Patent Grant
8199388
1. Field
The invention relates generally to holographic data storage media and systems, and more particularly to methods and systems for recording and/or reading holographic storage media.
2. Description of Related Art
Holographic data storage systems store information or data based on the concept of a signal beam interfering with a reference beam at a holographic storage medium. The interference of the signal beam and the reference beam creates a holographic representation, i.e., a hologram, of data elements as a pattern of varying refractive index and/or absorption imprinted in a volume of a storage or recording medium such as a photopolymer or photorefractive crystal. Combining a data-encoded signal beam, referred to as an object beam, with a reference beam can create the interference pattern at the storage medium. A spatial light modulator (SLM) or lithographic data mask, for example, may create the data-encoded signal beam. The interference pattern induces material alterations in the storage medium that generate the hologram.
The formation of the hologram in the storage medium is generally a function of the relative amplitudes and polarization states of, and phase differences between, the signal beam and the reference beam. The hologram is also dependent on the wavelengths and angles at which the signal beam and the reference beam are projected into the storage medium. After a hologram is created in the storage medium, projecting the reference beam into the storage medium interacts and reconstructs the original data-encoded signal beam. The reconstructed signal beam may be detected by using a detector, such as a CMOS photo-detector array or the like. The recovered data may then be decoded by the photo-detector array into the original encoded data.
A basic holographic system is illustrated in
A particular image may be retrieved from recording medium 124 with a reference beam similar to the original reference beam used to store the image. The light is diffracted by storage medium 124 according to the stored hologram and the two-dimensional image that was stored in recording medium 124 is directed by lens 126 to photo-detector array 128.
Holographic Read Only Memory (Holographic ROM or HROM) storage media are well known. In the past, holographic information has been recorded in disc format HROM in an incremental manner by successively aligning different locations on the HROM with an object beam and a reference beam to record successive data bits. Different information can be recorded at each successive location by changing the information imparted through a spatial light modulator (SLM) or successive data masks, for example. U.S. Pat. No. 6,272,095, entitled, “Apparatus and Method for Storing and/or Reading Data on an Optical Disk,” by Liu et al. describes several examples of illustrative prior recording techniques, and is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Moreover, multiple holograms can be stacked in virtual image layers through wavelength multiplex, angle multiplex, shift multiplex, confocal multiplex, or other multiplex techniques, for example. Each hologram in a stack may comprise a page of information, where a “page” is a collection of bits or of pixel data stored together, e.g., as a 2048×2048 array or a 10×10 array. U.S. Pat. No. 6,322,933, entitled, “Volume Track Definition for Data Storage Media Used to Record Data by Selective Alteration of a Format Hologram,” by Daiber et al. describes several examples of illustrative prior volume recording techniques, and is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Additionally, another reference that describes recording techniques and the bitwise retrieval of an HROM includes “Holographic ROM System for High Speed Replication,” presented by Ernest Chuang et al. of Sony Corporation at the Optical Data Storage Conference, Jul. 8, 2002, in Hawaii, USA.
One shortcoming of such methods for the recording of holograms is that significant time can be required to incrementally record information on a location-by-location or bit-by-bit basis. Therefore, improved recording processes have been proposed in which an entire holographic image or “layer” of information is recorded simultaneously across an entire storage medium. An exemplary method includes shining a planewave beam through a transmissive optical medium, e.g., a transmissive lithographic data mask, encoded with information so as to create a planewave object/signal beam. The encoded planewave object beam illuminates one surface of the storage medium. A conical planewave reference beam, for example, may illuminate an opposite surface of the holographic storage medium. The object beam and the reference beam interfere within the holographic storage medium to create an information layer within the storage medium.
Readout of the data stored on the media may be subsequently achieved using the same reference beam used to record the data or by using a conjugate readout beam (i.e., similar to the original reference beam propagated in the opposite direction) to reconstruct a backwards-propagating signal beam that retraces the path of the original recording. The stored information is readout in a bitwise fashion, e.g., a bit at a time or a few bits at a time in a serial fashion as described in the Sony Corporation approach referenced above. A pickup lens of a system may focus a real image of the data, created using the readout beam, onto a suitable detector as the holographic medium and/or the drive translate and/or rotate with respect to each other.
One shortcoming of the recording methods described above is that information typically is readout a bit at a time or a few bits at a time in a serial fashion. Thus, there is a need for recording holographic storage media that more readily permits relatively higher, parallel readout rates. Specifically, there is a need for parallel readout of at least a page of information at a time, e.g., many bits in parallel. In addition, the bit-by-bit readout architecture generally limits the implementation to spinning disks in order to get reasonable transfer rates. There is a need for page-wise readout that may allow for new more compact, portable formats such as storage cards to be practical. Another shortcoming of the prior proposed recording methods includes the alignment and time necessary to align and record multiple data masks in holographic storage media, e.g., HROM media.
In one aspect of the present invention, methods and systems for recording holographic storage media are provided. In one example of this aspect, a method includes illuminating an object (e.g., a data mask or SLM) with an object beam (often referred to as a “signal” beam) and recording the resulting modulated object beam in a holographic storage medium. In one example, the data mask includes an information layer that is divided into multiple data pages. A reference beam is further propagated to the holographic storage medium to record the multiple data pages of the information layer in a parallel fashion with the holographic storage medium.
In another aspect, a method and system for recording holographic media where an object image is magnified is provided. In one example, a system includes a light source, an object for modulating an object beam from the light source, and a relay system adapted to magnify or demagnify the modulated beam (e.g., an image of the object) to an output image. The output image is directed to the holographic storage medium, where a reference beam is also directed, to record the resulting interference pattern. Additionally, the relay system converges the output image to an output Fourier plane, which may be disposed within the holographic storage medium. In one example, a filter may be placed at an intermediate Fourier plane located prior to the output Fourier plane. Further, a phase mask may be placed at the position of the output image in one example. The object may include an SLM operable to modulate the object beam with an information layer comprising a plurality of data pages. In other examples, the relay system may be used without magnifying the object beam, and may provide the benefits of an intermediate Fourier plane or phase mask disposed at the output image.
In another aspect described herein, methods and system for recording holographic media and/or holographic master data masks are provided. In one example of this aspect, a method includes storing at least one information layer in a holographic master data mask, illuminating the holographic master data mask to reconstruct the stored information layer and direct an image of the information layer to a holographic storage medium, and propagating a reference beam to the holographic storage medium to record the information layer therein.
