Patent Grant
10082658
This invention relates to high power illumination systems for microscopy applications, such as fluorescence imaging and analysis, and particularly relates to microscope illuminators having solid state light sources.
Traditionally, microscope illumination systems have used discharge lamps, such as bulbs containing mercury (Hg), xenon (Xe), or a metal halide mixture. These lamps produce intense light from a small source volume, and thus can be coupled efficiently to the optical path of a microscope. However, these lamps have relatively short lifetimes, for example as little as 100 hours for Hg lamps and up to 2,000 hours for metal halide lamps, which is a significant drawback. In addition, because the lamps require a warm-up period to stabilize, these lamps are usually operated continuously while control of light intensity is achieved through opto-mechanical means, such as a mechanical shutter, filter wheel, and/or attenuator.
In a typical experiment it is desirable to illuminate the sample only when data is being acquired. For example, data may be acquired during a 100 ms exposure every 5-10 minutes to observe the growth of cells over the period of a few days. Between exposures, the sample is not illuminated, for example to reduce phototoxic effects that can impact cell viability. Turning a discharge lamp on and off on these time scales significantly degrades the lifetime of the lamp. For this reason, the lamp remains on during an experiment and light intensity on the sample is controlled opto-mechanically. A significant portion of the light generated is therefore considered to be wasted energy.
Solid State Light Sources (SSLS), such as Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs), can offer a solution to this problem since they can be controlled electronically, for example turned on and off rapidly, as well as electronically dimmed by adjusting the current flowing through the device to control intensity. Under typical operational conditions, the lifetime of available LED light sources can approach 20,000-50,000 hours. This means that not only is the operational lifetime of an LED light source significantly longer than a lamp system, it is possible to turn the source off when illumination is not required, without significantly degrading the lifetime. Thus, virtually all of the light produced by an LED light source can be used for data collection/observation. The extended lifetime of such a system is potentially orders of magnitude longer than a conventional lamp based microscope illumination system. For this reason, there has been significant interest in producing microscope illuminators using LED technology.
However, in view of the different characteristics of solid state light sources compared with discharge lamps, LEDs have some drawbacks that have hindered widespread adoption for microscopy applications. For example, LED light sources have limited power output, spectral range and reduced coupling efficiency compared to discharge lamps. Also, the lifetime, optical efficiency and stability of the output optical power of LED light sources are temperature dependent.
Conventional lamp technology can provide high intensity light sources with broadband emission, and strong emission at wavelengths in the ultraviolet (UV), visible and infrared (IR) ranges. As an example, for a typical fluorescence microscope illumination system the spectral content of the source is typically required to be broadband, such as covering the range from the ultraviolet (UV) to the visible wavelengths, for example from about 350 nm to 700 nm. Metal halide or mercury arc lamps produce a broad spectrum of illumination with a number of discrete strong emission peaks throughout the UV and visible range, for example, as illustrated by the emission spectrum shown
The high power optical output and compact size of the filament and configuration of a traditional lamp assembly enables very effective coupling of optical energy to the focal plane of a microscope, either directly, using optical components such as lenses, or by remote coupling using a light guide, such as a liquid light guide (LLG) or fiber bundle.
If needed, a high power lamp may be actively cooled, for example, using forced air from a fan, and/or a light guide may be used for optical coupling to provide for thermal separation of the lamp from the optical port of the microscope. Typically a mercury (Hg) lamp, does not require active cooling fans, and can be directly optically coupled to the illumination port of a microscope. However, this type of lamp suffers from a short lifetime (100-300 hours). A metal halide lamp has a longer lifetime, but requires an active cooling system (fans). Thus, a mercury lamp is not ideal for direct coupling, since fan vibrations may be transmitted to the microscope. If active cooling is used, light guide coupling can assist in providing isolation from vibrations caused by the cooling fans in the lamp housing. Even though a light guide results in some attenuation, typically 20% to 30% (transmission of about 70% to 80% of input light), conventional high power lamp systems can still provide sufficient optical output for microscopy applications. Nevertheless, light guides do degrade over time and need frequent replacement, for example every 2000 hours to maintain good transmission efficiency.
In comparison with conventional lamp technology, LEDs are inherently narrow-band optical devices and the emission spectrum from an individual LED is typically only 30-50 nm wide. Thus, an LED light source may include an LED with a phosphor layer to generate a broader emission band by wavelength conversion. To simulate or approximate a broadband source, such as a conventional discharge lamp, multiple LED light sources, typically three or more LED light sources emitting different wavelength bands are combined. Such an arrangement requires additional optical elements such as lenses, beam combiners or dichroic beam splitters, to combine emission from multiple sources onto the same light path or optical axis.
