Patent Application
20160355915
Provided herein are novel aluminum alloy compositions and methods of making and processing the same. In some cases, the alloys described herein exhibit high formability, high strength, and corrosion resistance. The alloys described herein are also highly recyclable. The alloys described herein can be used in electronics, transportation, industrial, automotive and other applications.
Recyclable aluminum alloys that can be used in multiple applications, including electronics and transportation applications, are desirable. Such alloys should exhibit high strength, high formability, and corrosion resistance. However, producing such alloys has proven to be a challenge, as hot rolling of compositions with the potential of exhibiting the desired properties often results in edge cracking issues and the propensity for hot tearing.
Provided herein are novel aluminum-containing 5XXX series alloys. The alloys exhibit high strength, high formability, and corrosion resistance. The alloys can be used in electronics, transportation, industrial, and automotive applications, just to name a few. The aluminum alloys described herein comprise about 0.05-0.30 wt. % Si, 0.08-0.50 wt. % Fe, 0-0.60 wt. % Cu, 0-0.60 wt. % Mn, 4.0-7.0 wt. % Mg, 0-0.25 wt. % Cr, 0-0.20 wt. % Zn, 0-0.15 wt. % Ti, and up to 0.15 wt. % of impurities, with the remainder as Al. Throughout this application, all elements are described in weight percentage (wt. %) based on the total weight of the alloy. In some examples, the aluminum alloy comprises about 0.05-0.30 wt. % Si, 0.1-0.50 wt. % Fe, 0-0.60 wt. % Cu, 0.10-0.60 wt. % Mn, 4.5-7.0 wt. % Mg, 0-0.25 wt. % Cr, 0-0.20 wt. % Zn, 0-0.15 wt. % Ti, and up to 0.15 wt. % of impurities, with the remainder as Al. In some examples, the aluminum alloy comprises about 0.10-0.20 wt. % Si, 0.20-0.35 wt. % Fe, 0.01-0.25 wt. % Cu, 0.20-0.55 wt. % Mn, 5.0-6.5 wt. % Mg, 0.01-0.25 wt. % Cr, 0.01-0.20 wt. % Zn, 0-0.1 wt. % Ti, and up to 0.15 wt. % of impurities, with the remainder as Al. In some examples, the aluminum alloy comprises about 0.10-0.15 wt. % Si, 0.20-0.35 wt. % Fe, 0.1-0.25 wt. % Cu, 0.20-0.50 wt. % Mn, 5.0-6.0 wt. % Mg, 0.05-0.20 wt. % Cr, 0.01-0.20 wt. % Zn, 0-0.05 wt. % Ti, and up to 0.15 wt. % of impurities, with the remainder as Al. Optionally, the aluminum alloy comprises about 0.05-0.15 wt. % Si, 0.09-0.15 wt. % Fe, 0-0.05 wt. % Cu, 0-0.10 wt. % Mn, 4.0-5.5 wt. % Mg, 0-0.20 wt. % Cr, 0-0.05 wt. % Zn, 0-0.05 wt. % Ti, and up to 0.15 wt. % of impurities, with the remainder as Al. The alloy can include α-AlFeMnSi particles. The alloy can be produced by casting (e.g., direct casting or continuous casting), homogenization, hot rolling, cold rolling, and annealing. Also provided herein are products comprising the aluminum alloy as described herein. The products can include, but are not limited to, automotive body parts (e.g., inner panels), electronic device housings (e.g., outer casings of mobile phones and tablet bottom chassis), and transportation body parts.
Further provided herein are methods of processing an aluminum ingot or of producing a metal product. The methods include the steps of casting an aluminum alloy as described herein to form an ingot; homogenizing the ingot to form a plurality of α-AlFeMnSi particles in the ingot; cooling the ingot to a temperature of 450° C. or less; hot rolling the ingot to produce a rolled product; optionally cold rolling the rolled product to an intermediate gauge; allowing the rolled product to self-anneal; and cold rolling the rolled product to a final gauge. Products (e.g., automotive body parts, electronic device housings, and transportation body parts) obtained according to the methods are also provided herein.
Other objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description of non-limiting examples of the invention.
