Patent Application
20050226278
1. Field
The present teachings relate to waveguide-based lasers, such as fiber lasers, that output high power short laser pulses. More particularly, the present teachings relate to pulsed lasers that provide improved performance such as reduced pulse width and that preferably include modular designs that are compact and rugged.
2. Description of the Related Art
High power laser sources are of interest for practical applications in various fields. High peak power pulsed lasers are desirable, for instance, in medical and industrial applications, remote sensing applications, and in optical parametric oscillators. Some specific exemplary applications include use as pump sources for optical amplifiers and Raman lasers for use in medicine and spectroscopy. Rare-earth-doped double clad fiber lasers offer an excellent combination of high power and special beam quality that may be particularly useful.
Various of the following references discuss laser systems and are hereby incorporated herein by reference:
Currently, conventional pulse lasers have practical limitations. For example, the optical components in conventional commercial short and ultra-short pulse lasers are normally mounted mechanically on a mounting plate such as a breadboard. Such mounting of components can result in a bulky packaging and can suffer from mechanical vibrations and environmental instabilities. Additionally, such mounting requires frequent alignment to achieve the optimum performance. Thus there is a need for improved lasers and laser systems.
One embodiment of the invention comprises a pulsed fiber laser outputting pulses having a duration and corresponding pulse width. The pulsed laser comprises a modelocked fiber oscillator, an amplifier, a variable attenuator, and a compressor. The a modelocked fiber oscillator outputs optical pulses. The amplifier is optically connected to the modelocked fiber oscillator to receive the optical pulses. The amplifier comprises a gain medium that imparts gain to the optical pulse. The a variable attenuator is disposed between the modelocked fiber oscillator and the amplifier. The variable attenuator has an adjustable transmission such that the optical energy that is coupled from the mode-locked fiber oscillator to the amplifier can be reduced. The compressor compresses the pulse thereby reduces the width of the pulse. Preferably a minimum pulse width is obtained.
Another embodiment of the invention comprises a method of producing compressed high power short laser pulses having an optical power of at least about 200 mW and a pulse duration of about 200 femtoseconds or less. In this method, longitudinal modes of a laser cavity are substantially mode-locked to repetitively produce a laser pulse. The laser pulse is amplified. The laser pulse is also chirped thereby changing the optical frequency of the optical pulse over time. The laser pulse is also compressed by propagating different optical frequency components of the laser pulse differently to produce compressed laser pulses having a shortened temporal duration. In addition, the laser pulse is selectively attenuated prior to the amplifying of the laser pulse to further shorten the duration of the compressed laser pulses.
Another embodiment of the invention comprises a method of manufacturing a high power short pulse fiber laser. This method comprises mode-locking a fiber-based oscillator that outputs optical pulses. This method further comprises optically coupling an amplifier to the fiber-based oscillator through a variable attenuator so as to feed the optical pulses from the fiber-based oscillator through the variable attenuator and to the amplifier. The variable attenuator is adjusted based on a measurement of the optical pulses to reduce the intensity of the optical pulses delivered to the amplifier and to shorten the pulse.
Another embodiment of the invention comprises a pulsed fiber laser outputting pulses having a pulse width. The pulsed fiber laser comprises a modelocked fiber oscillator, an amplifier, and a spectral filter. The modelocked fiber oscillator produces an optical output comprising a plurality of optical pulses having a pulse width and a spectral power distribution having a bandwidth. The amplifier is optically connected to the modelocked fiber amplifier for amplifying the optical pulses. The spectral filter is disposed to receive the optical output of the modelocked fiber oscillator prior to reaching the amplifier. The spectral filter has a spectral transmission with a band edge that overlaps the spectral power distribution of the optical output of the modelocked fiber oscillator to attenuate a portion of the spectral power distribution and thereby reduce the spectral bandwidth. The pulse width of the optical pulses coupled from the mode lock fiber oscillator to the fiber amplifier is thereby reduced.
Another embodiment of the invention comprises a method of producing compressed optical pulses. In this method, longitudinal modes of a fiber resonant cavity are substantially mode-locked so as to produce a train of optical pulses having a corresponding spectral power distribution with a spectral bandwidth. The optical pulses are amplified and compressed to produce compressed optical pulses. The spectral bandwidth of the spectral power distribution is reduced such that the compressed optical pulses have a shorter duration.