In another example, a method for recording holographic media and/or holographic master data masks includes recording at least a first hologram (e.g., an information layer) with a first holographic medium (e.g., a “submaster”) and recording at least a second hologram with a second holographic medium (e.g., a second “submaster”). The first hologram and the second hologram from the first and second holographic media are then sequentially reconstructed and stored with a single holographic master medium (e.g., a “master”). The holographic master medium may then be used to record the stored first and second holograms into additional holographic media, for example, into HROM devices or the like. The exemplary method of using holographic submasters to create a holographic master data mask may provide benefits in terms of diffraction efficiencies of stored information layers and increased storage capacity of the final holographic storage device.
In another aspect of the present invention, various methods for reading holographic media are provided. In one example, a method for reading holographic storage media includes providing a reference beam and detecting stored information in a holographic storage medium with a detector placed at a distance from the holographic storage medium. In one example, the holographic storage medium includes at least one information layer divided into a plurality of data pages stored therein and adapted to be detected at the distance of the detector (e.g., lenses or other optical elements may not be needed for readout).
The present invention is better understood upon consideration of the detailed description below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and claims.
Methods and systems are provided for holographic storage media recording and reading including, for example, holographic read only media or HROM media. The following description is presented to enable any person of ordinary skill in the art to make and use the various examples. Descriptions of specific techniques and applications are provided only as examples. Various modifications to the examples described herein will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other examples and applications without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the examples described and shown, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and features disclosed herein.
In one aspect of the present invention, data masks are used to record virtual layers or holographic images having a plurality of data pages centered at different locations on a holographic storage medium such that readout may be achieved in a page-wise fashion. In one example, parallel recording of multiple data pages in each layer allows for the fast replication of HROM media with increased storage capacity, and page-wise readout of HROM media allows for faster read rates than bitwise readout. The increased storage capacity is due in part to increased diffraction efficiency by recording multiple data pages in the storage media in parallel. The data transfer rates are increased in part because of parallel detection of an entire data page without moving the media as in serial storage devices such as CDs, magnetic disks, and the like. The examples are particularly suited for making high performance card storage devices; however, the examples are applicable to various storage device media and configurations such as discs and tape media as will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art.
In another aspect of the present invention, one or more data masks are stored in a holographic medium to create a holographic master data mask (sometimes referred to herein as a “master” or “master holographic medium”) for use in recording holographic storage media. In one example, a holographic master data mask is fabricated with multiple information layers or data layers and used to record or copy one or more of the stored data layers to a holographic storage media such as HROM media. The holographic master data mask may be multiplexed to retrieve the various data masks with improved alignment and speed between recording different layers without the need to move and align a plurality of data masks. Additionally, the holographic master data mask may be placed at or near a quasi Fourier transform plane of the stored data masks using a VanderLugt setup or other transforming optical system. Holographic master data masks may be recorded at or near Fourier planes or image planes of the optical system. The Fourier transform location in these systems may filter out high order transform components during recording the holographic master data mask, and reduce interference between stored data pages when recording an HROM or the like, thereby improving readout performance.
In another aspect of the invention, holographic recording methods and systems for forming holographic master media using a plurality of submaster holographic media are provided. In one example, a method includes recording a set of desired holograms sequentially into a plurality of separate holographic media, e.g., a plurality of “submasters.” Thereafter, the holograms recorded in the submasters are copied to a second holographic storage medium, a “master.” The master holographic medium may be used as a master data mask or the like to replicate further holographic storage media. The exemplary method may provide increased storage capacity and hologram diffraction efficiencies in a holographic medium over conventional methods and systems.
In another aspect of the invention, a holographic recording method and system include an optical relay system disposed in the object beam path to magnify or demagnify an input object image to an output object image. The magnification of the relay system may be adjusted to magnify the object image size to a desired output image size to be stored and later reconstructed from a suitable holographic medium. For example, the object image may be magnified to a desired pixel size and pitch varying from that of the object.
Additionally, exemplary methods and systems including a relay system lend themselves to further advantages (including examples that relay the object image without magnification). For example, a phase mask may be placed at the output image plane. Further, in one example, the light path for the output image of the relay system converges to an output Fourier plane and an intermediate Fourier plane may be included prior to the output Fourier plane. A filter (e.g., including an aperture for polytopic multiplexing) may be placed at the intermediate Fourier plane, thereby allowing the output Fourier plane to be placed inside the storage medium.
In another aspect of the invention, where one or more data mask are stored in a holographic medium or a holographic master data mask, the data pages are multiplexed in stacks using multiplexing techniques such as wavelength or angle multiplexing. Additionally, the data pages may be stored spatially overlapping using polytopic multiplexing. Polytopic multiplexing is described, e.g., in U.S. Patent Application 60/453,529, filed on Mar. 10, 2003, and entitled, “A METHOD FOR OVERLAPPING HOLOGRAMS USING LOCATION BASED FILTERING TO SEPARATE OUT THE SIGNAL,” which is hereby incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein.
The following description includes various examples and aspects of the present invention. As will be recognized by those of ordinary skill in the art various examples may be used alone or in combination with various other methods and systems depending on the particular application.
Volume holography can be used to multiplex multiple layers in the same holographic storage medium. For instance, a first transmissive mask medium or data mask may be encoded with a first information layer, and a second transmissive mask medium may be encoded with a second information layer. Information from the first and second transmissive mask media can be multiplexed onto the holographic storage medium through angle or wavelength multiplex techniques, for example. In this manner, multiple transmissive mask media, each encoded with different information, can be used to produce multiple information layers. That is, stacks of holograms can be created in which information stored at different layers in a given-stack are created by different or successive transmissive mask media. The use of the term “layer,” in a stack is a logical explanation or term as the physical reality of volume holographic recording is that all holograms in a stack exist in the same or nearly the same volume and not in physically separate layers in the media.
In one exemplary recording method, multiple data pages included in a single hologram image or information layer are recorded in parallel in at least a portion of a holographic storage medium. Further, multiple layers may be recorded to the holographic storage medium to create multiple stacks of data pages (often referred to as “books” of data pages).
