Patent Application
20180249753
The invention relates to compositions comprising protein beverages and methods for formulating such beverages. More specifically, the invention relates to beverages comprising whey protein and methods for formulating them.
Protein is a necessary part of the diet. Proteins are useful for building muscle, for forming hormones and enzymes, and for providing scaffolding within and between cells. They also provide an energy source, as well as the amino acids useful for general cell growth and repair. Some individuals have a greater need for protein in their diets, such as individuals who are at risk of losing muscle mass through strenuous activities, weight loss, or injury (such as burns, for example), children who need protein to aid in growth, and elderly individuals who may lose muscle mass during the aging process.
Certain sources provide higher quality proteins, particularly in terms of their quantity of the essential amino acids (isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine, histidine, tyrosine). Of the essential amino acids, the branched-chain amino acids (isoleucine, leucine, valine) have been shown to be especially important for purposes as diverse as increasing muscle mass, improving glucose control, and improving cognitive function.
Because beverages may provide a variety of nutrients in an easy-to-administer form, efforts have been made to add protein of various kinds to beverages to increase their nutritional value. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,843,802 (Puski, Oct. 22, 1974) describes a process for treating soybean protein, sodium caseinate, wheat gluten, fish protein concentrate, or microbial protein to produce an acid-soluble product for incorporation into beverages such as carbonated and non-carbonated soft drinks. Magnino et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 3,645,745, Feb. 29, 1972) describe a method for preparing oleaginous seed protein for incorporation into liquid formulations by altering the physical structure of the protein molecules by subjecting them to strongly acidic or basic conditions. Pour-el and Swenson (U.S. Pat. No. 3,713,843, Jan. 30, 1973) describe methods for digesting dispersed insoluble plant proteins with acid active enzymes under quiescent acidic conditions to completely dissolve the insoluble colloidal protein, producing a freeze-dried soluble proteinaceous powder for incorporation into carbonated or non-carbonated acidic beverages.
Whey protein is an ideal protein for incorporation into foods and beverages because of its many beneficial components and effects. For example, whey protein contains all the essential amino acids, and is an excellent source of branched-chain amino acids, especially leucine. Dietary intake of whey protein has been shown to increase levels of glutathione, improve bone health, improve cognitive performance, and have other beneficial effects in areas such as prevention/therapy of cancer, prevention of heart disease, and prevention/therapy of virus-induced illnesses.
According to the U.S. Dairy Export Council, “[t]he application of whey proteins to dry mix beverage formulations is common, but the creation of ready-to-drink beverages requires far more technology” (Rittmanic, S., “U.S. Whey Proteins in Ready-to-Drink Beverages,” U.S. Dairy Export Council Applications Monograph, USDEC, Arlington, Virginia, 2006, p. 1). One problem, for example, is that whey proteins may be soluble over a wide pH range, but they also gel quite easily, depending upon the temperature and concentration of the product. Solubility of whey proteins is especially low at about pH 4.5-5.5, which is the isoelectric point for the proteins. Therefore, in acidic beverages, precipitation may occur during mixing as the pH transitions from pH 6 or 7 (the usual pH of whey proteins) through the isoelectric point to the lower pH of an acidic environment. High temperature treatment of protein drinks for pasteurization may also negatively affect whey protein solubility and cause gelation issues.
Methods for providing whey proteins as liquid formulations often include the use of stabilizing agents, which stabilize proteins as a suspension in an aqueous acidic environment. Pectin has been used to stabilize proteins in suspension, as has collagen. Ingredient panels for many compositions indicate that they have high levels of protein and that they incorporate whey proteins and/or whey protein isolate, but most actually contain significant levels of protein in the form of stabilizers, such as collagen, pectin and/or albumin. Table 1 lists the protein content of several commercially-available protein drinks and the source of that protein.
Given the benefits provided by whey protein, however, it would be beneficial to be able to provide a liquid product comprising whey protein at levels higher than the current “high” levels of less than about 7 percent.
The invention relates to compositions comprising at least about 7.5% whey protein in aqueous solution. Various aspects of the invention also relate to compositions comprising at least about 10% whey protein in an aqueous solution. At least about 0.1 percent of the whey protein in such compositions may be intact protein.
The invention also relates, in various aspects, to a method for increasing the amount of protein that may be incorporated into an aqueous solution, the method comprising admixing intact protein with an amount of peptides effective to increase the total amount of protein incorporation in the aqueous solution. In various aspects of the method, the admixing of intact protein with peptides may be effective to increase the amount of protein in the solution to at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, etc. This method may be effective for producing high-protein aqueous solutions at various pH levels, including neutral pH.
