Patent Grant
11255121
THIS APPLICATION IS A CONTINUATION IN PART APPLICATION OF application Ser. No. 14/120,870, FILED Jul. 7, 2014, NOW U.S. Pat. No. 9,109,389. DATED Aug. 18, 2015, WHICH WAS A CONTINUATION IN PART OF APPLICATION Ser. No. 12/927,766, FILED Nov. 23, 2010, NOW U.S. Pat. No. 9,085,933, DATED Jul. 21, 2015.
NOT APPLICABLE
This invention pertains to doors, and, more particularly, to hollow core doors having internal openings through which air flows for preventing air pressure from building up in closed rooms.
Hollow core doors have been made for many years for inside doors. The hollow core doors are less expensive than solid core doors, are easier to manufacture, and they are rigid and hence resist warping and twisting. Such hallow core doors make up the largest share of inside doors where strength and security are not required.
A hollow core door generally includes a perimeter frame of a pair of vertically extending stiles and a pair of horizontally extending rails. The perimeter frame is covered typically with plywood panels adhesively secured to the perimeter frame. There are also inside frame elements, typically wood strips extending horizontally between vertical frame members or in an “x” configuration within the perimeter frame.
With the advent of cheaper materials, such as hardboard and medium density fiberboard (mdf) to replace the plywood, the construction of doors became less expensive using the cheaper materials than the manufacture of doors using the more expensive plywood panels or covers or skins. However, the use of hardboard and mdf also requires a binder, and the most commonly used binder is a urea formaldehyde resin or compound. In other words, the substances out of which panels for hollow core doors are made inherently include, under contemporary manufacturing processes, at least a single noxious material.
The use of urea formaldehyde contributes to what is sometimes referred to as “Sick Building Syndrome.” This syndrome is caused by the gas emissions from the formaldehyde and from other chemicals used in the new door products and from other products in the home that also use formaldehyde resin or binder, such as furniture, kitchen cabinets, wood flooring, counter tops, wallpaper, carpet, and even paint.
There may also be other factors contributing to the Sick Building Syndrome, such as poor ventilation, combustion gases, fumes from attached garages, high auto traffic, tobacco smoke, and various volatile organic chemicals or VOCs. However, formaldehyde compounds or products probably contribute most to the Sick Building Syndrome and to the discomfort of people in the building or structure.
One solution, or partial solution, to the syndrome is to reduce the use of formaldehyde products. Another solution is to provide a product or products that absorbs and decomposes the formaldehyde gases and other noxious gases or products. The present invention includes absorbent material which absorbs and decomposes formaldehyde gases and other noxious materials and removes them from within the hollow core door and from air passing through the hollow core of a door to help clean the air within the room and building in which the door is located.
Moreover, the use of several doors in a house or building, such as one or more doors in each room, provides sufficient area on which is disposed the absorbent material for cleaning or scrubbing the air flowing through the doors. It is noted that typically each room in a house has at least one door, and rooms may have more than one door when closet doors, etc., are taken into consideration. The more doors in a home or building, the more efficient the scrubbing or cleaning process becomes.
It is also noted that in the case of new construction, doors are usually installed towards the end of the construction period, but prior to occupancy. It is important to clean the air of all the noxious material occasioned by the construction, such as paints, adhesives, smoking, new furniture, etc., prior to occupancy. The use of fans to change the air after construction and prior to occupancy may remove much of the noxious materials, but VOCs and adhesive gases may continue to outflow from their sources for a substantial period of time after construction and after occupancy. The present invention helps to remove those noxious materials from the air on a continuing, long term basis.
Hollow core doors also have an advantage in that the hollow core is ideal for including pressure equalization elements to prevent air pressure from building up within a closed room. Such air pressure build up in a room interferes with the proper circulation of heated or cooled air in a forced air system.
Typically, there are no cost effective ways to prevent the increase in pressure in a closed room relative to a return air space. The return air space in a house is usually a hall which has a return air duct which conveys return air back to an air handler.
Several embodiments of hollow core doors of the present invention overcome the problem of preventing pressure build up in a room and at the same time provide substantial privacy relative to both light and sound. Moreover, the air scrubbing and pressure build up structures may be combined to provide a “smart door” That performs both a scrubbing function and a pressure build up prevention function.
Hollow core doors may also include a safety function when a pressure build up function is combined with a sensor to detect fire, smoke, carbon monoxide, etc., and then close off air flow through the door to provide a extra times for residents to evacuate the room, or to help isolate a sick or ill person from spreading contaminated air. A hollow core door with build up prevention function may add a movable panel with openings that match openings in a fixed panel or pair of fixed panels in order to prevent air flow through the door in case of need. The door then is better at retarding fire and smoke than an ordinary or standard interior hollow core door. An actuator may slide the movable panel to vary the alignment of openings in the fixed panel(s) in response to an appropriate signal from the sensor.
The invention described and claimed herein includes an interior door with a center panel secured to an outer frame. The frame is a relatively standard hollow core door frame comprised of a pair of stiles and a pair of rails appropriately secured together. The door also includes an inside skin and an outside skin. The center panel is held in place between the two skins. The inside and outside skins are secured to the respective stiles and rails. The center panel is secured to the two skins at the outer edges of the center panel, and there is a peripheral space between the frame and the skins so as to provide a flow of air about the center panel and between the inner end of the center panel and the adjacent stiles and rails. The spacing of the center panel and the adjacent skins, stiles and rails provides a non-linear flow of air through the door to prevent a build up of pressure in a room to which the door is secured. The flow of air around the panel is far greater than the area of an inflow vent so that there is no build up of pressure in the room.
