High rate coding for media noise

Abstract

An apparatus has a conversion circuit, a precoder circuit, and a selection circuit. The conversion circuit converts user data b1, b2, b3 . . . bk to a coded sequence c0, c1, c2 . . . cq. The selection circuit selects c0 in the coded sequence c0, c1, c2 . . . cq such that the output of the precoder circuit has less than a maximum number q of transitions. The conversion circuit may include an encoder circuit to convert user data b1, b2, b3 . . . bk to a sequence c1, c2 . . . cq, and a transition minimization circuit to add c0 to the sequence c1, c2 . . . cq. The apparatus may have a circuit to add at least one additional bit, which may be a parity bit, to the coded sequence c0, c1, c2 . . . cq.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to apparatus and methods to encode information to reduce a probability of errors in a transmission and/or a recording (storage) of the information.

2. Description of the Related Art

In magnetic recording, various sources of noise can corrupt accurate information (for example, thermal noise, interference, and media noise arising from sources such as jitter, DC erase noise, and pulse width/height modulation): Media noise is a dominant source of noise in many current recording systems. The media noise is usually treated as highly correlated non-stationary noise added to a read-back signal. “Transition jitter” is the dominant component of media noise and affects the position of transitions.

RLL Coding schemes use (d, k) constraints, which limit a minimum and a maximum run lengths of zeros, respectively, or alternatively, the schemes control high and low frequency contents of user data. Conventional high-rate RLL (0, k) codes are highly complex for circuit implementation and relatively “blind” in terms of error detection during a demodulation process. The d, k constraints include properties of the conventional codes exploitable for error control purposes. However, this specialized type of error is only a small subset of the total number of possible errors.

A construction of an encoder, which encodes arbitrary binary sequences into sequences, is needed that obeys a specific run-length-limited (RLL) constraint. It is important that the encoder encodes data at a high rate, that the decoder does not propagate channel errors, and that a complexity of encoding and decoding be low.

White noise is added to every symbol entering a channel in a magnetic recording medium. Media Noise, like white noise, is random. Unlike the white noise, the media noise is not added to every symbol. The media noise happens only when there is a transition on the input to the channel. For example, if we input 00010110, then we have media noise when the input changes from a “0” to a “1” and from a “1” to a “0”. The denser a signal is written onto the magnetic recording medium, the more severe media noise becomes. Thus, a recording density controls a ratio of media noise to white noise. For instance, a ratio of 50:50 may be one example.

Let n_j, n_w, and n_e to denote components of media noise, n, due to jitter, j, pulse width noise, w, and electronic noise, e, respectively. n=n_—j+n_—w+n_—e+n′, where, n′, represents all other noises.

Components n_j and n_w are proportional to a number of pairs, (x(i), x(i+1)), that are (0, 1) or (1, 0). In other words, n_j and n_w, are proportional to a number of times there is a transition in the x sequence either from 0 to 1, or from 1 to 0. Because, n_j and n_w depend on input data, the error performance of the system can vary significantly with the data. Sequences, x, having few transitions will suffer less from, n_j and n_w, than those having many transitions. Accordingly, an encoder is needed to reduce media noise from being added to an input of the channel x(i).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Various objects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the description that follows and, in part, will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention.

According to one aspect, an apparatus has a conversion circuit, a precoder circuit and a selection circuit. The conversion circuit converts user data b₁, b₂, b₃ . . . b_k to a coded sequence c₀, c₁, . . . c_q. The precoder circuit having an initial state (s₂(0), s₁(0)) produces an output x₀, x₁, x₂ . . . x_q from the coded sequence c₀, c₁, c₂ . . . c_q as follows: x(i)=c(i)⊕s₂(i−2), where (x(−2), x(−1))=(s₂(0), s₁(0)).

The selection circuit selects c₀ in the coded sequence C₀, c₁, c₂ . . . c_q such that the output x₀, x₁, x₂ . . . x_q of the precoder circuit has less than a maximum number q of transitions.

