Patent Grant
11970749
The present disclosure relates to a hot-rolled steel sheet having excellent formability and fatigue properties and a method of manufacturing the same. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to a high manganese steel having excellent formability and fatigue properties, usable for a chassis structural member of an automobile or the like, by press forming.
In recent years, due to the regulation of carbon dioxide to reduce global warming, there has been strong demand for the lightening of automobiles. At the same time, the strength of automotive steel sheets has been continuously increased to improve the crash stability of automobiles.
Among automobile parts, chassis components such as a lower arm, a wheel disc, and the like are generally used by pickling and oiling a hot-rolled steel sheet. Chassis components are manufactured by cold press forming, and thus, should have excellent formability and also have excellent fatigue properties to prevent fatigue breakage in driving. Since chassis components supporting the vehicle are positioned at the lower end of the center of gravity of the vehicle, the effect of reducing fuel consumption may be significantly high by reducing the weight of components. On the other hand, the fatigue breakage of the chassis components has a disadvantage in that it may be difficult to confirm the progress during use, and may adversely affect the safety of passengers in the case of breakage while driving. Therefore, safety factors should be conservatively applied, and it is ideal to design the safety factors as a fatigue limit or less in a high cyclic fatigue mode applied to automotive structural members. Therefore, if the fatigue limit of a material is improved and the chassis parts may be lightened, an excellent fuel economy reduction effect may be expected.
Generally, low-temperature transformation microstructures are used for producing hot-rolled steel sheets for automobile chassis parts. However, it is difficult to obtain an elongation of 40% or more at a tensile strength of 600 MPa or more in the case of using a low-temperature transformation microstructure to secure high strength and fatigue properties. Thus, in this case, since it is difficult to apply the hot-rolled steel sheet to parts having a complicated shape by cold press forming, there is a difficulty in designing a free part design for a required application.
On the other hand, Patent Document 1 discloses a method, in which a large amount of austenite stabilizing elements such as carbon (C), manganese (Mn) and the like are added to maintain the microstructure as an austenite single phase, and strength and formability are simultaneously secured using twinning generated during deformation. However, only the strength and elongation in the case of the high-manganese steel provided in the related art have been considered, but the improvement of fatigue properties that may guarantee the safety of the automobile, in terms of the characteristics of an automobile member where stress is concentrated for an extended period of time, is not mentioned.
Therefore, it is necessary to develop a steel sheet for automobiles, in which strength and formability are excellent and in which high fatigue strength may be secured.
An aspect of the present disclosure is to provide a hot-rolled steel sheet having a high tensile strength and excellent elongation and simultaneously having excellent fatigue properties and excellent formability, which may be suitably applied to a chassis structural member of an automobile and the like, and a method of manufacturing the same.
On the other hand, the object of the present disclosure is not limited to the above description. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that there would be no difficulty in understanding the additional object of the present disclosure.
According to an aspect of the present disclosure, a hot rolled steel sheet having excellent formability and fatigue properties includes, by weight %, 0.3 to 0.8% of carbon C, 13 to 25% of manganese (Mn), 0.1 to 1.0% of vanadium (V), 0.005 to 2.0% of silicon (Si), 0.01 to 2.5% of aluminum (Al), 0.03% or less of phosphorus (P), 0.03% or less of sulfur (S), 0.04% or less (excluding 0%) of nitrogen (N), and a remainder of iron (Fe) and inevitable impurities.
When a cross section of the hot rolled steel sheet is viewed in a thickness direction, the hot rolled steel sheet includes, by area fraction, 20 to 70% of an unrecrystallized microstructure and 30 to 80% of a recrystallized microstructure.
According to another aspect of the present disclosure, a method of manufacturing a hot rolled steel sheet having excellent formability and fatigue properties includes:
In addition, the solution of the above-mentioned problems does not list all the features of the present disclosure. The various features of the present disclosure and the advantages and effects thereof may be understood in more detail with reference to the following specific embodiments.
