Patent Application
20240167128
The present invention relates to a high-strength steel sheet with excellent formability suitable as a member to be used in the industrial sectors of automobiles, electricity, and the like and a method for manufacturing the high-strength steel sheet, and particularly provides a high-strength steel sheet with a TS (tensile strength) of 980 MPa or more, with a low hydrogen content of steel, and with excellent hydrogen embrittlement resistance for bending.
In recent years, from the viewpoint of global environmental conservation, improvement of fuel efficiency in automobiles has been an important issue. Thus, there is a strong movement under way to strengthen body materials in order to decrease the thicknesses of the body materials and thereby decrease the weight of automobile bodies. However, reinforcing a steel sheet impairs formability. Furthermore, annealing in a reducing atmosphere containing hydrogen introduces hydrogen into a steel sheet, and hydrogen in the steel sheet impairs formability, such as bendability. Thus, it is desired to develop a material with high strength, formability, and hydrogen embrittlement resistance.
A high-strength steel sheet utilizing the deformation-induced transformation of retained austenite has been proposed as a steel sheet with high strength and ductility. Such a steel sheet has a microstructure containing retained austenite, and the retained austenite makes it easy to form the steel sheet and is transformed into martensite after forming, thereby strengthen the steel sheet.
For example, Patent Literature 1 proposes a high-strength steel sheet with a tensile strength of 1000 MPa or more, a total elongation (EL) of 30% or more, and very high ductility utilizing the deformation-induced transformation of retained austenite. Such a steel sheet is manufactured by austenitizing a steel sheet containing C, Si, and Mn as base components and then quenching and holding the steel sheet in a bainite transformation temperature range, that is, austempering the steel sheet. Concentrating carbon into austenite by the austempering produces retained austenite. However, the addition of a large amount of C exceeding 0.3% is required to produce a large amount of retained austenite. Steel with a higher C concentration, however, has lower spot weldability, and steel with a C concentration of more than 0.3% particularly has much lower spot weldability. Thus, it is difficult to practically use such a steel sheet for automobiles. Furthermore, Patent Literature 1 principally aims to improve the ductility of a high-strength thin steel sheet and does not consider hole expansion formability.
Patent Literature 2 discloses heat treatment of a steel containing 3.0% to 7.0% by mass Mn in a two-phase region of ferrite and austenite. This concentrates Mn in untransformed austenite, forms stable retained austenite, and improves total elongation. Due to a short heat treatment time and a low diffusion coefficient of Mn, however, it is surmised that the concentration of Mn is insufficient to satisfy both hole expansion formability and bendability as well as the elongation.
Patent Literature 3 discloses long heat treatment of a hot-rolled steel sheet in a two-phase region of ferrite and austenite using a steel containing 0.50% to 12.00% by mass Mn. This forms retained austenite containing Mn concentrated in untransformed austenite and having a high aspect ratio and thereby improves uniform elongation. However, no study has been made on improving hole expansion formability or satisfying both bendability and elongation.
Patent Literature 4 discloses a method for holding an annealed steel sheet, a hot-dip galvanized steel sheet, or a hot-dip galvannealed steel sheet in the temperature range of 50° C. to 300° C. for 1800 seconds to 43200 to decrease the hydrogen content of the steel. However, the improvement of bendability by decreasing the hydrogen content of the steel is not studied.
Aspects of the present invention have been made in view of such situations and aim to provide a high-strength steel sheet with a TS (tensile strength) of 980 MPa or more, excellent formability, a low hydrogen content of steel, and excellent hydrogen embrittlement resistance for bending, and a method for manufacturing the high-strength steel sheet. The term “formability”, as used herein, refers to ductility, hole expansion formability, and bendability.
To solve the above problems and to manufacture a high-strength steel sheet with excellent formability, the present inventors have conducted extensive studies from the perspective of the chemical composition of the steel sheet and a method for manufacturing the steel sheet, and have found the following.
Specifically, 2.00% to 8.00% by mass Mn is contained, the chemical composition of other alloying elements, such as Ti, is appropriately adjusted, after hot rolling, the temperature range of the Ac1 transformation temperature or lower is held for more than 1800 s as required, pickling treatment is performed as required, and cold rolling is performed. Subsequently, the temperature range of not less than the Ac3 transformation temperature −50° C. is held for 20 s to 1800 s, cooling is performed to a cooling stop temperature of a martensitic transformation start temperature or lower, and reheating is performed to a reheating temperature in the range of 120° C. to 450° C. Subsequently, it was found that it is important to hold the reheating temperature for 2 s to 1800 s and perform cooling to room temperature, thereby producing film-like austenite with concentrated C serving as a nucleus of fine retained austenite with a high aspect ratio and with a much higher Mn and C content in a subsequent annealing step.
After cooling, the temperature range of not less than the Ac1 transformation temperature −20° C. is held for 20 s to 600 s, cooling is performed to a cooling stop temperature of a martensitic transformation start temperature or lower, and reheating is performed to a reheating temperature in the range of 120° C. to 480° C. Subsequently, after the reheating temperature is held for 2 s to 600 s, if necessary, coating treatment is performed, and cooling to room temperature or higher and the martensitic transformation start temperature or lower is performed. It was found that subsequent holding for 2 s or more in the temperature range of 50° C. to 400° C. efficiently desorbed hydrogen and improved the hydrogen embrittlement resistance for bending. The steel sheet manufactured as described above has a steel microstructure containing, on an area fraction basis, ferrite: 1% to 40%, fresh martensite: less than 1.0%, bainite and tempered martensite in total: 40% to 90%, and retained austenite: 6% or more. Furthermore, it has been found that it is possible to manufacture a high-strength steel sheet with excellent formability and hydrogen embrittlement resistance for bending, in which the steel microstructure is characterized in that a value obtained by dividing an average Mn content (% by mass) of the retained austenite by an average Mn content (% by mass) of the ferrite is 1.1 or more, and a value obtained by dividing an average C content (% by mass) of retained austenite with an aspect ratio of 2.0 or more by an average C content (% by mass) of the ferrite is 3.0 or more, and a diffusible hydrogen content of steel is 0.3 ppm by mass or less.