Described herein are novel 5XXX series aluminum alloys which exhibit high strength and high formability. The alloys described herein are also insensitive to intergranular corrosion and are highly recyclable. In the soft annealed condition, these alloys exhibit high formability which allows for complex geometry applications. Surprisingly, the alloys described herein also exhibit high formability in other tempers as well. The high strength, high formability, and corrosion resistance properties are stable and are maintained throughout the life of any products prepared using the alloys. In other words, little or no ageing occurs during storage, processing, or service.
The alloys described herein are novel aluminum-containing 5XXX series alloys. The alloys exhibit high strength, high formability, and corrosion resistance. The properties of the alloy are achieved due to the elemental composition of the alloy. Specifically, the alloy can have the following elemental composition as provided in Table 1.
In some examples, the alloy can have the following elemental composition as provided in Table 2.
In some examples, the alloy can have the following elemental composition as provided in Table 3.
In some examples, the alloy can have the following elemental composition as provided in Table 4.
In some examples, the alloy described herein includes silicon (Si) in an amount of from 0.05% to 0.30% (e.g., from 0.10% to 0.20%, from 0.10% to 0.15%, or from 0.05% to 0.15%) based on the total weight of the alloy. For example, the alloy can include 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09%, 0.10%, 0.11%, 0.12%, 0.13%, 0.14%, 0.15%, 0.16%, 0.17%, 0.18%, 0.19%, 0.20%, 0.21%, 0.22%, 0.23%, 0.24%, 0.25%, 0.26%, 0.27%, 0.28%, 0.29%, or 0.30% Si. All expressed in wt. %.
In some examples, the alloy described herein also includes iron (Fe) in an amount of from 0.08% to 0.50 % (e.g., from 0.1% to 0.50%, from 0.20 % to 0.35%, or from 0.09 % to 0.15%) based on the total weight of the alloy. For example, the alloy can include 0.08%, 0.09%, 0.10%, 0.11%, 0.12%, 0.13%, 0.14%, 0.15%, 0.16%, 0.17%, 0.18%, 0.19%, 0.20%, 0.21%, 0.22%, 0.23%, 0.24%, 0.25%, 0.26%, 0.27%, 0.28%, 0.29%, 0.30%, 0.31%, 0.32%, 0.33%, 0.34%, 0.35%, 0.36%, 0.37%, 0.38%, 0.39%, 0.40%, 0.41%, 0.42%, 0.43%, 0.44%, 0.45%, 0.46%, 0.47%, 0.48%, 0.49%, or 0.50% Fe. All expressed in wt. %.
In some examples, the alloy described includes copper (Cu) in an amount of up to 0.60% (e.g., from 0.01% to 0.25%, from 0.1% to 0.25%, or from 0% to 0.05%) based on the total weight of the alloy. For example, the alloy can include 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09%, 0.10%, 0.11%, 0.12%, 0.13%, 0.14%, 0.15%, 0.16%, 0.17%, 0.18%, 0.19%, 0.20%, 0.21%, 0.22%, 0.23%, 0.24%, 0.25%, 0.26%, 0.27%, 0.28%, 0.29%, 0.30%, 0.31%, 0.32%, 0.33%, 0.34%, 0.35%, 0.36%, 0.37%, 0.38%, 0.39%, 0.40%, 0.41%, 0.42%, 0.43%, 0.44%, 0.45%, 0.46%, 0.47%, 0.48%, 0.49%, 0.50%, 0.51%, 0.52%, 0.53%, 0.54%, 0.55%, 0.56%, 0.57%, 0.58%, 0.59%, or 0.60% Cu. In some cases, Cu is not present in the alloy (i.e., 0%). All expressed in wt. %.
