Patent Application
20230235420
The present invention relates to a high strength strip steel product suitable for example for automotive industry applications exhibiting an excellent average hole expansion ratio (HER), excellent elongation and high formability. The present invention further relates to a method of manufacturing the high strength strip steel product.
For environmental purposes and in order to fulfil safety regulations, the automotive industry requires a steel product that is thin and has a high strength. It is desirable to reduce the negative effects on the environment and at the same time to ensure passenger safety as well as good driving performance. By reducing fuel consumption and thereby reducing emission of greenhouse gases, the environment will be less negatively influenced. This can be achieved by using thinner and stronger steel products in the automotive industry whereby vehicles of lighter weight may be produced. Hot-rolled steel sheets are therefore being developed to meet these requirements.
Thinner steel products need to be of high strength for the safety of the passengers. Furthermore, there is a need for a steel product, which combines high strength with high formability and stretch flangeability. High formability is needed in order to more easily form e.g. a chassis to a desired form. High strength may, however, affect the formability and the stretch flangeability of steel sheets.
High strength steel sheets are sensitive to edge cracking during stretch flanging, which can be problematic. A common test for determining the stretch flanging is a hole expansion test. A high average hole expansion ratio characterizes good formability and good stretch flangeability of steel sheets with high strength. High strength steel with high stretch flangeability and thus a high average hole expansion ratio is requested, as well as a method of producing such a steel in a cost effective manner.
The object of the present invention is to solve the problem of providing a high strength steel product exhibiting an excellent average hole expansion ratio, elongation, high formability and high tensile strength. The objective is achieved by the combination of specific alloy design with cost-efficient manufacturing methods, which generates a mainly ferritic microstructure.
In a first aspect, the present invention provides a hot-rolled strip steel product having a chemical composition consisting of, in terms of weight percentages (wt. %):
In a second aspect, the present invention provides a method for manufacturing the steel product according to the first aspect, comprising the steps of:
It has been found that the addition of Ti and V increases the strength of the steel product without limiting the average hole expansion properties. The inventors have surprisingly found that the average hole expansion properties are on a desirable level despite the relatively high Ti content, which would normally be expected to reduce the average hole expansion ratio due to the introduction of hard TiN in the steel and the effects on the character of the final microstructure it has. Furthermore, the Ti and V alloying makes it possible to achieve the required strength level of the steel product even with limited amounts of Mo and/or Nb, or even without any Mo and/or Nb alloying. If present, Nb and Mo may, however, have a beneficial impact on the composition.
High strength of the steel product is mainly a result of precipitation strengthening of e.g. Ti and/or V, while high average hole expansion ratio is a result of clean steel metallurgy and small deviation in micro hardness in different phases in the microstructure. With the combination of elements and the alloying strategy, a high strength is obtained.
The steel product may have a composition, in terms of weight percentages (wt. %), wherein if the amount of Mo is in the range of 0%-0.20% and if the amount of Nb is in the range of <0.0060% then 0.2*Mo+Ti+V may be 0.090%-0.25%, preferably 0.10%-0.22% and more preferably 0.12%-0.20%. A steel product with high average hole expansion ratio and high strength is thereby achieved.
The steel product may have a composition, in terms of weight percentages (wt. %), wherein if the amount of Nb is in the range of 0%-0.050% and if the amount of Mo is in the range of <0.0060% then 0.125*Nb+Ti+V may be 0.070%-0.28%, preferably 0.090%-0.24% and more preferably 0.11%-0.19%. A product with high average hole expansion ratio and high strength is thereby achieved.
The steel product may have a composition, in terms of weight percentages (wt. %), wherein if the amount of Nb is in the range of 0.0060%-0.050% and if the amount of Mo is in the range of 0.0060%-0.20% then 0.2*Mo+0.125*Nb+Ti+V may be in the range of 0.070%-0.26%, preferably 0.10%-0.22% and more preferably 0.13%-0.19%. A product with high average hole expansion ratio and high strength is thereby achieved.