The invention also relates to a method for formulating compositions comprising at least about 7.5% whey protein in aqueous solution, the method comprising the steps of combining intact whey protein with peptides to form a whey protein/peptides combination, admixing the protein/peptides combination and water to form a protein/peptides/water mixture, and adding to the mixture an effective amount of acid to increase the solubility of the protein/peptides in the water to produce an aqueous solution of protein/peptides. In various aspects, the aqueous solution may be from pH 2.0 to pH 4.0 and may comprise one or more acids chosen from the group consisting of phosphoric acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, hydrochloric acid, ascorbic acid, malic acid, acetic acid, benzoic acid, fumaric acid, succinic acid, sulfuric acid, gluconic acid, carbonic acid, and combinations thereof.
The inventors have discovered a method for increasing the amount of whey protein that may be solubilized in an aqueous solution, and have produced high-protein liquid beverages and gel compositions using the method. The invention relates, in various aspects, to a method for increasing the amount of protein that may be incorporated into an aqueous solution, the method comprising admixing intact protein with an amount of peptides effective to increase the total amount of protein incorporation in the aqueous solution. In various aspects of the method, the admixing of intact protein with peptides may be effective to increase the amount of whey protein in a solution to at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, etc. It is well within the level of skill in the art to determine the amount of peptides effective to increase the total amount of protein incorporation, given the information provided by the inventors in the present disclosure.
Alternately, the method may comprising admixing intact whey protein with peptides to produce a protein/peptide mix, admixing the protein/peptide mix with water to provide a protein/peptide/water mixture, and adding to the mixture an amount of acid effective to solubilize the protein/peptide mix in the water to form an aqueous protein/peptide solution. The inventors have also developed compositions prepared by the method, such compositions comprising at least about 7.5 percent whey protein in an acidic or neutral aqueous solution, the whey protein/peptide mix comprising from about 0 to about 36 percent intact whey protein. The inventors have demonstrated, by producing compositions using the method of their invention, that protein beverages may be manufactured to contain at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, etc., protein in the form of peptides or an intact protein/peptide mix. “Aqueous,” as used herein, may include, but not be limited to, liquids and gels. In this disclosure, “whey protein” is used to describe a composition that comprises intact protein, segments of intact protein (i.e., peptides), or a combination of both.
Proteins are generally less soluble at their isoelectric points. Whey proteins comprise a variety of proteins, some having isoelectric points near the pH range that may be desirable for liquid drink formulations. At the isoelectric point, lack of a net charge promotes interactions between protein molecules, rather than between protein and water molecules, increasing the occurrence of protein aggregation and precipitation. It has therefore previously been difficult to incorporate significant amounts of whey protein into liquid formulations, particularly liquid drink formulations, and levels of about 7% whey protein have been considered “high.” Very often, compositions that appear to provide more whey protein actually provide a significant amount of protein—but that protein is a mix that contains only a fraction of the protein from whey. The present invention provides compositions in which essentially 100 percent of the protein in the composition may comprise whey protein, although compositions which contain insignificant amounts of other types of proteins are contemplated within the scope of the invention. Whey protein is defined as intact protein derived from whey (including, for example, biologically active proteins such as lactoferrin) and peptides derived from such intact whey proteins. Compositions made according to the method of the invention do not require the use of matrix proteins of lesser nutritional value, such as collagen. Whey protein may be derived from milk proteins and may be provided as whey protein isolate, whey protein concentrate, hydrolyzed whey protein, or other sources and/or products known to those of skill in the art. Peptides derived from intact whey proteins may be derived by a variety of methods known to those of skill in the art, such as hydrolysis of whey proteins. Whey protein hydrolysates may be produced by methods known to those of skill in the art, such methods including, for example, the enzymatic or acid hydrolysis of whey proteins.
Because various methods for hydrolyzing whey proteins may produce products in which some residual intact protein remains, as well as some free amino acids. “Whey peptides” may therefore contain a combination of intact protein and fragments of intact protein (i.e., peptides), as well as limited amounts of free amino acids, the composition of the whey peptide composition depending on the process used to make it and the degree of hydrolysis achieved. Whey peptides, as used herein, may therefore include compositions comprising mixtures of proteins and peptides, as well as compositions in which all the detectable protein content is present in the form of protein fragments, or peptides. It should be noted, however, that as the overall percentage of protein in a beverage composition increases, the percentage of protein that may be incorporated into the composition as intact protein decreases (see
As used herein, the percentage of protein is defined as the number of grams of protein per 100 ml of aqueous solution, expressed as a percentage. To those of skill in the art, “intact protein” is usually understood to mean protein that is non-hydrolyzed. “Peptides” are defined herein as fragments of intact proteins having amino acid sequences comprising less than the entire amino acid sequence of an intact protein. Synthesized peptides may be used, but peptides produced by hydrolyzing protein are generally a more cost-effective option. Peptides from whey protein are preferred for the compositions and methods of the invention, because whey protein is a better source of desirable amino acids and is a readily digested protein providing the highest levels of branched chain amino acids of any known protein source. “Peptide,” as used herein, is generally used to denote a mixture of multiple peptides. Therefore, “peptide” and “peptides” may be used interchangeably.