Storing an information layer 202 including multiple data pages 212, across a holographic storage medium may more effectively utilize the dynamic range of holographic media, thereby increasing the storage capacity of the media. Generally, the storage capacity and diffraction efficiency decrease as the number of holograms, in this instance, information layers 202, are stored in similar locations of the volume medium. For example, diffraction efficiency is proportional to 1/m2, where m is the number of holograms stored therein. When multiple data pages are recorded in a medium in parallel as part of a single image, however, the diffraction efficiency reduction occurs only once for each layer 202 of multiple data pages 212, i.e., m=1, rather than a reduction for each data page 212 recorded within the holographic storage medium. Typically, recording all data pages 212 in layer 202 in parallel results in or allows for higher storage density due to improved uniformity of exposure of the medium and better use of the medium volume. In contrast, if each data page 212 is recorded by itself in a serial fashion, the process will use more dynamic range of the medium than when each data page 212 is recorded at the same time, i.e., in parallel. The difference in dynamic range is due, at least in part, to overlap of the signal beam and reference beam exposing more medium with propagation through the medium. This results in more effective exposures to record the same information during serial recording and uses a greater dynamic range of the medium than parallel recording. In addition, localized serial recording of data pages 212 may create localized bulk index changes that can lower the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the system compared to parallel recording an entire layer 202.
Additionally, faster readout times may be achieved with the exemplary methods. During readout of a holographic storage medium with multiple data pages 212 in each layer 202, a system may align a detector with a data page 212 or a stack 214 of data pages 212 and readout the data pages 212 in a page-wise fashion, e.g., where the array of information stored in each data page 212 is readout in parallel. In one example, a detector is aligned with a stack 214 and the entire stack 214 of data pages 214 is readout page-wise (through multiplexing, etc.). The detector may then move to another stack 214 of the storage medium to readout data pages 212. Reading in a page-wise fashion may substantially increase the readout rate compared to methods and systems where readout is performed in a serial or bitwise fashion.
Further, detecting an entire data page 212 in parallel allows for page-wise error correction methods. For example, detecting an image of a data page 212 allows for various error correction and channel modulation techniques to recover detected signals and decode them into the storage information with greater accuracy. For example, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/305,769 entitled “MICRO-POSITIONING MOVEMENT OF HOLOGRAPHIC DATA STORAGE SYSTEM COMPONENTS,” describes several error correction methods and techniques and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
In this example, data mask 200 is illuminated by an object beam 242 provided by light source 236 and interacts with a reference beam 240 provided by light source 236. Light source 236 may include any suitable light source such as a laser or other coherent light source. Further, object beam 242 and reference beam 240 may be provided by the same or different light sources. The exemplary recording method is shown in a reflection geometry holography process configuration (object and reference beam entering the media from opposite sides), where the plane wave reference beam interferes with the data encoded object beam inside the holographic storage medium 220. The system illustrated may be configured in various manners and include various other features not explicitly described herein as will be recognized by those of ordinary skill in the art. For example, it should be readily recognized that transmission geometry holography processes may also be used to store the information of data mask 200, where the plane reference wave beam is provided from the same side of the medium 220 as the data mask 200. Additionally, the optical system in the object beam path may include a single lens 230 as shown, no lenses, or a plurality of lenses.
In this example, data mask 200 is illuminated by object wave 242 from light source 236 and is propagated in a transmissive system to image plane 222 that is a distance “d” from the holographic storage medium 220 center. The distance d can be positive, zero, or negative, i.e., on the other side of storage medium 220 shown in dotted lines. Image plane 222 may also be located within storage medium 220. One potential advantage of holographically implementing multiple layers (image planes) is that the layers do not have to physically be on the storage medium. For example, with current multilevel CD, near-field, or high na systems, the layers are on or inside the media. By imaging or placing the data mask 200 of the data, the layers can appear to a detector or drive as being located outside of the storage medium 220, inside storage medium 220, or on storage medium 220 depending on where the data mask 200 image plane 222 lies during recording. Thus, the usual problem of compensating for spherical aberration due to the change in the amount of substrate that the light travels through may not be necessary and in some instances may be detected without a pickup lens or lenses. In addition, by placing the image plane 222 of the data outside of the storage medium 220, various media defects or contamination issues such as dust, scratches, and the like may be mitigated.
Further, when imaging, a lens system 230 can change the magnification of the mask to enlarge or shrink. In one example, lens 230 demagnifies the image by ten. Lens system 230 may include one or more optical elements including lenses, lens arrays, prisms, beam splitters, and the like. Further, data masks may be recorded without lenses by placing the data masks 200 near to the media, for example, at a distance d from medium 220 and recording at this location.
Data mask 200 may be propagated to a holographic storage medium in any suitable manner. In the case of multiple data masks 200, successive data masks 200 and 201 may be stored in the holographic storage media utilizing a procedure in which each data mask 200, 201, and so on, is effectively multiplexed for readout purposes. In one example for recording multiple pages of data mask 200 in parallel, data mask 200 is Fourier transformed onto the medium 220 with a lens array including a lens element for each data page 210.
Methods for recording multiple data pages of data mask 200 in parallel may further include a VanderLugt imaging system. For example, a VanderLugt imaging system generally includes or is characterized by having lens 230 before the data mask 200 such that the data mask 200 is illuminated by a converging beam.
In one exemplary method of wavelength multiplexing, the wavelength of the beams 240, 242 may be changed and a new data mask 201 with data pages that have different information stored. Additionally, data mask 201 may include a holographic data mask having one or more layers may be used (as will be described below). In one example, a tunable laser device may be included, for example, where the wavelength may be varied by tuning the temperature of a diode as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/346,399, entitled, “System and Method for Bitwise Readout Holographic ROM,” which is hereby incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein. Additionally, a series of discrete laser sources with varying wavelengths may be used. Other methods for implementing various wavelengths in a system include techniques developed for telecom applications. For example, these include electroabsorptive modulation and the use of a micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMs) structure on a laser cavity to change the wavelength. Central wavelengths of interest can be anywhere between 350-950 nm, and practical tuning ranges of interest can be as small as 1 nm. A preferred range of tenability is between approximately 5 nm and 15 nm. The readout laser may include a continuous wave or pulsed beam. A pulsed beam is generally more efficient in using energy. Angle multiplexing may also be achieved by varying the angle of incidence of the reference beam. Additionally, phase code, polytopic, shift, correlation, or other known multiplexing methods may also be used alone or in combination.