The conversion circuit may include an encoder circuit to convert user data b₁, b₂, b₃ . . . b_k to a sequence c₁, c₂ . . . c_q, and a transition minimization circuit to add c₀ to the sequence c₁, c₂ . . . c_q.

The apparatus may have a circuit to append the coded sequence c₀, c₁, c₂ . . . c_q by adding at least one additional bit to the coded sequence c₀, c₁, c₂ . . . c_q to produce a sequence c₀, c₁, c₂, . . . , c_q, c_q+1, . . . , c_m. The at least one additional bit added to produce c₀, c₁, c₂, . . . , c_q, c_q+1, . . . , c_m may include a parity bit.

According to another aspect, a method for coding includes adding a single bit to a input sequence of length q, and producing an output sequence of length q+1 having t transitions such that for any input sequence, t is an integer less than or equal to one half the maximum number of transitions and is represented by the following formula: t≦q/2.

A computer readable medium may store a program for controlling at least one computer to perform the method.

These together with other aspects and advantages which will be subsequently apparent, reside in the details of construction and operation as more fully hereinafter described and claimed, reference being had to the accompanying drawings forming a part hereof, wherein like numerals refer to like parts throughout.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and other objects, features and other advantages of the present invention will be more clearly understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a configuration of a magnetic recording system of high rate coding for media noise, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 illustrates a first embodiment of a high rate coding method performed by the encoder of FIG. 1; and

FIG. 3 illustrates a second embodiment of the high rate coding method performed by the encoder of FIG. 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the attached drawings. The present invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that the present disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the concept of the invention to those skilled in the art.

In an embodiment according to the present invention, referring to FIG. 1, a user bit sequence, b(i)'s is encoded, for instance, by a rate k/m encoder 25 to produce bits, c(i)'s. In one exemplary embodiment, an Error Correcting Code (ECC) may generate the user bit sequence, b(i)'s. The encoder 25 receives k-bit blocks and produces m-bit blocks. The encoder 25 may include an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC). The m-bit blocks are called codewords and m is called codeword length. The encoder 25 outputs the c(i) to a 1/(1⊕D²) precoder 30. The encoder 25 and the precoder 30 receive, encode, and process data in a digital domain. In an alternative embodiment, the encoder 25 and the precoder 30 may be combined into one control block capable of encoding and precoding the user bit sequence, b(i)'s.

Thus, as shown in FIG. 1, the output, x(i)'s, of the precoder 30 pass through a cascade of channel filters denoted by (1−D²) 35 and (a+bD+cD²) 40. At the output of the filters, data z(i) is corrupted by additive noise, n's, r(i)=z(i)+n(i). Based on a received sequence, r(i)'s, a Viterbi detector 50 generates, {circumflex over (x)}(i)'s, which are reproductions of x(i)'s. Next, bits {circumflex over (x)}(i)'s are filtered by a filter (1⊕D²) 55, which is an inverse of the precoder 30, to generate ĉ(i)'s. In an alternative embodiment, the filter (1⊕D²) 55 may be provided with the Viterbi detector 50 as one unit. The ĉ(i)'s, are decoded by a decoder 60 to produce, {circumflex over (b)}(i)'s, which are reproductions of the user bit sequence, b(i)'s. In one exemplary embodiment, an ECC decoder may receive the reproductions of the user bit sequence, {circumflex over (b)}(i)'s. Further, if x(i)≠{circumflex over (x)}(i), then it is determined that a channel error occurred at time i. Further, if b(i)≠{circumflex over (b)}(i), then it is determined that a decoder error occurred at time i.

As previously set forth, the encoder 25 outputs the c(i)'s to the 1/(1⊕D²) precoder 30. The precoder 30 has at time, i, a state s(i)=(s₂(i), s₁(i)), an input, c(i), and an output x(i), where x(i)=c(i)⊕s₂(i). The state, s(i), is updated for time i+1, for instance, as follows: s(i+1)=(s₂(i+1),s₁(i+1)), where s₂(i+1)=s₁(i) and s₁(i+1)=x(i). In an embodiment where the precoder 30 comprises 1/(1⊕D), the precoder 30 would have at time, i, a state s(i), an input, c(i), and an output x(i), where x(i)=c(i)⊕s(i). The state, s(i), is updated for time i+1, for instance, as follows: s(i+1)=x(i).

