Patent Grant
7282862
The invention relates to a high-pressure discharge lamp with a discharge vessel having a filling comprising a rare gas, for example argon, mercury, and chlorine.
Mercury high-pressure lamps are used in a large number of lighting applications such as, for example, street lighting on account of their high luminous efficacy. Although the mercury atom is a line radiator with a bad color rendering, it is possible to increase the continuum component of the emitted radiation significantly through an increase in the mercury pressure in lamps of very high pressure or the addition of molecular radiators such as, for example, metal halides. Such lamps then have good color rendering properties in combination with a high luminous efficacy and are also suitable, for example, for applications such as the illumination of shop displays or studio lighting installations.
GB 12 53 948 B discloses, for example, a mercury high-pressure lamp with electrodes, whose filling of mercury and a rare gas for starting is supplemented with aluminum trichloride AlCl3 for improving the color rendering. This lamp has a high continuum component in its emitted radiation and has a good color rendering. The chemical aggressiveness of the AlCl3, however, renders it impossible to use pure quartz glass SiO2 for the lamp bulbs, and the tungsten electrodes are also attacked. GB 12 53 948 B accordingly proposes to manufacture the lamp bulb from densely sintered polycrystalline aluminum oxide Al2O3, also known as DGA or PCA, or to coat a quartz glass bulb at least with an inner protective layer of PCA. It proposes in addition to limit the tungsten transport, and thus the attack on the tungsten electrodes, through the addition of excess metal, in particular aluminum in excess quantity, while preferably in addition some metal iodide, in particular AlI3, may be added.
To explain the effect of these filling additives, GB 12 53 948 B presents a few possible chemical equilibrium reactions, clarifies the significance of oxygen pollution inside the lamp, and supplies some relevant material data. Furthermore, a few embodiments of relevant lamps are disclosed. As far as these aspects are concerned, the contents of the cited publication are deemed to be included in the present application by reference.
GB 12 53 948 B does provide a lamp of high luminous efficacy and good color rendering, but the problems of attacks on the bulb wall and the electrodes remain, necessitating the use of a chlorine-resistant inner wall and limiting lamp life owing to the tungsten transports that still take place.
It is accordingly an object of the present invention to provide a high-pressure discharge lamp which avoids these problems to a high degree in combination with a high luminous efficacy and good color rendering, thus achieving a long lamp life.
This object is achieved by means of a high-pressure discharge lamp with a discharge vessel having a filling comprising
The invention is based on the one hand on the recognition that the condition [Hg].[Cl]≧200 (μmole/cm3)2 leads to sufficient HgCl vapor pressures in the discharge for generating significant radiation components of the B2Σ+-X2Σ+ band system of this molecule. A high continuum component of the generated radiation, and accordingly the desired good color rendering, is achieved thereby in combination with a high luminous efficacy. On the other hand, the condition [Cl]≦10 μmole/cm3 serves to limit the chemical aggressiveness of the chlorine filling, in particular for limiting the attacks on the wall and electrodes, and thus to achieve long lamp lives. Although high-pressure lamps with fillings comprising inter alia mercury and chlorine are indeed known from the prior art, for example from GB 12 53 948 B, the recognition of the invention is that a prominent component of the HgCl radiation is to be provided while at the same time the aggressiveness of the chlorine filling is to be limited.
The filling quantities indicated in the present application should always be understood to be the total filling quantities relating to the atoms. Molecules should accordingly be stoichiometrically converted; 1 mole Hg2, for example, thus represents a filling quantity of [Hg]=2 mole, and 1 mole Hg2 and 1 mole HgCl correspond to the quantities of [Hg]=3 mole and [Cl]=1 mole.
It will be clear to those skilled in the art, moreover, that such filling quantity relations serve to adjust the vapor pressure ratios in the lamp, i.e. the gas phase composition, and the material transports within the desired limits. Thus the condition [Hg].[Cl]≧200 (μmole/cm3)2, for example, has the result that a mercury chloride vapor pressure of approximately PHgCl≦2 mbar is present in the radiant region of the discharge at 4000 K in a thermodynamic equilibrium condition.