The lifetime, optical efficiency and stability of the output optical power of LED light sources are temperature dependent. In practice, active thermal management is needed to provide temperature control to enable use of LED light sources for microscopy applications, such as fluorescence imaging and analysis, for example particularly where precise intensity control is needed for quantitative studies.
While significant improvements have been made to LED electro-optic efficiency in recent years, for the optical energy from an LED light source to meet or exceed the levels from a lamp, the LED must be driven at very high current density levels, that is, “overdriven” at current density levels which are higher than most LED manufacturers recommend running their products. Typical manufacturers' specifications for LED current density are approximately 0.5 A/mm2 to 1 A/mm2. To provide optical output which is competitive with a discharge lamp, typically a current density of 1.5 A/mm2 to 2 A/mm2, or greater, is required. At these levels, the heat flux generated by the LED is quite high, typically 5 W/mm2 to 10 W/mm2, or more. Therefore, to maintain the lifetime and optical stability of the LED at high current density, the heat must be dissipated by an efficient heat transfer mechanism. At the LED junction, where light is produced, there is a correlation between the junction temperature (Tj) and the lifetime of the device. For example, for a typical LED, as shown in
The output power and power stability of the LED are also directly related to the junction temperature (Tj). As the LED heats up its electro-optical efficiency changes slightly and less power is converted into optical energy. The visible effect is that, when an LED is initially turned on, the power spikes to a maximum, then as the system stabilizes thermally, and the optical power drops slightly until a point of equilibrium is reached, as shown, for example, in
In optical system design, it is usually desirable to minimize the number of components in the optical train between the light source and the focal plane of the microscope. Thus, the most efficient optical arrangement is to directly attach the LED illumination system to the microscope frame. However, when a large heat sink and fan are needed to cool the assembly for operation at high current densities, the additional weight and bulk of the system poses a problem.
Microscopes are not designed to carry a large bulky mass on their illumination ports. Moreover, active cooling, such as using a cooling fan, can cause vibrations that degrade image quality significantly when using high magnification microscope objectives (40× and greater). For this reason, many manufacturers have opted to deliver light to a microscope through a Liquid Light Guide (LLG) or fiber bundle, thus decoupling the source of vibrations from the light source.
By way of example only, the following references disclose some known arrangements for microscope illumination systems, such as, those referred to above. U.S. Pat. No. 7,130,507 discloses an example of a light source unit for a microscope illumination system with coupling of a lamp to the microscope through a liquid light guide such as illustrated in
In summary, LED light sources offer advantages with respect to electronic control and extended lifetime compared to discharge lamps. However, for broadband illumination, multiple LEDs may be required, resulting in multi-component mechanical and optical coupling systems. Moreover, to provide high optical output power, comparable to that of a discharge lamp, LED light sources must be overdriven at high current density, necessitating high capacity thermal management using heavy and bulky active cooling systems, such as fans. The latter cause unacceptable vibrations when the light source assembly is directly coupled to a microscope illumination port.
Thus, there is a need for improved or alternative microscopy illumination systems based on solid state light sources that address one or more of the above mentioned problems.
Embodiments of the present invention provide a high power microscopy illumination system with a liquid cooled solid state light source unit. The embodiments seek to overcome or mitigate one or more disadvantages of known illumination systems for microscopy, fluorescence imaging and analysis, or at least provide an alternative.
Thus, one aspect of the present invention provides a high power microscopy illumination system having:
a liquid cooled solid state light source (SSLS) unit for direct coupling, i.e. mechanical and optical coupling, to an illuminator port of the microscope, the SSLS unit including an LED light source thermally coupled to a liquid cooled thermal plate/block of a closed loop liquid cooling system and optical elements for direct optical coupling of optical emission from the LED along an optical axis to an optical aperture of the illuminator port;
an electronic controller including an LED driver electrically connected to the LED light source for driving the LED light source; a unit remote from the SSLS unit including a heat exchanger of the closed loop liquid cooling system;
liquid coolant couplings between the heat exchanger and the liquid cooled thermal plate forming a closed loop for circulation of liquid coolant and pump means for circulating coolant liquid in the closed loop; and
the SSLS unit being vibrationally isolated from the remote unit.
