Human kinases

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] This invention relates to nucleic acid and amino acid sequences of human kinases and to the use of these sequences in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cancer, immune disorders, disorders affecting growth and development, cardiovascular diseases, and lipid disorders, and in the assessment of the effects of exogenous compounds on the expression of nucleic acid and amino acid sequences of human kinases.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Kinases comprise the largest known enzyme superfamily and vary widely in their target molecules. Kinases catalyze the transfer of high energy phosphate groups from a phosphate donor to a phosphate acceptor. Nucleotides usually serve as the phosphate donor in these reactions, with most kinases utilizing adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The phosphate acceptor can be any of a variety of molecules, including nucleosides, nucleotides, lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins. Proteins are phosphorylated on hydroxyamino acids. Addition of a phosphate group alters the local charge on the acceptor molecule, causing internal conformational changes and potentially influencing intermolecular contacts. Reversible protein phosphorylation is the primary method for regulating protein activity in eukaryotic cells. In general, proteins are activated by phosphorylation in response to extracellular signals such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and growth and differentiation factors. The activated proteins initiate the cell's intracellular response by way of intracellular signaling pathways and second messenger molecules such as cyclic nucleotides, calcium-calmodulin, inositol, and various mitogens, that regulate protein phosphorylation.

[0003] Kinases are involved in all aspects of a cell's function, from basic metabolic processes, such as glycolysis, to cell-cycle regulation, differentiation, and communication with the extracellular environment through signal transduction cascades. Inappropriate phosphorylation of proteins in cells has been linked to changes in cell cycle progression and cell differentiation. Changes in the cell cycle have been linked to induction of apoptosis or cancer. Changes in cell differentiation have been linked to diseases and disorders of the reproductive system, immune system, and skeletal muscle.

[0004] There are two classes of protein kinases. One class, protein tyrosine kinases (PTMKs), phosphorylates tyrosine residues, and the other class, protein serine/threonine kinases (STKs), phosphorylates serine and threonine residues. Some PTKs and STKs possess structural characteristics of both families and hav dual specificity for both tyrosine and s rine/threonine residues. Almost all kinases contain a conserved 250-300 amino acid catalytic domain containing specific residues and sequence motifs characteristic of the kinase family. The protein kinase catalytic domain can be further divided into 11 subdomains. N-terminal subdomains I-IV fold into a tw -lobed structure which binds and orients the ATP donor molecule, and subdomain V spans the two lobes. C-terminal subdomains VI-XI bind the protein substrate and transfer the gamma phosphate from ATP t the hydroxyl group of a tyrosine, serine, or threonine residue. Each of the 11 subdomains contains specific catalytic residues or amino acid motifs characteristic of that subdomain. For example, subdomain I contains an 8-amino acid glycine-rich ATP binding consensus motif, subdomain II contains a critical lysine residue required for maximal catalytic activity, and subdomains VI through IX comprise the highly conserved catalytic core. PTKs and STKs also contain distinct sequence motifs in subdomains VI and VIII which may confer hydroxyamino acid specificity.

[0005] In addition, kinases may also be classified by additional amino acid sequences, generally between 5 and 100 residues, which either flank or occur within the kinase domain. These additional amino acid sequences regulate kinase activity and determine substrate specificity. (Reviewed in Hardie, G. and Hanks, S. (1995) The Protein Kinase Facts Book. Vol I p.p. 17-20 Academic Press, San Diego, Calif.). In particular, two protein linase signature sequences have been identified in the kinase domain, the first containing an active site lysine residue involved in ATP binding, and the second containing an aspartate residue important for catalytic activity. If a protein analyzed includes the two protein kinase signatures, the probability of that protein being a protein kinase is close to 100% (PROSITE: PDOC00100, November 1995).

[0006] Protein Tyrosine Kinases

[0007] Protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) may be classified as either transmembrane, receptor PTKs or nontransmembrane, nonreceptor PTK proteins. Transmembrane tyrosine kinases function as receptors for most growth factors. Growth factors bind to the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), which causes the receptor to phosphorylate itself (autophosphorylation) and specific intracellular second messenger proteins. Growth factors (GF) that associate with receptor PTKs include epidermal GF, platelet-derived GF, fibroblast GF, hepatocyte GF, insulin and insulin-like GFs, nerve GF, vascular endothelial GF, and macrophage colony stimulating factor.