Another embodiment of the invention comprises a pulsed fiber laser comprising a modelocked fiber oscillator, an amplifier, one or more optical pump sources, a pulse compressor, and a pre-compressor. The modelocked fiber oscillator comprises a gain fiber and a pair of reflective optical elements disposed with respect to the gain fiber to form a resonant cavity. The modelocked fiber oscillator produces a train of optical pulses having an average pulse width. The amplifier is optically connected to the modelocked fiber amplifier such that the optical pulses can propagate through the amplifier. The fiber amplifier amplifies the optical pulses. The one or more optical pump sources are optically connected to the modelocked fiber oscillator and the fiber amplifier to pump the fiber oscillator and fiber amplifier. The pulse compressor is optically coupled to receive the amplified optical pulses output from fiber amplifier. The pulse compressor shortens the pulse width of the optical pulses output by the fiber amplifier. The pre-compressor is disposed in an optical path between the modelocked fiber oscillator and the fiber amplifier. The pre-compressor shortens the duration of the optical pulses introduced into the fiber amplifier such that the pulse duration of the optical pulses output by the compressor can be further shortened.
Another embodiment of the invention comprises a method of generating short high power optical pulses. The method comprises substantially mode-locking optical modes of a laser cavity to produce an optical signal comprising a plurality of laser pulses having an average pulse width. The optical signal comprises a distribution of frequency components. The method further comprises compressing the optical pulses and amplifying the compressed optical pulses to produce amplified compressed optical pulses. The amplified compressed optical pulses are further compressed subsequent to the amplifying using a dispersive optical element to differentiate between spectral components and introducing different phase shifts to the different spectral components.
Another embodiment of the invention comprises a pulsed fiber laser comprising a modelocked fiber oscillator, a fiber amplifier, an optical pump source, and a pulse compressor. The modelocked fiber oscillator outputs optical pulses. The fiber amplifier is optically connected to the modelocked fiber oscillator and amplifies the optical pulses. The optical pump source is optically connected to the fiber amplifier. The pulse compressor is optically coupled to receive the amplified optical pulses output from fiber amplifier. The pulsed fiber laser further comprises at least one of (i) a first optical tap in the optical path between the modelocked fiber oscillator and the fiber amplifier and a first feedback loop from the first tap to control the modelocked fiber oscillator based on measurement of output from the first optical tap, and (ii) a second optical tap in the optical path between the fiber amplifier and the compressor and a second feedback loop from the second tap to control the fiber amplifier based on measurement of output from the first optical tap.
Another embodiment of the invention comprises a pulsed light source comprising a light source module, an isolator module, an amplifier module, and a compressor module. The light source module comprises an optical fiber and outputs optical pulses. The isolator module comprises an optical isolator in a housing having input and output fibers. The input fiber is optically coupled to the optical fiber of the light source module. The optical isolator is disposed in an optical path connecting the input and output fibers such that the optical pulses introduced into the input fiber are received by the isolator and permitted to continue along the optical path to the output coupler. The amplifier module comprises an amplifying medium and has an optical input optically connected to the output fiber of the isolator module to amplify the optical pulses. The compressor module is optically coupled to the amplifier module to compress the optical pulses.
FIGS. 3A-C illustrate various exemplary combinations and arrangements of modular components of a laser for generating a high power short pulse output;
FIGS. 4A-C illustrate the use of a pre-compressor to shorten the seed pulse width prior to amplification in the exemplary modular lasers;
FIGS. 5A-C illustrate the use of a photonic crystal fiber as a pre-compressor;
FIGS. 6A-C illustrate the use of a fiber Bragg grating as a pre-compressor;
FIGS. 7A-C illustrate the use of a band-pass filter to select a part of the oscillator output spectrum and shorten the seed pulse prior to amplification;
FIGS. 8 illustrates an exemplary sub-100 fembosecond (fs) pulse generated with use of the band-pass filter upstream of the amplifier;
FIGS. 9A-C illustrate the use of a long period fiber grating to select a part of the oscillator output spectrum and shorten the seed pulse prior to amplification;
These and other aspects, advantages, and novel features of the present teachings will become apparent from the following detailed description and with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the drawings, similar elements have similar reference numerals.
