Patent Application
20140322549
Polymeric coating materials described herein exhibit high optical transmittance in the visible spectrum. The materials of the present disclosure may be easily coated onto the surface of desired substrates via common coating processes, such as by spin coating, screen printing, dip, roll-to-roll, slot die, draw bar, or spray coating, for many electronic applications. The thickness of coatings described herein may range from tens of nanometers to millimeters, as may be required for specific applications. The materials of the present disclosure are unique in additionally providing a high refractive, high transparency film or coating or layer, as may be desirable in electronics applications where light coupling is important to the performance.
For example, in a traditional Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED), only ˜30% of light generated is emitted to the environment, while the remaining light is generally lost in the device. A high percentage of this loss is due to the low refractive index (RI) of the encapsulation materials. A high refractive index high transparency organic coating, with a refractive index around 1.8 or higher, as may be produced with a material of the present disclosure, may dramatically enhance the efficacy of the OLED lighting and display devices including same. High refractive index coatings of the present disclosure will also be advantageously incorporated in other devices, such as light emitting diode (LED) lighting, light emitting diode (LED) displays, touch screens, sensors, and solar cells.
The presently disclosed materials include various metal oxides, such as zirconium oxide, titanium oxide, hafnium oxide, and zinc oxide, have high bulk refractive indexes, typically larger than 2 in the visible spectrum, as well as exceptional transparency. In many electronic applications, the high cost, high temperature processing conditions required and the rigid and brittle nature of the inorganic metal oxide coatings have limited their use in the art.
By combining the organic coating materials of the present disclosure with metal oxide nanocrystals as described herein, the presently described materials make it possible to produce easily processable unique flexible and thin film coatings with a high refractive index and high optical transparency.
As described herein, nanocrystals of the present disclosure have diameters much smaller than the wavelength of the light to minimize light scattering, while also maintain dispersibility or agglomeration-free in an organic or polymer or monomer matrix. Such physical characteristics of the presently disclosed materials not only reduce light scattering but also make for an exceptional processability.
The nanocrystals of the presently described material include specific functional group, also referred to as capping agents, or capping groups. These specific functional groups have been grafted to the surface of the nanocrystals. Such nanocrystals are described herein as well as in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/064,905 (filed Apr. 25, 2011 and published as US 2012-0088845A1 on Apr. 12, 2012—Williams et al), the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference. The disclosure of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/064,905 is included herewith as an Appendix and is a part of the present disclosure.
Exemplified capping agents demonstrated in the present disclosure include 2-[2-(2-9-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]acetic acid and/or methoxy(triethyleneoxy) propyltrimethoxysilane and/or 3-methacryloyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane and/or n-octyl trimethoxysilane and/or dodecyltrimethoxysilane and/or m,p-ethylphenethyl trimethoxysilane.
Capping of nanocrystals may require a solvent exchange as as-synthesized nanocrystals may be surface modified in a solvent other than the solvent of nanocrystals synthesis. Solvent exchange may be accomplished by, for example, decanting reaction liquor and rinsing the nanocrystals with the capping solvent, which may then be used as a washing or rinsing solvent that is itself decanted to produce a wet cake of uncapped nanocrystals.
For example to perform the surface modification of the nanocrystals with 2-[2-(2-9-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]acetic acid, the nanocrystals are suspended in the capping solvent, for example, toluene for 2-[2-(2-9-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]acetic acid modification, preferably at a loading of 10 wt % or greater, more preferably 20 wt % or greater, still more preferably, 30 wt % or greater, calculated based on the weight of the wet nanocrystal cake. While the suspension is being stirred, the capping agent is added to it slowly. The amount of capping agent used is 8-60 wt % to the weight of the wet nanocrystal cake. The suspension is allowed to stir at 20-27 C for 10-30 minutes and then refluxed at the boiling point of the capping solvent for 30-60 minutes. After refluxing, the clear solution is cooled to 50-60 C slowly. This suspension is then filtered to remove dust and aggregates bigger than 200 nm. The capped nanocrystals are then precipitated out from the capping solvent using heptane. The precipitated nanocrystals are collected by centrifugation. The nanocrystals thus collected are dispersed in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and again re-precipitated using heptane. This process is repeated twice. The wet cake of nanocrystals collected in the final step is dried under vacuum.