[0008] Nontransmembrane, nonreceptor PTKs lack transmembrane regions and, instead, form signaling complexes with the cytosolic domains of plasma membrane receptors. Receptors that function through non-receptor PTKs include those for cytokines and hormones (growth hormone and prolactin), and antigen-specific receptors on T and B lymphocytes.

[0009] Many PTKs were first identified as ncogene products in cancer cells in which PTK activation was no longer subject to normal cellular controls. In fact, ab ut one third of the known oncogenes encode PTKs. Furthermore, cellular transformation (oncogenesis) is ften accompanied by increased tyrosine phosphorylation activity (Charbonneau, H L and Tonks, N. K. (1992) Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 8:463-93). Regulation of PTK activity may therefore be an important strategy in controlling some types of cancer.

[0010] Protein Serine/Threonine Kinases

[0011] Protein serine/threonine kinases (STKs) are nontransmembrane proteins. A subclass of STKs are known as ERKs (extracellular signal regulated kinases) or MAPs (mitogen-activated protein kinases) and are activated after cell stimulation by a variety of hormones and growth factors. Cell stimulation induces a signaling cascade leading to phosphorylation of MEK (MAP/ERK kinase) which, in turn, activates ERK via serine and threonine phosphorylation. A varied number of proteins represent the downstream effectors for the active ERK and implicate it in the control of cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as regulation of the cytoskeleton. Activation of ERK is normally transient, and cells possess dual specificity phosphatases that are responsible for its down-regulation. Also, numerous studies have shown that elevated ERK activity is associated with some cancers. Other STKs include the second messenger dependent protein kinases such as the cyclic-AMP dependent protein kinases (PKA), calcium-calmodulin (CaM) dependent protein kinases, and the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAP); the cyclin-dependent protein kinases; checkpoint and cell cycle kinases; proliferation-related kinases; 5′-AMP-activated protein kinases; and kinases involved in apoptosis.

[0012] The second messenger dependent protein kinases primarily mediate the effects of second messengers such as cyclic AMP (cAMP), cyclic GMP, inositol triphosphate, phosphatidylinositol, 3,4,5-triphosphate, cyclic ADPribose, arachidonic acid, diacylglycerol and calcium calmodulin. The PKAs are involved in mediating hormone-induced cellular responses and are activated by cAMP produced within the cell in response to hormone stimulation. cAMP is an intracellular mediator of hormone action in all animal cells that have been studied. Hormone-induced cellular responses include thyroid hormone secretion, cortisol secretion, progesterone secretion, glycogen breakdown, bone resorption, and regulation of heart rate and force of heart muscle contraction. PKA is found in all animal cells and is thought to account for the effects of cAMP in most of these cells. Altered PKA expression is implicated in a variety of disorders and diseases including cancer, thyroid disorders, diabetes, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease (Isselbacher, K. J. et al. (1994) Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, McGraw-Hill, New Y rk, N.Y., pp. 416-431, 1887).

[0013] The casein kinase I (CKI) gene family is another subfamily f serine/threonine protein kinases. This continuously expanding group of kinases have been implicated in the regulation of numerous cyt plasmic and nuclear processes, including cell metabolism, and DNA replication and repair. CKI enzymes are present in the membranes, nucleus, cytoplasm and cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells, and on the mitotic spindles of mammalian cells (Fish, K. J. et al., (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270:14875-14883.

[0014] The CKI family members all have a short amino-terminal domain of 9-76 amino acids, a highly conserved kinase domain of 284 amino acids, and a variable carboxyl-terminal domain that ranges from 24 to over 200 amino acids in length (Cegielska, A. et al., (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273:1357-1364.) The CKI family is comprised of highly related proteins, as seen by the identification of isoforms of casein kinase I from a variety of sources. There are at least five mammalian isoforms, α, β, γ, δ, and ε. Fish et al., identified CKI-epsilon from a human placenta cDNA library. It is a basic protein of 416 amino acids and is closest to CKI-delta. Through recombinant expression, it was determined to phosphorylate known CKI substrates and was inhibited by the CKI-specific inhibitor CKI-7. The human gene for CKI-epsilon was able to rescue yeast with a slow-growth phenotype caused by deletion of the yeast CKI locus, HRR250 (Fish et al, supra.)