The steel product disclosed herein may have an average hole expansion ratio of ≥60% and/or a tensile strength of 790 MPa. The tensile strength may preferably be ≥800 MPa. An upper limit of the tensile strength may be 960 MPa in order to keep the average hole expansion ratio at an acceptable level. Further, the steel product may have an average hole expansion ratio of ≥65%, preferably of ≥70% or more preferably of ≥80%. A high average hole expansion ratio and tensile strength are important features to achieve a strip steel product suitable for use in the automotive industry.
A high strength steel product is obtained with the steel disclosed herein and the average hole expansion ratio is kept at a high level. The steel product disclosed herein may have a yield strength (Rp0.2%) longitudinal to the rolling direction of ≥700 MPa. An upper limit of the yield strength (Rp0.2%) in the longitudinal direction, i.e. in the rolling direction, may be 820 MPa in order to keep the average hole expansion ratio at an acceptable level.
The steel product may have a total elongation ≥12%.
The steel product disclosed herein may have a thickness of 1.5-8.0 mm, preferably 1.5-6.0 mm.
The sum of Si, Mn, Ni and Cr may be, in terms of weight percentages (wt. %), in the range of 1.0%-2.0% and preferably 1.3%-1.8%. The phase transformation from austenite to ferrite occurs slower and austenite is more stable at lower temperatures when larger amounts of Mn, Ni and/or Cr are present. Mn, Ni and Cr can thus be used to adjust the phase transformation to a suitable temperature range. Si provides solid solution strengthening and prevents cementite formation.
The sum of Nb, V and Ti may be, in terms of weight percentages (wt. %), 0.060%-0.40%, and preferably 0.10%-0.25%. The amount of Nb, V and Ti provide precipitation strengthening via carbide and nitride precipitation and can also be used to adjust the phase transformation temperature range.
If the amount of Nb is in the range of <0.0050% and if the amount of Mo is in the range of <0.0050% the amount of Mn may be in the range of 0.60%-1.5%. Such a composition may obtain a cost effective steel product, which is easy to hot-roll. In addition, the elements C, Ti and V need to be present. With low content of Nb and Mo, more equiaxed grains can be achieved which will improve strength.
The maximum carbon content may be
C≤a+Nb*(12.01/92.91)+V*(12.01/50.94)+Ti*(12.01/47.87)+Mo*(0.5*(12.01/95.94))
wherein all elements are in weight percentages (wt %) and constant a is tolerance for carbon, wherein the tolerance a may be 0.035, or preferably 0.02, or more preferably 0.01.
The minimum carbon content may be
C>Nb*(12.01/92.91)+V*(12.01/50.94)+Ti*(12.01/47.87)+Mo*(0.5*(12.01/95.94))−b,
wherein all elements are in weight percentages (wt %) and constant b is tolerance for carbon, wherein the tolerance b may be 0.015, or preferably 0.012, or more preferably 0.01.
In this way, it is ensured that the amount of carbon is high enough to allow sufficient precipitation strengthening, and low enough to prevent excessive carbon-rich areas (cementite, M/A-islands, for example) from forming.
The ferrite may comprise 15%-40% quasi-polygonal ferrite and more preferably 20%-35% of quasi-polygonal ferrite.
The steel product may be galvanized. This improves the corrosion resistance of the steel product. The galvanizing process may also increase the strength of the steel. The steel product may, for example, be galvanized by hot-dip galvanizing, although it is also possible to use other galvanizing techniques. The steel product may be continuously hot-dip galvanized.
In the method as disclosed herein, the accelerated cooling may be continuous.
Further advantages and advantageous features of the invention are disclosed in the following description.
The term “steel” is defined as an iron alloy containing carbon (C).
The term “strip steel product” as used in this document is intended to mean any rolled steel product having a thickness up to and including 10 mm, preferably 1.5-8.0 mm and more preferably 1.5-6.0 mm.
The term “ultimate tensile strength” (UTS, Rm) refers to the limit, at which the steel fractures under tension, thus the maximum tensile stress.