This arrangement provides for efficient direct mechanical and optical coupling of the liquid cooled SSLS unit to the microscope illumination port for high brightness illumination with high thermal capacity cooling. For example, the housing of the SSLS unit may be coupled to the illuminator port of the microscope using a standard adaptor flange. Efficient cooling of the LED light source allows for use of a high current LED driver that provides for an LED to be driven at higher current, for example overdriven at over 1 A/mm2, to provide high brightness, high power optical output. The active cooling components that create vibration or noise, such as cooling fans of the heat exchanger in the remote unit, are separated from and vibrationally isolated from the liquid cooled SSLS unit. For example, any liquid coolant couplings, such as tubing, and/or electrical connections to the SSLS unit are sufficiently flexible, so as to dampen any vibrations from the remote unit caused by the cooling fans for the heat exchanger or the electronic LED controller, so that these vibrations are not transmitted through the SSLS unit to the microscope. Moreover, this arrangement means that the weight and bulk of the cooling components and electronics is separated from the SSLS unit. The SSLS unit can be provided within a compact housing that directly connects to the illuminator port using a standard microscope coupling. The SSLS unit, or light engine “head”, is thus relatively lightweight, compact, and efficiently cooled, while being vibrationally isolated from other components of the cooling system. The liquid cooled SSLS unit may thus be directly mounted on a standard microscope illumination port, without need for modifications or additional support structures.
The SSLS unit may include a single LED light source, such as an individual LED or an LED array. The LED light source may be a phosphor LED for generation of a broader emission by wavelength conversion. For broadband illumination, the SSLS unit may include multiple LED light sources emitting different wavelength bands together with optical elements to couple emission from each LED light source to a common optical axis.
In one embodiment, the controller including the LED driver or drivers may be housed in the remote unit with the heat exchanger. Thus the heat exchanger fans may be used for cooling the electronics of the controller.
In another embodiment, the LED driver circuitry is located within the SSLS unit with the LED light source. For overdriven LEDs, this provides an advantage since the high current electrical connection between the LED driver and LED light source is shorter. In this arrangement, the LED driver may also be liquid cooled, for example mounted on the same cold plate at the LED light source or mounted on its own liquid cooled plate on the liquid cooling loop.
While the pump is preferably remote from the liquid cooled SSLS unit, since the vibration created by the pump is minimal compared to that from the cooling fans, the pump and a coolant reservoir may be located in the SSLS unit.
The controller may be configured for driving the LED light source over a wide range of current densities, e.g. in the range from 0.02 A/mm2 to greater than 2 A/mm2, while the liquid cooling system provides cooling capacity for maintaining an operational temperature (junction temperature) of the LED light source at or below 95° C., for extended lifetime operation, and for maintaining stability of the optical power output within ±1%.
A microscope illumination system according to preferred embodiments of the invention, has the potential of meeting and exceeding the output of the best lamp-based systems available today for microscopy, such as microscope illuminators providing particular wavelengths used for fluorescence microscopy, imaging and analysis, while overcoming at least some of the limitations of existing high brightness LED light sources.
The resulting high power microscope illumination system using a liquid cooled SSLS unit provides a significant performance improvement over traditional lamp sources for applications such as those that require only periodic illumination of biological specimens. A vibration-free SSLS unit can be directly coupled to a microscope illuminator port or to an optical port of, for example, a fluorescence imaging and analysis system, allowing for more efficient direct optical coupling of light to the imaging plane of the system, avoiding the need for liquid light guides that degrade over time. In addition, the high capacity cooling system allows for the LED light source to be over driven at higher current densities, while maintaining the long lifetime and other operational characteristics that end users have come to expect from LED sources.
The foregoing and other objects, features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, of preferred embodiments of the invention, which description is by way of example only.
Other systems, methods and features of the present invention will be or become apparent to one having ordinary skill in the art upon examining the following drawings and detailed description. It is intended that all such additional systems, methods, and features be included in this description, be within the scope of the present invention and protected by the accompanying claims.
The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the invention, and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification. The drawings illustrate embodiments of the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principals of the invention.
Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments of the present invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers are used in the drawings and the description to refer to the same or like parts.
A schematic diagram showing elements of an illumination system 600 for a microscope 610, according to a first exemplary embodiment of the invention, is shown in
The system 600 includes a liquid cooled solid state light source (SSLS) unit 620 having an LED light source 626 that is thermally coupled to a liquid cooled plate 625 or cold plate, which is part of a closed-loop liquid cooling system. Optical elements including lenses 627 and 628 directly couple the optical emission of the LED light source 626 to the optical input 611 of the microscope 610. That is, the SSLS unit 620 is mechanically attached to and supported by the illuminator port 612 of the microscope 610, for example by a microscope adapter flange (not shown).