The presently disclosed material or formulation may also be made as a solvent free formulation or as a formulation or material with a low or reduced solvent content. Such low or no solvent materials are desirable both because of environmental and health purposes and because of processing constraints and/or limitations.
The nanocrystals of the present disclosure therefore are uniquely dispersible directly into an organic material without the need or requirement for solvent(s).
Metal oxide nanocrystals of the present disclosure are, for example, mono-dispersible, with an average size range of 3-7 nm, and containing a surface treatment that aids in dispersion of the nanocrystals in a large variety of solvents and polymers. The presently disclosed material advantageously does not require the inclusion of solvents and the nanocrystals of the present disclosure are dispersible in the polymer and/or monomer material of the present disclosure, without the inclusion of solvents or additional dispersing agents. These nanocrystals, which have been surface modified with capping agents, possess greater compatibility with monomers and/or oligomers and/or polymers without reduction in processability. The surface modified nanocrystals of the present application may be formulated in a resin mixture that is transparent and has a viscosity that allows spin coating of, for example, 3-4 micron thick films. The films of the present disclosure additionally demonstrate high refractive index, high optical transmittance in the visible spectrum, and are thermally stable at temperatures above 120 C, or above 175 C, or above 200 C.
The films according to the present disclosure possess a high refractive index of 1.6 and higher at 400 nm, or 1.7 and higher at 400 nm, or 1.8 and higher at 400 nm, or 1.9 at 400 nm. The refractive index of the films according to the present disclosure may range from 1.6 to 1.9 at 400 nm.
Films of the present disclosure additionally or alternatively possess high optical (440-800 nm) transmittance of 80% or 82%, or 86%, or 88%, or 90%, or 92%, or 94%, or 96%, or 98%, and above for films that are less than 5 microns thick. The films of the present disclosure therefore possess a high optical (440-800 nm) transmittance in the range of 80% to 98% and above for films that are less than 5 microns thick. The transmittance of a film according to the present disclosure may be measured with a Perkin-Elmer UV-Vis Lambda spectrophotometer, wherein the film is coated on a fused silica substrate and another blank fused silica of the same quality and thickness is used as a reference.
An exemplary non-limiting embodiment of a coating formulation of the present disclosure comprises or contains a mixture of acrylic monomers and/or oligomers, and capped or surface treated zirconium oxide nanocrystals. The loading or amount of the nanocrystals included in a formulation of the present disclosure is in the range of 50 wt % to 90 wt % based on the weight of the entire formulation, such as a loading of 50 wt % or greater, or 55 wt % or greater, or 60 wt % or greater, or 65 wt % or greater, or 70 wt % or greater, or 75 wt % or greater, or 80 wt % or greater, or 90 wt %.
In addition to the noted nanocrystals, a formulation or material or composition or film or coating of the present disclosure may additionally comprise a curing agent and/or a photo-initiator.
In addition to the noted nanocrystals, a formulation or material or composition of the present disclosure may additionally comprise or contain acrylic monomers, such as benzyl methacrylate (BMA) and trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA), that optionally included or combined or mixed in a mass ratio in the range of 75:25 to 65:35 wherein the BMA may be present in a relative range of 65-75 and the TMPTA may be present in a relative range of 25-35.
The physical properties of TMPTA, such as viscosity, low volatility and refractive index, make the material uniquely advantageous in a material or composition or film or coating of the present disclosure. TMPTA is less viscous, for example, than hexamethylene diacrylate (HMDA) and bisphenol A diglycerolate dimethacrylate but more viscous than divinylbenzene (DVB). Of the two, TMPTA and HMDA, TMPTA has the higher refractive index (RI=1.474 and 1.456 for TMPTA and HMDA respectively).
BMA is unique in the composition, material and film of the present disclosure in that the monomer has a high refractive index (for an monomer or polymer) of 1.512. The refractive index of BMA therefore helps increase the final refractive index of the film.
Dispersing nanocrystals in BMA alone or with the aid of a solvent such as propylene glycol methyl ether acetate (PGMEA) resulted in films that are difficult to cure by UV or were cracked upon heating at 120 C and above.