In addition to the user bit sequence, b(i)'s, the encoder 25 may use a state, s(i)=(s₂(i),s₁(i)), of the precoder 30 to generate c(i)'s, which will be explained in more detail below. The precoder 30 is a finite state component and includes a memory to store the state, s(i). Initially, a first state (s₂(0), s₁(0)) is preset to an initial value of, for instance, (s₂(0), s₁(0))=(0, 0). In an alternative embodiment, the precoder 30 may be provided as 1/(1⊕D), where initially a first state, s(0), is preset to an initial value of, for instance, s(0)=0.

For instance, assuming that the preset state values of x(i−2) at i=0 and 1 are set to “0” and the input to the precoder 30, c(i)'s, include the following: c(0)=0, c(1)=0, c(2)=1, c(3)=1, and c(4)=0. The output, x(i)'s, of the precoder 30, would provide the relationship as shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1
Output of Encoder 1/(1⊕ D2) precoder
c(0) = 0          x(0) = (c(0) ⊕ x(−2)) = (0 ⊕ 0) = 0
c(1) = 0          x(1) = (c(1) ⊕ x(−1)) = (0 ⊕ 0) = 0
c(2) = 1          x(2) = (c(2) ⊕ x(0)) = (1 ⊕ 0) = 1
c(3) = 1          x(3) = (c(3) ⊕ x(1)) = (1 ⊕ 0) = 1
c(4) = 0          x(4) = (c(4) ⊕ x(2)) = (0 ⊕ 1) = 1
c(5) = 1          x(5) = (c(5) ⊕ x(3)) = (1 ⊕ 1) = 0
c(6) = 0          x(6) = (c(6) ⊕ x(4)) = (0 ⊕ 1) = 1

Thus, a every time the input bit, c(i), to the precoder 30 is a “1”, the output value of the output bit, x(i), of the precoder 30 equals the compliment of x(i−2). For other instances, when c(i)=0, the output bit, x(i), of the precoder 30 is x(i−2). In the alternative, if the 1/(1⊕D) precoder is used, then, each time the input bit, c(i), to the precoder 30 is “1”, the output bit, x(i), of the precoder 30 is the compliment of x(i−1). For other instances, when c(i)=0, the output bit, x(i), of the 1/(1⊕D) precoder is x(i−1).

Although the reproductions of the user bit sequence, {circumflex over (b)}(i)'s, should be same as the user bit sequence, b(i)'s, and the input to the precoder 30, c(i)'s, should be same as the output of the inverse of the precoder, ĉ(i)'s, the equality is not always possible because noise, such as media noise, is added to the output of the filters 35 and 40, z(i)'s. Jitter noise and/or pulse width noise happens only when there is a transition on the input to the channels 35 and 40. Accordingly, one way to reduce the noise is to reduce a number of transitions occurring at the input of the channels 35 and 40.

FIG. 2 illustrates a first embodiment of a high rate coding method performed by the encoder 25 to generate a least number of transitions at the output of the precoder 30, and thus, at the input of the channels 35 and 40. At operation 100, a rate k/q code is implemented where the encoder 25 would receive the user bit sequence b(i)'s as k-bit blocks to generate the input sequence to the precoder 30 as c₁, c₂, . . . , c_q. The operation 100 would resolve, for instance, one or more of RLL conditions, distance enhancement, clock recovery information, etc. At operation 110, the additional bit, c₀, is added at a beginning of the input sequence c₁, c₂, . . . , c_q to generate a codeword c₀, c₁, c₂, . . . , c_q. At operation 120, the additional bit, c₀, is set to be equal to a value of “0” or “1” to produce a least number of transitions at the output, x(i), of the precoder 30 corresponding to the codeword c₀, c₁, c₂, . . . , c_q.