[0015] The mammalian circadian mutation tau was found to be a semidominant autosomal allele of CKI-epsilon that markedly shortens period length of circadian rhythms in Syrian hamsters. The tau locus is encoded by casein kinase I-epsilon, which is also a homolog of the Drosophila circadian gene double-time. Studies of both the wildtype and tau mutant CKI-epsilon enzyme indicated that the mutant enzyme has a noticeable reduction in the maximum velocity and autophosphorylation state. Further, in vitro, CKI-epsilon is able to interact with mammalian PERIOD proteins, while the mutant enzyme is deficient in its ability to phosphorylate PERIOD. Lowrey et al., have proposed that CKI-epsilon plays a major role in delaying the negative feedback signal within the transcription-translation-based autoregulatory loop that composes the core of the circadian mechanism. Therefore the CKI-epsilon enzyme is an ideal target for pharmaceutical compounds influencing circadian rhythms, jet-lag and sleep, in addition to other physiologic and metabolic processes under circadian regulation (Lowrey, P. L. et al., (2000) Science 288:483-491.)

[0016] Calcium-Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinases

[0017] Calcium-calmodulin dependent (CaM) kinases are involved in regulation of smooth muscle contraction, glycogen breakdown (phosphorylase kinase), and neurotransmission (CaM kinase I and CaM kinase II). CaM dependent protein kinases are activated by calmodulin, an intracellular calcium receptor, in response to the concentration of free calcium in the cell. Many CaM kinases are also activated by phosphorylation. Some CaM kinases are also activated by autophosphorylation or by other regulatory kinases. CaM kinase I phosphorylates a variety of substrates including the neurotransmitter-related proteins synapsin I and II, the gene transcription regulator, CREB, and the cystic fibrosis conductance regulator protein, CFTR (Hanbabu, B. et al. (1995) EMBO J urnal 14:3679-3686). CaM kinase II also phosphorylates synapsin at different sites and controls the synthesis of catecholamines in the brain through phosphorylation and activation of tyrosine hydroxylase. CaM kinase II controls the synthesis of catecholamines and seratonin, through phosphorylation/activation of tyrosine hydroxylase and tryptophan hydroxylase, respectively (Fujisawa, H. (1990) BioEssays 12:27-29). The mRNA encoding a calmodulin-binding protein kinase-like protein was found to be enriched in mammalian forebrain. This protein is associated with vesicles in both axons and dendrites and accumulates largely postnatally. The amino acid sequence of this protein is similar to CaM-dependent STKs, and the protein binds calmodulin in the presence of calcium (Godbout, M. et al. (1994) J. Neurosci. 14:1-13).

[0018] Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases

[0019] The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAP) which mediate signal transduction from the cell surface to the nucleus via phosphorylation cascades are another STK family that regulates intracellular signaling pathways. Several subgroups have been identified, and each manifests different substrate specificities and responds to distinct extracellular stimuli (Egan, S. E. and Weinberg, R. A. (1993) Nature 365:781-783). MAP kinase signaling pathways are present in mammalian cells as well as in yeast The extracellular stimuli which activate MAP kinase pathways include epidermal growth factor (EGF), ultraviolet light, hyperosmolar medium, heat shock, endotoxic lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-1 (IL-1). Altered MAP kinase expression is implicated in a variety of disease conditions including cancer, inflammation, immune disorders, and disorders affecting growth and development

[0020] Cyclin-Dependent Protein Kinases

[0021] The cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs) are STKs that control the progression of cells through the cell cycle. The entry and exit of a cell from mitosis are regulated by the synthesis and destruction of a family of activating proteins called cyclins. Cyclins are small regulatory proteins that bind to and activate CDKs, which then phosphorylate and activate selected proteins involved in the mitotic process. CDKs are unique in that they require multiple inputs to become activated. In addition to cyclin binding, CDK activation requires the phosphorylation of a specific threonine residue and the dephosphorylation of a specific tyrosine residue on the CDK.

[0022] Another family of STKs associated with the cell cycle are the NIMA (never in mitosis)-related kinases (Neks). Both CDKs and Neks are involved in duplication, maturation, and separation of the microtubule organizing center, the centrosome, in animal cells (Fry, A. M., et al. (1998) EMBO J. 17:470-481). The NIM-related kinases also include NIK1 histidine kinases, which function in signal transmission (Yamada-Okabe, T. et al. (1999) J. Bacteriol. 181:7243-7247).