Another multifunctional acrylic monomer, such as TMPTA, HMDA, DVB or bisphenol A diglycerate dimethacrylate (Bisphenol A) may be added as a potential additive to increase the viscosity of the formulation. Films from HMDA-BMA, DVB-BMA and Bisphenol A-BMA combinations were found however to be too brittle in formulations containing nanocrystals of the present disclosure such that these films of these combinations cracked when heated at 120 C or above.
Additionally, TMPTA and HMDA have refractive indexes<1.49; such that including these monomers reduces the refractive index of the final formulation and film product when compared with BMA.
As described herein, the specific combinations of BMA, TMPTA and nanocrystals of the present disclosure, in the ratios and amounts described herein, provide unexpected advantages in a combination of physical properties, including but not limited to refractive index, light transmittance, temperature resistance and viscosity.
A mass ratio of BMA to TMPTA in the range of 75:25 to 65:35 as described herein has also been discovered to provide unique and unexpected advantages, i.e. high refractive index, high transmittance, and high temperature resistance, in the formulations or compositions of films of the present disclosure. While materials and/or films containing mass ratios of BMA to TMPTA ranging from 95:5 to 80:20 (i.e., 95:5, 90:10 and 80:20) with nanocrystal loading of 80 wt % and above were stable at temperatures below 120 C, as shown in Table 1. Nanocrystals of the present disclosure dispersed in TMPTA, without BMA, provided a lower refractive index material than with BMA. Films produced from a mass ratio of BMA to TMPTA according to the presently disclosed technology demonstrated enhanced film quality with, for example, reduced surface roughness and thicker films due, at least in part, to higher viscosity.
In addition to the nanocrystals and monomers and/or oligomers and/or polymers of the formulations or compositions or films of the present disclosure, a photo-initiator may be included, such as benzophenone, optionally in an amount of 1-5 wt % based on the total weight of the formulation or composition or material of the present disclosure. Such a photo-initiator may be mixed or included or dissolved or dispersed in the monomer and/or oligomer and/or polymer mix of the presently disclosed formulation by means known in the art, such as by stirring or vortexing at temperature of, for example, in the range of 20-30 C.
While benzophenone has been exemplified herein as a photo initiator, other photo initiators can also or otherwise be employed depending on, for example, curing time and lamp type. Other photo initiators of the present disclosure include Speedcure BEM and TPO (diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phosphine oxide), which may allow for considerable reduction in the required UV exposure time.
The present disclosure provides a nanocomposite, composition comprising or containing an organic mixture, said mixture comprising acrylate and methacrylate monomers and/or oligomers, capped nanocrystals, wherein said capped nanocrystals are present in the nanocomposite or composition in an amount of greater than 50% by weight of the nanocomposite, composition.
A nanocomposite or composition of the present disclosure optionally has a curing agent and/or photo-initiator.
A nanocomposite or composition of the present disclosure optionally has a photosensitizer, and/or plasticizer, and/or toughener, and/or thickener, and/or thinner, and/or surfactant, and/or flexibilizer, and/or anti-color agent, and/or other functional additives.
A nanocomposite or composition of the present disclosure optionally has a viscosity of less than 12,000 Cps at 20 C as measured by a Brookfield RVDV-II+PCP cone and plate viscometer. A nanocomposite and composition of the present disclosure additionally or alternatively has a transmittance higher than 60% at a wavelength of 400 nm as measured by a Perkin Elmer Lambda 850 Spectrophotometer in a 1 cm path length cuvette. A nanocomposite and composition of the present disclosure contains or comprises an organic mixture of benzyl methacrylate and trimethylolpropane triacrylate. Such a nanocomposite, composition of the present disclosure optionally contains or comprises a weight ratio of benzyl methacrylate to TMPTA in the range of 75:25 to 65:35.
The present disclosure provides a coating or film comprising or containing an organic mixture, said mixture comprising acrylate and methacrylate monomer units, capped nanocrystals, wherein said capped nanocrystals are present in the coating or film in an amount of greater than 50% by weight of the coating and film.