To achieve a clean short pulse, several techniques can be included such as for example inclusion of attenuators, spectral filters, and compression elements as discussed more fully below. Use of one or more of such components can provide pulse widths of about 90 fs or less and average power of 200 mW or more.
Another aspect of the present teachings relates to a modular design approach where various components can be packaged as modules and the modular components can then be connected as needed. Some modules may comprise optical elements such as bulk optics or planar waveguides packaged in a housing that shields various optical elements from the operating environment. Fiber pigtails may extend from these housing, which may include thermal insulation and may be hermetically sealed. The fiber pigtails, potentially enable seamless connection to other modules via, e.g., optical fiber fusion splices. Packaging in such casing may be particularly advantageous for modules containing bulk or physical optics and opto-mechanical elements, in contrast to fiber elements, which may not require such encasement.
Such a system using fiber based components or packages having fiber inputs and outputs can benefit from the compact nature of the components, as well as effective and compact coupling afforded by splicing of the fibers. The optics within the modules preferably comprise micro-optics and fiber optics or other waveguide elements. Accordingly, the modules may be small and have reduced form factor. The modular approach may also simplify repair and alteration of laser systems as the modules can be readily substituted or replaced and re-spliced into place in the laser system.
As shown in
In
It will be understood that this simplified description of pulse amplification is exemplary of a general process of amplifying a short pulse. It will also be understood, and as described below, that pulse conditioning can involve optical operations other than temporally stretching of the seed pulse. Other variations can be incorporated into the laser system to accommodate various design goals and operating conditions. Some of such design considerations are described below in greater detail. In some embodiments, for example, the pulse conditioner 104 and/or compressor 108 may be excluded. Other variations in the configuration and implementation of the laser system 100 are also possible.
In some embodiments, the seed pulse generator 102 comprises an oscillator having a rare earth doped fiber. Dopants may include, for example, Er, Yb, Nd or combinations thereof as well as other materials. The doped fiber can be single clad or double clad and may be polarization maintaining or non-polarization maintaining. Both active and passive modelocking techniques can be used to generate short and ultra-short pulses in the rare-earth doped fiber, with the passive one simpler and intrinsically more stable. Three common passive mode-locking techniques involve a saturable absorber being part of the cavity, nonlinear polarization evolution, or a combination thereof. In certain applications, passive modelocking techniques based on saturable absorbers are preferred and permit the construction of relatively simple and reliable cavities. Additional details regarding passive mode-locking techniques are disclosed in a copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/627,069 filed on Jul. 24, 2003, by M. E. Fermann, and G. C. Cho entitled “Integrated Fiber Laser Pulse Source With Pulse Width Control” (Docket No. IMRAA.021A/IM-99), which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
The amplifier may comprise a fiber amplifier having a gain fiber such as a doped fiber. The amplifier, however, should not be limited to fiber amplifiers. Similarly, the amplifier may comprise a parabolic pulse amplifier as described in copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/576,772 filed May 23, 2000, by M. E. Fermann, A. Galvanauskas, and D. Harter entitled “Modular, high energy, widely-tunable ultrafast fiber source” (Docket No. IM-83), which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Other types of amplifiers, however, may be employed as well.
In one embodiment, the oscillator cavity fiber comprises a section of Yb-doped polarization maintaining gain fiber. The oscillator cavity fiber can further comprise an undoped polarization maintaining fiber section for controlling the total intracavity dispersion. In some embodiments, the length of this undoped portion is selected such that the undoped portion of fiber together in combination with doped fiber and the chirped fiber Bragg grating (one embodiment of the fiber grating 142) provides a zero or negative total dispersion in the cavity.
In one embodiment, the cavity fiber is relatively shorter. The use of a shorter gain fiber 140 is typically associated with a high pumping rate, thus driving the gain dynamics closer to a saturation level than that associated with a longer fiber. In addition, the population variation in the ground state of Yb dopants becomes less susceptible to the environmental temperature variation. These effects enhance the operational stability of the oscillator 130 that is exposed to variation of environmental temperature. In one embodiment, oscillator output stability is demonstrated by a dependency of output on environmental fiber temperature that is less than approximately 0.5%/C, presuming that other modules are kept at a substantially constant temperature.