[0023] Checkpoint and Cell Cycle Kinases

[0024] In the process of cell division, the order and timing of cell cycle transitions are under control of cell cycle checkpoints, which ensure that critical events such as DNA replication and chromosome segregation are carried out with precision. If DNA is damaged, e.g. by radiation, a checkpoint pathway is activated that arrests the cell cycle to provide time for repair. If the damage is extensive, apoptosis is induced. In the absence of such checkpoints, the damaged DNA is inherited by aberrant cells which may cause proliferative disorders such as cancer. Protein kinases play an important role in this process. For example, a specific kinase, checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1), has been identified in yeast and mammals, and is activated by DNA damage in yeast. Activation of Chk1 leads to the arrest of the cell at the G2/M transition. (Sanchez, Y. et al. (1997) Science 277:1497-1501.) Specifically, Chk1 phosphorylates the cell division cycle phosphatase CDC25, inhibiting its normal function which is to dephosphorylate and activate the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdc2. Cdc2 activation controls the entry of cells into mitosis. (Peng, C -Y et al. (1997) Science 277:1501-1505.) Thus, activation of Chk1 prevents the damaged cell from entering mitosis. A similar deficiency in a checkpoint kinase, such as Chk1, may also contribute to cancer by failure to arrest cells with damaged DNA at other checkpoints such as G2/M.

[0025] Proliferation-Related Kinases

[0026] Proliferation-related kinase is a serum/cytokine inducible STK that is involved in regulation of the cell cycle and cell proliferation in human megakarocytic cells (Li, B. et al. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271:19402-8). Proliferation-related kinase is related to the polo (derived from Drosophila polo gene) family of STKs implicated in cell division. Proliferation-related kinase is downregulated in lung tumor tissue and may be a proto-oncogene whose deregulated expression in normal tissue leads to oncogenic transformation.

[0027] The RET (rearranged during transfection) proto-oncogene encodes a tyrosine kinase receptor involved in both multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2, an inherited cancer syndrome, and Hirschsprung disease, a developmental defect of enteric neurons. RET and its functional ligand, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, play key roles in the development of the human enteric nervous system (Pachnis, V. et al (1998) Am. J. Physiol. 275:G183-G186).

[0028] 5′-AMP-Activated Protein Kinase

[0029] A ligand-activated STK protein kinase is 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) (Gao, G. et al. (1996) J. Biol Chem. 271:8675-8681). Mammalian AMPK is a regulator of fatty acid and sterol synthesis through phosphorylation f the enzymes acetyl-CoA carboxylase and hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase and mediates responses of these pathways to cellular stresses such as heat shock and depletion of glucose and ATP. AMPK is a heterotrimeric complex comprised of a catalytic alpha subunit and two non-catalytic beta and gamma subunits that are believed to regulate the activity of the alpha subunit. Subunits of AMPK have a much wider distribution in non-lipogenic tissues such as brain, heart, spleen, and lung than expected. This distribution suggests that its role may extend beyond regulation of lipid metabolism alone.

[0030] Kinases in Apoptosis

[0031] Apoptosis is a highly regulated signaling pathway leading to cell death that plays a crucial role in tissue development and homeostasis. Deregulation of this process is associated with the pathogenesis of a number of diseases including autoimmune disease, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. Various STKs play key roles in this process. ZIP kinase is an STK containing a C-terminal leucine zipper domain in addition to its N-terminal protein kinase domain. This C-terminal domain appears to mediate homodimerization and activation of the kinase as well as interactions with transcription factors such as activating transcription factor, ATF4, a member of the cyclic-AMP responsive element binding protein (ATF/CREB) family of transcriptional factors (Sanjo, H. et al. (1998) J. Biol. Chem, 273:29066-29071). DRAK1 and DRAK2 are STKs that share homology with the death-associated protein kinases (DAP kinases), known to function in interferon-γ induced apoptosis (Sanjo et al. supra). Like ZIP kinase, DAP kinases contain a C-terminal protein-protein interaction domain, in the form of ankyrin repeats, in addition to the N-terminal kinase domain. ZIP, DAP, and DRAK kinases induce morphological changes associated with apoptosis when transfected into NIH3T3 cells (Sanjo et al. supra). However, deletion of either the N-terminal kinase catalytic domain or the C-terminal domain of these proteins abolishes apoptosis activity, indicating that in addition to the kinase activity, activity in the C-terminal domain is also necessary for apoptosis, possibly as an interacting domain with a regulator or a specific substrate.