Among the objects of the present invention are the following:
To provide a new and useful hollow core door;
To provide a new and useful hollow core door having passages through the door for the flow of air between the room in which the door is installed and a return air area for the flow of air through the door;
To provide a new and useful hollow core door having air flow through the door of a predetermined amount equal to or greater than the air flow into the room from an air supply register to prevent the build up of pressure within a closed room;
To provide a new and useful hollow core door having a center panel about disposed between the skins and which air flows about the panel in a non-linear manner;
To provide a new and useful hollow core door having a fixed center panel secured to an outer frame and spaced apart from the frame for allowing a flow of air through the door in a non-linear manner;
To provide a frame for a center panel comprised of an inside skin and an outside skin, both of which skins are secured to a door frame;
To control the flow of air through a hollow core door by providing an outer frame for a panel secured to a pair of skins secured to the outer frame and the panel is spaced apart from the outer frame;
To provide a hollow core door having a fixed center panel disposed between a pair of door skins and air flows from the room about the outer periphery of the center panel outwardly through the door in a non-linear manner;
To provide a hollow core door having a fixed center panel disposed between and spaced apart from a pair of fixed outer skins secured to a hollow core door frame and air flows between the skins and the outer periphery of the center panel and inside of the hollow core door frame;
To provide a fixed panel secured to and spaced apart from an inside door skin and an outside door skin by spacer blocks;
To provide a new and useful hollow core door for preventing a build up of pressure in a room by air flowing non-linearly through the door;
To provide a new and useful hollow core door apparatus for preventing a build up of pressure in a room having a forced air system by flowing air through a door to a return air space;
To provide new and useful door apparatus combining an air flow through the door for removing noxious materials from the air flow and for preventing a pressure build up in a room by flowing air generally non-linearly through the door to a return air space; and
To provide new and useful apparatus for preventing a build up of pressure in a room having a forced air system.
Elements of the perimeter frame and portions of internal elements are shown in
The door 10 and a method of making the door is illustrated in
A central portion 52 of an outer door panel or skin 50 may be rough sanded by a belt sander 2 after parallel rabbets 54 and 56 are machined into the panel 50. Obviously, an automatic sanding machine, not shown, may be preferable to the hand operated belt sander 2 shown in
The stiles 12 and 14 extend into the rabbets 54 and 56, as best shown in
After the rough sanding or sealing of the panel, an absorbent, such as diatomaceous earth, is applied to the rough sanded portion 52 of the panel 50. In
It will also be noted that paper impregnated with an absorbent material may also be adhesively secured to the panel portion 52. Paper strips are sometimes adhesively secured to the inside portions of the outer panels or skins to provide stiffness. The strips may be impregnated with an absorbent, as noted.
The layer 60 is a special absorbent material which also may include an appropriate binder to secure the adhesion of the absorbent material to the panel 50. A water based paint may be used if desired. A scraper or trowel 6 is shown in
It will be noted that any appropriate method of applying the absorbent material may be used. For example, rollering, spraying, troweling, etc., may be desired under various circumstances, such as when automating the process, or when a particular type of absorbent material used, etc.
Absorbent materials, such as diatomaceous earth and other materials which may also contribute to the absorption and decomposition of formaldehyde and noxious material may be includes in the absorbent material layer 60. A benefit of using diatomaceous earth, in addition to its absorbent capability, is the destruction of noxious insects. It is well known that insects which eat diatomaceous earth die of dehydration. Thus, the absorbent material layer 60 provides a pest control service, in addition to the absorption and decomposition of formaldehyde gases and tobacco smoke ingredients, and other noxious gases.
Other materials such as gypsum, sodium sulfate, manganese dioxide, aluminum oxide, titanium dioxide, potassium permanganate, tourmaline, various types of carbon or charcoal, and other materials currently being used or being developed, may also be included or used as or in the absorbent material layer 60.
Furthermore, the use of nano scale materials may also be used to scrub noxious materials, such as volatile organic chemicals (VOCs), from air. Nano scale materials, such as the tourmaline referred to in the preceding paragraph, are being developed for scrubbing noxious materials from air, but at the present time the use of such technology is in it infancy. In the future, such materials may be advantageous for use with the structure set forth herein.
The steps illustrated in
The steps illustrated in
The rail 76 is a top rail, and it includes a plurality of spaced apart holes 78 through which air flows. The rail 80 is a bottom rail, and it includes a plurality of spaced apart holes 82 through which air flows.
A lower horizontal cross brace 90 is spaced apart upwardly from the rail 80. The cross brace 90 includes a plurality of holes or openings 92 through which air flows. The holes 82, 92, and 78 are preferably aligned with each other to facilitate the air flow. However, the holes need not be aligned. Air will flow through the core of the door 70 generally regardless of the orientation or alignment of the various holes in the horizontally extending elements.
A pair of lock blocks 84 and 86 are secured respectively to the stiles 72 and 74. The pair of lock blocks 84 and 86 insure that the door 70 may be hung for either right handed or left handed movement.
Note that lock blocks, secured to the stiles, are not shown in most of the figures of the drawing herein. Such lock blocks are well known and understood in the door industry and have been omitted for convenience and clarity of illustration.
A pair of vertically extending brace elements 94 and 96 extend between the horizontal brace 90 and the top rail 76 and are appropriately secured thereto. Since the vertical elements 94 and 96 do not interfere with the flow of air through the core of the door 70, no holes need be drilled through them. A second pair of vertical elements 98 and 100 extend between the brace 90 and the bottom rail 80.