As shown in
One embodiment of the exemplary fiber oscillator in
In one embodiment, the bandwidth of the filter 165 can be predetermined within approximately 1-2 nanometer accuracy by analytical or experimental analysis of the system. Another method is to use a rotatable dielectric bandpass filter and rotate the filter to a different incidence angle and utilize the associated etalon effect to provide a variation of the spectral position and width. Yet another method is to modify the spectral shape of the transmission, for example using v- or u-type coating used in the dielectric coating industry. Such a filter can substantially eliminate side lobes in the spectrum, which may originate from nonlinear phase distortion at excessive gain or from high-order soliton formation.
As shown in
As described above in reference to
It will be appreciated that although the oscillator (130 and 150 in
As described more fully below, the oscillator 130, 150 or portions thereof may be packaged in a housing that provides a substantially stable support for optical elements. Such a housing preferably offers protection from the environment and improves performance stability of the optical devices. The packages may include fiber pigtail inputs and/or fiber pigtail outputs, which may be connected to other components. These pigtails may comprise single mode polarization maintaining fiber although other types of pigtail fibers may be employed. Some of the components in the laser system may also comprise optical fiber or fiber components that are not enclosed in a housing but that are spliced to the fiber pigtails.
Preferably the attenuator is a variable attenuator and has a variable transmission that can be controlled in the range of about 1-20 dB. Such variable attenuation can be advantageously employed in the manufacture and tuning of the laser systems.
Fiber amplifiers exhibit a variation in performance from to unit to unit. As a result, different amplifiers that are incorporated into the lasers during manufacturing may require different amplitude input pulses to provide similarly operating lasers. To accommodate such variation in amplifier performance, an adjustable attenuator such as shown in
Different measurements and analysis of these measurements may be employed to determine the suitable adjustment to the variable attenuator. For example, pulse power and/or pulse width may be measured or spectral measurements may be employed. Measurements may be obtained before or after the attenuator or at the output of the amplifier or the laser, or elsewhere. Other measurements may be used as well and likewise the measuring and evaluation techniques should not be limited to those recited herein. The attenuator, however, can be adjusted in response to such measurements
This variable attenuator may comprise a rotatable waveplate and a polarization beamsplitter such as a MacNeille polarizer. The waveplate can be rotated to vary the distribution of light into orthogonal polarizations. The polarization beamsplitter can be used to direct a portion of the light out of the laser, depending on the state of the waveplate. Accordingly, a user, by rotating the waveplate and altering the polarization of light can control the amount of light reaching the amplifier and thereby adjust the system. Preferably, the waveplate and the MacNeille polarizer comprise micro-optics or are sufficiently small to provide for a compact laser system. These optical elements are also preferably packaged in a housing that may include fiber pigtail connections as shown in
Other types of attenuator modules may alternately be employed. Variable attenuation need not be provided by a waveplate and a polarization selective optical element. Fiber or waveguide elements may be used as well. Such variable attenuation may be controlled manually or automatically. Various other designs are possible.
The system configuration may be varied as well. Pulse stretching need not always be incorporated in the laser system. For example, in a fiber amplifier system with sub-microjoule pulse energy, a few picosecond of seed pulse can be sufficiently long to reduce the nonlinear phase modulation in the amplifier fiber significantly. Thus, employment of a pulse stretcher in form of a long length of fiber or chirped fiber Bragg grating in generally may not necessarily be required in such a case.
In general, the preconditioning of the seed pulse property in the time-domain alone, e.g., stretching pulse width, is not always a suitable method for generating high quality amplified pulses. In a variety of cases, manipulation of the seed pulse by the seed pulse generator may readily provide sufficient degree of freedom for pulse recompression The outcome may not necessarily be the most preferred, however, depending on the target property of the recompressed pulses, such an approach significantly simplifies the technical complexity of the pulse controlling method.
FIGS. 4A-C illustrate how an input seed to an amplifier can be further conditioned to improve the manner in which the laser system operates. For the purpose of description, the exemplary designs shown in FIGS. 4A-C build on the exemplary basic designs described above in reference to FIGS. 3A-C.