Aspects of the present invention are based on these findings and are summarized as follows:
Aspects of the present invention can provide a high-strength steel sheet with a TS (tensile strength) of 980 MPa or more and with excellent formability, particularly hole expansion formability and bendability as well as ductility, after coating treatment. A high-strength steel sheet manufactured by a manufacturing method according to aspects of the present invention can improve fuel efficiency due to the weight reduction of automobile bodies when used in automobile structural parts, for example, and has significantly high industrial utility value.
Embodiments of the present invention are specifically described below. Unless otherwise specified, “%” representing the component element content refers to “% by mass”.
(1) The reason for limiting the chemical composition of steel to the above ranges in accordance with aspects of the present invention is described below.
C: 0.030% to 0.250%
C is an element necessary to form a low-temperature transformed phase, such as martensite, to increase the strength. C is also an element effective in improving the stability of retained austenite and improving the ductility of steel. A C content of less than 0.030% results in excessive formation of ferrite and undesired strength. Furthermore, it is difficult to achieve a sufficient area fraction of retained austenite and high ductility. On the other hand, an excessively high C content of more than 0.250% results in an excessively high area fraction of hard martensite, an increased number of micro voids at a grain boundary of martensite in a hole expansion test, propagation of a crack, and lower hole expansion formability. This also results in a significantly hardened weld or heat-affected zone, a weld with poorer mechanical properties, and lower spot weldability and arc weldability. From such a perspective, the C content ranges from 0.030% to 0.250%. A preferred lower limit is 0.080% or more. A preferred upper limit is 0.200% or less.
Si: 0.01% to 3.00%
Si improves the work hardenability of ferrite and is effective for high ductility. A Si content of less than 0.01% results in lower effects of Si. Thus, the lower limit is 0.01%. However, an excessively high Si content of more than 3.00% causes embrittlement of steel, makes it difficult to ensure ductility, and reduces surface quality due to generation of red scale or the like. This also reduces the quality of coating. Thus, the Si content ranges from 0.01% to 3.00%. A preferred lower limit is 0.20% or more. The upper limit is preferably 2.00% or less, more preferably less than 1.20%.
Mn: 2.00% to 8.00%
Mn is a very important element in accordance with aspects of the present invention. Mn is an element that stabilizes retained austenite, is effective for high ductility, and increases the strength of steel through solid-solution strengthening. Such effects can be observed when the Mn content of steel is 2.00% or more. However, an excessively high Mn content of more than 8.00% results in the formation of a nonuniform banded structure due to Mn segregation and impairs bendability. From such a perspective, the Mn content ranges from 2.00% to 8.00%. The lower limit is preferably 2.30% or more, more preferably 2.50% or more. The upper limit is preferably 6.00% or less, more preferably 4.20% or less.
P: 0.100% or Less
P is an element that has a solid-solution strengthening effect and can be contained according to desired strength. A P content of more than 0.100% results in lower weldability and, in galvannealing treatment of a zinc coating, a lower alloying speed and a zinc coating with lower quality. The lower limit may be 0% and is preferably 0.001% or more in terms of production costs. Thus, the P content is 0.100% or less. A more preferred lower limit is 0.005% or more. A preferred upper limit is 0.050% or less.
S: 0.0200% or Less
S segregates at a grain boundary, embrittles steel during hot working, and forms a sulfide that impairs local deformability. Thus, the S content should be 0.0200% or less, preferably 0.0100% or less, more preferably 0.0050% or less. The lower limit may be 0% and is preferably 0.0001% or more in terms of production costs. Thus, the S content is 0.0200% or less. The upper limit is preferably 0.0100% or less, more preferably 0.0050% or less.
N: 0.0100% or Less
N is an element that reduces the aging resistance of steel. In particular, a N content of more than 0.0100% results in significantly lower aging resistance. The N content is preferably as low as possible, may have a lower limit of 0%, and is preferably 0.0005% or more in terms of production costs. Thus, the N content is 0.0100% or less. A more preferred lower limit is 0.0010% or more. A preferred upper limit is 0.0070% or less.
Al: 0.001% to 2.000%
Al is an element that expands a two-phase region of ferrite and austenite and is effective in reducing the dependence of mechanical properties on the annealing temperature, that is, effective for the stability of mechanical properties. An Al content of less than 0.001% results in lower effects of Al. Thus, the lower limit is 0.001%. Al is an element that acts as a deoxidizing agent and is effective for the cleanliness of steel, and is preferably added in a deoxidizing step. However, a high content of more than 2.000% results in an increased risk of billet cracking during continuous casting and lower manufacturability. From such a perspective, the Al content ranges from 0.001% to 2.000%. A preferred lower limit is 0.200% or more. A preferred upper limit is 1.200% or less.