The term “yield strength” (YS, Rp0.2) refers to 0.2% offset yield strength defined as the amount of stress that will result in a plastic strain of 0.2%. Test results presented here are from samples cut along the rolling direction (longitudinal) from the center part of the strip, and thus refer to the yield strength as measured longitudinal to the rolling direction.
The term “total elongation” (TE) refers to the percentage by which the material can be stretched before it breaks; a rough indicator of formability, usually expressed as a percentage over a fixed gauge length of the measuring extensometer. Two common gauge lengths are 50 mm (A50) and 80 mm (A80).
“Hole expansion ratio” characterizes formability and stretch flangeability of steel sheets with high strength. The test is conducted by expanding a punched hole by pushing a conical punch through the punched hole. When measuring the hole expansion ratio the test is conducted three times and an average value is calculated. Thus, an average hole expansion ratio is measured. A more detailed description is disclosed in the Example part.
The alloying content of steel together with the processing parameters determine the microstructure, which in turn determines the mechanical properties of the steel.
The alloying elements that have been disclosed as being present in an amount of 0 to X weight-% are optional alloying elements and may be present in an amount of 0 weight-% up to and including the maximum amount X weight-%.
The alloying elements that have been disclosed as being present in an amount of <X % are optional alloying elements and may be present in an amount of 0 weight-% up to and not including the amount of X weight-%.
The difference between residual contents and inevitable impurities is that residual contents are controlled quantities of alloying elements, which are not considered to be impurities. A residual content as normally controlled by an industrial process does not have an essential effect upon the alloy.
GSF is measured average grain size of the ferrite phase.
Rolling parameters: t=thickness/time, FRT=finish rolling temperature, i.e. the temperature when hot rolling ends, CT=coiling temperature.
The Ar3 is the start transformation temperature for austenite-to-ferrite transformation upon cooling of the steel.
Alloy design is one of the first issues to be considered when developing a steel product with targeted mechanical properties. In the following, the chemical composition according to the present invention is described in more details, wherein % of each element refers to weight percentage.
Carbon C is used in the range of 0.025%-0.080%.
C alloying increases the strength of steel by solid solution and precipitation strengthening, and hence C content contributes the strength level. C is used in the range of 0.025%-0.080%. An excessive amount of C may promote cementite formation, which may be detrimental to average hole expansion ratio. Further, C may have detrimental effects on weldability and impact toughness.
Preferably, C is used in the range of 0.030%-0.060% and more preferably 0.033%-0.055%.
Silicon Si is used in the range of 0%-1.1%.
Si alloying enhances strength by solid solution strengthening. Further, Si retards the formation of cementite and pearlite and suppresses the formation of coarse carbides, which impair stretch-flange formability. A low Si content is desired to reduce rolling loads and to avoid scale issues which can impair fatigue properties of the steel product.
Si is used in the range of 0%-1.1%. Preferably, Si is used in the range of 0.0050%-0.80%, and more preferably 0.0050%-0.60%.
Manganese Mn is used in the range of 0.50%-2.0%.
Mn provides solid solution strengthening and suppresses the ferrite transformation temperature and ferrite transformation rate. Mn may also affect the precipitation of carbides and/or carbo-nitrides.
When Mn is added in a lower amount, the segregation during casting is limited and the microstructure is more homogenous. Therefore, the mechanical properties are homogenous.
An excess of Mn may deteriorate formability. In addition, increasing Mn levels may increase segregation during continuous casting resulting in an inhomogeneous microstructure.
However, certain amounts of Mn is needed in order to achieve the correct strength and microstructure. Mn is used in the range of 0.50%-2.0%. Preferably, Mn is used in the range of 0.70%-1.6%, and more preferably 0.80%-1.5%. For better processability and cost efficiency, Mn within the range of 0.60%-1.5% may be used when Nb is less than 0.0050% and Mo is less than 0.0050%, and more preferably Mn is in the range of 0.6-1.0%.
Phosphorus P may be used in an amount of <0.020%.