A panel 102 is appropriately secured to the stiles, the rails, the internal brace elements, and the lock blocks.
The door 110 includes a pair of stiles 112 and 114 and a pair of rails 116 and 120. The top rail 116 includes a plurality of spaced apart holes 118 through which air flows. The bottom rail 120 includes a plurality of spaced apart holes 122. The stiles and rails are appropriately secured together, as are the stiles and rails in the previously discussed embodiments.
Within the door frame of the stiles and rails is a horizontal brace 124. The brace 124 includes a plurality of holes or openings 126. A bottom panel 130 is appropriately secured to the frame elements, including the stiles, the rails, and the brace 124. An absorbent layer 132 is in turn secured to the panel 130.
Secured to the panel 130 are spacer blocks 140. The blocks 140 are disposed both above and below the horizontal brace 124. The blocks 140 are spaced apart so as not to impede the flow of air through the core of the door 110. A top panel, not shown, is in turn secured to the blocks and to the frame members 112, 114, 116, 120, and 124, and to the internal brace blocks 140. The internal blocks and the brace element 124 provide internal strength for the door. Note that lock blocks are not shown for the door 110. Such blocks are, of course, required.
The internal bracing for the door 160 includes a horizontal brace 176 extending between and secured to the stiles 162 and 164. The brace 176 includes a plurality of holes 178 through which the air flows.
The internal bracing also includes two pair of x members, an upper pair 186 and 190, and a lower pair 196 and 200. The member 186 includes a plurality of holes 188 and the member 190 includes a plurality of holes or openings 192. The lower members 196 and 200 include holes 198 and 202, respectively. Thus, air flows through the holes 172 in the rail 170, through the holes 198 and 202 in the x members 196 and 200, respectively, through the holes 178 in the horizontal brace 176, through the holes 188 and 192 in the upper x members 186 and 190, respectively, and through holes in the upper rail, not shown.
Secured to the frame of the door 160 is a bottom panel 206. An appropriate absorbent material, such as diatomaceous earth in an appropriate binder, is secured to the panel 206 and to a top panel, not shown. As the air flows through the hollow core of the door 160, through the various holes, past the absorbent material on both the bottom panel 206 and the top panel, formaldehyde compounds and other noxious gases or materials are filtered out.
A horizontal brace 224 extends between and is secured to the stiles 212 and 214. A plurality of holes 226 extend through the brace 224 for the flow of air. Above the brace 224 are a pair of vertically extending braces 228 and 230. The braces 228 and 230 extend between and are secured to the upper rail, not shown, and the brace 224. A similar pair of vertically extending braces 232 and 234 extend between and are secured to the bottom rail 220 and the horizontal brace 224.
A bottom panel 238 is secured to the various members, including the perimeter frame 212, 214, 220 and the upper rail, not shown, and to the internal brace or core elements, including the horizontal brace 224 and the vertical elements 228, 230, 232, and 234. The panel includes an appropriate absorbent material secured thereto. An upper panel, not shown, completes the door 210, along with appropriate lock blocks, also not shown.
A pair of spacers 276 help to center the panel 270 between the outer door panels 256 and 260. The spacers 276 are aligned with each other for proper support, and additional pairs (not shown) are spaced apart as appropriate between stiles.
It will be noted that the inside of the panels 256 and 260 may also be coated, as discussed above for the doors 10, 70, 110, 160, and 210. Using four such surfaces for the absorbent material provides nearly seventy five square feet of absorption area.
The panels 256 and 260 may be mdf or other appropriate material, as desired.
The panel 300 includes a recess 302 and the panel 304 includes a recess 306. The recesses 302 and 306 increase the surface of the panels 300 and 304, respectively for absorption purposes.
The panels 300 and 304 may be gypsum, without the paper or cardboard covers which wall board (gypsum board) has, and that have had materials discussed above added to them for scrubbing. The panels 300 and 304 may also be a pair of panels such as the panel 270 of
A special quality of gypsum, in addition to is general absorbency capabilities, is that it absorbs moisture from the air when there is high humidity and releases the moisture when the humidity is low. The use of gypsum accordingly decreases mildew and mold growth in a structure, in addition to increasing the comfort level in the structure.
Another property or quality of gypsum is that it helps to absorb sound. Thus, the use of a door 280 with a pair of gypsum panels reduces the sound level in a structure in which such a door/doors is/are installed.
Another property or quality of gypsum is its fire retardant ability. The doors with the gypsum panels thus provide fire protection within a structure not otherwise contemplated by prior art hollow core doors.
As an alternative to two gypsum panels within a door, a single gypsum panel, such as the panel 300, may be paired with a panel such as the coated panel 270 of the door 250. Such door combination provides a mixture of the capabilities or qualities or advantages of the various absorbents.
Note that the panels 270, 300, and 304 comprise core bracing elements in addition to their absorption functions. The spacer elements used in conjunction with the inner panels also contribute to core bracing for their doors.
Referring again primarily to
Moreover, if absorbent and decomposing materials, such as diatomaceous earth and gypsum, etc., are incorporated into the construction of the mdf or similar material, then such materials need not be added to the inside of the panels themselves. Rather, the addition of the scrubbing materials to the mdf or similar material in the making of the panels simplifies the scrubbing situation.
However, the inclusion of the scrubbing materials into the panels may not be sufficient if the filtering or scrubbing of an air flow through a hollow core door is desired. In such case, the addition of scrubbing material or materials within the hollow core as described above is desirable.