Another unit 630 remote from the SSLS unit 620 includes a heat exchanger 632 for the closed loop liquid cooling system. The heat exchanger 632 includes one or more cooling fans 631. The cooling system includes flexible tubing 639 forming a coolant loop through which coolant liquid is fed via pump unit 640 to a cold plate 625 and then returns coolant liquid via tubing 639 to the heat exchanger 632. The pump unit 640 includes a liquid reservoir 643 and a low power pump 644. The remote unit 630 also contains an LED controller 650, including an LED driver 652 with electrical connections 653 to the LED light source 626 for driving the LED. Preferably the LED driver 652 is a high current driver for overdriving the LED at high current density, to provide high power and high brightness emission. The liquid coupling, such as the tubing 639, and electrical connections between the remote unit 630 and the SSLS unit 620 are sufficiently long and flexible to provide vibration isolation between the remote unit 630 and SSLS unit 620. For example, the electrical and liquid couplings between the remote unit and the SSLS unit 620 may be about 1.5 m to 2 m long.
As illustrated in
Thus, the first embodiment illumination system 600 utilizes an efficient liquid cooling system in an arrangement that introduces substantially no additional vibration into the frame of the microscope 610 and that also has sufficient thermal capacity to allow the LED light source 626 to be overdriven at high current density. This arrangement offers several advantages. First little or no vibration is coupled into the microscope 610 frame from active cooling components 630, for example fans 631 of the heat exchanger 632. Second, a compact and lightweight SSLS unit 620 allows the unit to be attached directly to the optical illuminator port 611 of the microscope 610, for example using a standard adapter flange (not shown). Third, direct optical coupling allows for higher power to be delivered to the microscope 610 objective plane than remote LED light sources that are LLG or FLG coupled, since typically there is a 20% to 30% loss in the light guide, and the performance of light guides, LLGs in particular, degrade over time and so they must be periodically replaced.
High thermal capacity cooling enables a lower operating temperature of the LED at high current to provide more stable light output vs. known microscope illumination systems using air cooled LED light sources and lamps.
As shown schematically in
The LED light source 626 may be cooled sufficiently to maintain a suitable operational temperature for improved thermo-optical stability over time. For example, the light source 626 may be maintained at a temperature below a threshold value, for example, of 95° C., for extended lifetime. Temperature control also provides for more stable optical output power for applications where precise control of intensity is required, such as for quantitative fluorescence imaging studies.
While liquid cooling provides more efficient cooling than forced air, it is desirable to avoid chilling or overcooling the components below the ambient temperature, to the point that problems, such as moisture condensation, would occur. Thus the system 600 provides only a low volume flow of coolant. Suitable coolant fluids may include, for example, water or other non-hazardous aqueous coolants, such as a water/glycol mixture to reduce risk of freezing during shipping or storage.
In a simple control system, the cooling system may be activated as needed when the light source is turned on, and the pump and fans may be run only as required to keep the temperature of the light source below the threshold. Non continuous operation increases the lifetime of the fans and pump as well as reduces any acoustic noise they generate when the light source is not active.
The LED controller 650 including the LED driver electronics 652 may be contained within the remote unit 630, as illustrated in
Alternatively, the controller 650 electronics may have a separate housing. Preferably, when the LED is overdriven at high current density, the LED controller 650 electronics are also air cooled or coupled to the liquid cooling loop 639 to provide efficient cooling of the driver electronics when operated at high current.
For example, in a preferred arrangement, the LED driver circuitry 652 of the controller may be located in close proximity to the LED light source 626 within the SSLS unit 620. In this arrangement, an LED driver 652 electronics may also be liquid cooled, for example thermally coupled to a cooling plate which is part of the liquid cooling loop, within the SSLS unit 620.
A microscope illumination system 700, according to a second embodiment of the invention, is illustrated schematically in
As will be appreciated, when the liquid cooled SSLS unit 720 houses multiple LED light sources 726a, 726b, these LED light sources 726a, 726b may each be thermally coupled to individual cold plates 725a, 725b, or more than one LED light source 726a, 726b may be mounted on a common cooling block (not shown). The cooling plates 725a, 725b or blocks may be coupled into the same cooling loop 639 in series or in parallel.
As illustrated, suitable optical coupling elements, such as a dichroic beam-splitter 729 and coupling lenses 727 and 728, are used to couple the optical emission from each LED light source 726a, 726b, along a common optical axis, to the optical output. Thus, several LED light sources 726a, 726b may be provided for different wavelength ranges of illumination. The output of the light source 720 unit is coupled to the illumination port 711 of the microscope 710, for example, using a standard microscope adapter flange (not shown).