According to an embodiment in the present disclosure, a hot-rolled steel sheet having high tensile strength and excellent elongation, excellent fatigue properties and excellent durability, and a method of manufacturing the same, may be provided.
Hereinafter, embodiments of the present disclosure will be described. However, the embodiments of the present disclosure may be modified to have various other forms, and the scope of the present disclosure is not limited to the embodiments described below. Further, the embodiments of the present disclosure are provided to more fully explain the present disclosure to those skilled in the art.
The present inventors have found that regarding a high manganese steel hot-rolled steel sheet, in the case of the microstructure of the steel is secured as austenite at room temperature by adding large amounts of manganese and carbon and the spherical particle size after dynamic and static recrystallization is maintained during hot rolling, strength and formability may be secured, but there is a problem in which fatigue performance is poor due to low resistance to fatigue crack propagation.
In addition, the inventors have found that, in the case of controlling the microstructure to form an unrecrystallized microstructure having high dislocation density by finishing rolling at the temperature equal to or higher than that of a recrystallization temperature zone in hot rolling, the resistance against generation and propagation of fatigue crack increases, but have recognized that there is a problem in which parts cannot be manufactured by cold forming due to inferior formability. Thus, deep research into a solution thereof has been conducted.
As a result, a high manganese steel having excellent formability and significantly improved fatigue properties may be obtained by appropriately controlling a element content of the steel composition, performing the function of stabilizing the austenite microstructure, and simultaneously controlling the microstructure to be divided into a sphere-type recrystallized microstructure having excellent formability and an elongated unrecrystallized microstructure having excellent resistance to fatigue crack propagation, as illustrated in
Hot-Rolled Steel Sheet Having Excellent Formability and Fatigue Properties
Hereinafter, a hot-rolled steel sheet having excellent formability and fatigue properties according to an embodiment of the present disclosure will be described in detail.
The hot-rolled steel sheet having excellent formability and fatigue properties according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes, by weight %, 0.3 to 0.8% of C, 13 to 25% of Mn, 0.1 to 1.0% of V, 0.005 to 2.0% of Si, 0.01 to 2.5% of Al, not more than 0.03% of P, not more than 0.03% of S, not more than 0.04% (excluding 0%) of N, and a remainder of Fe and unavoidable impurities, and includes, by area fraction, 20 to 70% of an unrecrystallized microstructure and 30 to 80% of a recrystallized microstructure when a cross section in a thickness direction is observed.
First, the alloy composition in an embodiment of the present disclosure will be described in detail. Hereinafter, the unit of each element content means weight % unless otherwise specified.
Carbon (C): 0.3 to 0.8%
Carbon is an element contributing to the stabilization of the austenite phase, and as the content thereof increases, there is an advantage in securing the austenite phase. Carbon also increases the stacking fault energy in the steel, thereby increasing the tensile strength and elongation at the same time. If the content of carbon is less than 0.3%, there is a problem in which the α′-martensite phase is formed on the surface layer due to decarburization at the time of high-temperature processing of the steel sheet, resulting in poor delayed fracture resistance and fatigue performance. Further, in this case, there is a difficulty in securing tensile strength and elongation. On the other hand, if the content thereof exceeds 0.8%, electrical specific resistance may increase and weldability may decrease. Therefore, according to an embodiment in the present disclosure, the carbon content may be controlled to be 0.3 to 0.8%.
Further, the lower limit of the carbon content may be, in detail, 0.4%, and in further detail, 0.5%. Further, the upper limit of the carbon content may be, in detail, 0.75%.
Manganese (Mn): 13 to 25%
Manganese is an element which stabilizes the austenite phase together with carbon. When the content thereof is less than 13%, it is difficult to secure a stable austenite phase due to the formation of α′-martensite phase during deformation. If the content of Mn exceeds 25%, there may be a problem in which the further improvement with respect to the increase of the strength, which is an interest in the present disclosure, does not occur substantially and the manufacturing cost rises. Therefore, the content of Mn in an embodiment may be limited to, in detail, 13 to 25%.