While diatomaceous earth and other materials have been mentioned or discussed above as appropriate absorbent materials for formaldehyde and other noxious material in the gases in the air flowing through the hollow core of a door, there are other appropriate absorbent or decomposing materials, such as activated carbon or charcoal, with appropriate additives, and other materials which also may be used for absorbing and decomposing formaldehyde and other noxious gases in the air flowing through the internal core of the hollow doors discussed above. And in the future there will undoubtedly be other materials to perform the same basic scrubbing functions.
Moreover, one panel, a top panel for example, may use one type of absorbent or decomposing material, while the other panel, a bottom panel, may use another type of absorbent or decomposing material. Or several types of such materials may be used on each panel. The use of a particular one or more materials may depend on the particular situations or locations for or at which the doors are made or are installed. The removal of noxious materials from air flowing through the hollow core of a door may include different types of absorbent or decomposing or other products. Noxious material may take the form of compounds, odors, moisture, etc., and combinations of such things.
The removal of such noxious material may require absorption, decomposition, or other technique—chemical, mechanical, etc. The flow of air in a structure and through the hollow core of a door carries the noxious material, and the removal of the noxious material may require a combination of products, techniques, etc.
Another technique may also be used to remove noxious materials, and that technique is to use a photocatalyst, such as titanium dioxide. A photocatalyst, such as titanium dioxide reacts to light, such as ultra violet light, and breaks down into hydroxyl radicals and super oxide anions. The products of the photocatalytic process oxidize noxious materials, such volatile organic compounds, formaldehyde, and other materials as referred to above, etc.
Ambient light, direct sunlight, or an artificial light source, may be used to provide the necessary light to catalyze the photocatalytic material. The photocatalytic process will continue as long as there is light to cause the photocatalytic to take place.
Accordingly, referring to
Referring to
Extending downwardly from the rail 336 is a battery and lamp compartment 360. The compartment 360 includes a top cover 362. Extending outwardly from the compartment 360 is a lamp 364. Replacement of the battery or batteries for providing current for the lamp 364 is by way of the cover 362. The cover 362 is flush with, or slightly recessed below, the top of the rail 336.
Within the door 330, either on the inside of the panels 346 and 348 is photocatalytic material, and the lamp 364 provides the appropriate light, such as uv light, to initiate the photocatalytic process. If desired, there may be additional light sources secured within the hollow core, in compartments such as 360, and attached to the rails or stiles, as appropriate or as desired.
If the airflow through the door 330 by normal convective processes is deemed insufficient, a relatively small fan may be incorporated into the door. Referring again to
It will be noted that the term “gases” is to be broadly construed and includes water vapor or moisture in the air, as well as odoriferous gases, and other noxious materials or compounds in the air within a structure. The term “gases” is thus not limited to formaldehyde or similar gases.
It will also be noted that doors made out of mdf products have been discussed and illustrated because of the use of formaldehyde resin or binders commonly used in the manufacture of mdf products, and formaldehyde is probably the leading noxious material. However, a hollow core door made of steel, fiberglass, wood, or other products, may also be used with absorbent, decomposing, etc., material within the hollow core for removing or neutralizing noxious material or products or gases from air flowing through the hollow core. The scrubbing of noxious material from air flow accordingly may require a combination of materials secured within the hollow core of a door regardless of what the door is made of.
The terms “scrubber,” “scrubbers,” and “scrubbing,” all refer generically to the various kinds or types of material which may be used to remove noxious materials from the internal air flow within the core of a door.
It will further be noted that as used herein, and in the following claims, the terms “material” and “materials” are virtually interchangeable, with “material” being considered both, or either, singular or plural.
The terms “absorb” and “absorbent,” etc., have been used herein regarding appropriate materials for carrying out the purposes of the present invention. It will be understood that “adsorb” and “adsorbent” materials may also be used to carry out the purposes of the present invention. Essentially, for purposes herein, the terms are interchangeable. Moreover, it will be understood that a combination of absorbent and adsorbent materials may be used if desired in the cleaning or filtering of the air flow through the hollow core doors of the present invention.
It will be still further noted that openings may be provided in the top and bottom structural elements of a door, and in structural or other elements within the door without regard to the material out of which the door is made. The terms “rails” and “stiles” refer broadly and respectively to the top and bottom horizontal and to side vertical elements of a door perimeter frame without regard to the material out of which the door is made.
Moreover, the size of the openings or holes in the rails and in the internal core elements may vary from relatively small to rather large, depending on the desired air flow and on the absorption material within the core of the door.
Finally, it will be understood that airflow through a door may vary, depending on the time of day, the relative humidity, the size of the openings in the rails and in other interior door elements, and other factors. For example, morning air it typically more humid, and the more humid air flowing through a door core may be more readily absorbed into the filtering materials than drier air. As the relative humidity decreases during the day, the drier air minus the contaminants or noxious materials is desorbed from the filtering material and flows out of the door. Contaminants, or noxious material, in the airflow through the door may still be removed from the airflow regardless of the relative humidity of the air. Furthermore, humidity itself may be absorbed by various materials.
The changes in the humidity during the day perhaps allow the removal process to be more efficient. However, air flowing through the door will be cleansed by the scrubbing material disposed within the core of the door by normal convection regardless of the humidity. The flowing air is cleansed of contaminants and noxious material from both the room and the door core internal elements, as stated above.
In addition to the removal of noxious material from an air flow through hollow core door, a hollow core door may be used to prevent the build up of air pressure in a closed room which has a forced air system. Embodiments of such hollow core door apparatus are illustrated in drawing
The register 402 provides a flow of air 404 into the closed room 400. The air flow into the room 400 is measured in cubic feet per minute (CFM). To prevent a build up of pressure in the room 400, the flow of air through the door 410 to a return air space 434 outside the room 400 should be proportional to the CFM flow of the inflow air 404. This will be discussed in more detail below on conjunction with the structure of the door 410.
