Patent Application
20240154419
The disclosed concept relates generally to three-phase power systems and, more specifically, to a phase balancing system for minimizing neutral current in the utility power grid, also known as “zero-sequence current”, that includes a number of components for protecting the phase balancing system during grid-fault conditions, thereby allowing a reduction in component ratings and therefore overall system cost. In the exemplary embodiments, there are two components that are disclosed for providing this protection, either alone or in combination with one another. The first component that is disclosed is an electrical clamp circuit that bypasses the inverter during grid-fault conditions. The second component that is disclosed is an electrical load-break switch that can react more quickly than the existing mechanical main circuit contactor.
An electrical power system normally operates in a balanced three-phase sinusoidal steady-state mode. However, there are certain situations that can cause imbalanced operations. The most severe of these would be a fault or short circuit. Examples may include a tree in contact with a conductor, a lightning strike, or downed power line. The basic theory of symmetrical components is that phase currents and voltages in a three-phase power system can be represented by three single-phase components. These are positive-, negative- and zero-sequence components. The positive sequence component of current or voltage has the same rotation as the power system. This component represents a balanced load.
If the generator phase currents are equal and displaced by exactly 120°, only positive-sequence current will exist. A current or voltage imbalance between phases in magnitude or phase angle gives rise to negative- and zero-sequence components. The negative sequence component has a rotation opposite that of the power system. The zero-sequence component represents an imbalance that causes current flow in the neutral.
High levels of positive-, negative- and zero-sequence harmonic currents are generated by the single-phase, non-linear loads that are connected between phase and neutral in a three-phase, four-wire distribution system. Although each single-phase, non-linear load is normally small, they often represent 95% to 100% of all loads connected to a low voltage distribution system in an office, data center or audio-video facility, for example. Perhaps more importantly, a driver of these imbalances is increased penetration of single-phase (e.g., residential) renewable power generation installations, which are “large” and somewhat unpredictable from a long-term planning standpoint.
Unlike the positive- and negative-sequence phase currents, which are each displaced by 120° in a three-phase system, zero-sequence currents are each displaced by 0° and are therefore “in-phase”. As a result, zero-sequence currents combine arithmetically at the source transformer's neutral terminal and return to the nonlinear loads via the system's neutral conductor. In a worst-case scenario, the resulting zero-sequence neutral currents may be greater than 1.5 times the phase currents.
Zero-sequence currents, acting in an Ohm's Law relationship with the system's zero-sequence impedances, produce zero-sequence voltages. These zero-sequence voltages distort the fundamental voltage waveforms. Systems and methods for alleviating fundamental frequency line load imbalance in the distribution system will thus reduce line loss and increase power system capacity without installing new lines. Systems and methods for reducing zero-sequence current in a three-phase power system are therefore desirable.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 11,056,883 and 11,296,509, each assigned to the assignee hereof, describe various embodiments of phase balancing systems that utilizes a “zig-zag” grounding transformer for minimizing zero-sequence currents. The base phase balancing technology disclosed in these patents is shown in
A key constraint of these existing technologies is tolerance to grid-fault conditions, which leads to severely imbalanced voltages in the power grid. In these cases, the system controller 50 will act to disconnect the phase balancer system from the power grid. Main contactor 15, however, is most often realized with mechanical contactors such as vacuum or gas-filled circuit breakers, which can take multiple cycles of the ac power before the physical contacts have opened and the arc is effectively broken. In the meantime, the semiconductors forming a part of inverter 30 must withstand the high voltage present or, if they are used to clamp the voltage, they must sustain a high current that can flow into the fault limited only by the impedance of zig-zag transformer 10. The most challenging fault condition for zero-sequence current balancer 5 is the case of a single-phase fault between any phase and neutral (or Earth in typical grounded system), which leads to a significant zero-sequence voltage at the terminals. This constraint drives significant cost in inverter 30 and real power injector 40. In the previously developed solutions described above, the design was optimized to split this voltage approximately evenly between zig-zag transformer 10 and inverter 30, for example using CMMI technology as described. This split, combined with the designed—in impedance in zig-zag transformer 10, prevents the semiconductors in inverter 30 from exceeding their current ratings. In one specific as-built design, this led to an approximately 4× increase in the voltage rating of inverter 30, which carries an important cost impact.