In general, the output pulse from an oscillator is delivered to an amplifier for higher power. As a result of the delivery fiber(s) between the oscillator and the amplifier, the pulse width may be stretched. For example, approximately 2 meters of delivery fiber may correspond to approximately 1 ps pulse width increase. A preferred seed pulse width, however, can be characterized as being less than approximately 1 ps.
To obtain a clean and shorter pulse after a compressor, several techniques can be used to preferably make the seed pulse width shorter prior to reaching the amplifier. One method is to pre-compress the seed pulse before injecting it into the amplifier. In one embodiment, use of a pre-compressing component can yield a pre-compressed seed pulse having a pulse width less than about 1 ps and preferably as low as approximately 150 fs. Such a pre-compressed seed pulse fed into the amplifier can yield an amplifier output having a spectral bandwidth that is greater than approximately 30 nm due to nonlinear effect. Such an amplifier output can be compressed by a compressor to yield a final pulse having a width of approximately 100 fs.
As shown in
The pre-compressor may comprise bulk, fiber, or other waveguide optics. Examples of components that may comprise the pre-compressor module include a bulk grating pair, a single grating (e.g., bulk or waveguide), a prism pair, etc. Fiber components such as chirped fiber Bragg gratings may also be employed. Other fiber and non-fiber components may be employed as well. In some embodiments, the components are encapsulated in a housing that provides for substantially stable mounting therein, as well as protection from the environment. The housing may further comprises a fiber pigtail input and/or a fiber pigtail output. Such pigtail fibers can be spliced in a manner described above.
FIGS. 5A-C now illustrate the use of a photonic crystal fiber as a pre-compressor. Photonic crystal fibers may be tailored to control their dispersion and to provide negative dispersion at the operating wavelength. In one embodiment, a short piece of a photonic crystal can result in the injection seed pulse (into the amplifier) being compressed to a femtosecond regime. Advantageously, the photonic crystal fiber, due to its fiber nature, can be incorporated conveniently into a laser system having other fiber based components such as by splicing, providing a seamless connection in a compact and rugged configuration.
FIGS. 6A-C illustrate the use of a fiber Bragg grating as a pre-compressor. Advantageously, the fiber Bragg grating, due to its fiber nature, can be incorporated conveniently into a laser system having other fiber based components.
The nonlinearity in the amplifier can be a result of an interplay of different factors, such as gain shaping, inhomogeneous self-phase modulation, and higher order dispersion. Such factors can be highly sensitive to the spectral position within the whole pulse spectrum. One way to control these factors and thereby control the nonlinearity in the amplifier is to manipulate the spectrum being output from the oscillator. In one embodiment, a bandpass filter is used to select a portion of the oscillator spectrum to be amplified. At the same time, the filter can shorten the pulse width of the seed.
In various embodiments, bandpass, highpass, or lowpass filters may be employed to spectrally narrow and control a spectral power distribution of an optical output from the oscillator. Preferably, the filter has spectral transmission with a band edge that overlaps the spectral power distribution of the output pulses from the oscillator. The bandpass filter thereby attenuates a portion of the spectral power distribution and reduces the spectral bandwidth. The pulse width of the optical pulses coupled from the oscillator to the fiber amplifier are thereby reduced. Preferably, the resultant spectral bandwidth is between about 5 and 12 nm and preferably less than about 10 nm but may be outside this range.
The spectral filter may comprise, for example, a fiber or other waveguide devices such as a planar waveguide element or may comprise bulk optics. Examples of spectral filters include gratings, etalons, thin film coatings, etc. Preferably, the filter comprises micro-optics. In various preferred embodiments, the filter comprises a fiber elements such as a fiber Bragg grating that can be readily physically connected to a fiber based system in a compact robust manner. Other types of filters and configurations for providing spectral filtering may also be employed.
FIGS. 7A-C illustrate the use of a bandpass filter as a spectrum selector/pre-compressor for the exemplary designs similar to that of FIGS. 4A-C.
The position of the spectral filter is not limited to the locations shown herein. Preferably, however, the spectral filter is disposed in an optical path between the oscillator and the amplifier.