It will be noted that in the following paragraphs the terms “inside” and “outside” refer to the room 400. The “inside” thus refers to the inside of the room 400 and the “outside” refers to the outside of the room, or the side of the door 410 which faces outwardly of the room and is in contact with the return air space 434.
The door 410 includes an inside door panel or skin 412 comparable to the panel 50 as may be best understood from
The door 410 also includes an outside door panel or skin 430, comparable to the panel 40, as may best be understood from
Between the door skins 412 and 430 is a center panel 420. The center panel 420 includes a plurality of openings 422. Adjacent to the openings 422 on the opposite side of the center panel 420 and between the center panel 420 and the outer panel 440 is an outflow space 424. The outflow space 424 is generally parallel to the intake space 416 and is substantially the same size.
The inner panel 440 includes an outer periphery or rim 442, and the outer panel 540 includes an outer periphery or rim 452. Between the panel 440 and the center panel 420 is a plurality of spacers 444. Between the outer panel 450 and the center panel 420 is a plurality of spacers 454. The spacers 444 and 454 secure the panels 440 and 450, respectively, to opposite sides of the center panel 420, and appropriately space the center panel 420 from the inner and outer panels to define the size of the intake space 416 and the size of the outflow space 424. The spaces 416 and 424 have the same area.
It will be noted that the spacers 444 and 454 are shown in
It will be noted that there are two peripheral spaces shown in
There is a smooth flow of air 404 from the register 402 through the peripheral space about the rim 442 of the the inner panel 440 within the opening 414 into the intake space 416. The air then flows through the opening 422 in the center wall 420 to the outflow space 424 and outwardly through the peripheral space about the rim 452 of the inside panel 450 in the opening 452, and becomes an air outflow 406 to the return air space 434 outside the room 400, thus preventing the build up of air pressure in the room 400.
The peripheral spaces of the inside panel 440 and the outside panel 450 and the size or area of the openings 422 are appropriately dimensioned to provide at least the same or greater area than the peripheral spaces. The air flow 404 thus has no constraints to flowing non-linearly through the door 410 and outwardly from the room 400 into an air return space 434 outside the room 400.
Thus there is no build up of pressure within the room 400. That is, the air flow out of the room 400 through the door 410 is proportional to the CFM of the flow of air through the register 402 into the room 400. The door 410 thus prevents the build up of pressure in the room 400.
The areas through which the air flows must provide an area proportional to the CFM of the inflow of air through the register 402. There is a relationship between the CFM of the inflow 404 and the square inches of the areas through which the air flows. For example, for a 90 CFM inflow 404, there should be an area of about 90 square inches through which the air flows through the peripheral space between the opening 416 and the rim 442 into the space 416, and there should be aa least the same 90 square inches in the openings 422 for the flow of air from the space 416 into the space 424. There also should be the same 90 square inches for the air flow 406 through the peripheral space between the opening 432 and the rim 542.
The distances between the outer periphery or rim 442 and the opening 414, and between the outer periphery or rim 452 and the opening 432, are substantially the same. Those distances, and the length of the spacers 444 and 454, are dimensioned so as to provide the same CFM through the door 410 as the CFM through the register 402 of the air flow 404. That is, the spacing between the rim 452 and the opening 432 defines a peripheral space to provide the desired area for the desired air flow, and is thus equal to the peripheral space between the opening 414 and the rim 442 of the panel 440.
The square inches discussed above are the minimum areas for the CFM of the air flow through the register 402 into the room 400 and through the door 410 for the out flow 406 into the receiving space 434 to prevent any increase on the air pressure in the room 400. However, the square inches may be larger if the door permits. On the other hand, depending primarily on the thickness of the door, providing the necessary square inches for the air travel through the door may require additional elements, such as slanted panels into the air spaces 416 and 424. This will be discussed below.
In terms of pressure, professional standards generally consider that the pressure in a closed room should be less than 3 pascals, or about 0.012 inches of a water column. The present invention meets that criterion.
In
For example, for a relatively strong air flow, in terms of CFM, and a relatively narrow door, the spacing of the panels may be outwardly from the door skins to provide the required peripheral spacing, or in a relatively weak air flow, and a relatively thick door, the panels may be disposed inwardly from the door skins. Thus, the term “adjacent” may be used to define the relationship between the door skins and their openings and the locations of the panels relative to the openings in the door skins. The term “adjacent” accordingly denotes the positioning of a panel relative to the openings in the skins in, inside, or outside, the openings.
In
If desired, the apparatus of
The framed apparatus 460 includes a frame 461 which includes a top frame member 462, a side frame member 464, a bottom frame member 466, and a side member 467. The frame 461 includes an inner periphery 468. Three panels fit inside the frame 461. The three panels include an inner panel 470, a center panel 480, and an outer panel 490. The center panel 480 is appropriately secured to the inner periphery 468 of the frame 461.
The center panel 480 includes an opening 482 and the opening 482 includes opposite side portions which cooperate with spacer 484. A plurality of spacers 484 are secured to the panel 480 and are disposed across the opening 482 to appropriately space the inner panel 470 and the outer panel 490 from the center panel 480. Each spacer 484 includes slots which receive adjacent portions of the panel 480 at the opening 482. The width of the spacers 484 determine the spacing of the panels 470 and 490 from the center panel 480.