This gas phase composition will obviously only adjust itself if no further substances are present in the filling which could shift the composition properties. Thus, for example, there is a series of metals, such as, for example, barium, magnesium, sodium, and silver, which also form comparatively stable chlorides, i.e. for example BaCl2, MgCl2, NaCl, and HgCl, at elevated temperatures. For BaCl2 at 1200 K, for example, the vapor pressures are only pBa=0.0016 mbar and pCl+pCl2=0.0032 mbar, so that the contribution of this compound to the typical chlorine summed vapor pressures of, for example, 0.35 bar in the lamps according to the invention would be practically negligible, i.e. these substances operate as it were as chlorine getters. Although the presence of certain quantities of such substances in the filling, for example as impurities, are accordingly quite acceptable, because the compounds formed are deposited in non-critical locations of the lamp, for example as solid substances, they do obviously influence the required filling quantities of the active substances, i.e. for example of Hg and Cl.
The quantitative data mentioned in the present application for the filling quantities accordingly relate to the case of comparatively clean lamps that can typically only be prepared under laboratory conditions and that essentially contain only the active substances mentioned above, i.e. except for impurities that are difficult to avoid such as, for example, certain traces of oxygen. The quantitative data should accordingly be adapted under manufacturing conditions and/or when further filling ingredients are purposely added. Those skilled in the art may have recourse to the knowledge present in the prior art on the thermodynamic equilibrium in lamp chemistry for the purpose of such an adaptation. On the other hand, direct comparisons obtained from measurements, for example of the emitted light spectrum and the lamp life properties, may be made, for example with clean lamps manufactured in the laboratory so as to ascertain the operation according to the invention of a manufactured lamp.
The further addition of a metal, preferably one that forms more stable chloride compounds than mercury, and in particular one from the group of aluminum, arsenic, bismuth, cobalt, gallium, germanium, indium, lead, tin, thallium, and vanadium, and in particular the addition of germanium, renders it possible to improve the properties of a lamp according to the invention still further. These metals may be added both in pure form and in the form of mixed alloys or in the form of suitable compounds which release the metals during lamp operation without otherwise interfering with lamp operation. Such a metal then acts as a chlorine binder, i.e. it binds chlorine in colder regions of the lamp during lamp operation, which provides several positive effects.
On the one hand, the chemical aggressiveness of the chlorine, i.e. the attacks on the wall and the electrodes, are further reduced thereby. On the other hand, the HgCl content in the gas phase is reduced thereby in the colder lamp regions, because the metals compete with the mercury as a chlorine binder. A lower HgCl concentration in the outer, cooler lamp regions, however, reduces the self-absorption of the HgCl radiation generated in the hot lamp regions, i.e. increases the total of HgCl radiation emitted by the lamp. Furthermore, it should be heeded with the use of tungsten electrodes that WCl2 may precipitate in solid form in the coldest spot of the lamp, i.e. that tungsten acts as it were as a chlorine getter in the course of lamp life, so that gradually less and less chlorine is available for forming HgCl, i.e. is removed from the radiation-generating process. Since the addition of the above metals reduces the tungsten transport to the wall and thus also to the coldest spot, as was noted above, and since the metals compete with the tungsten for binding chlorine, but the metal chlorides are gaseous, the formation of the solid WCl2 is reduced thereby, so that the chlorine is at least less strongly removed from the processes that are important for radiation generation.