P is a solid solution-strengthening element. At high levels, P segregation will impair stretch-flange formability as well as weldability and impact toughness. Due to these negative effects, P is an unwanted element in these types of steels.
P may be used in an amount of <0.020%. Preferably, P may be used in an amount of <0.010%.
Sulphur S may be used in an amount of <0.050%.
A low sulfur content is beneficial for formability. Thus, a low content of S is good for a high average hole expansion ratio.
S may be used in an amount of <0.050%. Preferably, S may be used in an amount of <0.0050%.
Nitrogen N may be used in amount of <0.010%.
Nitrogen forms nitrides together with Ti, which reduce the amount of Ti available for TiC precipitation strengthening.
A too high N content will impair cold-stretch and stretch-flange formability. N content may be <0.010%. Preferably, N may be used in an amount of <0.0050%.
Chromium Cr may be used in the range of 0%-0.60%.
Preferably Cr is not added, but it may be present e.g. from scrap raw material. In order to achieve even strength levels along the strip and good formability properties, i.e. good average hole expansion ratio, chromium alloying is not essential and not needed. Chromium alloying also increases cost of the alloy.
Cr suppress the ferrite formation similar as Mn. Thus, Cr can partially replace Mn in order to improve the center line segregation which might be present at elevated Mn levels.
Cr can also improve the strength of the material.
Cr may be used in the range of 0%-0.60%. Preferably, Cr may be used in the range of 0%-0.15%. More preferably, the Cr content is 0%-0.090% and even more preferably 0%-0.080%. Cr may in some embodiments be used in the range of 0%-0.060%.
Nickel Ni may be used in an amount of 0%-0.20%.
Ni may be optionally added. If not added intentionally, it may be present in the amounts of 0-0.20% from scrap raw material. Higher levels than 0.20% of Ni may improve toughness, but would also increase the cost of the steel.
Copper Cu may be used in the range of 0%-0.25%.
Cu may be present as result of scrap raw material based metallurgy, if not intentionally added. If the steel has high amounts of Cu, Ni is needed in order to prevent surface defects from arising during hot rolling. As a general rule, a Ni content of at least 30% of the Cu content is needed to prevent the defects, and preferably even more. Ni alloying may be needed when the Cu content is more than 0.20%.
Cu may be used in the range of 0%-0.25%. Preferably, Cu may be used in the range of 0%-0.10%.
Molybdenum Mo may be used in the range of 0%-0.20%.
Mo alloying improves impact strength, low-temperature toughness and tempering resistance. Molybdenum may be used to increase strength, but it is not essential to the steel product disclosed herein. Instead, or additionally, other alloying elements, such as Ti and/or V, may be used to promote strength. Hence, a more cost efficient solution may be achieved without any molybdenum alloying. In addition, increased Mo levels increase hot rolling forces. Mo suppresses ferrite formation and may be used in the steel for that reason. Mo is also a carbide former and may form molybdenum carbides or complex carbides together with Ti and/or V and/or Nb.
If Mo alloying is intentionally used, Mo may be used in the range up to 0.20%. Preferably, Mo may be used in the range of 0%-0.15%, and more preferably 0%-0.12%.
If Mo is not added on purpose, up to 0.050% Mo may be present as a trace amount. Mo alloying is preferably used in combination with Nb, as Mo alloying enhances the strengthening effect of Nb.
Aluminum Al may be used in the range of 0%-0.15%.
Al is used as a deoxidizing element in the metallurgy. Too high Al levels may decrease formability and weldability by formation of aluminium oxides. In order to prevent excess of aluminium oxide formation in the melt, Al-levels greater than 0.070% should be avoided.
However, some Al is needed if no other deoxidizer is used during the metallurgy to remove oxygen from the steel.
Al may be used in the range of 0%-0.15%. Preferably, Al may be used in the range of 0.015%-0.070%.
Niobium Nb may be used in the range of 0%-0.050%.
Nb contributes to strengthening and toughening of steels through precipitations and grain refinement. However, an excess of Nb may deteriorate bendability. Nb is therefore an optional element.