Each spacer also includes bifurcated slots 485 which have two arms 486 and 488 and which define the slots. The opposite side portions of the opening 482 of the center panel 480 are disposed in the slots and against the arms 486 and 488 of the spacers 484, as best shown in
The inner panel 470 includes an outer periphery 472, and the outer panel 490 includes an outer periphery 492. The space between the inner periphery 468 of the frame 461 and the outer periphery 472 of the outer panel 470 defines the intake area for the flow of air. The intake area is at least as great as or greater than the square inch requirement for the CFM air flow into a closed room, such as the room 400 of
The space between the inner periphery 468 of the frame 460 and the outer periphery 492 of the outer panel 490 defines the outflow area of the flow of air through the apparatus 460. The outflow area is at least as great as or greater than the square inch intake area, as discussed above.
The panels 470 and 490 are appropriately secured to the spacers 484. The center panel 480 is secured to the center of the frame 461 at the inner rim 468. The inner panel 470 and the outer panel 490 are appropriately dimensioned so as to provide a peripheral space between the inner rim 468 and the outer peripheries 472 and 492, respectively, of the panels 470 and 490 for the required intake and outflow of air, as discussed above.
As best shown in
The framed embodiment 460 may be inserted into an opening cut into an existing door, such as in the door 410 of
The panels 440 and 450, and the panels 470 and 490, are smaller than the openings into which they are respectively inserted. The difference in the relative sizes determines the size of the peripheral area through which the incoming air and the outgoing air flows. As clearly stated, the peripheral areas are as large or larger than the proportional square inch area as discussed above.
It will be noted that there is no direct movement of the air through the door 410 or through the frame 460. Rather, the air takes a circuitous, or non-linear, route from the room through the door and the frame to the respective return air spaces, such as the space 434. It follows that sound and light also have no direct path through the door.
Accordingly, privacy is maintained with respect to light and sound when a door is closed. The degree of privacy, with respect to sound is, of course, dependent on the loudness of the originating sound or within a return air space. However, ordinary sounds generally will not pass easily through the door 410 or through the frame 460, thus maintaining the privacy within a room.
For relatively narrow or thin doors, a modified hollow core door apparatus may be used to prevent the build up of pressure in a closed room. Apparatus for use in a hollow core door with non-linear elements for preventing the buildup of air pressure in a closed room is shown in
Six elements are shown for the apparatus 520, including an inside outer frame 530, an inside center frame 550, an inside center panel 570, an outside outer frame 580, an outside center frame 590, and an outside center panel 610. All of the six elements have flat backs for assembling the apparatus together back to back, as shown in
The inside outer frame 530 includes an inner peripheral concave quarter groove 532, and the groove terminates in a tip 534. The frame 530 also includes a flat back 536.
Disposed within the inside outer frame 530 is the inside center frame 550. The frame 550 includes an outer peripheral concave quarter groove 552. The groove 552 terminates in a tip 534. The frame 550 also includes an inner peripheral concave quarter groove 556. The groove 556 terminates in a tip 558. The frame 550 includes a flat back 560.
Disposed within the inside outer frame 550 is an inside center panel 570. The panel 570 includes an outer peripheral concave quarter groove 572. The groove 572 terminates in a tip 574. The panel 570 also includes a flat back 576.
The three inside elements 530, 550, and 570 have three mirror images in outside elements 580, 590, and 610, respectively.
The outside element 580 is an outer frame element. The frame element 580 includes an inner peripheral concave quarter groove 582. The groove 582 terminates in a tip 584. The outer frame 580 has a flat back 586.
The outside element 590 is an outside center frame. The frame 590 includes an outer peripheral concave quarter groove 592. The groove 592 terminates in a tip 594.
The frame 590 also includes an inner peripheral concave quarter groove 596. The groove 596 terminates in a tip 598. The frame 590 also includes a flat back 600.
The outside element 610 comprises a center panel. The panel 610 includes an outer peripheral concave quarter groove 612. The groove terminates in a tip 614. Finally, the panel 610 also includes a flat back 616.
Referring now to
The depth to which the tips extend into their U shaped grooves determines the extent of the non-linearity of the air flow. The farther into the grooves that the tips extend provides the greatest degree of non-linearity for the air flow, and the greater the degree of privacy with respect to both light and sound penetration through the door.
Appropriate fastening means, not shown, such as pins, are used to secure the elements to each other and to door in which they are installed.
It will be noted that the tip and concave groove combinations may be reversed from that discussed and illustrated, if desired. For example, a tip may extend outwardly from a groove on the center frame and the tip may extend into a concave groove in the outer frame. The arrangement of the tips and grooves is immaterial.
Moreover, the manufacturing process discussed and illustrated may vary from that illustrated and discussed. For example, rather than use the six elements, only three elements may be used, with each of the three elements relatively thick to allow the groove and tip structure for the non-linear flow of air through a door. And depending on the size of a room and the air flow, perhaps only two frames, or a single frame and a center panel, may be required to provide the desired non-linear airflow through a door. Or, for a larger room, three or more frames may be required.
It will be noted that the privacy advantages of the embodiments of
However, an advantage of the embodiment of the hollow core door apparatus 520 is that it may be configured in many designs. While a generally rectangular configuration is illustrated in
In addition to the depth to which a tip is extended into a groove, the configuration of the groove with respect to a smooth air flow is important. The aerodynamics of the groove for the smoothest air flow is desired. The smoother the air flow, the greater the efficiency of the air flow through a door, while still keeping the air flow non-linear, as discussed above.