The favorable effects of the chlorine-binding metals mentioned above manifest themselves particularly if the filling contains these metals in a stoichiometrical excess quantity in relation to chlorine, so that the chlorine can be bound in a sufficient quantity. To obtain a stoichiometrical excess quantity, the sum [M] of the filling quantities of the chlorine-binding metals must comply with: [M]/[Cl]≧1/WM, where WM denotes the average valency of the chlorine-binding metals. The sum [M] of the filling quantities of the chlorine-binding metals is to be understood to be the summed filling quantities of all these metals relating to the atoms, as was explained above. For example, 1 mole Al+2 mole GeCl2 corresponds to a summed filling quantity of [M]=3 mole chlorine-binding metals. The average valency WM of the chlorine-binding metals may be calculated as the arithmetic mean of the valencies of the individual metals in the mixture, weighted by their mixing ratios. In the above example of 1 mole Al+2 mole GeCl2, the trivalent Al in AlCl3 and the bivalent Ge in GeCl2 in combination with the ratio Al:Ge=1:2 lead to an average valency of WM=(1·3+2·2)/3=7/3. For the sake of simplicity, only the bivalent variant of Ge in GeCl2 that is predominant in lamp operation has been taken into account in this equation. The other valencies of Ge in the further germanium chloride variants GeCl, GeCl3, and GeCl4 as well as the mixing ratios of these variants in the thermodynamic equilibrium in the temperature ranges relevant for the lamp should also be taken into account for a more exact calculation, in which case in particular the monovalent Ge in GeCl is of importance as the next most frequent variant after GeCl2 in the lamp.
Operating pressures above 400 bar are difficult to control technologically as regards the resistance to pressure of the lamp bulb and possibly of the electrode lead-throughs under operating conditions of, for example, a temperature of the coldest spot of 1250 K, for example because of the risk of explosion of the lamp vessel. The filling quantity [Hg] of mercury should preferably be limited to [Hg]≦2000 μmole/cm3. Since the product of the Hg and Cl filling quantities should be at least 200 (μmole/cm3)2 because of the required HgCl vapor pressure, as explained above, the maximum quantity of [Hg]≦2000 μmole/cm3 leads to a corresponding condition for the minimum filling quantity of Cl of [Cl]≧0.1 μmole/cm3. The maximum quantity of Cl, [Cl]≦10 μmole/cm3, required because of the limitation of the Cl aggressiveness, and the condition for the product of the Hg and Cl filling quantities also lead to a condition for the minimum quantity of Hg, i.e. [Hg]≧20 μmole/cm3.
The discharge vessel may also be manufactured from quartz glass because of the limitation of the aggressiveness of the chlorine filling according to the invention. Obviously, however, oxidic ceramic substances, and in particular the densely sintered polycrystalline aluminum oxide (DGA or PCA) may also be used. Similarly, the limited aggressiveness means that metal electrodes, in particular tungsten electrodes may be used for coupling the energy into the lamp vessel. In a further embodiment, the electrodes may be manufactured from several metals, in particular from tungsten and rhenium. Furthermore, coated electrodes may also be used, in particular those formed by a tungsten core and a coating that consists of rhenium for at least 90% by weight. Reference is made to EP 0 909 457 A1, U.S. Pat. No. 6,169,365 B1, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,060,829 A in respect of such composite or coated electrodes, which documents are deemed to be included in the present application by reference as far as these subjects are concerned. Alternatively, the energy may be coupled into the lamp without electrodes, for example by means of an electromagnetic alternating field in the high-frequency or microwave range, in particular in a range of 0.5 to 500 MHz or 500 MHz to 50 GHz. Although the problems caused by the presence of electrodes are avoided thereby and a wider freedom of design is obtained for the lamp, other problems arise such as, for example, a higher cost and limited efficiencies of the generator for the electromagnetic alternating field.
The invention, however, also relates to a lighting unit which is provided with a high-pressure discharge lamp according to the invention. This lighting unit may comprise in particular also the electrical driver circuit for providing the lamp with energy in the case of an electrodeless energy supply by means of an electromagnetic alternating field, i.e. for example also a generator for generating this alternating field.
These and further aspects and advantages of the invention will be explained in more detail below with reference to the embodiments and in particular with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Besides the germanium, there is a series of further substances which form chlorides in the colder lamp regions which are more stable than the HgCl, which has a dissociation energy of 101 Kj/mole. Relevant metal chlorides have been listed in the following Table together with their dissociation energy values:
Such curves are generally used for making certain predictions on the tungsten transport occurring in the lamp. It is assumed therein that the tungsten is transported from regions of high tungsten summed pressure to regions of low tungsten summed pressure. In curve 5, for example, tungsten would be transported from regions around 2200 K to regions of lower and higher temperature. It is furthermore assumed that tungsten summed pressures above a few mbar typically lead to too high tungsten transport rates, which limit lamp life to a few seconds, which is unacceptable for many applications. Thus, for example, the tungsten of curve 5 would be transported from the electrode region, which has a temperature of approximately 2200 K, to the colder (and also to the hotter) spots on the electrode and the lamp wall. This location present in the central region of the electrode would accordingly become progressively thinner, and the electrode would finally be severed in this location owing to this so-termed “beaver gnawing” effect.