In addition to these components, at least one element selected from Ti: 0.200% or less, Nb: 0.200% or less, V: 0.500% or less, W: 0.500% or less, B: 0.0050% or less, Ni: 1.000% or less, Cr: 1.000% or less, Mo: 1.000% or less, Cu: 1.000% or less, Sn: 0.200% or less, Sb: 0.200% or less, Ta: 0.1000% or less, Zr: 0.200% or less, Ca: 0.0050% or less, Mg: 0.0050% or less, and REM: 0.0050% or less, on a mass percent basis, may be contained.
Ti: 0.200% or Less
Ti is effective for the precipitation strengthening of steel, can improve the strength of ferrite and thereby reduce the hardness difference from a hard second phase (martensite or retained austenite), can ensure higher hole expansion formability, and may therefore be contained as required. However, more than 0.200% may result in an excessively high area fraction of hard martensite, an increased number of micro voids at a grain boundary of martensite in a hole expansion test, propagation of a crack, and lower hole expansion formability. Thus, when Ti is contained, the Ti content is 0.200% or less. The lower limit is preferably 0.005% or more, more preferably 0.010% or more. A preferred upper limit is 0.100% or less.
Nb: 0.200% or Less, V: 0.500% or Less, W: 0.500% or Less
Nb, V, and W are effective for the precipitation strengthening of steel and, like the effects of Ti, can improve the strength of ferrite and thereby reduce the hardness difference from a hard second phase (martensite or retained austenite), can ensure higher hole expansion formability, and may therefore be contained as required. However, more than 0.200% Nb or more than 0.500% V or W may result in an excessively high area fraction of hard martensite, an increased number of micro voids at a grain boundary of martensite in a hole expansion test, propagation of a crack, and lower hole expansion formability. Thus, when Nb is contained, the Nb content is 0.200% or less, and the lower limit is preferably 0.005% or more, more preferably 0.010% or more. A preferred upper limit is 0.100% or less. When V and/or W is contained, the V content and the W content are independently 0.500% or less, and the lower limit is independently preferably 0.005% or more, more preferably 0.010% or more. A preferred upper limit is independently 0.300% or less.
B: 0.0050% or Less
B has the effect of suppressing the formation and growth of ferrite from an austenite grain boundary, can improve the strength of ferrite and thereby reduce the hardness difference from a hard second phase (martensite or retained austenite), can ensure higher hole expansion formability, and may therefore be contained as required. However, more than 0.0050% may result in lower formability. Thus, when B is contained, the B content is 0.0050% or less. The lower limit is preferably 0.0003% or more, more preferably 0.0005% or more. A preferred upper limit is 0.0030% or less.
Ni: 1.000% or Less
Ni is an element that stabilizes retained austenite, is effective for higher ductility, and increases the strength of steel through solid-solution strengthening, and may therefore be contained as required. On the other hand, a content of more than 1.000% results in an excessively high area fraction of hard martensite, an increased number of micro voids at a grain boundary of martensite in a hole expansion test, propagation of a crack, and lower hole expansion formability. Thus, when Ni is contained, the Ni content is 1.000% or less, preferably 0.005% to 1.000%.
Cr: 1.000% or Less, Mo: 1.000% or Less
Cr and Mo have the effect of improving the balance between strength and ductility and may be contained as required. However, an excessively high Cr content of more than 1.000% or an excessively high Mo content of more than 1.000% may result in an excessively high area fraction of hard martensite, an increased number of micro voids at a grain boundary of martensite in a hole expansion test, propagation of a crack, and lower hole expansion formability. Thus, when these elements are contained, each element content is Cr: 1.000% or less and Mo: 1.000% or less, preferably Cr: 0.005% to 1.000% and Mo: 0.005% to 1.000%.
Cu: 1.000% or Less
Cu is an element that is effective in strengthening steel, and may be used to strengthen steel as required within the range specified in accordance with aspects of the present invention. On the other hand, a content of more than 1.000% results in an excessively high area fraction of hard martensite, an increased number of micro voids at a grain boundary of martensite in a hole expansion test, propagation of a crack, and lower hole expansion formability. Thus, when Cu is contained, the Cu content is 1.000% or less, preferably 0.005% to 1.000%.
Sn: 0.200% or Less, Sb: 0.200% or Less
Sn and Sb are contained, as required, to suppress decarbonization in a region of tens of micrometers in a surface layer of a steel sheet caused by nitriding or oxidation of the surface of the steel sheet. They are effective in suppressing such nitriding and oxidation, preventing the decrease in the area fraction of martensite on the surface of a steel sheet, and ensuring the strength and the stability of mechanical properties, and may therefore be contained as required. On the other hand, for any of these elements, an excessively high content of more than 0.200% results in lower toughness. Thus, when Sn and Sb are contained, the Sn content and the Sb content are independently 0.200% or less, preferably 0.002% to 0.200%.
Ta: 0.100% or Less
Like Ti and Nb, Ta forms an alloy carbide or an alloy carbonitride and contributes to reinforcement. Furthermore, it is thought that Ta has the effect of significantly suppressing the coarsening of a precipitate by dissolving partially in Nb carbide or Nb carbonitride and forming a complex precipitate, such as (Nb, Ta) (C, N), and has the effect of stabilizing the contribution of precipitation strengthening to the strength. Thus, Ta may be contained as required. On the other hand, an excessive addition of Ta has a saturated precipitate stabilizing effect and increases the alloy cost. Thus, when Ta is contained, the Ta content is 0.100% or less, preferably 0.001% to 0.100%.