Where a composition or method “comprises” or is considered to be “comprising” certain steps or elements of a composition, it is to be understood that that such a composition or method may also “consist of” or “consist essentially of” those elements or steps.
Acids are often added to beverages in order to impart flavors to those beverages. For example, phosphoric acid is a staple in many cola drinks. Citric acid is added to many beverages having a “fruity” flavor. Malic acid, found in apples, may be added when a different type of fruity flavor is desired. Scientists at Glanbia Nutritionals have also found that adding one or more food-grade acids to whey protein before the protein is dried (i.e., co-drying the protein with the acid) yields a better-tasting whey protein. Whey protein has been incorporated into drinks containing various acids, such as phosphoric acid, citric acid, and malic acid, but it has been difficult to provide high levels of whey protein, usually provided as whey protein isolate, because it is difficult to incorporate without experiencing solubility and gelation problems when added at concentrations higher than about 7%. Even at these levels, it is often necessary to incorporate stabilizers such as collagen and/or albumin, proteins generally considered to be of lesser quality than whey protein. However, the inventors have discovered that if certain acids are admixed in appropriate ratios, the acid blend can further increase the amount of protein that may be incorporated into a liquid formulation such as a protein drink. This can be done without the use of stabilizers, so that the protein incorporated into the liquid formulation is 100% protein, peptides, and/or amino acids derived from whey. Protein gelation may be increased under certain circumstances in the presence of phosphoric acid, an acid commonly used in acidic drink formulations. It is believed that the phosphate group of phosphoric acid forms bonds with certain residues of proteins (i.e., lysine, histidine, arginine) and may also, under certain conditions, form bonds with available carboxyl groups of amino acids. Without being bound by theory, the inventors believe that admixing whey peptides with intact whey proteins helps to overcome some of the interactions which cause increased protein gelation while providing the advantage of incorporating into the finished product an extra amount of bioavailable amino acids, in the form of peptides, from the same excellent protein source as that from which the intact protein was derived. Furthermore, adding the step of admixing phosphoric acid, for example, with one, or a mix of more than one, other acid(s) such as citric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, hydrochloric acid, ascorbic acid, acetic acid, benzoic acid, fumaric acid, succinic acid, sulfuric acid, gluconic acid, carbonic acid, further increases the amount of intact protein that may be incorporated into an aqueous solution.
Whereas currently marketed protein drinks are advertised as high-protein with a level of less than about 7 percent whey protein isolate (i.e., 40 grams of protein in a 591 ml bottle), the composition of the invention is preferably a beverage comprising about 100% of its protein derived from whey, provided, for example, as whey protein concentrate, whey protein isolate, etc., and whey-derived peptides (which may be synthesized, but may more economically be obtained from whey protein which has been hydrolyzed to produce whey peptides). Compositions of the invention may therefore provide, for example, from at least about 7.5 protein (as peptides and/or intact protein) in an aqueous solution, with from about 0 to about 36 percent of that protein being provided as intact protein, this range including sub-ranges thereof, such as, for example, from about 0.1 percent to about 36 percent (i.e., at least about 0.1 percent), from about 0.5 percent to about 36 percent (i.e., at least about 0.5 percent), etc.
As the total protein content increases, the percentage of intact protein that forms part of the total protein content will generally decrease. For example, in a 40% protein beverage between 0-23% of that protein may be intact protein, with the remainder being peptides; in a 30% protein beverage between 0-35% of that protein can be intact, with the remainder being peptides; in a 20% protein beverage more than 36% can be incorporated as intact protein. Furthermore, the use of the acid blend, instead of solely phosphoric acid, also allows for more intact protein to incorporated at acidic pH. Studies have demonstrated that amino acids provided in peptide form, and even more preferably in the form of intact protein, may provide a greater nutritional benefit than amino acids provided in their free form (Trocki, O. et al., “Intact Protein Versus Free Amino Acids in the Nutritional Support of Thermally Injured Animals,” Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (1986), Vol. 10, No. 2, 139-145). The present invention therefore provides compositions, and methods for producing those compositions that may therefore provide a significantly greater nutritional benefit than do formulations of free amino acids or formulations of intact protein in combination with matrix proteins of lesser nutritional value, such as collagen.
An acid blend for use in the method of the invention may be produced, for example, by heating water to 60 degrees Celsius, adding malic acid and citric acid while stirring, and allowing the mixture to remain at 60° C. until the acids are dissolved. The acid solution is then cooled to room temperature, and liquid phosphoric acid (75%) is thoroughly admixed with the malic/citric acid solution.