[0032] RICK is another STK recently identified as mediating a specific apoptotic pathway involving the death receptor, CD95 (Inohara, N. et al. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273:12296-12300). CD95 is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily and plays a critical role in the regulation and homeostasis of the immune system (Nagata, S. (1997) Cell 88:355-365). The CD95 receptor signaling pathway involves recruitment of various intracellular molecules to a receptor complex following ligand binding. This process includes recruitment of the cysteine protease caspase-8 which, in turn, activates a caspase cascade leading to cell death. RICK is composed of an N-terminal kinase catalytic domain and a C-terminal “caspase-recruitment” domain that interacts with caspase-like domains, indicating that RICK plays a role in the recruitment f caspase-8. This interpretation is supported by the fact that the expressi n of RICK in human 293T cells promotes activati n f caspase-8 and potentiates the induction of apoptosis by various proteins involved in the CD95 apoptosis pathway (Inohara et al. supra).

[0033] Mitochondrial Protein Kinases

[0034] A novel class of eukaryotic kinases, related by sequence to prokaryotic histidine protein kinases, are the mitochondrial protein kinases (MPKs) which seem to have no sequence similarity with other eukaryotic protein kinases. These protein kinases are located exclusively in the mitochondrial matrix space and may have evolved from genes originally present in respiration-dependent bacteria which were endocytosed by primitive eukaryotic cells. MPKs are responsible for phosphorylation and inactivation of the branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase and pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes (Harris, R. A. et al. (1995) Adv. Enzyme Regul. 34:147-162). Five MPKs have been identified. Four members correspond to pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isozymes, regulating the activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, which is an important regulatory enzyme at the interface between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. The fifth member corresponds to a branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase, important in the regulation of the pathway for the disposal of branched-chain amino acids. (Harris, R. A. et al. (1997) Adv. Enzyme Regul. 37:271-293). Both starvation and the diabetic state are known to result in a great increase in the activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase in the liver, heart and muscle of the rat This increase contributes in both disease states to the phosphorylation and inactivation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and conservation of pyruvate and lactate for gluconeogenesis (Harris (1995) supra).

[0035] Kinases with Non-Protein Substrates

[0036] Lipid and Inositol Kinases

[0037] Lipid kinases phosphorylate hydroxyl residues on lipid head groups. A family of kinases involved in phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol (PI) has been described, each member phosphorylating a specific carbon on the inositol ring (Leevers, S. J. et al. (1999) Curr. Opin. Cell. Biol. 11:219-225). The phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol is involved in activation of the protein kinase C signaling pathway. The inositol phospholipids (phosphoinositides) intracellular signaling pathway begins with binding of a signaling molecule to a G-protein linked receptor in the plasma membrane. This leads to the phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol (PI) residues on the inner side of the plasma membrane by inosit 1kinases, thus c nverting PI residues to the biphosphate state (PIP2). PIP2 is then cleaved into inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol. These two products act as mediators f r separate signaling pathways. Cellular responses that are mediated by these pathways are glycogen breakdown in the liver in response to vasopressin, smooth muscle contraction in response to acetylcholine, and thrombin-induced platelet aggregation.

[0038] PI 3-kinase (PI3K), which phosphorylates the D3 position of PI and its derivatives, has a central role in growth factor signal cascades involved in cell growth, differentiation, and metabolism. PI3K is a heterodimer consisting of an adapter subunit and a catalytic subunit. The adapter subunit acts as a scaffolding protein, interacting with specific tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins, lipid moieties, and other cytosolic factors. When the adapter subunit binds tyrosine phosphorylated targets, such as the insulin responsive substrate (IRS)-1, the catalytic subunit is activated and converts PI (4,5) bisphosphate (PIP2) to PI (3,4,5) P3 (PIP3). PIP3 then activates a number of other proteins, including PKA, protein kinase B (PKB), protein kinase C (PKC), glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3, and p70 ribosomal s6 kinase. PI3K also interacts directly with the cytoskeletal organizing proteins, Rac, rho, and cdc42 (Shepherd, P. R., et al. (1998) Biochem. J. 333:471-490). Animal models for diabetes, such as obese and fat mice, have altered PI3K adapter subunit levels. Specific mutations in the adapter subunit have also been found in an insulin-resistant Danish population, suggesting a role for PI3K in type-2 diabetes (Shepard, supra).

[0039] PKC is also activated by diacylglycerol (DAG). Phorbol esters (PE) are analogs of DAG and tumor promoters that cause a variety of physiological changes when administered to cells and tissues. PE and DAG bind to the N-terminal region of PKC. This region contains one or more copies of a cysteine-rich domain about 50 amino-acid residues long and essential for DAG/PE-binding. Diacylglycerol kinase (DGK), the enzyme that converts DAG into phosphatidate, contains two copies of the DAG/PE-binding domain in its N-terminal section (Azzi, A. et al. (1992) Eur. J. Biochem. 208:547-557).