Zr: 0.200% or Less
Zr is an element that is effective in spheroidizing the shape of a sulfide and reducing the adverse effects of the sulfide on bendability, and may therefore be contained as required. However, an excessively high content of more than 0.200% increases the number of inclusions and causes surface and internal defects. Thus, when Zr is contained, the Zr content is 0.200% or less, preferably 0.0005% to 0.0050%.
Ca: 0.0050% or Less, Mg: 0.0050% or Less, REM: 0.0050% or Less
Ca, Mg, and REM are elements that are effective in spheroidizing the shape of a sulfide and reducing the adverse effects of the sulfide on hole expansion formability, and may therefore be contained as required. However, an excessively high content of more than 0.0050% increases the number of inclusions and causes surface and internal defects. Thus, when Ca, Mg, and REM are contained, each element content is 0.0050% or less, preferably 0.0005% to 0.0050%.
The remainder is composed of Fe and incidental impurities.
(2) Next, the steel microstructure is described below.
Area Fraction of Ferrite: 1% to 40%
To achieve sufficient ductility, the area fraction of ferrite should be 1% or more. To ensure a TS of 980 MPa or more, the area fraction of soft ferrite should be 40% or less. The term “ferrite”, as used herein, refers to polygonal ferrite, granular ferrite, or acicular ferrite and is relatively soft and highly ductile ferrite. The area fraction preferably ranges from 3% to 30%.
Area fraction of fresh martensite: less than 1.0% Fresh martensite has a large hardness difference from a soft ferrite phase, which reduces hole expansion formability at the time of punching. Thus, for high hole expansion formability, the area fraction of fresh martensite should be less than 1.0%.
Sum of Area Fractions of Bainite and Tempered Martensite: 40% to 90%
Bainite and tempered martensite are microstructures effective in increasing hole expansion formability. When the sum of the area fractions of bainite and tempered martensite is less than 40%, preferable hole expansion formability cannot be achieved. Thus, the sum of the area fractions of bainite and tempered martensite should be 40% or more. On the other hand, when the sum of the area fractions of bainite and tempered martensite is more than 90%, this results low ductility due to undesired retained austenite for ductility. Thus, the sum of the area fractions of bainite and tempered martensite should be 90% or less, preferably 50% to 85%.
The area fractions of ferrite, fresh martensite, tempered martensite, and bainite can be determined by polishing a thickness cross section (L cross section) of a steel sheet parallel to the rolling direction, etching the cross section in 3% by volume nital, observing 10 visual fields with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) at a magnification of 2000 times at a quarter thickness position (a position corresponding to one-fourth of the thickness in the depth direction from the surface of the steel sheet), calculating the area fraction of each microstructure (ferrite, fresh martensite, tempered martensite, and bainite) in the 10 visual fields from a captured microstructure image using Image-Pro available from Media Cybernetics, Inc., and averaging the area fractions. In the microstructure image, ferrite has a gray microstructure (base microstructure), martensite has a white microstructure, tempered martensite has a gray internal structure inside the white martensite, and bainite has a dark gray microstructure with many linear grain boundaries.
Area Fraction of Retained Austenite: 6% or More
To achieve sufficient ductility, the area fraction of retained austenite should be 6% or more, preferably 8% or more, more preferably 10% or more.
The area fraction of retained austenite was determined by polishing a steel sheet to 0.1 mm from a quarter thickness position, chemically polishing the steel sheet by 0.1 mm to the quarter thickness position, measuring integrated intensity ratios of diffraction peaks of {200}, {220}, and {311} planes of fcc iron and {200}, {211}, and {220} planes of bcc iron on the polished surface at the quarter thickness position with an X-ray diffractometer using Co Kα radiation, and averaging nine integrated intensity ratios thus measured.
Value Obtained by Dividing Average Mn Content (% by Mass) of Retained Austenite by Average Mn Content (% by Mass) of Ferrite: 1.1 or More
It is a very important constituent feature according to aspects of the present invention that a value obtained by dividing the average Mn content (% by mass) of retained austenite by the average Mn content (% by mass) of ferrite is 1.1 or more. For high ductility, stable retained austenite containing concentrated Mn should have a high area fraction, preferably of 1.2 or more.
Value Obtained by Dividing Average C Content (% by Mass) of Retained Austenite with Aspect Ratio of 2.0 or More by Average C Content (% by Mass) of Ferrite: 3.0 or More
It is a very important constituent feature according to aspects of the present invention that a value obtained by dividing the average C content (% by mass) of retained austenite with an aspect ratio (major axis/minor axis) of 2.0 or more by the average C content (% by mass) of ferrite is 3.0 or more. For high bendability, stable retained austenite containing concentrated C should have a high area fraction, preferably of 5.0 or more. The upper limit of the aspect ratio of retained austenite may preferably be, but is not limited to, 20.0 or less.
The C and Mn contents of retained austenite and ferrite can be determined by quantifying the distribution state of Mn in each phase in a cross section in the rolling direction at a quarter thickness position using a field emission-electron probe micro analyzer (FE-EPMA) and averaging the quantitative analysis results of 30 retained austenite grains and 30 ferrite grains.
To identify retained austenite in the retained austenite and martensite, a visual field was observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and by electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD). Retained austenite in a SEM image was then identified by Phase Map identification of EBSD. The aspect ratio of retained austenite was calculated by drawing an ellipse circumscribing a retained austenite grain using Photoshop elements 13 and dividing the major axis length by the minor axis length.