In some examples, the alloy described herein can include manganese (Mn) in an amount of up to 0.60 % (e.g., from 0.10 % to 0.60%, from 0.40% to 0.55%, from 0.40 % to 0.50%, or from 0% to 0.1%) based on the total weight of the alloy. For example, the alloy can include 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09%, 0.10%, 0.11%, 0.12%, 0.13%, 0.14%, 0.15%, 0.16%, 0.17%, 0.18%, 0.19%, 0.20%, 0.21%, 0.22%, 0.23%, 0.24%, 0.25%, 0.26%, 0.27%, 0.28%, 0.29%, 0.30%, 0.31%, 0.32%, 0.33%, 0.34%, 0.35%, 0.36%, 0.37%, 0.38%, 0.39%, 0.40%, 0.41%, 0.42%, 0.43%, 0.44%, 0.45%, 0.46%, 0.47%, 0.48%, 0.49%, 0.50%, 0.51%, 0.52%, 0.53%, 0.54%, 0.55%, 0.56%, 0.57%, 0.58%, 0.59%, or 0.60% Mn. In some cases, Mn is not present in the alloy (i.e., 0%). All expressed in wt. %. When present, the Mn content results in the precipitation of α-AlFeMnSi particles during homogenization, which can result in additional dispersoid strengthening.
In some examples, the alloy described herein can include magnesium (Mg) in an amount of from 4.0 to 7.0% (e.g., from 4.5% to 7.0%, from 5.0 % to 6.5%, from 5.0 % to 6.0%, or from 4.0% to 5.5%). In some examples, the alloy can include 4.0%, 4.1%, 4.2%, 4.3%, 4.4%, 4.5%, 4.6%, 4.7%, 4.8%, 4.9%, 5.0%, 5.1%, 5.2%, 5.3%, 5.4%, 5.5%, 5.6%, 5.7%, 5.8%, 5.9%, 6.0%, 6.1%, 6.2%, 6.3%, 6.4%, 6.5%, 6.6%, 6.7%, 6.8%, 6.9%, or 7.0% Mg. All expressed in wt. %. The inclusion of Mg in the alloys described herein in an amount of from 5.0 to 7.0% is referred to as a “high Mg content.” Mg can be included in the alloys described herein to serve as a solid solution strengthening element for the alloy. As described further below, and as demonstrated in the Examples, the high Mg content results in the desired strength and formability, without compromising the corrosion resistance of the materials.
In some examples, the alloy described herein includes chromium (Cr) in an amount of up to 0.25% (e.g., from 0.01% to 0.25% or from 0.05% to 0.20%) based on the total weight of the alloy. For example, the alloy can include 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09%, 0.10%, 0.11%, 0.12%, 0.13%, 0.14%, 0.15%, 0.16%, 0.17%, 0.18%, 0.19%, 0.20%, 0.21%, 0.22%, 0.23%, 0.24%, or 0.25% Cr. In some cases, Cr is not present in the alloy (i.e., 0%). All expressed in wt. %.
In some examples, the alloy described herein includes zinc (Zn) in an amount of up to 0.20% (e.g., from 0.01% to 0.20% or from 0% to 0.05%) based on the total weight of the alloy. For example, the alloy can include 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09%, 0.10%, 0.11%, 0.12%, 0.13%, 0.14%, 0.15%, 0.16%, 0.17%, 0.18%, 0.19%, or 0.20% Zn. In some cases, Zn is not present in the alloy (i.e., 0%). All expressed in wt. %.
In some examples, the alloy described herein includes titanium (Ti) in an amount of up to 0.15% (e.g., from 0% to 0.1% or from 0% to 0.05%) based on the total weight of the alloy. For example, the alloy can include 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09%, 0.10%, 0.11%, 0.12%, 0.13%, 0.14%, or 0.15% Ti. In some cases, Ti is not present in the alloy (i.e., 0%). All expressed in wt. %.
Optionally, the alloy compositions described herein can further include other minor elements, sometimes referred to as impurities, in amounts of 0.05% or below, 0.04% or below, 0.03% or below, 0.02% or below, or 0.01% or below each. These impurities may include, but are not limited to, V, Zr, Ni, Sn, Ga, Ca, or combinations thereof. Accordingly, V, Zr, Ni, Sn, Ga, or Ca may be present in alloys in amounts of 0.05% or below, 0.04% or below, 0.03% or below, 0.02% or below, or 0.01% or below. In some cases, the sum of all impurities does not exceed 0.15% (e.g., 0.10%). All expressed in wt. %. The remaining percentage of the alloy is aluminum.