In another example, confocal multiplexing may be implemented by varying the image plane 222 distance d between recording successive data masks 200 and 201. Distance d may be varied through a repositioning device controller 232 that translates lens 230 in a direction perpendicular to data mask 200, along the optical axis of lens 230 to vary the location of d between successive layers. The repositioning device may include any suitable device capable of translating lens 230 (or multiple lenses) and controlled by a suitable microprocessor. This could also be implemented by moving the mask between successive layers. On readout, the detector may be similarly varied by a repositioning device to image and detect the stored images. For example, changing the wavelength for wavelength multiplexing or changing the location of the detector for confocal multiplexing. Additionally, for confocal multiplexing it is generally desirable to have a filter such as an array of pinholes at the image plane, i.e., on the detector array or at an intermediate image plane, to filter out noise from the other confocally stored holograms. These, and other multiplexing techniques well known in the art, can be implemented alone or in any combination to achieve high-density storage and capacity within storage medium 220.
An advantage of confocal multiplexing includes that the data mask 200 may be moved over a distance, e.g., 100 microns or more, without significant loss of image quality and without magnification change, provided that the optical system is close to telecentric. By filtering out other data pages on a per pixel basis with a pinhole filter similar to confocal microscope, the multiple pages in the stack can be recorded at different depths. This can significantly increase the density that may be stored in the holographic medium 220. Confocal multiplexing may also be combined with Bragg based, e.g., angle, wavelength, shift, and/or momentum based multiplexing techniques, e.g., fractal, aperture, peristrophic, to increase storage density.
Data mask 200 may include a phase mask, amplitude mask, or any combination of amplitude and phase mask, where phase and/or amplitude represents data. For example, binary information can be stored as (1, 0) or (1, −1, 0), and detected as 1, 0 on any suitable detector such as a CCD image sensor, CMOS image sensor, or other suitable sensor such as an area array sensor. Data mask 200 may contain information similar to that found on conventional DVD disks, including light and dark spots corresponding to 1s and 0s, data tracks, and servo patterns in the data.
Data mask 200 may be fabricated through any suitable lithographic method as known in the art. Alternatively, an SLM or holographic storage medium may be used to encode an object beam. In one example, one or more data masks 200 having a layer with multiple pages may be holographically stored in a holographic medium as a holographic master data mask and used to store data into the holographic storage medium, e.g., an HROM. The holographically store layer may be imaged to the HROM, and in the case of multiple pages, multiplexed to the HROM to store each hologram having multiple pages as will be described in greater detail below.
In one example, the holographic storage media 220 may include a card medium such as a high performance card storage device or the like. Alternatively, the storage medium 220 may include disc media similar to or different from conventional CD or DVD media, tape, or any other convenient format in which optical media may be fabricated. Generally, the holographic storage medium 220 includes a photopolymer on or between protective substrates. The protective substrates are advantageously selected from glass, sapphire, polycarbonate, poly(methyl methacrylate) or PMMA, plastic, quartz, or other suitable material that is generally transparent to the wavelength of light being used, and which has adequate mechanical properties in the holographic storage system. Alternatively, the storage medium may be enclosed at least partially within a cartridge or other protective structure.
The photopolymer layer may include a photopolymer material that is capable of recording the desired interference pattern. One exemplary holographic medium includes Tapestry™ media manufactured by InPhase Technologies, but any volumetric media capable of recording holograms may be used. Other examples of photopolymers and storage media include those described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,482,551, which is hereby incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. It is also desirable that the optical quality of the media be fairly high, e.g., <4 wavelength of power per cm2, to achieve good image reconstruction and good Bragg selectivity. U.S. Pat. No. 5,932,045 describes an exemplary method for fabricating exemplary media and is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.
In one example, where the image was stored outside the storage medium 220 at distance d, a suitable detector 250 can be placed at the image plane distance and the data page detected without the need for an optical lens or other optical elements. Repositioning device controller 252 may be used to vary the distance between detector 250 and storage medium 220 through a suitable repositioning device to read different data pages stored at different distances d in the stack by translating detector 250. Alternatively or additionally, repositioning device controller may also translate the position of storage medium 220 through a suitable repositioning device.
Further, detector 250 and storage medium 220 are capable of moving parallel to each other to align detector 250 with other data pages and stacks of storage medium 220. For example, the other stacks of holograms may be accessed by moving detector 250 and the reference beam illumination to the stack that is desired. Conversely, the media could be moved to the stack location or a combination of head and media movement as in Compact Disk (CD) or Digital Versatile/Video Disk (DVD) systems.
The cost and/or compactness of the exemplary system, for example, a read drive without a pick-up lens or the like, may be greatly improved in this manner. It should be understood that the exemplary system depicted may include various other devices and elements including optics such as a lens or the like. For example, various lenses, apertures, filters, gratings, and the like may be used to image data pages to the detector as are known in the art.
In one example, detector 250 includes the same number of pixels as a single data page stored in storage medium 220. Detector 250 may include an appropriate pixel size depending in part on the data mask pixel size used to store the data page and the optical system magnification, if any. In other examples, the detector 250 may include more pixels of a smaller size than the stored image allowing detector 250 to over sample the stored image. Detector 250 may include any suitable detector such as a CMOS image sensor, a CCD image sensor, or the like that are sensitive to optical information. Further, a decoding unit coupled to detector 250 may determine the corresponding values of the recovered data.
In various examples, a detector may also include a line detector CCD or CMOS line sensor. A line detector can be scanned (physically moved across the image) to readout an entire data page, which could be the size of the storage medium or any faction of the storage medium. The data pages could be multiplexed and readout in a page wise fashion and detected with a line camera. The data pages can also be detected in a similar fashion with a CMOS or CCD camera or other such camera that contains an array of pixels to detect the reconstructed data page.
The holograms in a stack, i.e., data pages multiplexed at the same location of storage medium 220, can all be readout by changing the reference beam in the manner used to store them. For example, changing the wavelength for wavelength multiplexing or changing the location of the detector for confocal multiplexing. Additionally, for confocal multiplexing it is desirable to have a filter such as an array of pinholes at the image plane, i.e. on the detector array or at an intermediate image plane, to filter out noise from the other confocally stored holograms. In an example where a lens or other optical elements are used during readout, the filter may be at an intermediate image plane location before the detector.
In another example for reading holographic storage media, e.g., HROM media, various data pages may be readout without using the phase conjugate readout. This can be done with and without lenses in the drive as well. For example, with reference again to
Various examples herein may include multiplexing multiple pages to get to high storage density in a holographic storage media or holographic master data mask. For example, wavelength, angle, confocal (storing at different distances from center of media), peristrophic, polytopic, and the like. Further, one or more of the multiplexing technique may be combined to increase storage density, e.g., (wavelength, confocal), (angle, confocal), (wavelength, polytopic) or all three. Additionally, data page(s) and layer(s) may be combined with visible image(s) for security purposes and the like.