In an exemplary embodiment, x′=(x′(0), x′(1), . . . , x′(q)) is the output of the precoder 30 and input of the channels 35 and 45, having an initial state, s=(s2, s1) and input (0, c₁, c₂, . . . , c_q). Further, let x″=(x″(0), x″(1), . . . , x″(q)) be the output of the precoder 30 and input of the channels 35 and 45, having the initial state, s=(s2, s1) and input (1, c₁, c₂, . . . , c_q). Then, a maximum number of transitions, q, has the following relationship: (Number of transitions in x′)+(Number of transitions in x″)=q.

where:

• • x′(2i+1)=x″(2i+1) 0≦i≦(q−1)/2, and
  • x′(2i)=(1−x″(2i)) 0≦i≦q/2.

Accordingly, the codeword, (c₀, c₁, c₂, . . . , c_q) generated according to the exemplary embodiment above will produce no more than q/2 transitions at the output of the precoder, such as one-half the maximum number of transitions.

For illustrative purposes, Table 2 illustrates x′ and Table 3 illustrates x″, where the preset state values of s(0)=(s2(0), s1(0))=(0, 0). The inputs of the precoder 30 range from c(0) to c(9). Accordingly, the maximum number of transitions, q, would be 9.

TABLE 2
Output of Encoder 1/(1 ⊕ D2) precoder
c(0) = 0          x′(0) = (c(0) ⊕ x′(−2)) = (0 ⊕ 0) = 0
c(1) = 1          x′(1) = (c(1) ⊕ x′(−1)) = (1 ⊕ 0) = 1
c(2) = 1          x′(2) = (c(2) ⊕ x′(0)) = (1 ⊕ 0) = 1
c(3) = 0          x′(3) = (c(3) ⊕ x′(1)) = (0 ⊕ 1) = 1
c(4) = 1          x′(4) = (c(4) ⊕ x′(2)) = (1 ⊕ 1) = 0
c(5) = 0          x′(5) = (c(5) ⊕ x′(3)) = (0 ⊕ 1) = 1
c(6) = 1          x′(6) = (c(6) ⊕ x′(4)) = (1 ⊕ 0) = 1
c(7) = 0          x′(7) = (c(7) ⊕ x′(5)) = (0 ⊕ 1) = 1
c(8) = 0          x′(8) = (c(8) ⊕ x′(6)) = (0 ⊕ 1) = 1
c(9) = 0          x′(9) = (c(9) ⊕ x′(7)) = (0 ⊕ 1) = 1

TABLE 3
Output of Encoder 1/(1⊕ D2) precoder
c(0) = 1          x″(0) = (c(0) ⊕ x″(−2)) = (1 ⊕ 0) = 1
c(1) = 1          x″(1) = (c(1) ⊕ x″(−1)) = (1 ⊕ 0) = 1
c(2) = 1          x″(2) = (c(2) ⊕ x″(0)) = (1 ⊕ 1) = 0
c(3) = 0          x″(3) = (c(3) ⊕ x″(1)) = (0 ⊕ 1) = 1
c(4) = 1          x″(4) = (c(4) ⊕ x″(2)) = (1 ⊕ 0) = 1
c(5) = 0          x″(5) = (c(5) ⊕ x″(3)) = (0 ⊕ 1) = 1
c(6) = 1          x″(6) = (c(6) ⊕ x″(4)) = (1 ⊕ 1) = 0
c(7) = 0          x″(7) = (c(7) ⊕ x″(5)) = (0 ⊕ 1) = 1
c(8) = 0          x″(8) = (c(8) ⊕ x″(6)) = (0 ⊕ 0) = 0
c(9) = 0          x″(9) = (c(9) ⊕ x″(7)) = (0 ⊕ 1) = 1

As shown in Table 2, if the additional bit c(0) added to the input of the precoder 30, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, is set to equal to zero, then the output of the precoder 30, x′(i), transitions three times. Specifically, as a first transition, the output of the precoder 30 transitions from x′(0)=0 to x′(1)=1. Subsequently, as a second transition, the output of the precoder 30 transitions from x′(3)=1 to x′(4)=0. As a third transition, the output of the precoder 30 transitions from x′(4)=0 to x′(5)=1.