By way of example, to make a high-protein beverage (i.e., at least about 7.5 percent whey protein) of the invention, room temperature water is weighed into a container. Protein, provided as a combination of intact whey protein and whey-derived peptides (“whey peptides”), is added while stirring, care being taken not to produce foam during the stirring/adding. If preservatives are desired, they may be added once all protein is hydrated. Compositions of the invention may be treated with preservatives, but they may also be heat-treated. It should be noted that heat treatment may extend the shelf life of the product by reducing viscosity (see
Aspects of the invention also relate to a method for solubilizing higher quantities of protein into a liquid formulation, the method comprising admixing a whey protein/peptide mix with water to form a protein/peptide/water mixture and adding to the protein/peptide/water mixture an acid composition comprising one or more acids chosen from the group consisting of, for example, phosphoric acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, hydrochloric acid, ascorbic acid, malic acid, acetic acid, benzoic acid, fumaric acid, succinic acid, sulfuric acid, gluconic acid, carbonic acid, and combinations thereof.
Compositions of the invention may comprise carbonated drinks, fruit juice-flavored drinks, protein waters containing various flavors, and various other types of beverages. Compositions may be provided as liquid formulations containing protein or as composite parts of these formulations (i.e., protein and acid blend) so that the formulator may admix the desired amount of protein into the liquid formulation. Compositions may also comprise flavorings, vitamins, minerals, and/or other additives which may be desired by a consumer. Product viscosities and textures may also be varied by adding hydrocolloids (e.g., starches, pectins, carrageenan), and/or other thickening/texturizing ingredients. For example, the inventors have formulated a neutral pH gel using carrageenan (Lactarin MV406) as a thickening agent and adding flavors and sugar.
Compositions of the invention are suitable for use by athletes desiring high-protein beverages for consumption before, during, and after strenuous activities. Compositions of the invention may also be desirable as a part of a weight-loss regimen, providing necessary nutrients without added calories, or may be provided to those in need of added protein to combat muscle loss due to disease, injury, or aging. Compositions of the invention may also comprise medical foods into which specific ingredients are incorporated to meet the needs of a population of individuals having specific nutritional needs.
The invention may be further described by means of the following non-limiting examples.
Water (150 g) was heated to 60° C. Malic acid (175 g; Bartek Ingredients, Inc.) and 175 g citric acid (Tate & Lyle Anhydrous Citric Acid) were added to the water while stirring. Heating and stirring continued at 60° C. until acids were dissolved. The acid solution was allowed to cool to room temperature. Aqueous phosphoric acid (500 ml; Hydrite Chemical Company 75% Phosphoric Acid FCC) was then added to the malic/citric acid and thoroughly mixed.
468 g water (room temperature) was weighed into a beaker. A stir bar was placed in the beaker, placed on a stir plate (Thermo Scientific Cimarec® Stir Plate), and set to stir at low speed (e.g. setting #4). Whey-derived peptides (400 g) were added into vortex, taking care not to create foam. Once all protein was hydrated, 1 g of sodium benzoate (Genovique) and 1 g of potassium sorbate (Haarmann and Reimer Corp.) were added to the protein solution. The protein solution was titrated to pH 3.0 with 130 g of the acid blend, then packaged into bottles and stored at room temperature.
Water (728 g, room temperature) was weighed into a beaker. A dry blend was made of 128 g of whey-derived peptides and 72 g of intact protein. With slow stirring, the protein/peptide mixture was added to the water (into vortex), taking care not to create a foam while mixing. Once all protein was hydrated, 1 g of sodium benzoate and 1 g of potassium sorbate were added to the protein solution. The protein solution was titrated to pH 3.0 with 70 g acid blend formulated as described above, then the beverage was packaged into bottles and stored at room temperature.
780 g water (room temperature) was weighed into a beaker. A stir bar was placed in the beaker and set to stir at low speed. Whey-derived peptides (320 g) were added into the vortex, taking care not to create foam. Once all protein was hydrated, the beverage was processed through a Microthermics tube and shell heat exchanger (electric model 25 HV hybrid). The product was UHT processed to 290° F. and filled into aseptic bottles in a Microthermics clean fill hood.
686 g water (room temperature) was weighed into a beaker. A stir bar was placed in the beaker and see to stir at low speed. Whey-derived peptides (224 g) were added into the vortex, taking care not to create foam. 10 g of Lactarin MV406 was dry-blended with 7.5 g of Key Essentials WFF Chocolate powder and 40 g sugar. The dry blend was slowly added into the vortex. Once all ingredients were hydrated, the beverage was processed through a Microthermics tube and shell heat exchanger (electric model 25 HV hybrid). The product was UHT processed to 290° F. and filled into asptic bottles in a Microthermics clean fill hood.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61365350 | Jul 2010 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 13185474 | Jul 2011 | US |
| Child | 15973288 | US |