The alloys described herein can be cast into ingots using a Direct Chill (DC) process or can be cast using a Continuous Casting (CC) process. The casting process is performed according to standards commonly used in the aluminum industry as known to one of skill in the art. The CC process may include, but is not limited to, the use of twin belt casters, twin roll casters, or block casters. In some examples, the casting process is performed by a CC process to form a slab, a strip, or the like. In some examples, the casting process is a DC casting process to form a cast ingot.
The cast ingot, slab, or strip can then be subjected to further processing steps. Optionally, the further processing steps can be used to prepare sheets. Such processing steps include, but are not limited to, a homogenization step, a hot rolling step, an optional first cold rolling step to produce an intermediate gauge, an annealing step, and a second cold rolling step to a final gauge. The processing steps are described below in relation to a cast ingot. However, the processing steps can also be used for a cast slab or strip, using modifications as known to those of skill in the art.
The homogenization is carried out to precipitate α-AlFeMnSi particles. The α-AlFeMnSi particles can result in the formation of dispersoids during subsequent strengthening processes. In the homogenization step, an ingot prepared from the alloy compositions described herein is heated to attain a peak metal temperature of at least 470° C. (e.g., at least 475° C., at least 480° C., at least 485° C., at least 490° C., at least 495° C., at least 500° C., at least 505° C., at least 510° C., at least 515° C., at least 520° C., at least 525° C., or at least 530° C.). In some examples, the ingot is heated to a temperature ranging from 500° C. to 535° C. The heating rate to the peak metal temperature is sufficiently low to allow time for Al5Mg8 phase dissolution. For example, the heating rate to the peak metal temperature can be 50° C./hour or less, 40° C./hour or less, or 30° C./hour or less. The ingot is then allowed to soak (i.e., held at the indicated temperature) for a period of time during the first stage. In some cases, the ingot is allowed to soak for up to 5 hours (e.g., from 30 minutes to 5 hours, inclusively). For example, the ingot can be soaked at the temperature of at least 500° C. for 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, or 5 hours.
Optionally, the homogenization step described herein can be a two-stage homogenization process. In these cases, the homogenization process can include the above-described heating and soaking steps, which can be referred to as the first stage, and can further include a second stage. In the second stage of the homogenization process, the ingot temperature is increased to a temperature higher than the temperature used for the first stage of the homogenization process. The ingot temperature can be increased, for example, to a temperature at least five degrees Celsius higher than the ingot temperature during the first stage of the homogenization process. For example, the ingot temperature can be increased to a temperature of at least 475° C. (e.g., at least 480° C., at least 485° C., at least 490° C., at least 495° C., at least 500° C., at least 505° C., at least 510° C., at least 515° C., at least 520° C., at least 525° C., at least 530° C., or at least 535° C.). The heating rate to the second stage homogenization temperature can be 5° C./hour or less, 3° C./hour or less, or 2.5° C./hour or less. The ingot is then allowed to soak for a period of time during the second stage. In some cases, the ingot is allowed to soak for up to 5 hours (e.g., from 15 minutes to 5 hours, inclusively). For example, the ingot can be soaked at the temperature of at least 475° C. for 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, or 5 hours. Following homogenization, the ingot can be allowed to cool to room temperature in the ambient air.
The homogenization step should be performed fully to eliminate low melting constituents and prevent edge cracking. Incomplete homogenization causes massive edge cracks which originate from segregation of Mg5Al8 precipitates. Therefore, in some cases, Mg5Al8 is minimized or eliminated prior to hot rolling, which can improve fabricability.
Following the homogenization step, a hot rolling step can be performed. To avoid ingot cracking during the hot rolling step, the ingot temperature can be reduced to a temperature lower than the eutectic melting temperature of the Mg5Al8 precipitates (i.e., 450° C.). Therefore, prior to the start of hot rolling, the homogenized ingot can be allowed to cool to approximately 450° C. or less. The ingots can then be hot rolled to a 12 mm thick gauge or less. For example, the ingots can be hot rolled to a 10 mm thick gauge or less, 9 mm thick gauge or less, 8 mm thick gauge or less, 7 mm thick gauge or less, 6 mm thick gauge or less, 5 mm thick gauge or less, 4 mm thick gauge or less, 3 mm thick gauge or less, 2 mm thick gauge or less, or 1 mm thick gauge or less. In some examples, the ingots can be hot rolled to a 2.8 mm thick gauge. The hot rolled gauge can then undergo an annealing process at a temperature of from about 300° C. to 450° C.