Diffusible Hydrogen Content of Steel: 0.3 ppm by Mass or Less
For excellent hydrogen embrittlement resistance for bending, it is important that the diffusible hydrogen content of steel be 0.3 ppm by mass or less, preferably 0.20 ppm by mass or less. The diffusible hydrogen content of steel may have any lower limit and may be 0.01 ppm by mass or more due to constraints on production technology. The diffusible hydrogen content of steel is measured by the following method. A test specimen 30 mm in length and 5 mm in width is taken from a product coil. For a hot-dip galvanized steel sheet or a hot-dip galvannealed steel sheet, a hot-dip galvanized layer or a hot-dip galvannealed layer of a test specimen is removed by grinding or using an alkali. The amount of hydrogen released from the test specimen is then measured by thermal desorption spectrometry (TDS). More specifically, the test specimen is continuously heated from room temperature to 300° C. at a heating rate of 200° C./h and is then cooled to room temperature. The cumulative amount of hydrogen released from the test specimen from room temperature to 210° C. is measured as the diffusible hydrogen content of steel.
Value Obtained by Dividing Area Fraction of Massive Retained Austenite by Area Fraction of all Retained Austenite and Massive Fresh Martensite: 0.5 or Less
Massive retained austenite has high stability due to constraint from surrounding crystal grains and therefore has martensitic transformation in a high strain region at the time of punching. This may increase the hardness difference from the surrounding grains and reduce hole expansion formability. Thus, the value obtained by dividing the area fraction of massive retained austenite by the area fraction of all retained austenite and massive fresh martensite is preferably 0.5 or less, more preferably 0.4 or less. The massive retained austenite is austenite with an aspect ratio of less than 2.0. The massive retained austenite may have any average grain size, for example, an average grain size of 3 μm or less. The average grain size can be determined by a known method, for example, by image analysis of a microstructure image of massive retained austenite captured with a scanning electron microscope (SEM).
Furthermore, a value obtained by multiplying a value obtained by dividing the average Mn content (% by mass) of retained austenite by the average Mn content (% by mass) of ferrite and the average aspect ratio of the retained austenite together is preferably 3.0 or more. High ductility requires a high area fraction of stable retained austenite with a high aspect ratio containing concentrated Mn. 4.0 or more is preferred. A preferred upper limit is 20.0 or less.
Aspects of the present invention retain the advantages even if a steel microstructure in accordance with aspects of the present invention contains 10% or less by area of pearlite and carbides such as cementite, other than ferrite, fresh martensite, bainite, tempered martensite, and retained austenite.
A high-strength steel sheet described above may further have a galvanized layer. The galvanized layer may be a further subjected to galvannealing treatment, i.e., galvannealed layer.
(3) Next, the manufacturing conditions are described below.
The heating temperature of a steel slab is preferably, but not limited to, in the range of 1100° C. to 1300° C. A precipitate present while heating a steel slab is present as a coarse precipitate in a steel sheet finally manufactured and does not contribute to the strength. Thus, Ti and Nb precipitates precipitated during casting are preferably redissolved. Thus, the heating temperature of a steel slab is preferably 1100° C. or more. The heating temperature of a steel slab is preferably 1100° C. or more to eliminate defects, such as bubbles and segregation, in a slab surface layer, to reduce cracks and unevenness in the surface of a steel sheet, and to smooth the surface of the steel sheet. On the other hand, when the heating temperature of a steel slab is more than 1300° C., the scale loss may increase with the amount of oxidation. Thus, the heating temperature of a steel slab is preferably 1300° C. or less, more preferably 1150° C. to 1250° C.
To prevent macrosegregation, a steel slab is preferably manufactured by continuous casting but may also be manufactured by ingot casting, thin slab casting, or the like. After a steel slab is manufactured, the steel slab may be cooled to room temperature and subsequently reheated by a known method. Alternatively, without cooling to room temperature, a steel slab may be subjected without problems to an energy-saving process, such as hot charge rolling, in which the hot slab is conveyed directly into a furnace or is immediately rolled after short warming. A slab is formed into a sheet bar by rough rolling under typical conditions. At a low heating temperature, to avoid troubles during hot rolling, the sheet bar is preferably heated with a bar heater or the like before finish rolling.
Finish Rolling Delivery Temperature in Hot Rolling: 750° C. to 1000° C.
A steel slab after heating is hot-rolled into a hot-rolled steel sheet by rough rolling and finish rolling. A finishing temperature of more than 1000° C. tends to result in a rapidly increased amount of oxide (scale), a rough interface between the steel substrate and the oxide, and poor surface quality after pickling and cold rolling. Hot-rolling scale partially remaining after pickling adversely affects ductility and hole expansion formability. This may also excessively increase the grain size and result in a pressed product with a rough surface during processing. On the other hand, a finishing temperature of less than 750° C. results in not only increased rolling force, increased rolling load, a high rolling reduction in a non-recrystallized austenite state, a developed abnormal texture, remarkable in-plane anisotropy in the end product, lower uniformity of the material quality (stability of mechanical properties), but also lower ductility. Thus, the finish rolling delivery temperature in hot rolling should range from 750° C. to 1000° C., preferably 800° C. to 950° C.
Coiling Temperature after Hot Rolling: 300° C. to 750° C.