In addition, the lower limit of the manganese content may be, in detail, 14%, and in further detail, 15%. Further, the upper limit of the manganese content may be, in detail, 23%, and in further detail, 21%.
Vanadium (V): 0.1 to 1.0%
Vanadium may be a significantly important element according to an embodiment in the present disclosure, as an element of increasing the recrystallization temperature during hot rolling. Since vanadium tends to be concentrated as a solid phase during solidification and the diffusion rate thereof is slow in the solid phase, the distribution thereof in steel of the solidified structure is considerably maintained even after the reheating process for rolling, and recrystallization behaviors in a portion in which a vanadium concentration is high and in a portion in which the vanadium concentration is low are different during the rolling, thereby implementing a dual microstructure of the recrystallized microstructure and the unrecrystallized microstructure.
If the content of V is less than 0.1%, it is difficult to observe the rolling conditions for implementing the dual microstructure, and thus, microstructure deviation may occur in the steel sheet. On the other hand, if the content of V is more than 1.0%, coarse precipitates are formed at the time of solidification, and even in the case in which the reheating process is carried out, the precipitates may remain in the steel sheet, causing cracking during rolling. Further, even when the content of V is excessive, it may be difficult to observe the rolling conditions to implement the dual microstructure.
Therefore, the content of vanadium according to an embodiment in the present disclosure may be 0.1 to 1.0%. In detail, a lower limit of the vanadium content may be 0.15%, and in more detail, the lower limit of the vanadium content may be 0.2%, and an upper limit of the vanadium content may be 0.9%, and in more detail, may be 0.8, to facilitate the observance of the rolling conditions to implement the dual microstructure.
Silicon (Si): 0.005 to 2.0%
Silicon is a element that may be added to improve the yield strength and tensile strength of steel by solid solution strengthening. Silicon is used as a deoxidizing agent, and thus, may be contained in an amount of 0.005% or more. If the content of silicon exceeds 2.0%, a large amount of silicon oxide is formed on the surface during hot rolling to lower pickling performance. And there may be a problem in which the weldability is lowered due to increasing electrical specific resistance. Therefore, the content of silicon may be limited to 0.005 to 2.0%.
Aluminum (Al): 0.01 to 2.5%
Although aluminum is usually added for the deoxidation of steel, in the case of an embodiment of the present disclosure, aluminum may enhance the ductility and delayed fracture resistance of steel by suppressing the formation of s-martensite by increasing stacking fault energy. If the aluminum content is less than 0.01%, there may be a problem in which the ductility of the steel is deteriorated due to a rapid work hardening phenomenon and the delayed fracture resistance is poor. On the other hand, if the aluminum content exceeds 2.5 wt %, the tensile strength of the steel is lowered, casting properties is lowered, and the surface quality of the steel surface is deteriorated due to an increase in oxidation of the steel surface during hot rolling.
Phosphorus (P): 0.03% or less
The phosphorus is an impurity which is inevitably contained, and is an element that causes a deterioration in the workability of the steel due to segregation. Therefore, the content thereof may be controlled to be as low as possible. Theoretically, it is preferable to limit the phosphorus content to 0%, but the phosphorus is inevitably contained in the manufacturing process. Therefore, it is important to manage the upper limit thereof, and according to an embodiment in the present disclosure, the upper limit of the phosphorus content is controlled to be 0.03%.
Sulfur (S): 0.03% or less
Sulfur is inevitably contained as impurities, which forms a coarse manganese sulfide (MnS) to cause defects such as flange cracks and greatly reduces the hole expandability of the steel sheet. Therefore, the content thereof may be controlled to be as low as possible. Theoretically, the sulfur content may be advantageously limited to 0%, but it is inevitably contained in the manufacturing process. Therefore, it is important to manage the upper limit thereof, and according to an embodiment in the present disclosure, the upper limit of the sulfur content is controlled to be 0.03%.