In contrast, as shown in Table 3, if the additional bit c(0) added to the input of the precoder 30, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, is set to equal to one, then the output of the precoder 30, x″(i), transitions six times. Specifically, as a first transition, the output of the precoder 30 transitions from x″(1)=1 to x″(2)=0. As a second transition, the output of the precoder 30 transitions from x″(2)=0 to x″(3)=1, and as a third transition, the output of the precoder 30 transitions from x″(5)=1 to x″(6)=0. Subsequently, as a fourth transition, the output of the precoder 30 transitions from x″(6)=0 to x″(7)=1, and as a fifth transition, the output of the precoder 30 transitions from x″(7)=1 to x″(8)=0. Finally, as a sixth transition, the output of the precoder 30 transitions from x″(8)=0 to x″(9)=1. Accordingly, to reduce the number of transitions at the output of the precoder 30, to thereby resolve, for instance, the reduction of media noise, the additional bit, c(0), would be best set to equal to zero. In an alternative embodiment, two additional bits may be used at the beginning of the input sequence to a precoder 30 of c₁, c₂, . . . , c_q to significantly reduce a number of transitions at the input of channel filters 35 and 40 in the magnetic recording medium.

For instance, for a rate of 80/81, the encoder 25 of the first embodiment receives 80 bits, b=(b(01)-b(80)), and generates a codeword, c=(c(00) c(01) . . . c(81)), where (c(01) . . . c(81)), is a codeword generated by a code, C, in response to (b(01)-b(80)), and where, c(00), is obtained based on operation 120 of the first embodiment. In turn, the decoder 60 receives 82 bits, {circumflex over (c)}=[ĉ(0) ĉ(1) . . . ĉ(80) ĉ(81)], and generates, {circumflex over (b)}=[{circumflex over (b)}(1) {circumflex over (b)}(2) . . . {circumflex over (b)}(80)], where, {circumflex over (b)}, is generated by the code, C, decoder in response to, ĉ(1) . . . ĉ(80) ĉ(81). The C code improves the RLL conditions, the distance enhancement, and/or the clock recovery information. Details of the C code are set forth in the U.S. patent application titled “MODULATION CODING BASED ON AN ECC INTERLEAVE STRUCTURE,” filed concurrently herewith, the disclosure of which is incorporated herewith by reference.

FIG. 3 illustrates a second embodiment of a high rate coding method performed by the encoder 25 to generate the reduced number of transitions at the output of the precoder 30, and thus, at the input of the channels 35 and 40. Appendix A of the present application illustrates a pseudo code for the first and second embodiments illustrating the addition of the additional bit, c₀, the determination of the reduced number of transitions, the generation and decoding of c_i, and an addition of a parity bit, c_m; The method of the second embodiment, in addition to reducing the number of transitions at the output of the precoder 30 or at the input of the channels 35 and 40 to reduce the media noise, inserts the parity bit, c_m, to force an even parity structure at the output of the precoder 30.

In particular, operations 200, 210, and 220 of FIG. 3 are same as operations 100, 110, and 120, respectively, of FIG. 2 accordingly, the detailed description of the operations provided above is incorporated herein. At operation 230, a systematic code is applied with a rate (q+1)/m to generate a codeword c(i)=(c₀, c₁, c₂, . . . , c_q, c_q+1, . . . , c_m). Specifically, at least one bit (c_q+1, . . . , c_m) is added at the end of the codeword (c₀, c₁, c₂, . . . , c_q, c_q+1, . . . , c_m). If c₀ is calculated and inserted after the parity bit c_m is added, some of the parity properties of the codeword may be corrupted. By adding the parity bit after c₀ has been determined, it is possible to accurately count the number of “1”s. In an alternative embodiment, the at least one bit (c_q+1, . . . , c_m), may be added at some middle point within the codeword.