Nb is used in the range of 0%-0.050%, preferably 0%-0.040% and more preferably 0%-0.025%. Nb may be used in the range 0%-0.020%.
In case Nb is not intentionally alloyed, such as present as a trace amount, the required strength may be achieved with other alloying elements, such as Ti and/or V. In this case Nb content is less than 0.010% and preferably less than 0.0050%.
If Nb is intentionally alloyed, the Nb content of the steel may be in the range of 0.0060%-0.050%. Preferably, Nb may be used in the range of 0.0060%-0.040% and more preferably 0.0060%-0.025%. At levels below 0.0060% the impact of Nb on strength may be unreliable and merely causes deviation to strength levels.
Vanadium V is used in the range of 0.020%-0.20%.
V provides precipitation strengthening. The precipitation strengthening based on fine V containing carbide and/or carbo-nitride precipitates is important to achieve desired strength levels. V is used in combination with Ti to induce strength. Further, V is present mostly in vanadium carbides (VC) when N levels are low.
V is used in the range of 0.020%-0.20%. Preferably, V is used in the range of 0.020%-0.15% and more preferably 0.030%-0.12%.
Titanium Ti is used in the range of 0.020%-0.15%.
Ti provides precipitation strengthening. The precipitation strengthening based on fine Ti containing carbide and/or carbo-nitride precipitates is important to achieve desired strength levels.
Ti amount should be kept below 0.15% because higher amounts may cause problems with continuous casting.
Ti is used in the range of 0.020%-0.15%. Preferably, Ti is used in the range of 0.050%-0.12%, and more preferably 0.060%-0.11%.
Boron B may be used in the range of 0%-0.0010%.
B increases the strength and hardenability of the material. An excessive amount may however deteriorate the formability.
B may be used in the range of 0%-0.0010%. Preferably, B may be used in the range of 0%-0.00050%.
The product as disclosed herein will have a predominantly ferritic structure comprising of, in terms of volume percentages (vol. %), ferrite ≥90%, preferably ≥95%, more preferably ≥98%, wherein the ferrite structure comprises 10%-50% quasi-polygonal ferrite and remainder polygonal ferrite and/or bainite. Ferrite is a soft phase, but it may be strengthened via precipitation strengthening with for example Ti and/or V. Ferrite has good formability, resulting in, for example, good hole expansion ratio, and when it has been strengthened it forms an excellent steel product.
Preferably, the ferrite may comprise 15%-40% quasi-polygonal ferrite and more preferably 20%-35% of quasi-polygonal ferrite. In some embodiments, the amount of polygonal ferrite is ≤20% and more preferably ≤10%.
The tests have shown that the steel product disclosed herein is not sensitive to variations of processing parameters. A quasi-polygonal phase may be achieved by accelerated cooling in cooling step, which will strengthen the steel. The microstructure of the steel product apart from ferrite may comprise up to 10% of other phases and structures, such as pearlite, martensite/austenite (M/A) islands and/or cementite, such that the total content adds up to 100%. The content of M/A islands and pearlite may in some embodiments be up to 5%. In one embodiment, the microstructure comprises at least 95% ferrite, the remainder being pearlite and M/A islands. The sum of pearlite and M/A islands may be <3%. Carbon-rich areas, such as M/A islands, are preferably to be avoided. Preferably, the steel product is free from residual austenite, or comprises at most 0.5% of residual austenite. Austenite is preferably only present as M/A-islands, if any. Phase fractions are measured from the body part of the strip and at ¼ thickness.
The grain structure is not completely elongated i.e. “pancaked” and close to elliptic, but not fully equiaxed either. The steel strip product has a ferrite grain structure, wherein the ferrite grain structure may have an aspect ratio in the range of 1-2, and preferably 1-1.5.
Too much Nb and Mo in the alloy may lead to elongation of prior austenite grains. A microstructure closer to an equiaxed microstructure is desired, so Nb and Mo levels need to be controlled.
