pulsed laser have been shown to be particularly beneficial in some applications and situations. Without limitation to the present teachings and inventions set forth in this specification, the following US patents set forth parameters and methods for the delivery of laser energy to a substrate to remove unwanted materials from the substrate: U.S. Pat. No. 5,986,234; RE33,777, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,756,765, 4,368,080, 4,063,063, 5,637,245, 5,643,472, 4,737,628, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

The invention may be embodied in other forms than those specifically disclosed herein without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive.

Claims

1. A launcher system for a high power laser pipeline pig system, comprising a laser source having a power of at least about 15 kW and a wavelength in the range of from about 800 nm to about 1600 nm, comprising: a. a pig holder section containing a laser pig;b. a launch section;c. a feed through section comprising a packer; and,d. an optical capable section comprising a high power optical cable having a length of greater than about 1 mile, a means for winding and unwinding the optical cable, and a high power optical fiber having a core having a diameter of at least about 200 μm; wherein the launch section comprises a valve and is in fluid communication with the holder section.

2. A launcher system for a high power laser pipeline pig system, comprising a laser source having a power of at least about 10 kW, comprising: a. a pig holder section containing a laser pig;b. a launch section;c. a feed through section comprising a means for managing pressure between the launching section and the optical cable section; and,d. an optical capable section comprising a high power optical cable having a length of greater than about 1 mile and a high power optical fiber having a core having a diameter of at least about 500 μm;wherein the launch section comprises a valve and is in fluid communication with the holder section.

3. A high power laser hot tap assembly comprising: a top section, a bottom section, a laser delivery assembly, and a first and a second valve in fluid communication with the bottom section; the top section comprising a high power optical cable, a feed through assembly, wherein the high power optical cable passes through the feed through assembly and is in optical communication with the laser delivery assembly, and an assembly for moving the laser delivery assembly relative to an outer surface of a pipeline; the bottom section comprising a body defining a cavity, a flange for engaging the outer surface of the pipeline.

4. The high power laser hot tap assembly of claim 3, comprising a laser source having a power of at least about 5 kW, wherein the laser source is in optical communication with the high power optical cable.

5. The high power laser hot tap assembly of claim 3, comprising an assembly that is configured to permit the movement of the laser delivery assembly in the cavity relative to the outer surface of the pipeline.

6. The high power laser hot tap assembly of claim 3, wherein the top and bottom sections comprise respective engaging flanges.

7. The high power laser hot tap assembly of claim 3, wherein the top and bottom sections are integral.

8. The high power laser hot tap assembly of claim 3, wherein the laser delivery assembly comprises two high power laser cutters.

9. The high power laser hot tap assembly of claim 4, comprising an assembly that is configured to permit the movement of the laser delivery assembly in the cavity relative to the outer surface of the pipeline.

10. The high power laser hot tap assembly of claim 4, wherein the top and bottom sections comprise respective engaging flanges.

11. The high power laser hot tap assembly of claim 4, wherein the top and bottom sections are integral.

12. The high power laser hot tap assembly of claim 4, wherein the laser delivery assembly comprises two high power laser cutters.

13. The high power laser hot tap assembly of claim 3, comprising a laser source having a power of at least about 10 kW, wherein the laser source is in optical communication with the high power optical cable.

14. The high power laser hot tap assembly of claim 3, comprising a laser source having a power of at least about 20 kW, wherein the laser source is in optical communication with the high power optical cable.

15. A system for performing high power laser hot-tapping operations on a pipeline, the system comprising: a. a high power laser;b. the high power laser in optical association with a laser hot-tapping assembly, comprising: i. a first and a second section;ii. a first and a second valve;iii. a high power laser delivery assembly, having at least one laser cutter;iv. wherein the high power laser cutters are movable between a first position in the first section and a second position in the second section, and;c. a means for attaching the hot-tapping assembly to the outer surface of an active pipeline.