One example of exactly one bit c_q+1, where c_q+1 is the parity bit, is as follows: given 64 user bits b=(b(1), b(2), . . . b(63), b(64)), and state, s=(s₂, s₁), of the precoder 30, the encoder 25 produces a 67 bit codeword, c=[c(0) c(1) . . . c(65) c(66)], where (c(1) . . . c(65)) is a codeword generated by the code C, in response to b. Bit, c(0), is generated as follows:

c(0)=0 if number of transitions of x′=(x′(0), . . . , x′(65))≦33, and

c(0)=1 if number of transitions of x″=(x″(0), . . . , x″(65))≦33,

where, as before, x′, is the output of, 1/(1⊕D²), precoder 30 having an initial state, S=(s₂, s₁), and input (0, c(1), c(2), . . . , c(65)). Further, x″, is the output of the precoder having initial state, s=(s₂, s₁), and input (1, c(1), c(2), . . . , c(65)). The above description of c(0) is valid due to the following relationship: Number of transitions of (x′)+Number of transitions of (x″)=65

Subsequently, bit c(66) is generated as follow: $c\left(66\right)=\left(\mathrm{binary}\right)\left(\sum _{i=0}^{15}c\left(4i+1\right)+\sum _{i=0}^{15}c\left(4i+2\right)+c\left(65\right)+s1\right)$ where bit c(66) is such that x(0)+x(1)+ . . . +x(66) has even number of ones (even parity.)

Accordingly, the bit, c(m), is such that x(0)+x(1)+ . . . +x(m) has an even number of ones (i.e., even parity). Thus, the second embodiment of the present invention provides flexibility to allow resolving parity issues. Specifically, in one exemplary embodiment, the codeword or output of the encoder 25, c(i)'s, generated at operation 200 has an original even parity at the output of the precoder 30. At operation 220, by allowing the addition of the bit, c_m, after the value of the additional bit, c₀, is determined, the even parity of the codeword, (c₀, c₁, c₂, . . . , c_q, . . . , c_m), may be achieved. In alternative embodiments, additional bits may be added to the codeword (c₀, c₁, c₂, . . . , c_q, c_q+1, . . . , c_m) for other purposes.

One of the many advantages of the methods of FIGS. 2 and 3, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, is that the method reduces an average media noise. Another of the many advantages is that the method of FIGS. 2 and 3 does not permit sequences, c, that generate a lot of transitions in x.

Although the method in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention is described in the context of a 1/(1⊕D²) precoder, the application of the method is not limited to 1/(1⊕D²) precoder. For instance, for a 1/(1⊕D) precoder, the embodiments below reduce (in average) the number of transitions at the output of the precoder 30, thus, controlling media noise. First embodiment, a 1/(1⊕D) term is added to the code—effectively making the precoder look like 1/(1⊕D²). Second embodiment, it must be noted that when precoder is 1/(1⊕D), a “1” in c(i)'s causes a transition in x(i)'s. Therefore, in construction of a code, operations 120 and 220 of FIGS. 2 and 3 are changed, respectively, as follows, after inserting, c₀, and modify c₁, . . . , c_q to generate a codeword (c₀, c₁, . . . , c_q) as follows: (c₀, c₁, c₂, . . . , c_q)=(0, c₁, . . . , c_q), if c₁+ . . . +c_q≦└q/2┘, and (c₀, c₁, c₂, . . . , c_q)=(1-0, 1-c₁, . . . , 1-c_q), otherwise.

The present invention has been described with respect to a system and method performing high rate coding by adding one additional bit to a beginning of the input sequence to a precoder as (c₁, c₂, . . . , c_q) and controlling a value of the additional bit to significantly reduce a number of transitions at an input of channel filters in a magnetic recording medium to reduce an amount of noise.

The system implementing the method described above includes permanent or removable storage, such as an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), magnetic and optical discs, RAM, ROM, etc. on which the process and data structures of the present invention can be stored and distributed. The processes can also be distributed via, for example, downloading over a network such as the Internet. Although the system of the present invention has been described in view of a magnetic recording medium, the system may be incorporated and applied to other communication systems.