A simple solution to this problem would be to replace main contactor 15 with semiconductor devices. This, however, will cause extra power loss during normal operation, requiring extra cooling. Also, in such a configuration, the phase balancer cannot contribute current to the fault, which is preferred by the power utility in many applications to help the protection systems isolate the system fault.
In one embodiment, a zero-sequence current balancer for a controlling zero-sequence current in a three-phase power system is provided. The zero-sequence current balancer includes a zig-zag transformer coupled to the three-phase power system, an inverter coupled to an output of the zig-zag transformer, and at least one of: (i) a clamp device operating as a normally open switch, the clamp device being provided in between the output of the zig-zag transformer and a neutral conductor (which may in some implementations be connected to ground, although this is not required), and being connected in parallel with the inverter, and (ii) a load-break switch provided between the output end of the zig-zag transformer and an input of inverter. A controller is also provided that, responsive to detecting a fault condition in the three-phase power system, causes at least one of closing of the clamp device or opening of the load-break switch in order to protect the system.
In another embodiment, a method for a controlling zero-sequence current in a three-phase power system is provided. The method includes providing: (i) a zig-zag transformer coupled to the three-phase power system, (ii) an inverter coupled to an output of the zig-zag transformer, and (iii) at least one of: (a) a clamp device operating as a normally open switch, the clamp device being provided in between the output of the zig-zag transformer and a neutral conductor (which may is some implementations be connected to, although this is not required), and being connected in parallel with the inverter, and (b) a load-break switch provided between the output end of the zig-zag transformer and an input of inverter. The method further comprises detecting a fault condition in the three-phase power system, and responsive to detecting the fault condition, causing at least one of closing of the clamp device or opening of the load-break switch.
A full understanding of the invention can be gained from the following description of the preferred embodiments when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
Clamp device 60 functions as a normally-open switch, which is closed when the current and/or voltage reaches a certain predetermined level (the voltage leads the current in time due to the inductive nature of the transformer, and may generally be achieved with semiconductor device(s) to achieve the speed required to bypass inverter 30 before the current can rise within inverter 30 to a level that would damage the semiconductors in inverter 30. The rate-of-rise of the current in inverter 30 is limited by the impedance of zig-zag transformer 10. As a result, there is a small window of time, e.g., <2 ms in the exemplary embodiment (or in the range of 1-2000 μs in one non-limiting particular implementation), during which this bypass can be achieved. In particular, the fault can be readily detected by the controller 50, which generally has high-bandwidth measurements of the terminal voltage and current needed for the control of inverter 30. The most likely embodiment of clamp device 60 would be an antiparallel thyristor in a triac-like arrangement. This would allow the clamp to block voltage in either direction when untriggered and carry current in either direction when triggered. Thyristor devices, specifically the subtype referred to as Silicon Controlled Rectifiers (SCRs), are commercially available with very high voltage and peak current ratings, and a much lower cost when compared to the semiconductors used in inverter 30. Alternate embodiments of clamp device 60 may be based on metal-oxide-semiconductor technology, such as MOSFETs, IGBTs, and HEMT-FETs; or a very high-speed mechanical contactor such as those made from Micro Electro-Mechanical Switches (MEMS) or those utilizing explosive charges.
While specific embodiments of the invention have been described in detail, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various modifications and alternatives to those details could be developed in light of the overall teachings of the disclosure. Accordingly, the particular arrangements disclosed are meant to be illustrative only and not limiting as to the scope of disclosed concept which is to be given the full breadth of the claims appended and any and all equivalents thereof.