Nitrogen (N): 0.04% or less (excluding 0%)
Nitrogen (N) reacts with Al in austenite grains during the solidification process to precipitate fine nitrides to promote the generation of twin, thereby improving the strength and ductility of the steel sheet during forming. However, if the content thereof exceeds 0.04%, nitrides are precipitated excessively and the hot workability and elongation may be lowered. Therefore, according to an embodiment in the present disclosure, the nitrogen content may be limited to 0.04% or less.
The remainder of components in the embodiment of the present disclosure is iron (Fe). However, in the ordinary manufacturing process, impurities which are not intended may be inevitably mixed from a raw material or a surrounding environment, which may not be excluded. These impurities are known to those skilled in the art and thus, are not specifically mentioned in this specification.
In addition to the above composition, one or more selected from 0.01 to 0.5% of Ti, 0.05 to 0.5% of Nb, 0.01 to 0.5% of Mo, and 0.0005 to 0.005% of B may be further included in the hot-rolled steel sheet.
Titanium (Ti): 0.01 to 0.5%
The content of titanium (Ti) may be 0.01 to 0.5%. Titanium reacts with nitrogen in the steel to be precipitated as a nitride, which improves the formability of steel in hot rolling. In addition, the titanium reacts with some carbon in steel to form precipitation phases, thereby increasing the strength. To this end, titanium may be contained in an amount of 0.01% or more, but if the titanium content exceeds 0.5%, precipitates are formed excessively to deteriorate fatigue properties of the parts. Accordingly, the titanium content may be 0.01 to 0.5%.
Niobium (Nb): 0.05 to 0.5%
Niobium is an element that reacts with carbon or nitrogen to form a carbonitride, and is an element that may be added to increase the yield strength by refinement of grains and precipitation strengthening. To obtain such an effect, the content of niobium may be 0.05% or more. On the other hand, if the content of niobium exceeds 0.5%, coarse carbonitride may be formed at high temperature, thereby deteriorating hot workability. Therefore, the vanadium content may be 0.05 to 0.5%.
Molybdenum (Mo): 0.01 to 0.5% or less
Molybdenum is also an element that forms carbide. When molybdenum is compounded with a carbonitride-forming element such as titanium, vanadium or the like, molybdenum serves to maintain the size of the precipitate finely to increase the yield strength. To obtain such an effect, the content of molybdenum may be 0.01% or more, but if the content of molybdenum exceeds 0.5%, the effect may be saturated and production costs may be increased. Therefore, the molybdenum content may be 0.01 to 0.5%.
Boron (B): 0.0005 to 0.005%
When boron is added in a small amount, the grain boundary of the slab is strengthened to improve hot rolling properties. However, if the content of boron is less than 0.0005%, the above effect is not sufficiently exhibited. If the content of boron exceeds 0.005%, additional performance improvements may not be expected and costs may be increased. Therefore, the content of boron may be 0.0005 to 0.005%.
The hot-rolled steel sheet according to an embodiment in the present disclosure contains 20 to 70% of an unrecrystallized microstructure and 30 to 80% of a recrystallized microstructure in an area fraction when a cross section is observed in a thickness direction.
Fatigue cracks propagate and grow by the moving of dislocation in the microstructure near the crack tip. Therefore, the crack propagation rate in the unrecrystallized microstructure, in which the dislocation density is already high, may become significantly slower than the rate in the recrystallized microstructure. When the unrecrystallized microstructure is less than 20%, the effect of suppressing the propagation of fatigue cracks is insufficient and the fatigue properties may be lowered. When the unrecrystallized microstructure is more than 70%, a recrystallized microstructure for ensuring the formability may not be sufficiently secured.
The recrystallized microstructure serves to improve the formability of the steel sheet. If the recrystallized microstructure is less than 30%, the elongation of the steel sheet may not be secured, deteriorating the formability. If the recrystallized microstructure is more than 80%, the unrecrystallized microstructure may not be sufficiently secured.