Optionally, a cold rolling step can then be performed to result in an intermediate gauge. The rolled gauge can then undergo an annealing process at a temperature of from about 300° C. to about 450° C., with a soak time of approximately 1 hour and controlled cooling to room temperature at a rate of about 50° C./hour. Alternatively, a batch annealing process or a continuous annealing process can be performed. Following the annealing process, the rolled gauge can be cold rolled to a final gauge thickness of from 0.2 mm to 7 mm. The cold rolling can be performed to result in a final gauge thickness that represents an overall gauge reduction by 20%, 50%, 75%, or 85%. In some cases, the resulting sheet can be stabilized by holding the sheet at a temperature of from 100° C.-250° C. (e.g., 135° C., 160° C., 185° C., or 200° C.) for a period of time from 30 minutes to 2 hours (e.g., 1 hour).
The resulting sheets have the combination of desired properties described herein, including high strength, insensitivity to intergranular corrosion, and high formability under a variety of temper conditions, including O-temper and H3X-temper conditions, where H3X tempers include H32, H34, H36, or H38. Under O-temper conditions, the alloys can exhibit an ultimate tensile strength of greater than 310 MPa, a yield strength of greater than 160 MPa, and a percent elongation of greater than 22%. Under H3X-temper conditions, the alloys can exhibit an ultimate tensile strength of greater than 420 MPa, a yield strength of greater than 360 MPa, and a percent elongation of greater than 12%.
The alloys and methods described herein can be used in automotive, electronics, and transportation applications, among others. In some cases, the alloys can be used in O-temper, H2X, F, T4, T6, and in H3X temper for applications that require alloys with high formability. As mentioned above, the H3X tempers include H32, H34, H36, or H38. In some cases, the alloys are useful in applications where the processing and operating temperature is 150° C. or lower. For example, the alloys and methods described herein can be used to prepare automobile body parts, such as inner panels. The alloys and methods described herein can also be used to prepare housings for electronic devices, including mobile phones and tablet computers. In some cases, the alloys can be used to prepare housings for the outer casing of mobile phones (e.g., smart phones) and tablet bottom chassis.
The following examples will serve to further illustrate the present invention without, at the same time, however, constituting any limitation thereof. On the contrary, it is to be clearly understood that resort may be had to various embodiments, modifications and equivalents thereof which, after reading the description herein, may suggest themselves to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention.
Alloys were prepared as described herein with or without the optional cold rolling to intermediate gauge step (see
Five alloys were prepared or obtained for tensile elongation testing (see Table 5). Alloy K5182, A1, A2, A3, and A4 were prepared according to the methods described herein. Specifically, the ingots having the alloy composition shown below in Table 5 were heated to 525° C. and soaked for 3 hours. The ingots were then hot rolled to a 2.8 mm thick gauge, cold rolled to an intermediate gauge, and annealed at 300 to 450° C. for 1 hour followed by cooling to room temperature at a rate of 50° C./hour.
Cold rolling was then carried out to a final gauge thickness of from approximately 0.43 mm to 0.46 mm (overall gauge reduction by 50% or by 75%). The resulting sheets were allowed to stabilize at either 135° C. or at 185° C. for 1 hour. The elemental compositions of the tested alloys are shown in Table 5, with the balance being aluminum. The elemental compositions are provided in weight percentages. Alloy K5182 is an existing alloy commercially available from Novelis, Inc. (Atlanta, Ga.). Alloys A1, A2, A3, and A4 are prototype alloys prepared for the tensile, bendability, and corrosion resistance tests described below.
The recyclability was estimated for each of the alloys from Table 5. The recycle content and prime content are listed below in Table 6. The recycle content is an estimate and was calculated using known models, which blend scrap chemistries from different sources.
Tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation data were obtained for each alloy from Table 5. The testing was performed according to ASTM B557. The tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation data obtained from the four prototype alloys and from K5182 were compared, as shown in
The four prototype alloys and K5182 from Table 5 were prepared under O-temper conditions, H38-temper conditions with stabilization at 135° C., and H38-temper conditions with stabilization at 185° C. The tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation data were obtained and are shown in Table 7. The testing was performed according to ASTM B557.