The many features and advantages of the invention are apparent from the detailed specification and, thus, it is intended by the appended claims to cover all such features and advantages of the invention that fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention. Further, since numerous modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art, it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction and operation illustrated and described, and accordingly all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to, falling within the scope of the invention.

Claims

1-18. (canceled)

19. A method to determine a reduced number of transitions of an input to a channel in a medium using an encoder, comprising: adding a bit, c0, at a beginning of c1, c2, . . . , cq bit blocks output from the encoder; and assigning a value to the bit, c0, to determine the reduced number of transitions.

20. The method according to claim 19, further comprising: preceding an output stream c0, c1, c2, . . . , cq produced by the encoder according to 1/(1⊕D2); and determining the least number of transitions at an output of the precoder.

21. A method to determine a least number of transitions of an input to a channel in a medium using an encoder, comprising: adding a bit, c0, at a beginning of c1, c2, . . . , cq bit blocks output from the encoder; and assigning a value to the bit, c0, to determine the least number of transitions.

22. The method according to claim 21, further comprising: precoding an output stream c0, c1, c2, . . . , cq produced by the encoder according to 1/(1⊕D2), and determining the least number of transitions at an output of the precoder.

23. A method to determine a reduced number of transitions of an input to a channel in a medium using an encoder, comprising: using a first bit, c0, of a codeword at a beginning of an output from the encoder, assigning a value to the first bit, c0, to determine the reduced number of transitions; and using a second bit, cq+1, at an end of the output from the encoder to generate an even parity thereof, wherein the codeword comprises bit blocks output.

24. A method to determine a reduced number of transitions of an input to a channel in a medium using an encoder, comprising: using a first bit, c0, of a codeword at a beginning of an output from the encoder, assigning a value to the first bit, c0, to determine the reduced number of transitions; and using a block of bits at an end of the output from the encoder to generate parity structures thereof, wherein the codeword comprises bit blocks output.

25. A method to determine a least number of transitions of an input to a channel in a medium using an encoder, comprising: using a first bit, c0, of a codeword at a beginning of an output from the encoder, assigning a value to the first bit, c0, to determine the least number of transitions; and using a second bit, cq+i, at an end of the output from the encoder to generate an even parity thereof, wherein the codeword comprises bit blocks output.

26. A method to determine a least number of transitions of an input to a channel in a medium using an encoder, comprising: using a first bit, c0, of a codeword at a beginning of an output from the encoder, assigning a value to the first bit, c0, to determine the least number of transitions; and using a block of bits at an end of the output from the encoder to generate parity structures thereof, wherein the codeword comprises bit blocks output.

27. A method of a precoder circuit, comprising: converting user data b1, b2, b3 . . . bk to a coded sequence c0, c1, c2 . . . cq; producing an output x0, x1, x2 . . . xq from the coded sequence c0, c1, c2 . . . cq as follows: xi=ci⊕xi−2; and selecting c0 in the coded sequence c0, c1, c2 . . . cq such that the output x0, x1, x2 . . . xq has less than a maximum number q of transitions.

28. The method as recited in claim 27, further comprising: appending the coded sequence c0, c1, c2 . . . cq by adding at least one additional bit to the coded sequence c0, c1, c2 . . . cq to produce a sequence c0, c1, c2, . . . , cq, cq+i, . . . , cm.

29. The method as recited in claim 27, wherein the conversion circuit comprises; converting user data b1, b2, b3 . . . bk to a sequence c1, c2 . . . cq; and adding c0 to the sequence c1, c2 . . . cq.

30. The method as recited in claim 29, further comprising: appending the coded sequence c0, c1, c2 . . . cq by adding at least one additional bit to the coded sequence c0, c1, c2 . . . cq to produce a sequence c0, c1, c2, . . . , cq, cq+1, . . . , cm.

31. A method for reducing a number of transitions of an input to a channel in a medium using an encoder, comprising: adding an additional bit to a block of coded bits output from the encoder; precoding the block of coded bits; and selecting the additional bit to produce a least number of transitions of the precoded bits at an output of the precoder.