Quasi-Polygonal Ferrite Characteristics
The microstructure of quasi-polygonal ferrite is characterized by relatively coarse ferrite grains whose boundaries are both irregular and undulating. The structure often shows clearly detectable etching evidence containing a dislocation sub-structure. The quasi-polygonal ferrite transformation during continuous cooling takes place below the temperature range for polygonal ferrite, roughly between 610-670° C. Similarly as polygonal ferrite, the prior austenite boundaries are eliminated in quasi-polygonal ferrite. Because the parent austenite and the product ferrite involved in massive transformation ideally have the same composition, the transformation can be accomplished by the short-range diffusion across transformation interfaces. However, interstitial or substitutional atom partitioning may occur at the migrating interfaces causing the irregular growth and jagged boundaries of quasi-polygonal ferrite (massive ferrite).
The steel product disclosed herein may have an average ferrite grain size of <10 μm. The average size of the ferrite grain size may be <6 μm. Small grain size generally improves the strength of the steel product.
The steel product with the targeted mechanical properties is produced in a process that results in the production of a specific microstructure which in turn dictates the mechanical properties of the steel product.
A method for manufacturing the steel product according to the first aspect of the invention is illustrated in
S1: providing a steel slab having the chemical composition as disclosed herein. This may be achieved by means of, for instance, a process of continuous casting, also known as strand casting.
S2: heating the steel slab to the austenitizing temperature of 1200-1350° C.
S3: hot-rolling to the desired thickness at a temperature in the range of Ar3-1300° C., wherein the finish rolling temperature (FRT) is in the range of 850-1050° C., preferably 910-980° C., more preferably 930-970° C. A hot-rolled steel strip is thereby obtained. The rolling speed may depend on the strip thickness. Thinner gauges are normally rolled with faster speed. Rolling speed also depends on rolling equipment and rolling line length.
A preferred maximum FRT may be estimated using the following formula:
Tfmax=1071,50-7,943*t−149,61*Si+90,14*Si{circumflex over ( )}2
wherein t is the thickness of the steel strip and Si is the silicon content of the steel in weight percent. This equation has been determined assuming a hot rolling mill entry temperature of 1080° C. This has been calculated for thickness 1.5 to 6 mm.
Similarly, a preferred minimum FRT may be estimated using the following relationship:
Tfmin=880,27−12,949t+1514,4Nb+66,89Ti+48,96Mo−12433Nb{circumflex over ( )}2+1,1359t{circumflex over ( )}2
wherein Ti, Mo and Nb are the respective titanium, molybdenum and niobium contents in weight percent. This has been calculated for thickness 1.5 to 6 mm.
S4: air cooling for 0.5-15 seconds, preferably 1-6 seconds. In some embodiments, the air cooling time may be at least 2 and more preferably at least 3 seconds. This time is dependent on the rolling speed. For example, the slower the rolling speed the longer the air cooling time before the accelerated cooling. The longer the air cooling time, the greater is the accelerated cooling rate which needed. This gives more time for both recovery and recrystallization to occur and the faster accelerated cooling rate results in smaller ferrite grain size and optimal precipitate size. This gives the steel great mechanical properties.
The air cooling may be performed before the accelerated cooling step S5.
S5: accelerated cooling to 590-680° C., preferably to 620-660° C. The rapid or accelerated cooling step may be made by water cooling. Thus, the accelerated cooling step may be a water cooling step. The step may be performed as late as possible. This is beneficial for the average hole expansion ratio.
