Patent Grant
7949236
The invention relates to a radiator intended more particularly for home heating, and operating using a heat transfer fluid. More specifically, the heat transfer fluid used in the radiator of the invention operates in phase change and in particular liquid-vapor form.
Basically, two different types of electric home heating radiator are known. Firstly, electrical convection heaters, in which the ambient air to be heated is in direct contact with an electric heating resistance. These widely used electric convection heaters have the drawback of generating a strong movement of ambient air due to the thermal gradient created, causing discomfort to the occupants of the room concerned. This problem is partly solved by another type of radiator, called radiant heaters, operating by radiation.
Radiators using a heat transfer fluid are also known, in which said fluid, generally oil, is heated by an electric heating element and passes through a heating body, where the heat is transferred to the ambient air by natural convection. Due to the presence of the heating body, of which the heat exchange area is relatively large, the temperature gradient with the ambient air is reduced, so that the air movements by natural convection in the room concerned are limited.
Among these heat transfer fluid radiators, radiators in which the fluid operates in single-phase conditions are first distinguished. In these radiators, said fluid remains in the liquid state. In this case, the heat transfer fluid is heated in contact with an electric heating body, becomes less dense and rises inside the heating body. During its upward movement, the heat transfer fluid gives up part of the heat to the ambient air through the wall of the heating body, and commensurately cools. The fluid thus cooled, becoming denser, and therefore heavier, falls back by gravity to the lowermost part of the radiator. To ensure satisfactory operation of this type of radiator, it is therefore necessary to have a minimum temperature difference between the rising (hot) fluid and the descending (cold) fluid, which is directly dependent on the pressure losses of the fluid caused by its circulation. Accordingly, with this type of radiator, a nonuniform temperature distribution is observed in the wall of the heating body, which affects the efficiency of the radiator. Moreover, this type of operation can give rise to hotter spots on the surface of the apparatus, which are hazardous and also incompatible with the prevailing safety standards.
In order to overcome these drawbacks, document GB-A-2 099 980, for example, proposes a radiator using a heat transfer fluid operating in phase change conditions, in particular liquid/vapor conditions. Such a radiator operates as follows: the liquid heat transfer fluid rests by gravity in the lowermost part of the radiator traversed by a heating element, consisting of a fluid at elevated temperature, and passing through the base of said radiator in a sealed manner.
Under the effect of the heat, the heat transfer fluid is vaporized, said vapor thereby rising in the internal structure of the radiator, particularly at the level of the heating body, where the heat transfer occurs. As a corollary, since the temperature of the walls of said heating body is lower than that of the vapor, the latter condenses. The condensate thus formed is in liquid form, and returns to the lowermost part of the radiator by simple gravity.
This heat transfer mode, by phase change, and directly involving the latent heat of condensation, ensures a virtually uniform wall temperature of the heating body, accordingly constituting a very clear improvement over the heat transfer fluid radiators operating in single-phase conditions. This is because this transfer temperature is very close to the saturation vapor temperature of the heat transfer fluid owing to the much higher heat transfer coefficient in condensation than by natural convection from the outer side, that is the ambient air side. This achieves a substantial gain in the variation of the air temperature.
However, the heat source which raises the temperature of the heat transfer fluid proves to be relatively difficult to control, both in time and in space. Furthermore, it is observed that if the heat transfer fluid vaporization rate is too high, the vapor thereby generated entrains drops of heat transfer fluid, disturbing the satisfactory operation of the radiator.
Moreover, with such phase change radiators, the problem also arises of noise during startup. This noise is generated by the pressure waves during the collapse of the vapor bubbles in the subcooled liquid. Depending on the fluid used and the quantity of liquid fluid introduced into the radiator body, this noise generation may vary. In fact, this acoustic pollution may prove disturbing, or even prohibitive, for a number of applications, such as in particular hospital rooms, rest homes, retirement homes, or even simply bedrooms.
The present invention is precisely aimed to overcome these drawbacks, and in particular to propose a phase change radiator, that is both energy efficient and little or not noisy during its startup phase.
The invention relates to a home heating radiator using a heat transfer fluid operating in phase change form, in which firstly, the heat source of the heat transfer fluid consists of an electric resistance, which is advantageously hermetically sealed with regard to the heat transfer fluid of the radiator.
Secondly, the cross section S of the connection between the heat transfer fluid reservoir, located in the lowermost part of said radiator, and the heating body, which may have a plurality n of channels, where n may be equal to 1, is equal to or greater than the expression:
where:
It is thus observed that, firstly, the use of such an electric resistance as a heat source of the heat transfer fluid serves to control the general operation of the radiator much more easily, both in time and in space.
Furthermore, the provision of connecting zones with a passage between the reservoir and the channels constituting the heating body satisfying the abovementioned equation, eliminates or at least drastically reduces the number of drops of heat transfer fluid in liquid form entrained by the vapor generated in the heat source, and accordingly optimizes the operation of the radiator.