To determine the effect of Mg content in the alloys on the mechanical properties in the resulting sheets, the mechanical properties for Alloys A2, A3, and A4 were compared. Alloys A2, A3, and A4 contain 4.5, 5.2, and 6.0 wt. %, respectively.
The bendability was determined for each of the prototype alloys, for the comparison material K5182, and for Alloy G, which is commercially available as Alloy GM55 from Sumitomo (Japan). The bendability was determined by measuring the hemming ability under a 90-180° bend and a radius of 0.5 mm. The samples were then ranked on a scale from 1 to 4 based on the surface appearance at the bend area. A ranking of “1” indicates a good surface appearance with no cracks. A ranking of “4” indicates that the samples contained short and/or long cracks at the bend area. Exemplary pictures of surface areas for alloys for each of the available ranking values are provided in
Corrosion resistance was determined for each of the prototype alloys A1-A4, K5182, and Alloy G using the intergranular corrosion test NAMLT (“Nitric Acid Mass Loss Test;” ASTM-G67). The amount of weight loss that occurs after stabilizing the samples at 135° C., 185° C., and 350° C. (which represents a full anneal) are depicted in
To determine the effect of the cold working percentage on mechanical properties, the mechanical properties of Alloys A1, A4, and Alloy G were compared. Alloys A1 and A4 were prepared under cold work percentage of 50% or 75%, and the tensile strength, yield strength, percent elongation, and hemming were determined. The results are shown in Table 9.
For Alloy A4, the strength versus the percentage cold work (CW) was plotted for the materials prepared at a stabilization temperature of 135° C. (
Alloys as described herein were prepared according to one of the processes shown in
In a third process, the cast ingots were preheated from room temperature to 480° C. and allowed to soak for 2 hours. The ingots were then heated to a second temperature of 525° C. and allowed to soak for 2 additional hours. The total time lapsed for the preheating, soaking, heating, and additional soaking steps averaged 14 hours. The ingots were then hot rolled at 340° C. for 1 hour to a 10.5 mm thick gauge, annealed at 330° C. for 1 hour to result in a 1.0 mm thick gauge, and then cold rolled to a final gauge thickness of 0.7 mm, representing a 30% gauge reduction from the annealed gauge. The resulting sheets were allowed to stabilize at 160° C. for 1 hour. In a fourth process, the cast ingots were preheated, soaked, heated, soaked, and hot rolled as described above for the third process. The annealing step was performed at 330° C. for 1 hour to result in a 2.0 mm thick gauge, and then cold rolled to a final gauge thickness of 0.7 mm, representing a 65% gauge reduction from the annealed gauge. The resulting sheets were allowed to stabilize at 200° C. for 1 hour. The processes described above resulted in alloys in their H32 tempered conditions.
Prototype alloy Example 1 was prepared for anodizing quality testing and tensile property testing. The elemental composition of Example 1 is shown in Table 10, with the balance being aluminum, and values are provided in weight percentages. Example 1 was prepared according to the methods described herein. Alloys AA5052 and AA5182 were obtained and were also tested for anodizing quality and tensile properties. Alloy AA5182 is an existing alloy commercially available from Novelis, Inc. (Atlanta, Ga.). Alloy AA5052 is an alloy that was prepared in the laboratory.
The anodizing responses under acidic and caustic conditions were obtained for prototype alloy Example 1, for comparative alloy AA5182, and for comparative alloy AA5052. Specifically, the brightness (represented as “L”), the white index (represented as “WI”), and the yellow index (represented as “YI”) for the alloys were determined. As illustrated in
Yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, uniform elongation, and total elongation data were obtained for prototype alloy Example 1, for comparative alloy AA5182, and for comparative alloy AA5052. The testing was performed according to ASTM B557. The tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation data obtained from the alloys were compared, as shown in
All patents, patent applications, publications, and abstracts cited above are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Various embodiments of the invention have been described in fulfillment of the various objectives of the invention. It should be recognized that these embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles of the present invention. Numerous modifications and adaptations thereof will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the following claims.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/171,344, filed Jun. 5, 2015, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62171344 | Jun 2015 | US |