The cooling rate under accelerated cooling may be at least twice as high compared to air cooling. The average cooling rate from finish rolling temperature to coiling temperature may be, for example, around 15° C. The average cooling rate is the is the combined air and water cooling rate. The cooling rate in the accelerated cooling step S5 may be 25° C./s-350° C./s. In some embodiments the cooling rate may be 25° C./s-150° C./s and in another embodiments the cooling rate may be 150° C./s-350° C./s. Preferably the cooling rate from the austenite region to the ferrite region is as fast as possible and that the ferrite formation temperature is as low as possible. This enables small ferrite grain size and an optimal precipitation size that in turn result in great mechanical properties
S6: coiling the hot-rolled strip steel. The average coiling temperature in the coiling step S6 may be 560-670° C. The coiling temperature is the strip body temperature. The coiling temperature for the head and tail may be higher than for the body part to prevent strength deterioration due to faster cooling of the head and tail. For example the head and tail may be left with a higher temperature on the cooling table since those parts will cool faster than the body part when the strip is coiled. Coiling is essential to control strength distribution since even though strip temperature may vary along the length of the strip, these variations level out when the strip is coiled.
In an embodiment, the head and the tail may be cooled to a temperature which is 15-40° C. higher than the temperature to which the body part is cooled. By keeping the head and tail at a higher temperature, a rapid cooling of the head and tail is avoided and a more uniform microstructure may be obtained and thereby more uniform mechanical properties are obtained.
Some fraction of the austenite-to-ferrite phase transformation may take place before the coiling in step S6, i.e. in the cooling steps.
The cooling step and the coiling step S6 will obtain a desired microstructure, which will achieve the excellent properties. The desired microstructure and thereby achieved properties may be part of the alloying. E.g. Mn and Si may suppress formation of ferrite so that the transformation occurs in a later stage.
There may also be a short air cooling period between the end of accelerated cooling and the start of coiling, such as 10-30° C.
The cooling may be continuous. The cooling may be performed in one step and the cooling may be performed with, for example, water cooling.
After the cooling step, i.e. the air cooling step S4 and the accelerated cooling step S5, the steel strip is coiled. The coiling temperature may be the end temperature of the cooling step, or a temperature which is a few ° C. below the end of the cooling temperature. The strip may have been cooled a few degrees after reaching the end of the cooling temperature before coiling.
When the steel strip is cooled to a specific temperature, there may typically be a temperature decrease from the end of accelerated cooling to the coiling temperature, such as 10-30° C.
The hot-rolled steel may be hot-dip galvanized. In another embodiment, the hot-rolled steel is cold-rolled before galvanizing. It may be continuously hot-dip galvanized. This will improve the corrosion resistance of the steel product. The galvanizing process may improve the strength of the steel product, e.g. yield strength (Rp0.2%) may typically increase for 50-150 MPa due to galvanizing.
The following examples further describe and demonstrate embodiments within the scope of the present invention. The examples are given solely for the purpose of illustration and are not to be construed as limitations of the present invention, as many variations thereof are possible without departing from the scope of the invention.
The chemical compositions used for producing the tested steel strip products are presented in Table 1.
The manufacturing conditions for producing the tested steel strip products are presented in Table 2. It is preferred to start the accelerated cooling as late as possible to allow recrystallization to occur. If the finish rolling temperature is high, then the accelerated cooling can start sooner. A suitable range for the air cooling time may be 0.5-15s.
The mechanical properties of the tested steel strip products are presented in Table 3.
Tensile Testing
Tensile testing is performed according to ISO standard SFS_EN-ISO6892-1. The test sample is extracted longitudinal to the rolling direction. From the tensile test the yield strength (Rp0.2%), tensile strength (Rm) and total elongation (At) are established.
Yield Strength
Each one of the inventive examples no. 1-14 has an average value of yield strength (Rp0.2%) in the range of 673 MPa to 790 MPa, measured in the longitudinal direction (Table 3). The comparative examples no. 15 to 16 have an average value of yield strength (Rp0.2%) of 545 MPa and 662 MPa respectively, which is lower than in the inventive examples, measured in the longitudinal direction (Table 3).
Tensile Strength
Each one of the inventive examples no. 1-14 has an average value of ultimate tensile strength (Rm) in the range of 760 MPa to 853 MPa, measured in the longitudinal direction (Table 3). The comparative examples no. 15 to 16 have an average value of ultimate tensile strength (Rm) of 632 MPa and 767 MPa respectively, measured in the longitudinal direction (Table 3).