As an alternative to a free space bandpass filter, a fiber band pass filter such as a long-period fiber grating can be used to select a part of the oscillator output signal in both wavelength domain and time domain. A long-period fiber grating (LPG) couples the light from a fundamental guided mode to forward-propagating cladding modes. A pair of matched LPGs can be used. One LPG couples light from the fundamental mode to the cladding mode and one LPG couples light back from the cladding mode to the fundamental mode. The cladding can thereby be used as a bypass for the resonant light while the non-resonant light propagating in the core is substantially blocked. Alternatively, by introducing a π-phase shift in the approximate middle of a LPG during its fabrication, a bandpass filter can be made using only one LPG. The π-phase shift in the LPG reverses the coupling direction such that light coupled into the cladding mode can return into the fundamental mode. One advantage of using an LPG as a bandpass filter is that the transmission spectrum can be conveniently designed so as to be suitable for a given amplifier operation.
FIGS. 9A-C illustrate the use of a long-period fiber grating (LPG) as a spectrum selector/pre-compressor for the exemplary designs similar to that of FIGS. 4A-C.
The spectral manipulation can be achieved with a spectral filter that provides a band selectivity and/or a spectral shape modification. The band selectivity can provide a proper selection of the seed spectrum (e.g. position and bandwidth). The position may range from about 1045 to 1055 nm and the bandwidth may range from about 5 to 12 nm in certain embodiments although these ranges should not be construed as limiting as other embodiments are possible. The selected band may be matched with the gain shaping and nonlinear phase distortion in the amplifier for an improved pulse compressibility. The proper spectral shape, such as Gaussian or flat-top or other profile, can also be tailored with a spectral shaping filter. This concept can be further extended to an actively or passively controlled “pedestal flattening filter”.
In one embodiment of the laser system, monitoring the performance such as output power at some point(s) of the system and providing feedback to the diode pump drivers for active control can achieve a stable operation.
As shown in
The exemplary laser system 550 is shown to further comprise a second monitor component 574 that monitors a performance parameter of the system after the amplifier 560. The monitor 574 may similarly comprise a sensor and controller. The monitor 574 can then issue adjustment commands to a second driver 576 that implements those adjustment commands at the amplifier 560.
The monitoring of the system performed by the exemplary monitors 570 and/or 574 may comprise for example an optical detector and electronics that monitors optical intensity or power or other relevant parameter such as, e.g., frequency and spectrum. In response to such measurement, the monitor and the driver may induce changes in the oscillator and/or the amplifier by for example adjusting the pump intensity and/or rate, or adjusting the operating temperature. Exemplary embodiments that include temperature control of the oscillator are described more fully below. Temperature control of the oscillator can stabilize the gain dynamics as well as frequency fluctuations. Temperature control of the amplifier can also be used to stabilize the gain dynamics.
Other configurations for providing feedback to control the operation of the laser system may also be employed. For example, more or less feedback loops may be included. The loops may involve electronics that perform operations such as calculations to determine suitable adjustments to be introduced. The feedback may be obtained from other locations in the system and may be used to adjust other components as well. The embodiments described in connection with
In the description of various exemplary designs presented in reference to
In one embodiment, an isolator depicted, for example, in
The modular design concept can also be further extended to the elements within the oscillator, amplifier, and other components comprising the laser system. FIGS. 11A-C illustrate exemplary embodiments that can be designed and packaged with the advantageous modular approach of the present teachings.
In various preferred embodiments, the light in the laser is linearly polarized. The degree of the linear polarization may be expressed by the polarization extinction ratio (PER), which corresponds to a measure of the maximum intensity ratio between two orthogonal polarization component. In certain embodiments, the polarization state of the source light may be maintained by using polarization-maintaining single-mode fiber. For example, the pigtail of the individual modular device may be fabricated with a polarization-maintaining fiber pigtail. In such cases, the PER of each modular stage may be higher than about 23 dB. Ensuring a high polarization extinction ratio throughout a series of modules challenges despite the use of single mode polarization maintaining fiber. Degradation of the PER can occur at fiber ferrule, fiber holder, or fusion splice in the series of modules.
Levels of PER above 23 dB may be obtained using linear-polarizing optical components in the modules, such as shown in
Use of linear-polarizing components in the modules that contain polarization degrading elements such as fiber ferrule, fiber holder, or fusion splice is advantageous. The linear polarizers counter the superposition of the phase shift from each polarization degrading element. A superposed phase shift of 10 degrees may reduce the PER to about 15 dB in which case intensity fluctuation through a linear polarizer might be more than about 4%. In contrast, by embedding linear polarizers throughout the series of modules, the PER of the aggregate system can be substantially controlled such that the intensity fluctuation is below about 1%, provided that the PER of the individual module and splice is above about 20 dB.