A coiling temperature of more than 750° C. after hot rolling results in ferrite with a larger grain size in the hot-rolled steel sheet microstructure, making it difficult to manufacture a final annealed sheet with desired strength. On the other hand, a coiling temperature of less than 300° C. after hot rolling results in a hot-rolled steel sheet with increased strength, increased rolling load in cold rolling, a defect in sheet shape, and consequently lower productivity. Thus, the coiling temperature after hot rolling should range from 300° C. to 750° C., preferably 400° C. to 650° C.
Rough-rolled sheets may be joined together during hot rolling to continuously perform finish rolling. A rough-rolled sheet may be coiled once. Furthermore, to reduce the rolling force during hot rolling, finish rolling may be partly or entirely rolling with lubrication. Rolling with lubrication is also effective in making the shape and the material quality of a steel sheet uniform. The friction coefficient in rolling with lubrication preferably ranges from 0.10 to 0.25.
A hot-rolled steel sheet thus manufactured is subjected to pickling, if necessary. Pickling can remove an oxide from the surface of a steel sheet and is therefore preferably performed to ensure high chemical convertibility and quality of coating of a high-strength steel sheet of the end product. Pickling may be performed once or multiple times.
Cold Rolling
After coiling and, if necessary, pickling, cold rolling is performed. The cold-rolling reduction is preferably, but not limited to, in the range of 5% to 60%.
Holding in the Temperature Range of Ac1 Transformation Temperature or Lower for More than 1800 s
Holding in the temperature range of the Ac1 transformation temperature or lower for more than 1800s can soften a steel sheet to be subjected to subsequent cold rolling and is therefore performed as required. Holding in the temperature range of the Ac1 transformation temperature or higher may concentrate Mn in austenite, form hard martensite and retained austenite after cooling, and does not necessarily soften a steel sheet. Holding for 1800 s or less does not necessarily remove strain after hot rolling and soften a steel sheet.
A heat treatment method may be any annealing method of continuous annealing or batch annealing. The heat treatment is followed by cooling to room temperature. The cooling method and the cooling rate are not particularly specified, and any cooling method, such as furnace cooling or natural cooling in batch annealing or gas jet cooling, mist cooling, or water cooling in continuous annealing, may be used. Pickling may be performed in the usual manner.
Holding in the Temperature Range of not Less than Ac3 Transformation Temperature −50° C. for 20 s to 1800 s (Corresponding to First Annealing Treatment of a Cold-Rolled Steel Sheet of an Example)
Holding in a temperature range below the Ac3 transformation temperature −50° C. concentrates Mn in austenite, causes no martensitic transformation during cooling, and cannot form a nucleus of retained austenite with a high aspect ratio. Consequently, in a subsequent annealing step (corresponding to second annealing treatment of a cold-rolled steel sheet of an example), retained austenite is formed from a grain boundary, retained austenite with a low aspect ratio increases, and a desired microstructure cannot be formed.
Holding for less than 20 s results in insufficient recrystallization, an undesired microstructure, and lower hole expansion formability. This also results in insufficient surface concentration of Mn to ensure the quality of coating after that.
On the other hand, holding for more than 1800 s results in not only coating with lower quality due to excessive surface concentration of Mn, but also a nucleus of retained austenite with a low aspect ratio remained in a subsequent cooling process due to coarsening of austenite grains during annealing, an undesired microstructure, and lower ductility, hole expansion formability, and bendability.
Cooling to a Cooling Stop Temperature of a Martensitic Transformation Start Temperature or Lower
At a cooling stop temperature above the martensitic transformation start temperature, a small amount of martensite to be transformed results in martensitic transformation of all untransformed austenite in the final cooling and cannot form a nucleus of retained austenite with a high aspect ratio. Consequently, in a subsequent annealing step (corresponding to second annealing treatment of a cold-rolled steel sheet of an example), retained austenite is formed from a grain boundary, retained austenite with a low aspect ratio increases, and a desired microstructure cannot be formed. The martensitic transformation start temperature −250° C. to the martensitic transformation start temperature −50° C. is preferred.
Reheating to a Reheating Temperature in the Range of 120° C. to 450° C., Holding at the Reheating Temperature for 2 s to 1800 s, and then Cooling to Room Temperature
A reheating temperature of less than 120° C. results in no concentration of C in retained austenite formed in a subsequent annealing step, and an undesired microstructure. A reheating temperature of more than 450° C. results in the decomposition of a nucleus of retained austenite with a high aspect ratio, increased retained austenite with a low aspect ratio, and an undesired microstructure. Similarly, holding for less than 2 s results in no nucleus of retained austenite with a high aspect ratio and an undesired microstructure. Furthermore, holding for more than 1800 s results in the decomposition of a nucleus of retained austenite with a high aspect ratio, increased retained austenite with a low aspect ratio, Mn not concentrated in retained austenite, and an undesired microstructure.
After the reheating followed by holding for a predetermined time, cooling to room temperature is temporarily performed. The cooling method may be, but is not limited to, a known method.
Holding in the Temperature Range of not Less than Ac1 Transformation Temperature −20° C. for 20 s to 600 s (Corresponding to Second Annealing Treatment of a Cold-Rolled Steel Sheet of an Example)
In accordance with aspects of the present invention, holding in the temperature range of not less than the Ac1 transformation temperature −20° C. for 20 to 600 s is a very important constituent feature according to aspects of the invention. Holding in a temperature range below the Ac1 transformation temperature −20° C. for less than 20 s results in a small amount of austenite during annealing and an increased area fraction of ferrite, and makes it difficult to ensure TS. This also results in a carbide formed during heating remaining dissolved and makes it difficult to form a sufficient area fraction of retained austenite, thus resulting in lower ductility. The Ac1 transformation temperature or higher is preferred. The Ac1 transformation temperature+20° C. to the Ac3 transformation temperature+50° C. is more preferred. Furthermore, holding for more than 600 s results in coarsening of austenite during annealing, insufficient diffusion of Mn into the austenite, and unconcentrated Mn, and cannot form a sufficient area fraction of retained austenite for ensuring the ductility.