Elongation
The value of total elongation of the inventive examples no. 1 to 14 is in the range of 13.3% to 21.5% (Table 3). The comparative examples no. 15 to 16 have a total elongation value of 25.0% and 18.0% respectively (Table 3).
Hole Expansion Ratio
The hole-expansion test is performed in accordance with the ISO 16630 standard. In the test, a 10 mm hole is punched in the material with a 12% cutting clearance. A conical mandrel is pushed through the hole of the clamped down test piece until a through thickness crack is identified, upon which the test is stopped. The diameter of the hole is measured and correlated to the original diameter and the result is expressed in a percentage difference. The initial diameter do of the hole of the test sample is measured. When a tear is observed the movement of the punch is stopped and the diameter df of the hole is measured. The hole expansion ratio, λ, is calculated using the following equation:
The test is conducted three times and an average value is calculated, which represents the average hole-expansion result. The specimens for the hole expansion test were taken from the body part of a strip.
The average value of hole expansion ratio of the inventive examples no. 1 to 14 is in the range of 63.3% to 92.7% (Table 3). The comparative examples no. 15 to 16 have an average value of 78% and 40% respectively (Table 3).
The microstructure of the tested steel strip products are presented in Table 4. In
Microstructure Characterization
Typical strip body part quarter-thickness microstructures were studied on a section containing the rolling direction (RD) and the normal direction (ND). Microstructures were characterized with both Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) and Electron BackScatter Diffraction (EBSD). The scanning electron microscope used for the microstructure characterization and for the EBSD measurements was a JEOL JSM-7000F field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and EBSD Nordlys system by Oxford Instruments.
Sample Preparation
The SEM characterization work was conducted on cross sections parallel to the applied rolling direction (RD-ND plane). Samples were mounted in a conductive resin and mechanically polished to 1 μm. The final polishing step was conducted with MD-Chem polishing cloth and non-drying 0.04 μm colloidal silica suspension using 10 N force and 120 s polishing time. Finally, specimens were etched in 2% Nital.
The EBSD characterization work was conducted on cross sections parallel to the applied rolling direction (RD-ND plane). Samples were mounted in a conductive resin and mechanically polished to 1 μm. The final polishing step was conducted with MD-Chem polishing cloth and non-drying 0.04 μm colloidal silica suspension using 10 N force and 900 s polishing time.
IL=intercept length
RD=rolling direction=strip length direction
ND=normal direction=strip thickness direction
Aspect ratio=IL RD/IL ND
The aspect ratios for examples 1-7 were 1.20-1.50. Test have not been performed for examples 8-10, but similar values could be expected.
Grain Size Measurements
GSF is measured average grain size of phase (ferrite).
Grain structures and morphology were investigated using EBSD maps and linear intercept method. The mean grain sizes
The average grain size of ferrite is between 3.32 to 5.18 for steels 1-7. Test have not been performed for examples 8-10, but similar values could be expected.
Quasi-Polygonal Ferrite Fraction Measurements
The microstructure of quasi-polygonal ferrite is characterized by relatively coarse ferrite grains whose boundaries are both irregular and undulating and structure often show clear detectable etching evidence containing a dislocation sub-structure.
Measurement of volume fraction of quasi-polygonal ferrite was made from planar sections by using SEM micrographs taken from quarter thickness and point counting method. A complete grid of points was drawn and points were registered to obtain the number of points in quasi-polygonal ferrite. Finally, the fraction of quasi-polygonal ferrite was obtained by dividing the number of points in quasi-polygonal ferrite by the total number of grid points.
The QPF fraction for the steels 1-11 are between 16.7% and 36.1%.
The inventive examples no. 1 to 14 have an average value of the hole expansion ratio above 50% which can be seen in table 3. It can also be seen that the yield strength of the inventive examples have a value above 660 MPa. Further, the inventive examples have a tensile strength above 760 MPa which can also be seen in Table 3.
Tables
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20180297.2 | Jun 2020 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2021/063494 | 5/20/2021 | WO |