Preferably, the optical elements such as the first lenses 718, the rotatable waveplate 720, the MacNeille polarizer 722, and the saturable absorber 724 comprise micro-optics or are sufficiently small to provide for a compact module. The elements in the housing 712 are also preferably securely fastened to a base of the housing such as by laser welding. The housing 712 may be sealed and thermally insulated as well. In various preferred embodiments, these modules conform to Telcordia standards and specifications.
The waveplate 740 can be rotated to vary the distribution of light into orthogonal polarizations. The polarization beamsplitter 742 can be used to direct a portion of the light out of the optical path between the first and second fiber connectors 734, 744, depending on the state of the waveplate 740. Accordingly, a user, by rotating the waveplate 740 and altering the polarization of light can control the amount of light coupled between the first and second optical fiber connectors 734, 744 and thereby adjust the level of attenuation.
Preferably, the optical elements such as the first and second lenses 738, 748, the rotatable waveplate 740 and the MacNeille polarizer 742 comprise micro-optics or are sufficiently small to provide for a compact module. The elements in the housing 732 may be laser welded or otherwise securely fastened to a base of the housing. The housing 732 may be sealed and thermally insulated as well. In various preferred embodiments, these modules conform to Telcordia standards and specifications.
This module 760 may further comprise a waveplate and a polarization selective optical element to assist in maintaining polarization as described in connection with the saturable absorber module 710 shown in
Preferably, the optical elements such as the first and second lenses 768, 778, the isolator 770 and the prism 772 comprise micro-optics or are sufficiently small to provide for a compact module. The elements in the housing 762 may be laser welded or otherwise securely fastened to a base of the housing. The housing 762 may be sealed and thermally insulated as well. In various preferred embodiments, these modules conform to Telcordia standards and specifications.
Other designs may be employed that differ from the design configurations depicted in connection with the modules 710, 730, 760 shown in
The saturable absorber module 602 and/or the cavity fiber assembly module 604 may be coupled to respective temperature control components 606 and 608. In one embodiment, the temperature control components 606 and 608 comprise Peltier elements that provide a temperature control over a relatively large range of temperatures. The temperature controllers can be used, for example, to adjust the temperature of the gain fiber in the oscillator to stabilize gain and reduce noise.
Optical fibers are also compact and lightweight in comparison, for example, to lens systems, although lenses and other bulk optics may be used, for example, in different modules. Components coupled in the foregoing manner can be arranged in a variety of ways. Because the optical interconnection between modular components is provided by a fiber, the modules may not need to be aligned optically and the modules can be arranged and packaged in a flexible manner.
As described above, the modules may comprise one or more optical elements supported within a housing. These optical elements may be bulk optics such as lens and mirrors or other physical optics or may comprise waveguide structures such as planar waveguides. In some embodiments, fiber optic components may be included in such housings although optical fibers may be connected to the fiber pigtails extending from the housings and may not have individual housings. For example, one laser system may comprise a saturable absorber in a housing having an optical pigtail extending therefrom (such as in
The modular approach described above offers many advantages. The fiber-based modular approach aids in designing, addressing limitations, and providing practical solutions for applications in medicine, industry, and other environments. In many cases, design of reliable and complex optical and laser systems is generally a difficult task involving expenditure of excessive resources and extensive amounts of time. Using modular opto-mechanical elements, an ultrashort pulse laser can be more efficiently designed for particular applications. Advantageously, the design of the system may be first simplified, which can be accomplished by dividing the system into several functional groups. The functionalities can be achieved with different modules which can be separately designed and tested. Design assessment of reliability can be achieved at much lower cost involving less time and less resources. Engineering of separate modules for product development is more manageable.
The modular approach can also significantly simplify the assembly process and improve the manufacturability of the laser systems. The laser systems can be assembled with simple fusion splices without free-space alignment. Such process can decrease labor costs and increase the operation stability, reliability, and repeatability. Repair, replacement, and upgrading may also be facilitated by the modular approach as the modules may be replaceable and/or interchangeable.