A comparison of curves 6 and 5 leads to the recognition that the addition of Ge is already a very effective means for substantially reducing the tungsten summed pressure, in this example to below approximately 3 mbar, which leads already to lamp lives which are acceptable for a few applications. The tungsten summed pressure, however, can be further reduced by means of a reduction in the chlorine filling quantity, in which case the Hg filling quantity is to be correspondingly increased because of the condition for the product of the Hg and Cl filling quantities of [Hg].[Cl]≧200 (μmole/cm3)2. Thus curve 7 shows tungsten summed pressures below 0.4 mbar, and curve 8 below approximately 0.2 mbar, which lead to correspondingly longer lamp lives.
The smaller chlorine filling quantities in curves 7 and 8 render it possible also to reduce the germanium addition to these fillings.
The getter effect of the tungsten with respect to chlorine in the colder lamp regions should be pointed out again here. The reduction in the tungsten transport rates caused by the reduction in the chlorine filling quantity and/or the addition of metals such as germanium distinctly slows down the accumulation of tungsten in the colder lamp regions. This then slows down the formation of WCl2 and its precipitation in the solid state in a corresponding manner, and thus the negative effect of the chlorine removal on the radiation generation. This improves the radiant maintenance of the lamp considerably during lamp life, i.e. the decrease in the generated radiant power over lamp life is considerably reduced.
The data of the embodiments to which
Except for
The fillings of the lamps with the spectrums of
Instead of or in addition to germanium as the chlorine binder, alternative metals of a similar chemical action may be used as chlorine binders. The metals mentioned above are preferably used here, which form more stable chloride compounds than mercury, in particular besides germanium, also aluminum, arsenic, bismuth, cobalt, gallium, indium, lead, tin, thallium, and vanadium. The following Table relating to the embodiments of
Although no such lamp with such a filling and a long lamp life has indeed been experimentally demonstrated until now, the comparisons of the embodiments of
This electrodeless lamp shows a high luminous efficacy of 150 lm/W. An evaluation of the system efficacy, however, should take into account the low efficiency of the microwave generation in comparison with ballast circuits for lamps provided with electrodes. The high price of the microwave resonator also has a negative effect on the lamp cost. Life tests have not yet been carried out with this lamp, the short-time burning periods were only a few hours. A chlorine attack of the bulb wall is nevertheless expected at high chlorine quantities, although the electrode problems are absent, in the case of correspondingly longer burning times, as was already noted in GB 12 53 948 B. A clear prolongation of lamp life is accordingly also assumed for such lamps as a result of the reduction in chlorine quantity according to the invention.
An illustrative embodiment of a discharge lamp 100 is shown in
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 102 54 969 | Nov 2002 | DE | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/IB03/05300 | 11/21/2003 | WO | 00 | 5/23/2005 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2004/049386 | 6/10/2004 | WO | A |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3586898 | Speros et al. | Jun 1971 | A |
| 4171498 | Fromm et al. | Oct 1979 | A |
| 4319157 | de Vrijer | Mar 1982 | A |
| 4801846 | Kramer et al. | Jan 1989 | A |
| 6060829 | Kubon et al. | May 2000 | A |
| 6169365 | Kubon et al. | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6211616 | Takeuti et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 3242752 | Sep 1983 | DE |
| 0344732 | Jun 1989 | EP |
| 0909457 | Aug 1998 | EP |
| 0917180 | May 1999 | EP |
| 1039649 | Aug 1966 | GB |
| 1253948 | Nov 1971 | GB |
| 1283152 | Jul 1972 | GB |
| WO9837570 | Aug 1998 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20060091812 A1 | May 2006 | US |