A nanocomposite, composition, coating or film of the present disclosure additionally can comprise or contain nanocrystals capped with at least one capping agent selected from 2-[2-(2-9-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy acetic acid, and/or methoxy(triethyleneoxy)propyltrimethoxysilane, and/or 3-methacryloyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, and/or n-octyl trimethoxysilane, dodecyltrimethoxysilane, and/or m,p-ethylphenethyl trimethoxysilane.
A nanocomposite, composition, coating or film of the present disclosure can additionally comprise or contain nanocrystals comprising or containing at least one of ZrO2, HfO2, TiO2, and ZnO.
A nanocomposite, composition, coating or film of the present disclosure optionally and/or additionally possesses a refractive index of greater than 1.8 at 400 nm.
In some embodiments the nanocomposite, composition, coating or film of the present disclosure does not include the purposeful addition of solvents.
In some embodiments the nanocomposite, composition, coating or film of the present disclosure does not include the purposeful addition of solvents of the mixture comprising acrylate and methacrylate monomers and/or oligomers of the nanocomposite, composition, coating or film.
In some embodiments the nanocomposite, composition, coating or film of the present disclosure does not include purposeful addition of solvents of benzyl methacrylate and trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA).
In some embodiments the nanocomposite, composition, coating or film of the present disclosure does not include purposeful addition of solvents selected from PGMEA, PGME (Propylene glycol methyl ether), ethanol, THF, and butanol.
The present disclosure further provides a method of making a nanocomposite, composition, coating or film formulation comprising or involving mixing capped nanocrystals with an organic mixture of acrylate and methacrylate monomers and/or oligomers, and at least one curing agent, said nanocrystals being present in an amount of greater than 50% by weight of the nanocomposite, composition, coating or film.
A method of the present disclosure is optionally performed in the absence of solvents.
A method of the present disclosure is optionally performed in the absence of solvents for the mixture comprising acrylate and methacrylate monomers and/or oligomers of the nanocomposite, composition, coating or film.
A method of the present disclosure is optionally performed in the absence for SAME AS ABOVE solvents of benzyl methacrylate and trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA).
A method of the present disclosure comprises or involves mixing an organic mixture comprising or containing benzyl methacrylate and trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA).
A method of the present disclosure further comprises or involves mixing benzyl methacrylate and TMPTA in weight ratio of benzyl methacrylate to TMPTA in the range of 75:25 to 65:35, such as in a ratio of 70:30.
A method of the present disclosure comprising or involves mixing nanocrystals capped with at least one of 2-[2-(2-9-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy acetic acid, and/or methoxy(triethyleneoxy)propyltrimethoxysilane, and/or 3-methacryloyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, and/or n-octyl trimethoxysilane, dodecyltrimethoxysilane, and/or m,p-ethylphenethyl trimethoxysilane, with an organic mixture of acrylate and methacrylate monomers and/or oligomers, and at least one curing agent, said nanocrystals being present in an amount of greater than 50% by weight of the nanocomposite, composition, coating or film.
A method of the present disclosure comprises or involves mixing capped nanocrystals, wherein the nanocrystals comprise or contain at least one of ZrO2, HfO2, TiO2, and ZnO.
A method of the present disclosure produces a nanocomposite, composition, coating or film having a refractive index greater than 1.8 at 400 nm.
The present disclosure further provides a coating comprising or containing the nanocomposite, composition, coating or film described herein on at least a portion of a surface of a substrate.
A coating of the present disclosure has a thickness ranging from 100 nm to 1 mm, wherein the transmittance of the coating with 1 μm thickness is higher than 89% at a wavelength of 400 nm, and the percentage haze is less than 2%, preferably less than 1.5%, more preferably less than 1%, and most preferably less than 0.5%.
A coating of the present disclosure optionally and/or additionally has a refractive index greater than 1.8 at 400 nm.
The present disclosure provides a method of producing a coating of the present disclosure comprising or involving applying the nanocomposite, composition, coating or film of the present disclosure to a surface or substrate of the present disclosure by at least one of dip coating, spraying, screen printing, roll-to-roll printing, a draw-bar, spin coating, or slot die coating, and curing said monomers and/or oligomers by activating said curing agent.