Owing to the limitation of the superheating of the heat transfer fluid in liquid form in the reservoir, the noise liable to be generated by the collapse of the vapor bubbles is reduced.
In order to optimize the operation of the radiator of the invention, the zones connecting the channels of the heating body to the reservoir have their bottom part at a minimum distance δ above the upper tangent line of the electric heating resistance passing through the reservoir, said distance satisfying the equation δ≧0.5×D, where D is the diameter of said heating resistance.
In order to optimize the operation of the radiator of the invention, particularly to reduce noise during startup, the filling factor α must be higher than the value of 0.0142, said factor α being defined as the ratio of the mass of vapor produced at 20° C. to the total mass of fluid introduced into the radiator body.
The manner in which the invention can be implemented and the advantages thereof will appear better from the exemplary embodiment described below, provided for information and nonlimiting, in conjunction with the appended figures.
These various elements 1 may, for example, be made from cast aluminum and, in order to optimize the transfer with the ambient air, may have fins 2 thereby promoting the diffusion of the heat in the room in which such a radiator is installed.
Within each of these elements 1 flows a heat transfer fluid, its type being adapted to the heat transfer function concerned. This fluid may be water, ethanol, or a synthetic polymer, such as for example R113 (chlorofluorocarbon, or HFR 7100®, sold by 3M, and consisting of hydrofluoroether).
The assembly of the various elements 1 together constitutes the actual heating body, and are each provided with a vertical channel 4, terminating in the lowermost zone at the reservoir 3 via a connecting zone 5.
As may be observed in
According to one feature of the invention, the connecting zone 5 between the channel or channels 4 of the heating body and the reservoir 3 located in the lowermost part of said radiator has a cross section S satisfying the following expression:
As previously stated:
Experience shows that the most restrictive conditions relative to the heat transfer fluid appear when the latter is at a temperature close to 20° C., that is during the startup of the radiator initially presumed to be at the temperature of the room.
In these operating conditions, the constant A is:
As a numerical application, for a radiator in which the heat transfer fluid is water, developing 1000 electric watts, and comprising ten elements 1, including ten channels 4 in parallel, the cross section of the connection 5 between each of the channels and the reservoir 3 must be larger than 0.27 cm2.
However, for an organic fluid of the type HFE 7100® and in the same configuration, the cross section of the connecting zone 5 must be equal to or greater than 0.383 cm2.
It can be understood that owing to the use of an electric resistance 6, the operation of such a radiator can be controlled much more effectively and more instantaneously, contrary to the prior art devices previously described.
The electric resistance 6 is further dimensioned so that the heat flux density at the surface thereof does not exceed 3 watts per cm2 in order to vaporize the heat transfer fluid in the form of small bubbles and consequently to reduce the noise commonly generated in heat transfer fluid radiators. Typically, for a radiator of 1000 electric watts, the surface area of the heating rod or electric resistance 6 in contact with the heat transfer fluid must be greater than 330 cm2, regardless of the number of channels and regardless of the heat transfer fluid.
According to one feature of the invention, the zone 5 connecting the channels 4 at the level of the reservoir 3 terminates above the maximum upper tangent line 7 of said heating rod 6 by a distance δ equal to or greater than 0.5×D, where D is the diameter of the heating rod or electric resistance 6.
In fact, the vapor must be able to flow toward the heating body, so that the connecting zone must not be flooded.
According to another feature of the invention, the filling factor α of the radiator is higher than 0.0142, the factor α being defined by the following equation:
The mass of vapor at 20° C. is determined by the following equation:
where:
Thus, for a radiator having an internal volume of 4 liters (0.004 m3), and for 200 ml of fluid introduced, the following values are obtained:
The radiator is observed to operate satisfactorily with regard to noise if the filling factor α is higher than 0.0142.
This criterion is satisfied by introducing a maximum of 400 ml of HFE 7100®, 5 ml of water or 39 ml of ethanol into a radiator having an internal volume of 4 liters.
However, under such conditions, only HFE 7100° satisfies both the objectives of heat transfer efficiency and acoustic level.
Thus, the radiator of the invention serves to overcome the various drawbacks mentioned in connection with the prior art radiators simply, effectively, and also serves to control the operation of such a radiator more easily.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 07 56987 | Aug 2007 | FR | national |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1556491 | Clark | Oct 1925 | A |
| 1852252 | Mcintosh | Apr 1932 | A |
| 2266016 | Fisher | Dec 1941 | A |
| 2455688 | Malickson | Dec 1948 | A |
| 2508736 | Warden, Sr. | May 1950 | A |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 2 099 980 | Dec 1982 | GB |
| 0250479 | Jun 2002 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20090041441 A1 | Feb 2009 | US |