Other exemplary holographic data storage systems that may be used in conjunction with various aspects of the present invention include those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,920,536 entitled, “Method and Apparatus for Holographic Data Storage System,” 5,719,691, entitled, “Phase Correlation Multiplex Holography,” and 6,191,875 entitled, “Process for Holography Using Reference Beam Having Correlated Phase Content,” all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
In another aspect of the present invention, one or more data masks are recorded in a holographic master data mask. The holographic master data mask may then be used to record multiple holographic layers in a holographic storage media, such as HROM storage media or the like. For example, the holographic master data mask may be used to holographically record an entire information layer across a holographic storage medium. Each layer may be divided into multiple data pages of information to be recorded in parallel. Multiple layers may be multiplexed onto a medium using wavelength, angle, peristropic, confocal, polytopic, phase-code, or other multiplex techniques. In producing the holographic master data mask, data pages and stacks of data pages can be carefully aligned and recorded in the holographic master data mask, and the alignment maintained by using the holographic master data mask to replicate holographic storage media. For example, rather than aligning successive data masks, the various data masks to be recorded may be aligned and then recorded into a holographic master data mask by wavelength or angle multiplexing. The correct data mask may be recalled with the appropriate wavelength or angle when it is desired to be imaged and stored. This makes the interchange of data masks very quick and easy during the replication process allowing for fast cycle times. On readout of the media, the alignment of the pages and stacks of pages created by the holographic master data mask may be increased such that readout is improved with minimal time for mechanical alignment and servo in the drive between different pages of a stack. Additionally, careful alignment of layers or between stacks of data page in a layer may be used to detect fake, unauthorized, or pirated storage media. For example, by intentionally varying the alignment or holding a particular alignment between page stacks or between layers in a predetermined way, a signature of a valid storage medium may be generated in the medium itself.
A plane wave illuminates data mask 500, which may include an SLM, lithographic data mask, or other suitable object, and stores a hologram to a portion of holographic master data mask 520. In this instance, the plane wave passes through a lens 530, e.g., a converging lens. A plane wave reference beam is also incident on the holographic master data mask 520 and may be varied, e.g., wavelength or angle, to record multiple data masks in holographic master data mask 520. The system may include a transmission or reflection geometry. An aperture, angle filter, or phase mask may also be incorporated into the system of
Holographic master data mask 520 and/or the imaging system may be moved to spatially multiplex or polytopically multiplex multiple data pages 510 across the media as shown in
Placing holographic master data mask 520 near a quasi Fourier transform plane of data mask 500 may reduce interference between pages in the same stack during recording and when data pages 510 are readout, for example, from holographic master data mask 520 and recorded with an HROM medium. This, in turn, may reduce interference between pages of the same stack during readout of manufactured HROM media recorded using the holographic master data mask 520. More specifically, during readout from holographic master data mask 520, a Fourier filter may be advantageously disposed in the Fourier transform plane of the holographic master data mask 520, close to a surface of an HROM medium or the like to filter out high order transform components. For example, a 4-F system may be used to image into a VanderLugt imaging system with a Fourier filter in the Fourier transform plane of the 4-F system. A 4-F system generally includes two lenses that are separated by the sum of their focal lengths, with two dimensional input and output planes located one focal length in front of the lens pair and one focal length behind the lens pair. Using a 4-F system the Fourier plane may also be placed inside the media.
Another advantage of recording HROM media in or near the Fourier transform plane includes increased locational tolerance of the HROM media and a detector during readout. The increased locational tolerance due, at least in part, since the Fourier transform plane is generally shift invariant. For example, it is possible for the Fourier transform plane to be out of position, e.g., by +/−100 microns, in any of x, y, z, and still recover an image aligned to a detector which has much smaller pixels, e.g., ˜10 microns. The shift invariance of the Fourier transform plane makes the tolerances greater for readout than conventional systems. In addition, because the information in the Fourier transform plane is uniformly distributed, media defects such as scratches and dust are not as severe a problem for data recovery as when in the image plane.
In one example, the system as described with reference to
In another aspect, an exemplary method for recording holographic master data masks includes using confocal multiplexing where each data mask is imaged to a different distance d from the center of the master storage medium. For example, by varying the distance of data mask 500 shown in
An adjustable lens system as shown in
Copying volume holograms from a holographic master, e.g., produced as described with reference to
A plurality of holograms intended for target medium 1420 can be contained in a single master holographic medium, such as master medium 1400. If the master holographic medium 1400 is recorded by a sequential page-recording process (e.g., as described above with respect to
With particular reference to
Light source 1510 further directs a reference beam to submaster 1520a via mirror 1512. A first portion of a set of holograms desired in a final holographic master medium may be stored in the first submaster 1520a. The first portion of holograms may include a plurality of holograms stored in submaster 1520a through any suitable multiplexing processes. A second submaster 1520b may then be suitable positioned to record a second portion of a set of desired holograms, followed by submaster 1520c and so on until all desired holograms are stored in holographic submasters.
The example shown in
The set of holograms stored in holographic submasters 1520a-c may then be reproduced and recorded to a single holographic master 1520 (see
As illustrated in
In one example, a plurality of holograms stored in submaster 1520a are simultaneously read-out by the reference beam, such that light from the diffracted holograms interferes with the reference beam inside holographic master 1520, resulting in a plurality of stored holograms being transferred or copied to holographic master 1520 simultaneously. In one example, this is repeated for the necessary number of reference beams (for example, with different angles or wavelengths) to transfer all of the holograms from submaster 1520a to master 1520.
Submaster 1520b may then be appropriately positioned adjacent master 1520 and a similar process as with submaster 1520a repeated. It is noted that some alignment processes may be necessary to ensure consistency in the position between different submasters (e.g., 1520a-c) within a desired tolerance; however, alignment processes are only used in the process to produce the holographic master 1520. This is generally preferable to the alternative case where swapping and alignment is needed for multiple data masks or holographic masters during a replication process. Accordingly, with an exemplary holographic master medium as described, replication of additional devices can be produced from a single master, where the proper alignment of the holograms has been previously set during the submaster 1520a-c to master 1520 transfer.