Cooling to a Cooling Stop Temperature of a Martensitic Transformation Start Temperature or Lower
A cooling stop temperature above the martensitic transformation temperature results in a small amount of martensite to be transformed, a small amount of martensite to be tempered by subsequent reheating, and an undesired amount of tempered martensite. The martensitic transformation start temperature −250° C. to the martensitic transformation start temperature −30° C. is preferred.
After Reheating to a Reheating Temperature in the Range of 120° C. to 480° C., Holding at the Reheating Temperature for 2 s to 600 s
Reheating at less than 120° C. cannot temper fresh martensite and cannot form a desired microstructure. A reheating temperature above 480° C. results in not only delayed bainite transformation and an undesired microstructure, but also precipitation of a carbide, austenite with lower stability, and an undesired amount of retained austenite. Holding for less than 2 s not only cannot temper fresh martensite, but also cannot concentrate C in y with a high aspect ratio and cannot form a desired microstructure. On the other hand, holding for more than 600 s causes precipitation of a carbide during bainite transformation, decreases the C content of retained austenite, and cannot form a desired microstructure.
Coating Treatment
A high-strength steel sheet thus manufactured is subjected to coating treatment as required. In hot-dip galvanizing treatment, a steel sheet subjected to the annealing is immersed in a galvanizing bath in the temperature range of 440° C. to 500° C. to perform the hot-dip galvanizing treatment, and the amount of coating is then adjusted by gas wiping or the like. The hot-dip galvanizing is preferably performed in a galvanizing bath at an Al content in the range of 0.08% to 0.30%.
For galvannealing treatment of a hot-dip zinc coating, after the hot-dip galvanizing treatment, the zinc coating is subjected to galvannealing treatment in the temperature range of 450° C. to 600° C. Galvannealing treatment at a temperature of more than 600° C. may transform untransformed austenite into pearlite, does not necessarily form a desired area fraction of retained austenite, and may reduce the ductility. Thus, for galvannealing treatment of a zinc coating, the zinc coating is preferably subjected to the galvannealing treatment in the temperature range of 450° C. to 600° C.
Cooling to a Cooling Stop Temperature Between Room Temperature and a Martensitic Transformation Start Temperature
A cooling stop temperature above the martensitic transformation temperature results in an increased amount of austenite in which hydrogen diffuses slowly during subsequent reheating, and an insufficient decrease in the diffusible hydrogen content of the steel. Thus, cooling to the martensitic transformation start temperature or lower is necessary. 50° C. to the martensitic transformation start temperature −30° C. is preferred.
Holding in the Temperature Range of 50° C. to 400° C. for 2 s or More
Holding in the temperature range of 50° C. to 400° C. for 2 s or more as the final heat treatment is an important constituent feature according to aspects of the present invention. Holding in the temperature range of less than 50° C. or for less than 2 s results in an excessive amount of fresh martensite, diffusible hydrogen in steel not released from the steel sheet, and lower hydrogen embrittlement resistance for bending. On the other hand, holding in the temperature range of more than 400° C. results in an insufficient volume fraction of retained austenite due to the decomposition of retained austenite, and steel with lower ductility. The upper limit of the holding time may be, but is not limited to, 43200 s or less due to constraints on production technology.
Although other conditions of the manufacturing method are not particularly limited, the annealing is preferably performed in a continuous annealing system from the perspective of productivity. A series of annealing, hot-dip galvanizing, galvannealing treatment of a zinc coating, and the like are preferably performed on a continuous galvanizing line (CGL), which is a hot-dip galvanizing line.
The “high-strength steel sheet” and “high-strength hot-dip galvanized steel sheet” may be subjected to rolling for the purpose of shape correction, adjustment of surface roughness, or the like. The rolling reduction of the temper rolling preferably ranges from 0.1% to 2.0%. Less than 0.1% results in a small effect and difficult control and is therefore the lower limit of an appropriate range. On the other hand, more than 2.0% results in much lower productivity and is therefore the upper limit of the appropriate range. The temper rolling may be performed on-line or off-line. Furthermore, temper with a desired rolling reduction may be performed at one time or several times. It is also possible to apply coating treatment, such as resin or oil coating.
A steel with the chemical composition listed in Table 1 and with the remainder composed of Fe and incidental impurities was obtained by steelmaking in a converter and was formed into a slab by continuous casting. After the slab was reheated to 1250° C., a high-strength cold-rolled steel sheet (CR) was manufactured under the conditions shown in Tables 2 and 3 and was subjected to galvanizing treatment to manufacture a hot-dip galvanized steel sheet (GI) and a hot-dip galvannealed steel sheet (GA). CR, GI, and GA had a thickness in the range of 1.0 mm to 1.8 mm. For the hot-dip galvanized steel sheet (GI), a zinc bath containing 0.19% by mass Al was used as a hot-dip galvanizing bath. For the hot-dip galvannealed steel sheet (GA), a zinc bath containing 0.14% by mass Al was used. The bath temperature was 465° C. The amount of coating was 45 g/m2 per side (double-sided coating). For GA, the concentration of Fe in the coated layer was adjusted in the range of 9% to 12% by mass. A steel microstructure of a cross section of a steel sheet thus manufactured was observed by the method described above, and tensile properties, hole expansion formability, and bendability were investigated. Tables 4 to 6 show the results.