32. The method according to claim 31, further comprising: adding the additional bit at a position in the block of coded bits selected from the group consisting of: the beginning, and the end.

33. The method according to claim 31, further comprising: adding a parity bit to the block of coded bits output from the encoder.

34. The method according to claim 33, further comprising: generating a parity structure with the parity bit selected from the group consisting of: an even parity, and an odd parity.

35. The method according to claim 31, further comprising: processing the block of coded bits output from the encoder in a digital domain.

36. The method according to claim 31, wherein an output bit from the precoder is a complement of an immediately preceding output bit from the precoder when the respective input bit to the precoder has a value of one.

37. The method according to claim 31, further comprising: adding a second additional bit to the block of coded bits output from the encoder proximate to said additional bit.

38. The method according to claim 37, wherein an output bit from the precoder is a complement of a second from last output bit from the precoder when the respective input bit to the precoder has a value of one.

39. A system for reducing a number of transitions of an input to a channel in a medium using an encoder, comprising: means for adding an additional bit to a block of coded bits output from the encoder; means for preceding the block of coded bits; and means for selecting the additional bit to produce a least number of transitions of the precoded bits at an output of the precoder.

40. A method for reducing a number of transitions of an input to a channel in a medium using an encoder, comprising: setting an additional bit for a block of coded bits output from an encoder to a first value; counting a first number of transitions in a block of precoded bits output from a precoder; setting the additional bit for the block of coded bits output from the encoder to a second value; counting a second number of transitions in the block of precoded bits output from the precoder; comparing said first number of transitions to said second number of transitions; and selecting said first value if said first number is smaller than said second number or selecting said second value if said second number is smaller than said first number.

41. A transition reduction apparatus for an input to a channel in a medium, comprising: an encoder outputting a plurality of code bit states and a first or second additional states; a precoder combining the plurality of code bit states and the first additional state and outputting a first output, and combining the plurality of code bit states and the second additional state and outputting a second output; and a selection circuit comparing a first number of transitions in the first output to a second number of transitions in the second output and selecting the first or the second output corresponding to a lower number of the first or the second number.

42. The apparatus as recited in claim 41, further comprising a channel filter receiving the first or the second output corresponding to the lower number.

43. The apparatus as recited in claim 41, wherein the first state is a one and the second state is a zero.

44. The apparatus as recited in claim 41, wherein the first state is a zero and the second state is a one.

45. The apparatus as recited in claim 41, wherein the plurality of code bit states comprise a codeword.

46. The apparatus as recited in claim 41, wherein the precoder comprises further a parity state.

47. The apparatus as recited in claim 46, wherein a value of the parity state is selected to generate an even parity for the first or the second output corresponding to the lower number.

48. The apparatus as recited in claim 41, wherein: the encoder outputs a third or fourth additional states; the precoder receives the third additional state with the first additional state; and the precoder receives the fourth additional state with the second additional state.

49. A transition reduction apparatus for an input to a channel in a medium, comprising: an encoder outputting a plurality of code bit states and a first and second additional states; a precoder receiving the plurality of code bit states and the first and second additional states and outputting a first output when the first and second additional states have a first value, and outputting a second output when first and second additional states have a second value; and a selection circuit comparing a first number of transitions in the first output to a second number of transitions in the second output and selecting the first or the second output corresponding to a lower number of the first or the second numbers.

50. The apparatus as recited in claim 49, further comprising a channel filter receiving the output corresponding to the lower number.

51. The apparatus as recited in claim 49, wherein the first and the second additional states are equal to one.

52. The apparatus as recited in claim 49, wherein the first and the second additional states are equal to zero.

53. The apparatus as recited in claim 49, wherein the plurality of code bit states comprise a codeword.

54. The apparatus as recited in claim 49, wherein the precoder comprises further a parity state.

55. The apparatus as recited in claim 54, wherein a value of the parity state is selected to generate an even parity for the first or the second output corresponding to the lower number.