In various preferred embodiments, the optics within the modules comprise micro-optics elements although other types of optics are possible. Use of micro-optics and fiber optics provides compactness. Preferably, the optics are secured to the housing and the housing provides sufficient protection such that the laser systems are rugged and robust. In various embodiments, the housings may comprise thermal insulation and/or may be hermetically sealed to reduce build-up of condensation, moisture, dust, dirt, or other contamination that may interfere with the operation or reliability of the optical elements.
The modular design disclosed herein provides other advantages in the design and performance of high power short pulse laser systems. Reduced form factor and mass of the components may enable a high-degree of optical stability. Environmental stability of the system can be improved also by controlling the temperature of the devices. In some embodiments, the laser system can be packaged to meet the telecommunication standards in performance and quality. In some embodiments, for example, the laser system or portions thereof can be packaged in compliance with a Telcordia reliability assurance requirements such as GR-1221-CORE and GR-468-CORE.
The recent unprecedented growth of the telecom industry has resulted in the development of a mature fiber technology and reliable and cost-effective components. However, due to the nature of telecommunication requirements, the commercial fiber components are mostly limited by low power handling capability and continuous-wave (CW) operation. High average power (>200 mW) and ultrafast pulse operation involved specially designed components. Preferably, however, an ultrashort fiber laser and amplifier system may be provided that is in compliance of the applicable Telcordia reliability assurance requirements, for example, GR-468-CORE and GR-1221-CORE.
Environmentally stable laser design is highly desirable for industrial application. A preferred industrial laser system can, for example, be characterized by an output power variation below 0.5 dB over an environmental temperature range from 0 to 50 degree Celsius and by compliance of vibration, thermal shock, high temperature storage and thermal cycling test criteria in Telcordia GR-468-CORE and GR-1221-CORE. This target can be achieved by functional segmentation of components and using appropriate packaging in the modules such as for example Telcordia-qualified packaging technology. Accordingly, preferably, the modules are designed and manufactured to comply with telecom standards and quality.
As described above, various embodiments comprise a high power ultrashort pulses laser system having an output power over about 200 mW and a pulse width less than about 200 femtoseconds. Certain embodiments may employ a short length of gain fiber to enhance the gain stability of the oscillator against environmental temperature variation. In some embodiments, the cavity dispersion may be managed by adding undoped polarization maintaining fiber, which may be provided by a fiber pigtail integrated with the saturable absorber module. As discussed above, the saturable absorber and the optics associated with the saturable absorber may be packaged with telecommunication packaging technology to form a modular toolkit in the oscillator system. In some designs, the module can be integrated with a temperature controller.
In certain preferred embodiments, the light from the oscillator may be amplified. Also, the quality of the amplified pulse, such as minimum pedestal and compressibility, may be controlled by manipulating the spectral detail of the seed pulse out of oscillator. Such manipulation may be accomplished by using a spectral filter although other designs are possible. Depending on the detail of the chirp of the pulse and nonlinear phase distortion in the amplifier, in some embodiments, a grating pair having a properly selected center wavelength and bandwidth may provide suitable balance for the chirp such that the pulse can be compressed with a sufficiently high pulse quality. Furthermore, the spectral property of the filter can be further tailored for pedestal flattening in some embodiments. A specific pedestal flattening filter, for example, can be used. In certain embodiments, a parabolic amplifier may be used to amplify the seed pulse. In case of seed spectral bandwidth larger than 10 nm, a filter-type element may be inserted in front of amplifier to shorten the seed pulse width to improve or optimize the amplification and compressibility of the amplified pulse.
Other embodiments having different designs and configurations are possible and should not be limited to those described above. For example, although the various systems disclosed herein can operate in the wavelength of around 1050 nm, the concepts of the present teachings can also be applied to laser systems operating at other wavelengths.
Moreover, the above description of the preferred embodiments has been given by way of example. From the disclosure given, those skilled in the art will not only understand the present invention and its attendant advantages, but will also find apparent various changes and modifications to the structures and methods disclosed. It is sought, therefore, to cover all such changes and modifications as fall within the spirit and scope of the invention, as defined by the appended claims, and equivalents thereof.