0.023
4.09
8.35
1.91
0.285
The martensitic transformation start temperature, the Ac1 transformation temperature, and the Ac3 transformation temperature were determined using the following formulae:
Martensitic transformation start temperature(° C.)=550−350×(% C)−40×(% Mn)−10×(% Cu)−17×(% Ni)−20×(% Cr)−10×(% Mo)−35×(% V)−5×(% W)+30×(% Al)
Ac1 transformation temperature(° C.)=751−16×(% C)+11×(% Si)−28×(% Mn)−5.5×(% Cu)−16×(% Ni)+13×(% Cr)+3.4×(% Mo)
Ac3 transformation temperature(° C.)=910−203×0% C)+45×(% Si)−30×(% Mn)−20×(% Cu)−15×(% Ni)+11×(% Cr)+32×(% Mo)+104×(% V)+400×(% Ti)+200×(% Al)
(% C), (% Si), (% Mn), (% Ni), (% Cu), (% Cr), (% Mo), (% V), (% Ti), (% W), and (% Al) denote their respective element contents (% by mass) and are zero if not contained.
590
2160
380
500
110
2400
1
750
620
1000
380
490
100
720
360
450
15.9
25.7
0.88
50.7
27.7
0.75
17.1
22.8
21.8
0.94
60.6
15.8
65.9
12.8
20.2
35.3
74.1
0.56
41.7
35.9
20.8
0.66
13.7
0.52
15.1
0.46
44.5
5.4
2.50
1.02
2.27
1.04
1.85
1.43
1.01
2.69
1.04
2.45
2.75
2.07
2.45
11
16
20
2.9
18.6
10
3.8
11.1
3.2
16.7
3.3
15.5
3.2
19.2
2.9
12
13.8
14
20
11.1
20
4.3
18
10.9
3.9
15
4.2
5.0
1.71
13
1.50
11
1.50
15.5
5.8
11.7
11
A JIS No. 5 specimen was taken such that the tensile direction was perpendicular to the rolling direction of the steel sheet. A tensile test was performed to measure the tensile strength (TS) and the total elongation (EL) of the JIS No. 5 specimen in accordance with JIS Z 2241 (2011). The mechanical properties were judged to be good in the case of:
The hole expansion formability conformed to JIS Z 2256 (2010). Each steel sheet was cut into 100 mm×100 mm and was then punched to form a hole with a diameter of 10 mm at a clearance of 12%±1%. While the steel sheet was pressed with a die with an inner diameter of 75 mm at a blank holding force of 9 tons, a 60-degree conical punch was pushed into the hole to measure the hole diameter at the crack initiation limit. The limiting hole expansion ratio A (%) was calculated using the following formula, and the hole expansion formability was evaluated from the limiting hole expansion ratio.
Limiting hole expansion ratio λ(%)={(Df−D0)/D0}×100
Df denotes the hole diameter (mm) at the time of cracking, and D0 denotes the initial hole diameter (mm). In accordance with aspects of the present invention, for each TS range, the following are judged to be good.
In a bending test, a bending test specimen 30 mm in width and 100 mm in length was taken from each annealed steel sheet such that the rolling direction was the bending direction, and the measurement was performed by a V-block method according to JIS Z 2248 (1996). A test was performed three times at each bend radius at an indentation speed of 100 mm/sec, and the presence or absence of a crack was judged with a stereomicroscope on the outside of the bent portion. The minimum bend radius at which no cracks were generated was defined as the critical bend radius R. In accordance with aspects of the present invention, the bendability of the steel sheet was judged to be good when the critical bending R/t≤2.5 (t: the thickness of the steel sheet) in 90-degree V bending was satisfied.
The hydrogen embrittlement resistance for bending was evaluated in the bending test as described below. The hydrogen embrittlement resistance in accordance with aspects of the present invention was judged to be good when the value obtained by dividing R/t of the steel sheet measured as described above by (R/t)′ of the steel sheet with the hydrogen content of 0.00 ppm by mass in steel was less than 1.4. The (R/t)′ was measured by leaving the steel sheet in the atmosphere for extended periods to reduce the hydrogen content of steel, confirming by thermal desorption spectrometry (TDS) that the hydrogen content of steel reached 0.00 ppm by mass, and then performing the bending test.
The high-strength steel sheets according to the examples have a TS of 980 MPa or more and have excellent formability. In contrast, the comparative examples are inferior in at least one characteristic of TS, EL, A, bendability, and hydrogen embrittlement resistance for bending.
Aspects of the present invention provide a high-strength steel sheet that has a tensile strength (TS) of 980 MPa or more and has excellent formability and hydrogen embrittlement resistance for bending. A high-strength steel sheet according to aspects of the present invention can improve mileage due to the weight reduction of automobile bodies when used in automobile structural parts, for example, and has significantly high industrial utility value.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2021-019667 | Feb 2021 | JP | national |
This is the U.S. National Phase application of PCT/JP2021/041771, filed Nov. 12, 2021, which claims priority to Japanese Patent Application No. 2021-019667, filed Feb. 10, 2021, the disclosures of these applications being incorporated herein by reference in their entireties for all purposes.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2021/041771 | 11/12/2021 | WO |