A method of curing of the present disclosure comprises or involves activating comprises illumination with radiation in the UV wavelength and/or thermal curing.
A coating of the present disclosure comprises or contains a substrate comprising or containing glass, indium tin oxide (ITO), doped ZnO, GaN, AlN, SiC, Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) doped PEDOT, Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), Polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), or doped poly(4,4-dioctylcyclopentadithiophene).
The present disclosure further provides an active component comprising or containing an LED, organic LED, touch screen, display, sensor, or a solar cell, said active component, comprising or containing a coating or a film or a layer of the present disclosure.
a: UV absorption spectrum of film from formulation (ZrO2-(2-[2-(2-9-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]acetic acid) in 70:30 BMA-TMPTA) after post bake at (101) 120 C for 3 minute in air, (102) thermal bake at 175 C for 1 hour under N2.
b: UV transmission spectrum of film from formulation (ZrO2-(2-[2-(2-9-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]acetic acid) in 70:30 BMA-TMPTA) after post bake at (201) 120 C for 3 minute in air, (202) thermal bake at 175 C for 1 hour under N2.
a: UV absorption spectrum of film from formulation (ZrO2-(2-[2-(2-9-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]acetic acid) in 70:30 BMA-TMPTA) after post bake at (101) 120 C for 3 minute in air, (103) thermal bake at 200 C for 1 hour under N2.
b: UV transmission spectrum of film from formulation (ZrO2-(2-[2-(2-9-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]acetic acid) in 70:30 BMA-TMPTA) after post bake at (201) 120 C for 3 minute in air, (203) thermal bake at 200 C for 1 hour under N2.
a: UV absorption spectrum of film from formulation (ZrO2-(2-[2-(2-9-s methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]acetic acid) in 70:30 BMA-TMPTA) after post bake at (101) 120 C for 3 minute in air, (104) thermal bake at 200 C for 2 hour under N2.
b: UV transmission spectrum of film from formulation (ZrO2-(2-[2-(2-9-s methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]acetic acid) in 70:30 BMA-TMPTA) after post bake at (101) 120 C for 3 minute in air, (104) thermal bake at 200 C for 2 hour under N2.
Table 1: Film results of capped ZrO2 nanocrystals in monomer mixture. ‘Good’ indicates that the film does not yellow or crack when heated at those indicated temperatures. ‘Cracked’ indicates that the film cracked during thermal baking. Disadvantage of this formulation is that it comprises of PGMEA to aid in the solubility.
In one example of said exemplary non-limiting formulation, acrylic monomers, benzyl methacrylate (BMA) and trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA), was mixed in a mass ratio of 70-75 to 25-30. 1-5 wt % of benzophenone as photo initiator, was dissolved in the monomer mix either by stirring or vortexing at temperature of 20-30 C. The solution was then filtered to remove dusts and then added to dry ZrO2 nanocrystal and allowed to soak in the monomer blend until no ZrO2 powder was observed. In large scale, gently shaking the dried nanocrystals with the monomer blend is acceptable. Once all ZrO2 nanocrystals powder was completely dispersed in BMA-TMPTA, the viscous suspension was mixed for 10-15 hours. Finally, the viscous suspension was filtered before processing the film.
The suspension was validated by coating films and characterizing the physical properties of the films such as thermal stability and transmittance.
As a standard method, the suspension was coated on a 2″ silicon wafer or fused silica wafer to inspect its quality. The wafers were cleaned before applying the film to remove contaminants and dusts. 3-4 micron thick film was spin coated on silicon wafer at 1000-4000 rpm for 1-5 minute.
An optional pre-bake process at 90 C may be performed to remove the residual solvent if that is a concern. In these formulations the solvent is typically less than 10 wt %, more preferably less than 1 wt %. The film was inspected for defects from undispersed particles or air bubbles. If no defects were observed, its surface roughness is measured using a surface profilometer.
The film coated on glass slide or fused silica wafer was cured by UV exposure for 60-200 seconds using a Dymax EC-5000 system with a mercury ‘H’ bulb and then post-baked for 2-5 minutes at 120-150 C under air. Further, the thermal stability of the film was tested by heating the film at a temperature of 175 C or above, more preferably 200 C, under nitrogen atmosphere for 1-2 hours. A crack free, colorless film is desirable and indicates a good formulation.