Additionally, the exemplary methods allow more flexibility in the positioning of the final master holographic medium and the replicated or target media relative to the object beam path. With single step mastering, where all holograms are sequentially recorded in the master, efficient use of the media dynamic range is desired to achieve strong holograms for further replication. Therefore, it is generally optimal to record the holographic master as close as possible to a Fourier plane of the object beam, where the overlap between adjacent spatial holograms is minimized. This means, however, that the replicated media must be disposed elsewhere (i.e., away from the Fourier plane), because the holographic master and replicated media cannot share the same physical space during replication. For compact playback drive systems, for example, it may be desirable to have the replicated media very close to the Fourier plane of the diffracted hologram to filter the signal (such as for polytopic multiplexing), while keeping beam paths as short as possible.
Accordingly, in the first submastering process (shown generally in
Additionally, for the case of transmission geometry, each process of the exemplary method may be performed with the source (e.g., submaster 1520a in
Alignment of the source media and target media in the various examples descried herein may be carried out with various methods known in the art. One exemplary method for aligning data pixels in a holographic recording system is described in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/069,007, filed Feb. 28, 2005 and entitled “Processing Data Pixels in a Holographic Data Storage System,” which is incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein. These and other alignment processes are possible both during recording and during readout of holograms.
The process of storing a set of holograms across multiple holographic submaster media and then reconstructing and storing the set of holograms in a single holographic master may allow for stronger holograms (e.g., greater diffraction efficiency) to be achieved in the master and replicated media from the master. Two factors that generally affect the strength (e.g., diffraction efficiency) of holograms in a storage medium include the modulation depth with which the holograms were recorded within the medium and the number of overlapping hologram exposures in a unit of volume of the medium.
The modulation depth m of the index grating of a hologram can be written as,
where IS and IR are the object (or signal) beam and reference beam intensities during recording. The modulation depth has a maximum value of 1 when the intensities of the object bean and reference beam are equal. If the intensities are imbalanced, the modulation depth decreases. For example if the intensity ratio is 100:1, the modulation depth is about 0.2, meaning that only about 20% of the dynamic range of the media is effectively contributing to the hologram index modulation. The rest of the dynamic range is essentially wasted as if illuminated with a uniform beam of light. Accordingly, strong holograms with strong diffraction efficiency in a holographic master are important for efficient replication, and in turn producing strong replicated holograms.
Diffraction efficiency η is related to the dynamic range (M/#) of the medium and the number of hologram exposures M overlapped in the media volume. This can be written,
If we consider a specific example of recording with a combination of angle and polytopic multiplexing, as illustrated generally in
Accordingly, exemplary methods and systems using multiple submaster media to record a holographic master medium may increase or maximize the diffraction efficiency in a number of ways. With reference to
In the second process (e.g., transferring holograms to the master medium), a broad planewave reference beam with a certain incidence angle may be used to transfer all hologram pages with that reference angle from all books in the particular submaster 1520a-c to master 1520 simultaneously. Only one holographic master 1520 is used, so there is no multiplier for the dynamic range M/#. However, the spatial overlap, Noverlap, effectively becomes 1, because spatially neighboring (polytopic multiplexed) pages are not exposed separately in this step. All spatial holograms with the same reference angle are recorded in parallel to the master 1520, effectively as one hologram.
The desirability of the exemplary methods may be illustrated by considering a polytopic-multiplexed holographic system using a 1.5 mm thick recording medium with a dynamic range (M/#) of 45, which is typical for the current state of the art holographic recording medium. Using a lens of reasonably high NA, e.g., around 0.50, to Fourier transform the object beam, and spacing adjacent hologram stacks by a Nyquist area factor of 1.2 (or 1.08 linear factor), the overlap factor Noverlap may be about 20, even when recording exactly at the Fourier plane of the object beam. Recording with the medium even 4-5 mm offset from the Fourier plane, Noverlap quickly increases to 100 or more due to the fast divergence of the high NA transform. If each hologram stack contains Npage=40 holograms (such as by angle or wavelength multiplexing), we can estimate the hologram diffraction efficiencies by the above equation to be about 0.3% when recorded exactly at the Fourier plane, and only about 0.01% when recorded a few millimeters off the Fourier plane. If, in addition to recording at the Fourier plane, the hologram is further divided into pages of 5 submasters as described herein (effectively raising the available M/# to 5×45=225), the diffraction efficiencies can be raised up to about 8%.
With the 2-step mastering method described herein, the holograms stored in these multiple submasters are the reconstructed and recorded to a single holographic master. Achieving approximately 8% diffraction efficiency from the submasters, the modulation depth for recording in the master is about 0.5, such that the effective M/# available in the master is half the original value of 45. The overlap factor can be ignored when copying the polytopically multiplexed pages in parallel to the master such that 40 pages can be recorded to the master with an increased diffraction efficiency of over 30%. This higher diffraction efficiency allows even higher modulation depth for the replication process, such that the diffraction efficiencies could be amplified yet again to the final replicated copies, theoretically even close to 100%.
In contrast, a master produced without the use of holographic submasters as described, e.g., using a single holographic medium and recording the holograms page by page, the diffraction efficiencies of the holograms in the master will be well under 1% at reasonably high data storage densities (e.g., 0.3% in the above example, even when recording at the Fourier plane). At 0.3%, the modulation depth for replicating from such a master will be about 0.1, meaning that only 10% of the M/# of the master media is effectively available. For 40 pages, the diffraction efficiencies of the final replicated holograms will then be limited to under 2% diffraction efficiency.
The diffraction efficiency of the final replicated media is important for enabling fast data transfer rates in the playback drive, especially in low-power consumer devices where the available readout laser power may be limited. Media produced by the method of this invention may have increased hologram diffraction by over an order of magnitude in intensity, with a corresponding reduction in the required integration time of the detector, and hence increase in achievable transfer rate. Accordingly, in one example, the average diffraction efficiency of a set of holograms recorded in a master (or the target media) is greater than 5%, where the areal storage density of the holographic recording material is greater than 10 bits/um2. In another example, the average diffraction efficiency of the set of holograms is higher than (M/N)2, where M is the dynamic range (M/#) of the storage medium without the plurality of holograms (e.g., the blank medium prior to recording) and N is the average number of overlapping holograms recorded the storage medium.
Accordingly, recording a desired set of holograms to more than one piece of holographic media, e.g., multiple submasters, in a first process may allow stronger holograms (e.g., greater diffraction efficiencies) to be recorded in each individual submaster than if they were all recorded sequentially into a single medium. The stronger holograms generally allows more optimal beam intensity ratio between the object and reference beams for transferring the holograms from the multiple submasters to a master, and more efficient use of the dynamic range of the master. Also, because the second process transfers many holograms in parallel from the submaster to the master, the effective number of hologram recordings is reduced. The combination of these benefits may allow hologram strengths to be amplified from the submasters to the holographic master.