In this case, the unrecrystallized microstructure is in the form of being elongated in the rolling direction, and the aspect ratio thereof is 2 or more, and the recrystallized microstructure may be spherical. A V-concentrated zone having a high non-recrystallization temperature due to the concentration of V remains in the steel sheet in the form of being elongated in the rolling direction by rolling, and a V non-concentrated zone remains as the grain size of a spherical shape in the steel sheet at the same rolling temperature by dynamic and static recrystallization.
In addition, a layer formed of an unrecrystallized microstructure and a layer formed of a recrystallized microstructure may be alternately formed, when observing a cross section in the thickness direction.
In such a form, the unrecrystallized microstructure formed between layers formed of the recrystallized microstructure may more easily suppress crack propagation.
In addition, the microstructure of the hot-rolled steel sheet according to an embodiment in the present disclosure may contain 95% or more of austenite, which is to secure strength and elongation at the same time. In more detail, the microstructure may be an austenite single phase. The austenite single phase means that all the microstructures except carbide are formed of austenite, and may include unavoidable microstructure.
On the other hand, the austenitic high manganese steel according to an embodiment in the present disclosure may have an elongation of 40% or more and a number of cycles to failure (Nf) of 300 MPa or more. Such excellent elongation and fatigue properties may be secured and thus, may be suitably applied to structural members for automobile chassis components and the like.
Method of Manufacturing Hot-Rolled Steel Sheet Having Excellent Formability and Fatigue Properties
Hereinafter, a method of manufacturing a hot-rolled steel sheet having excellent formability and fatigue properties according to another embodiment in the present disclosure will be described in detail.
According to another embodiment in the present disclosure, there is provided a method of manufacturing a hot-rolled steel sheet having excellent yield strength and fatigue properties, including: preparing a slab satisfying the above-described alloy composition; heating the slab to 1050 to 1250° C.; finish rolling the heated slab at a temperature of not lower than a recrystallization temperature of a region having an average V concentration and of not higher than a recrystallization temperature of a region having twice the average V concentration, to obtain a hot rolled steel sheet; and coiling the hot-rolled steel sheet at 50 to 700° C.
Preparing for Slab
A slab satisfying the above alloy composition is prepared.
In this case, molten steel may be cast at a cooling rate of 50° C./s or less to cause a difference in V concentration in the slab.
The distribution of the vanadium concentration in the steel is dualized by a difference in the distribution coefficient between the solid phase and the liquid phase generated during solidification, which affects the recrystallization behavior during hot rolling and finally enables a dual microstructure to be implemented. If the cooling rate of molten steel exceeds 50° C./s, diffusion between the solid phase and the liquid phase is not smooth, and the intended concentration distribution may not be obtained. On the other hand, if the cooling rate is low, an element distribution between phases progresses smoothly, and thus, the lower limit of the cooling rate is not particularly limited.
Slab Heating
The slab is heated to 1050 to 1250° C.
If the slab heating temperature is less than 1050° C., it is difficult to ensure the finish rolling temperature during hot rolling, and the rolling load due to the temperature decrease increases, which is problematic in that it is difficult to sufficiently roll to a predetermined thickness. On the other hand, if the slab heating temperature exceeds 1250° C., the grain size increases, surface oxidation occurs, and the strength tends to decrease or the surface tends to be inferior. In addition, since the liquid phase film is formed on the columnar grain boundary of a continuous cast slab, there is a fear that cracks may occur during the subsequent hot rolling.
Hot Rolling
The heated slab is finishing rolled at a temperature not lower than the recrystallization temperature of the region having the average V concentration and not higher than the recrystallization temperature of the region having twice the average V concentration, to obtain a hot rolled steel sheet.
Through the finishing rolling temperature control, a vanadium-concentrated layer is provided to obtain an unrecrystallized rolled microstructure, and a non-concentrated layer is provided to obtain a microstructure in which spherical and recrystallization completed. The reason that the upper limit of the finish rolling temperature is limited to the recrystallization temperature in the region having twice the average V concentration is that the V concentration at the point of 20% of the liquid phase at the final stage of solidification is twice the average V concentration, and thus, 20% or more of unrecrystallized microstructure may be secured in the microstructure of the steel sheet.