For simplicity, the LED controller 650 (
A microscope illumination system 800, according to a third exemplary embodiment of the invention, is illustrated schematically in
As an example, the high power LED light source 826a may be a blue LED combined with a phosphor coating layer, for broadband emission over the visible spectrum. The air cooled, lower power LED light source 826b may, for example, be a narrow band UV LED.
As illustrated in
As illustrated schematically in
As will be appreciated, in high power microscopy illumination systems of these embodiments and alternative embodiments, when the liquid cooled SSLS unit includes multiple LED light sources, each high power LED light sources may be thermally coupled to individual cold plates, or more than one LED light source may be mounted on a common cooling block. The cooling plates or blocks may be coupled into the same cooling loop in series or in parallel. Optionally, other LED such as lower power LEDs, which require less cooling may be convection cooled as is conventional. Optionally, electronic control circuitry, such as high current LED drivers may also be placed close to the LED light sources to reduce the length of high current electrical connections and this circuitry may also be thermally mounted on a cooling plate to allow for thermal management.
Performance Evaluation
Early testing has confirmed the advantages of the direct coupled, liquid cooled SSLS unit, compared with conventional LLG coupling of a similar LED light source.
Table 1 shows experimental results comparing operation of an air cooled LED, with LLG coupling of the emission to the microscope illumination port and for direct coupling of the same LED in a liquid cooled SSLS light source unit as illustrated schematically in
When driving an LED at a particular current density, two factors affect the power delivered through to the microscope objective plane. First, for direct coupling, the optical train contains fewer components, providing for more efficient coupling and reduced losses compared to light guide coupling. Secondly, improved thermal management leads to a more efficient transfer of electrical energy to optical energy.
Thus, for operation at 1.2 A/mm2, these two effects provide a greater than two times improvement in optical power at the objective plane for the directly coupled SSLS unit compared to delivering the light from the same LED light source through a liquid light guide (LLG). Typically there are insertion losses of about 20% to 30% in a liquid light guide, and this loss increases over time as the LLG is exposed to high temperatures and/or light intensity levels. As a result, LLGs must be periodically replaced every 1000-2000 hours, and considerably faster if not properly maintained. Moreover, the higher thermal capacity of the liquid cooling system, relative to air cooling of the LED, allows the LED to be driven at about twice the current density, or higher, while maintaining a similar junction temperature, thereby yielding an additional 1.5 times improvement in the optical output power of the LED. That is, the direct coupled, liquid cooled, SSLS unit system provides an overall improvement of approximately three times or more in the optical power at the objective plane vs. the air cooled LED with LLG coupling.
Data shown in
Thus, high power microscopy illumination systems according to embodiments of the invention described herein provide a compact lightweight SSLS unit with efficient liquid cooling to enable operation of LED light sources at high current density, while maintaining excellent thermo-optical stability. The SSLS unit is directly mechanically coupled to a microscope illuminator port enabling direct optical coupling of the LED light sources to the microscope. Mechanical coupling is provided using a standard microscope adaptor flange without need for additional support structures. By separating the SSLS unit from the remote unit housing vibration causing components, such as fans, and providing vibration isolation between the units, minimal, if any, vibrations are transmitted to the microscope.
While specific embodiments of the invention have been described by way of example, it will be apparent that liquid cooled SSLS units for microscopy illumination systems according to alternative embodiments may include other arrangements of solid state light sources. For example, copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/897,237 filed 17 May 2013, entitled “High Brightness Solid State Illumination System for Fluorescence Imaging and Analysis” discloses a system that utilizes laser optical pumping of a phosphor layer of a phosphor coated LED light source to boost emission in spectral regions where there is a lack of semiconductors with an appropriate band-gap, such as the green/yellow spectral regions. It will be apparent that in such a system, the LED light source may be mounted on a cold plate and a closed loop liquid cooling system may be provided for cooling the LED light source, similar to the arrangement shown in
Although embodiments of the invention have been described and illustrated in detail, it is to be clearly understood that the same is by way of illustration and example only and not to be taken by way of limitation, the scope of the present invention being limited only by the claims.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the structure of the present invention without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. In view of the foregoing, it is intended that the present invention cover modifications and variations of this invention provided they fall within the scope of the following claims and their equivalents.
This application is a national phase application pursuant to 35 U.S.C. 371 of International Application No. PCT/US2014/044046, filed Jun. 25, 2014, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/840,846, filed Jun. 28, 2013. These applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
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| PCT/US2014/044046 | 6/25/2014 | WO | 00 |
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| WO2014/210123 | 12/31/2014 | WO | A |
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