With reference now to
An advantage of a Fourier transform plane in recording the holographic master data mask 520 includes that large pixels can be used and a small hologram may be recorded in the holographic master data mask 520 and then copied into the replicated holographic media 620. Additionally, an advantage of a VanderLugt imaging system is that it can form an image outside the storage medium 620 and with the information layer in the quasi Fourier plane (small) that may be readout with a phase conjugate reference beam or with a standard reference beam. The present VanderLugt system is illustrative only and any system that results in a Fourier Transform or quasi Fourier Transform plane will include similar advantages. A VanderLugt system is desirable in part because if a phase conjugate beam is used for readout, lenses are not required in a drive.
In other examples, standard beamsplitters, polarizing beamsplitters, waveplates, gratings, and the like at various angles may also be used to introduce the reference beam into the system as will be recognized by those of ordinary skill in the art.
Another exemplary method for recording holographic storage media that may be readout without the use of a lens includes storing multiple image planes or layers at a distance from the holographic storage medium located outside of the storage medium as described above with reference to
The exemplary method does not require a lens during readout of the holographic image from the storage medium. Specifically, a detector may be placed at distance d from the holographic storage medium, and an image may be readout directly to the detector without the need for a lens. A further advantage includes that an entire page of data can be readout to a detector in parallel. By imaging off the media on or before the image plane, the normal holographic reconstruction is then naturally imaged without the need for a lens. For example, if an image plane of the system is before the media and no lenses are disposed there between, a phase conjugate wave may be used to generate an image without a lens at that image plane for readout. If the drive has a detector at that image plane the pages in that stack can then be detected and the information in that stack of pages readout. Other stacks are addressed by moving the camera relative to the media to the other stacks that were recorded on to the media during replication. In other examples, the use of a phase conjugate wave may be used for readout with a lens or optical imaging elements.
Another exemplary recording method for holographic storage media such as HROM media or holographic master data masks includes polytopic multiplexing. Polytopic multiplexing, described in the above referenced U.S. Patent Application 60/453,529, which is incorporated by reference herein, is an exemplary method to increase the layer density by making the individual data page stacks smaller spatially. Polytopic multiplexing may be used in conjunction with wavelength, angle, fractal, or other holographic multiplexing techniques. Polytopic multiplexing methods allow holograms to be spatially multiplexed onto a holographic material with partial spatial overlap between neighboring holograms and/or stacks of holograms. Each individual stack of data pages may additionally take advantage of an alternate multiplexing scheme such as angle, wavelength, phase code, peristrophic, or fractal multiplexing. Generally, the holograms are separated by an amount equal to the beam waist of the data beam writing the hologram. Unlike more traditional approaches, however, the beam waist is intentionally placed outside of the holographic media such that there is significant beam overlap between stacks inside the media. Upon reconstruction, the data pages and its neighboring data pages will all be readout simultaneously, however, an aperture (filter) placed at the beam waist of the reconstructed data filters out the neighbors that are readout such that only the desired data is detected. Polytopic multiplexing may be implemented with the beam waist inside of the media with the aperture(s) placed at another Fourier plane or by using an angle filter that filters out the neighboring data page reconstructions.
The holograms can be multiplexed by combinations of the standard multiplexing techniques as well as by polytopic multiplexing. Significant increases in storage density may be achieved particularly for thick media and high numerical aperture optical systems where spot sizes are relatively small. Previous techniques were limited in their ability to spatially separate stacks of holograms due to significant amounts of beam divergence. High numerical aperture optics, despite the small beam waist, expand very quickly. The spatial separation of stacks in the prior art was generally limited by the size of the beam in the media after expansion and not limited by the spot size. Up to this point, there has generally been a tradeoff between media thickness (and therefore dynamic range) and the lens numerical aperture. Therefore, there is saturation in achievable capacity that can be obtained for any holographic storage system using the approaches given by the prior art. The polytopic methods described here allow a system to fully utilize high numerical aperture lenses and independently choose the media thickness and therefore gain in both bit density and media dynamic range.
In this example the full multiplexing (angle, wavelength, etc) of the stack can be used and the stacks can be placed a minimal distance from each other that is not determined by the thickness of the medium 800. This allows for increased use of thick films (>100 microns) and is particularly useful for films greater than 400 microns to many millimeters.
In addition, the stacks do not have to be recorded fully at one time. For material reasons it may be desirable to partially fill the neighboring stacks and then come back and completely fill a stack as the neighborhood of the stack is recorded. See, e.g., U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/588,908, “Process for Holography Involving Skip-Sorted Hologram Storage,” which is hereby incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein.
The exemplary method may also be used with high numerical aperture lenses or holographic optical elements that function as lenses. The holograms can be recorded in a reflection or transmission holography geometry process. It should be further recognized by those of ordinary skill in the art that the exemplary system and polytopic methods may be employed without a phase conjugate reference beam.
The exemplary methods may be implemented with Fourier plane or image plane filtering at or near the planes. It may also be implemented with a single lens, two or more lens, or with a VanderLugt imaging system that has no lens when reading out. This may also be relayed with a quasi Fourier plane filter in the relay and the Fourier plane of the hologram plane near or in the storage media.
A detector for detecting a stored image without a lens, e.g., similar to that described with reference to
Generally, an object beam is propagated from light source 1010 (e.g., a coherent light source) and directed via beamsplitter 1014 and mirror 1018 to lens 1026. Lens 1026 directs the object beam to data mask 1000 to encode the object beam with an information layer, which may include one or more pages of data as described herein. Additionally, lens 1026 directs the object beam to an intermediate Fourier plane positioned prior to relay system 1030 and the output Fourier plane, where filter 1002 may be placed (as discussed in greater detail below).
Relay system 1030 is configured in this example, to negatively magnify the modulated objected beam to a smaller output magnified image. Various magnifications or demagnifications are possible and contemplated. For example, the magnification of the object image may be between 0.1 and 10.0. Additionally, in some examples, relay system 1030 may be operable to relay the object beam without magnification (e.g., a magnification of 1.0). Such a system may benefit from the position and configuration of the intermediate and/or output Fourier planes (e.g., with the use of a phase mask and/or filter).