While rounded concave elements have been shown and referred generally as “quarter concave grooves” and “U shaped,” and which are shown smoothly rounded for air flow purposes, straight, it will be understood that other configurations, such relatively straight, v-shaped grooves, may also be used, if desired. Moreover, the “quarter concave grooves” may be any partial concave groove configuration, as deemed appropriate. The general concept remains the same—it is the aerodynamic configuration of the grooves and the depth to which a tip is inserted into a groove that determines the air flow efficiency through a door. The smoother the flow of air around the tips and through the door the greater the efficiency of the air flow. Even with sharp V shaped grooves and tips, there will be a non-linear flow of air, with at least four changes of direction in the air flow. With the smooth grooves and tips shown, there are at least five changes in the direction for the non-linearity of the air flow, as with the embodiments of
It will be noted that the apparatus shown in
It will also be noted that although the elements of the apparatus 520 are secured together, as best shown in
The door 620 includes a stile 622 and a rail 626. The door 620 is shown with an outer skin 628. A portion of the outer skin 628 is broken away to show details of the stile 622.
The stile 622 is split to provide an air passage into the hollow core interior of the door 620. As may be understood best from
Similarly, the rail 626 is also split and uses dowels 632 to space apart the two portions of the rail. With split stiles and rails about the perimeter of the door, including reinforcing rails between the top and bottom rails, and holes through the bottom rail, as shown and discussed above in conjunction with the embodiments of
The pressure of the flow of air into a room, such as the flow 404 of the room 400 of
The privacy limitations of the apparatus of
The doors 410, 460, 520, and 620 comprise first generation hollow core doors for preventing pressure buildup in a room, a hollow core door 650 comprises a second generation door. The door 650 includes privacy provisions and the ability to control the flow of air through the door incrementally from full flow to non-flow, along with the ability to control various programmable electronic devices in a room or structure. Moreover, the door 650 provides a degree of fire retardant capability that provides time for room or house evacuation not provided by standard or contemporary interior hollow core doors, as will be explained below.
The door 650 includes an inside skin 660 and an outside skin 720, both of which are shown secured to the top rail 652 and to the stile 654. The outside skin 720 includes an opening 712. The opening 712 includes an inner periphery 714. An outside panel or privacy panel 720 is disposed in the opening 712. The panel 720 includes an outer periphery 722 which is disposed in the opening 712. A peripheral space 718 is defined between the outer periphery of the panel 720 and the inner periphery 714 of the opening 712.
Within the hollow core door 650 is a pair of fixed panels 680 and 700, both of which are secured to the stile 654. A sliding panel 690 is disposed and movable between the fixed panels 680 and 700.
An actuator 730 is appropriately secured to the slidable panel 690. The actuator 730 is shown disposed within the stile 654. A sensor 740 is also disposed within the stile 654. The sensor 740 senses predetermined or desired information from the air adjacent to the door 650. Such information may include temperature, smoke particles indicative of a fire, carbon monoxide, relative humidity, or other desiderata. The sensor may provide and transmit signals in response to the desired sensed information. Signal outputs from the sensor may be sensed by the actuator 730 and by other electronic elements in the room or structure in which the door 650 is installed.
An output signal from the sensor may result in the actuator moving the slidable panel 690. Such movement may be sequential and incremental or full, as described below. Other signals may turn on or off lights, adjust blinds, etc., such as are now provided by smart phones and other electronic devices. Essentially the door 650, with the sensor 740, becomes an intelligence center for the room or structure in which the door is installed, with the ability to provide desired output signals to a wide variety of programmable electronic devices.
For the following discussion, reference may be made particularly to
Spacer blocks 656 and 716 separate the skins 660 and 710 from the fixed panels 680 and 700, respectively.
The inside skin 660 includes an opening 662, and the opening 662 has an inner periphery 664. Within the opening 662 is an inside panel or privacy panel 670. The panel 670 has an outer periphery 672. A peripheral space 666 is formed between the inner periphery 664 of the skin 660 and the outer periphery 672 of the privacy panel 670.
The panel 670 is spaced apart from the fixed panel 680 by a plurality of spacers 674. An interior space 686 is defined between the fixed panel 680 and the skin 660 and its privacy panel 670. Air flows into the space 686 through the peripheral space 666. Note that the thickness of the spacer block 656 is the same as the length of the spacers 674.
The fixed panel 680 includes a plurality of openings. Airflow from the space 686 is through the openings 682.
The movable or slidable panel 690 is disposed between the fixed panels 680 and 700. The panel 690 includes a plurality of spaced apart openings 692. The openings 692 are shown aligned with the openings 682 of the fixed panel 680 in
The fixed panel 700 includes a plurality of spaced apart openings 702. The openings 702 are shown aligned with the openings 682 of the fixed panel 680.
As stated above, the outside skin 710 includes an opening 712, and the opening 712 includes an inner periphery 714. The privacy or outside panel 720 is disposed in the opening 712, and has an outer periphery 722. A peripheral space 718 is defined between the inner periphery 714 of the outside skin 710 and the outer periphery 722 of the privacy panel 720. The panel 720 includes a plurality of spacers 724 to space apart the panel 720 from the fixed panel 700.
The outside or privacy panel 710 is spaced apart from the fixed panel 700 by a spacer block 716. The spacer block 716 has the same thickness as the spacers 724 of the panel 720. The spacer blocks 656 and 716 have the same thickness, and the spacers 674 and 724 also have the same thickness or length.
A chamber 706 is defined by the fixed panel 700 and the skin 710 and its privacy panel 720. Air flows from the chamber 706 outwardly through the peripheral space 718. When the openings 682, 692, and 702 are aligned, as shown in
The combined areas of the openings 682, the combined areas of the openings 692, and the combined areas of the openings 702 are equal to each other.