It can be confirmed that the recrystallization temperature is increased sharply by vanadium addition, and that the rate of increase is lowered in the region of 1.0 wt % or more.
For example, in the case of a steel to which 0.25 wt % of vanadium is added, the recrystallization temperature of the region having the average V concentration is 920° C., and the recrystallization temperature of the region having twice the average V concentration (the concentrated zone containing 0.5 wt % or more of vanadium and occupying 20% in the area fraction) is 960° C. Therefore, when the finish rolling is performed at a temperature between 920° C. and 960° C., a dual microstructure comprised of an about 80% by area fraction of recrystallized microstructure and an about 20% by area fraction of unrecrystallized microstructure may be obtained. Therefore, by setting the addition amount of vanadium and the finishing rolling temperature, a required microstructure may be easily secured.
Coiling
An operation of coiling the hot-rolled steel sheet at 50 to 700° C. is included.
If the coiling temperature is less than 50° C., cooling by cooling water injection is required to reduce the temperature of the steel sheet, which causes an unnecessary increase in the process cost. On the other hand, if the coiling temperature exceeds 700° C., the dislocation density in the unrecrystallized microstructure decreases due to recovery, deteriorating yield strength of the steel sheet. Therefore, the coiling temperature may be limited to 50 to 700° C.
In this case, an operation of pickling the coiled hot-rolled steel sheet may further be performed, which is to remove an oxide layer.
Hereinafter, an embodiment in the present disclosure will be described in more detail by way of examples. It should be noted, however, that the following examples are intended to illustrate the present disclosure in more detail and not to limit the scope of the present disclosure. The scope of the present disclosure is determined by the matters set forth in the claims and the matters reasonably inferred therefrom.
The slabs having the compositions shown in the following Table 1 were heated to 1200° C., followed by finish rolling at the rolling termination temperature shown in Table 2 below, and coiled at 450° C. to produce hot-rolled steel sheets.
The microstructures of the hot-rolled steel sheets were observed, and the yield strength, tensile strength, elongation and numbers of cycles to failure were measured and the measurement results are shown in Table 2 below.
The microstructure was measured by observing cross sections in a thickness direction by a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and mechanical properties were measured by a universal tensile testing machine.
The number of cycles to failure was measured under the condition of the stress ratio of −1 with the bending fatigue testing machine for Comparative Example 1, Comparative Example 2, and Inventive Example 1, and the number of cycles to failure was set to 10,000,000.
‘Whether or not to be satisfied’ in Table 2 indicates whether or not the finish rolling was performed at a temperature equal to or higher than the recrystallization temperature of the region having the average V concentration of each steel grade and equal to or lower than the recrystallization temperature of the region having twice the average V concentration of each steel grade. O is marked for satisfactory results, and X is marked for unsatisfactory results.
In the case of Inventive Examples 1 and 2, which satisfy both the composition and the manufacturing conditions of the present disclosure, it can be confirmed that the area fraction of the unrecrystallized microstructure satisfies 20% or more and an elongation of 40% or more may be secured.
Meanwhile, in Comparative Example 1, the composition according to an embodiment in the present disclosure was not satisfied, and an unrecrystallized microstructure of 20% or more in area fraction could not be secured, and fatigue performance was poor.
In Comparative Example 2, the composition according to an embodiment in the present disclosure was satisfied, but the production conditions were not satisfied, and a spherical recrystallized microstructure exceeding 30% in area fraction could not be secured, and thus an elongation of 40% or more could not be secured.
In Comparative Examples 3 to 5, the composition according to an embodiment in the present disclosure was satisfied, but the production conditions were not satisfied and an unrecrystallized microstructure of 20% or more in the area fraction could not be secured.
As can be seen from
While embodiments have been illustrated and described above, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications and variations could be made without departing from the scope of the present disclosure as defined by the appended claims.
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| Child | 18171305 | US |