The output image of relay system 1030 is directed to converge at an output Fourier plane located near or within holographic storage medium 1020. The output image interferes with a reference beam at storage medium 1020, thereby storing the output image within storage medium 1020. In this example, the reference beam is directed from common light source 1010 and directed via beamsplitter 1014 and mirror 1019 to storage medium 1020. It is noted that
In one example, a filter 1002 (e.g., for polytopic multiplexing or the like) may be placed at the intermediate Fourier plane to filter the object beam, thereby allowing the output Fourier plane to be located inside or very close to storage medium 1020. Typically, holograms cannot be recorded at or very close to the Fourier plane of the image if a filter (e.g., for polytopic multiplexing) is used near the Fourier plane. See, for example, the system described with reference to
In one example, filter 1002 includes an aperture placed at the intermediate Fourier plane. The aperture includes at least one dimension (e.g., diameter, width, height, etc.) having a size between 0.5 to 4.0 times the Nyquist aperture size for polytopic multiplexing (e.g., where the Nyquist aperture size is the smallest aperture dimension satisfying Nyquist's sampling condition such that the spatial frequency sampling on the data mask 1000 is twice the maximum spatial frequency allowed to pass the aperture dimension). Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that various other filters and/or aperture dimensions may be placed at or near the intermediate Fourier plane for various other applications and design considerations.
In one example, the illumination of data mask 1000 in the system of
In contrast, conventional imaging systems such as a Z1-Z2, 4-F, and Vanderlugt imaging systems (shown generally in
With reference again to
It is noted that the addition of the relay system 1030 to the recording system does not add complexity to the readout methods and systems. For example, a readout system does not require relay system 1030 for reconstructing holograms stored with storage medium 1020, and may be achieved as described herein with various optical system, without a lens (e.g., a conjugate readout), or the like.
The optical relay system shown in
Relay systems for achieving a magnified image and output Fourier plane may be achieved by numerous constructions of optical elements, including for example, a combination of one or more lenses, prisms, and other suitable optical elements.
Additionally, holographic recording systems and methods, including a relay system as described herein, may further carry out holographic recording via one or more of polytopic multiplexing, angle multiplexing, wavelength multiplexing, shift multiplexing, correlation multiplexing, confocal multiplexing, or peristrophically multiplexing holograms.
The above detailed description is provided to illustrate exemplary embodiments and is not intended to be limiting. It will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that numerous modification and variations within the scope of the present invention are possible. For example, various methods of recording in holographic media and reading from holographic media may be used in holographic storage systems in isolation or in combination with other methods. Additionally, the apparatus and methods described herein should not be limited to any particular holographic storage system, for example, the methods and systems are generally applicable with various system configurations and multiplexing methods. Accordingly, the present invention is defined by the appended claims and should not be limited by the description herein.
The present application is a Continuation-in-part of earlier filed U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/658,055, entitled, “METHODS FOR IMPLEMENTING PAGE BASED HOLOGRAPHIC ROM RECORDING AND READING,” filed Sep. 8, 2003, which claimed benefit of earlier filed provisional application U.S. Ser. No. 60/429,012, entitled “A METHOD FOR IMPLEMENTING A PAGE BASED HOLOGRAPHIC ROM,” filed on Nov. 22, 2002, both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3644012 | Brooks | Feb 1972 | A |
| 3653067 | Anderson et al. | Mar 1972 | A |
| 3704930 | McMahon | Dec 1972 | A |
| 3758186 | Brumm | Sep 1973 | A |
| 3949235 | Miyazaki et al. | Apr 1976 | A |
| 4318581 | Guest et al. | Mar 1982 | A |
| 4677629 | Lesh | Jun 1987 | A |
| 4715683 | Gregory et al. | Dec 1987 | A |
| 4988153 | Paek | Jan 1991 | A |
| 5202875 | Rosen et al. | Apr 1993 | A |
| 5258860 | Schehrer et al. | Nov 1993 | A |
| 5322747 | Hugle | Jun 1994 | A |
| 5339305 | Curtis et al. | Aug 1994 | A |
| 5422746 | Aharoni et al. | Jun 1995 | A |
| 5483365 | Pu et al. | Jan 1996 | A |
| 5510912 | Blaum et al. | Apr 1996 | A |
| 5550779 | Burr et al. | Aug 1996 | A |
| 5592313 | Hart | Jan 1997 | A |
| 5650247 | Taniguchi et al. | Jul 1997 | A |
| 5661577 | Jenkins et al. | Aug 1997 | A |
| 5671073 | Psaltis et al. | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5719691 | Curtis et al. | Feb 1998 | A |
| 5892601 | Curtis et al. | Apr 1999 | A |
| 5920536 | Campbell et al. | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5932045 | Campbell et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5933515 | Pu et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5949558 | Psaltis et al. | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5973807 | Buchkremer et al. | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5978112 | Psaltis et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5995251 | Hesselink et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 6064588 | Crafts | May 2000 | A |
| 6081912 | Richardson | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6108110 | Orlov et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6111828 | McLeod et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6191875 | Curtis et al. | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6272095 | Liu et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6322933 | Daiber et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6373967 | Pu et al. | Apr 2002 | B2 |
| 6482551 | Dhar et al. | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| 6538776 | Edwards | Mar 2003 | B2 |
| 6611365 | Edwards et al. | Aug 2003 | B2 |
| 6614566 | Curtis et al. | Sep 2003 | B1 |
| 6825960 | Curtis et al. | Nov 2004 | B2 |
| 6914704 | Shuman | Jul 2005 | B2 |
| 6930811 | Brotherton-Ratcliffe et al. | Aug 2005 | B2 |
| 7092133 | Anderson et al. | Aug 2006 | B2 |
| 7116626 | Woods et al. | Oct 2006 | B1 |
| 7254105 | El Hafidi et al. | Aug 2007 | B2 |
| 20010035990 | Mok et al. | Nov 2001 | A1 |
| 20030123116 | Shuman | Jul 2003 | A1 |
| 20040179251 | Anderson et al. | Sep 2004 | A1 |
| 20050036182 | Curtis et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050254108 | Chuang et al. | Nov 2005 | A1 |
| 20050286388 | Ayres et al. | Dec 2005 | A1 |
| 20060002274 | Kihara et al. | Jan 2006 | A1 |
| 20070053029 | Raguin et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 1 422 698 | May 2004 | EP |
| 1 422 698 | May 2004 | EP |
| 53-9816 | Apr 1978 | JP |
| 8-506909 | Jul 1996 | JP |
| WO-9412913 | Jun 1994 | WO |
| WO-02095745 | Nov 2002 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20050270609 A1 | Dec 2005 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60429012 | Nov 2002 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10658055 | Sep 2003 | US |
| Child | 11132002 | US |