The openings 662 and 712 (see
When the openings 682 and 702 are blocked by movement of the sliding panel 690, as shown in
There is airflow shown in
The actuator 730 moves the slidable panel in response to a signal from the sensor 740 or from manual signal from a user or occupant of the room in which the door 650 is installed. There is no significant flow of air through the door 650 when the openings 692 are out of alignment with the openings 682 and 702. With a programmable sensor 740, the movement of the panel 690 may be set to incrementally move the panel 690 in response to a temperature change, or other criteria, to a full closing or misalignment of the openings as shown in
A full closure or non-movement of air through the door 650 by complete non-alignment or blockage of alignment of the openings in the fixed and movable panels as shown in
As stated above, the programmable functions available in contemporary electronics make the door 650 a “smart door” with many capabilities. The location of the sensor 740 in a stile at an appropriate height allows the sensing of information whether the door 750 is open or closed, or anywhere in between, and the sensing is to a more accurate degree than that of a fixed sensor on a wall or on a ceiling. Thus, a plurality of “smart doors” in a structure provides more accurate and more complete information relative to individual rooms and halls than contemporary fixed wall or ceiling sensors may provide. However, it will be noted that a sensor need not be installed as shown. If desired, a sensor may be installed in any desired of appropriate location in a room. Nevertheless, the advantages of the sensor installed in the door appear to be preferable to a wall or ceiling installation.
Another advantage or benefit of being able to prevent air flow through a door is when there is a need to limit contact with an individual with a medical problem transmissible by close contact through air flow, such as colds, flu, etc. The person with such medical problem may be isolated in a limited manner by preventing air flowing from the room as provided above. Opening a window in the room may provide sufficient fresh air, and an open window may help evacuate contaminated air from the room.
The full pressure build up prevention capabilities of the embodiments of
The non-linear flow of air may be provided in another embodiment, a third generation hollow core door 750, illustrated in
It will be noted that the terms “inside” and “outside” are used with respect to the door 750 as set forth above with respect to the doors 410, 460, 520, 620, and 650.
The door 750 includes a conventional hollow core door perimeter frame 752, including a pair of stiles 754 and 758 and a pair of rails 760 and 762 appropriately secured together. The stile 754 has an end face 756, shown in
An inside skin 770 is secured to the frame 752. The inside skin 770 includes a rabbet 772 and a shoulder 774 at the end of the rabbet 772. A mating shoulder of the stile 754 is disposed against the shoulder 774. The inside skin 770 also includes a recess or bore 776, and an opening 778. The opening 778 frames a fixed center panel 790. The opening 778 is shown as rectangular in
The panel 790 is illustrated as being generally rectangular as indicated by dotted line in
The outside skin 780 includes a rabbet 782 with a shoulder 784 against which a mating shoulder of the stile 754 is disposed. The outside skin 780 also includes a recess or bore 786 aligned with the bore 766 of the inside skin 770. The opening 788 is aligned with the opening 778 of the inside skin 770. The recesses or bores 776 and 786 are also aligned with each other.
The inside skin 770 and the outside skin 780 are mirror images of each other, and they frame the panel 790. The panel 790 is disposed between and spaced apart from the two skins.
The center panel 790 is secured to the inside and outside skins 770 and 780, respectively, by spaced apart support blocks 800. In
The support blocks 800 include recesses or slots 802. The recesses or slots 802 extend inwardly from the support blocks 800 and receive the outer periphery 792 of the panel 790 to secure the panel between the inside and outside skins. The recesses 802 of the support blocks 800 secure the panel 790 to the support blocks 800, and the support blocks 800 hold the panel 790 a predetermined distance or spacing from the skins 770 and 780. The support blocks 800 extend outwardly from their recesses in the skins to as to provide a space for air flow between the panel 790 and the adjacent skins. This is clearly shown in
With the panel 790 secured to and disposed between the skins 760 and 780 by the support blocks 800 and their recesses 802, respectively, and with and the skins 760 and 780 secured to the frame 752, the door 750 is complete.
A chamber 820 is defined between the skins 760 and 780 and the end 756 of the stile 754 and above the bottom rail 762, as shown in
The airflow around the panel 790 is illustrated by the arrows in
With the relatively large peripheral length around the entire perimeter or outer periphery of the center panel 792 for the chamber 820, there is more than adequate area for air flow through the door 750 to prevent pressure build up in a room in which the door 750 is located.
It will be noted, as best understood from
While the center panel 790 is hatched for transparent material in
For construction, an inside skin 770 is first prepared and an outer door frame 752 is placed on the skin. The plurality of support blocks 800 is secured to the center panel 790, and the center panel is then placed on the inside skin with the ends 804 of the support blocks 800 disposed in the recesses 776. The outside skin 780 is then placed on the door frame 752, with the recess or bores 786 of the outside skin receiving the ends 806 of the support blocks to complete the fabrication of the door 750. The several elements are, of course, appropriately secured together during the fabricating or assembly process. For convenience, and to follow the elements shown in
As with the other pressure build up prevention doors discussed above, scrubbing elements or materials may be added to the door 750 for the removal of noxious material from the air flow through the door.
While the principles of the invention have been made clear in illustrative embodiments, there will be immediately obvious to those skilled in the art many modifications of structure, arrangement, proportions, the elements, materials, and components used in the practice of the invention, and otherwise, which are particularly adapted to specific environments and operative requirements without departing from those principles. The appended claims are intended to cover and embrace any and all such modifications, within the limits only of the true spirit and scope of the invention.
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