These film demonstrate a refractive index of 1.80 or greater at 400 nm and transmittance>89% at 400 nm.
The refractive index is measured with a Woollam M-2000 spectroscopic ellipsometer in the spectral range from 350 nm to 1700 nm and the transmittance was measured using a Perkin Elmer Lambda 850 Spectrophotometer.
This example formulation with 65-75:25-35 mass ratio of BMA to TMPTA with nanocrystal loading of 50 wt % and above produced films that are UV curable and can withstand a thermal baking at 200 C for 1-2 hour under nitrogen, as shown in Table 1.
Films spin coated from formulation containing zirconium oxide nanocrystals capped with 2-[2-(2-9-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]acetic acid at 50-80 wt % loading in the BMA-TMPTA (65-75:25-35 mass ratio) were stable and did not crack when heated at temperatures up to 200 C. However, films from formulation containing zirconium oxide nanocrystals capped with 2-[2-(2-9-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]acetic acid at 82-85 wt % loading in the BMA-TMPTA (65-75:25-35 mass ratio) were stable only at temperatures below 120 C, as shown in Table 1. Also, zirconium oxide nanocrystals modified with other capping agents such as methoxy(triethyleneoxy)propyltrimethoxysilane and/or 3-methacryloyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane and/or n-octyl trimethoxysilane and/or dodecyltrimethoxysilane and/or m,p-ethylphenethyl trimethoxysilane formed good dispersions in BMA-TMPTA mixture, as well as good films, but was only stable up to 120 C.
One advantage of this exemplary non-limiting embodiment is that both monomers are in liquid form at room temperature so no solvent is necessary at room temperature and the film is UV curable. Surface modified ZrO2 nanocrystals are dispersed directly in the monomer. Such a direct dispersion eliminates, for example, the need to remove the solvent at a later step.
Nanocrystals of the exemplified embodiments of the present disclosure have been surface modified with various capping agents such as 2-[2-(2-9-methoxyethoxy) ethoxy]acetic acid and/or methoxy(triethyleneoxy)propyltrimethoxysilane and/or 3-methacryloyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane and or n-octyl trimethoxysilane and/or dodecyltrimethoxysilane and/or m,p-ethylphenethyl trimethoxysilane. In an exemplified method of producing the capped nanocrystals of the present disclosure, the as-synthesized nanocrystals are allowed to settle for at least 12 hours after synthesis. Since the nanocrystals are surface modified in a solvent other than the synthesis solvent, the nanocrystals are separated from the reaction liquid by decanting off the reaction liquid and rinsing the nanocrystals with the capping solvent. The rinsing solvent is decanted off to obtain a wet cake of uncapped nanocrystals.
For the surface modification of the nanocrystals with 2-[2-(2-9-methoxyethoxy) ethoxy]acetic acid, the nanocrystals are suspended in the capping solvent, for example, toluene for 2-[2-(2-9-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]acetic acid modification, at a loading of 10 wt % or greater, or 20 wt % or greater, or 30 wt % or greater, calculated based on the weight of the wet nanocrystal cake. While the suspension is stirred, the capping agent is added to it slowly. The amount of capping agent used is in the presently exemplified embodiment 8-60 wt % to the weight of the wet nanocrystal cake. The suspension is allowed to stir at 20-27° C. for 10-30 minutes and then refluxed at the boiling point of the capping solvent for 30-60 minutes. After refluxing, the clear solution is cooled to 50-60° C. slowly. This suspension is then filtered to remove dusts and aggregates bigger than 200 nm sizes.
The capped nanocrystals are then precipitated out from the capping solvent using heptane (2-4 times the mass of the capped solution). The precipitated nanocrystals are collected by centrifugation. The nanocrystal thus collected is dispersed in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and again re-precipitated using heptane. This process is repeated twice. The wet cake of nanocrystals collected in the final step is dried under vacuum for at least 12 hours.
The present application claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/790,156, filed Mar. 15, 2013, the entire contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61790156 | Mar 2013 | US |