[0040] An example of lipid kinase phosphorylation activity is the phosphorylation of D-erythro-sphingosine to the sphingolipid metabolite, sphingosine-1-phosphate (SPP). SPP has emerged as a novel lipid second-messenger with both extracellular and intracellular actions (Kohama, T. et al. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273:23722-23728). Extracellularly, SPP is a ligand for the G-protein coupled receptor EDG-1 (endothelial-derived, G-protein coupled receptor). Intracellularly, SPP regulates cell growth, survival, motility, and cytoskeletal changes. SPP levels are regulated by sphingosine kinases that specifically phosphorylate D-erythro-sphingosine to SPP. The importance of sphingosine kinase in cell signaling is indicated by the fact that various stimuli, including platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), nerve gr wth factor, and activation of protein kinase C, increase cellular levels of SPP by activation of sphingosine kinas , and the fact that competitive inhibitors of the enzyme selectively inhibit cell proliferation induced by PDGF (Kohama et al. supra).

[0041] Purine Nucleotide Kinases

[0042] The purine nucleotide kinases, adenylate kinase (ATP:AMP phosphotransferase, or AdK) and guanylate kinase (ATP:GMP phosphotransferase, or GuK) play a key role in nucleotide metabolism and are crucial to the synthesis and regulation of cellular levels of ATP and GTP, respectively. These two molecules are precursors in DNA and RNA synthesis in growing cells and provide the primary source of biochemical energy in cells (ATP), and signal transduction pathways (GTP). Inhibition of various steps in the synthesis of these two molecules has been the basis of many antiproliferative drugs for cancer and antiviral therapy (Pillwein, K. et al. (1990) Cancer Res. 50:1576-1579).

[0043] AdK is found in almost all cell types and is especially abundant in cells having high rates of ATP synthesis and utilization such as skeletal muscle. In these cells AdK is physically associated with mitochondria and myofibrils, the subcellular structures that are involved in energy production and utilization, respectively. Recent studies have demonstrated a major function for AdK in transferring high energy phosphoryls from metabolic processes generating ATP to cellular components consuming ATP (Zeleznikar, R. J. et al. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270:7311-7319). Thus AdK may have a pivotal role in maintaining energy production in cells, particularly those having a high rate of growth or metabolism such as cancer cells, and may provide a target for suppression of its activity to treat certain cancers. Alternatively, reduced AdK activity may be a source of various metabolic, muscle-energy disorders that can result in cardiac or respiratory failure and may be treatable by increasing AdK activity.

[0044] GuK, in addition to providing a key step in the synthesis of GTP for RNA and DNA synthesis, also fulfills an essential function in signal transduction pathways of cells through the regulation of GDP and GTP. Specifically, GTP binding to membrane associated G proteins mediates the activation of cell receptors, subsequent intracellular activation of adenyl cyclase, and production of the second messenger, cyclic AMP. GDP binding to G proteins inhibits these processes. GDP and GTP levels also control the activity of certain oncogenic proteins such as p21ras known to be involved in control of cell proliferation and oncogenesis (Bos, J. L. (1989) Cancer Res. 49:4682-4689). High ratios of GTP:GDP caused by suppression of GuK cause activation of p21ras and promote oncogenesis. Increasing GuK activity to increase levels of GDP and reduce the GTP:GDP ratio may provide a therapeutic strategy to reverse oncogenesis.

[0045] GuK is an important enzyme in the phosphorylation and activation f certain antiviral drugs useful in the treatment of herpes virus infections. These drugs include the guanine homologs acyclovir nd buciclovir (Miller, W. H. and Miller R. L. (1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255:7204-7207; Stenberg, K. et al. 1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261:2134-2139). Increasing GuK activity in infected cells may provide a therapeutic strategy for augmenting the effectiveness of these drugs and possibly for reducing the necessary dosages of the drugs.

[0046] Pyrmidine Kinases

[0047] The pyrimidine kinases are deoxycytidine kinase and thymidine kinase 1 and 2. Deoxycytidine kinase is located in the nucleus, and thymidine kinase 1 and 2 are found in the cytosol (Johansson, M. et al. (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94:11941-11945). Phosphorylation of deoxyribonucleosides by pyrimidine kinases provides an alternative pathway for de novo synthesis of DNA precursors. The role of pyrimidine kinases, like purine kinases, in phosphorylation is critical to the activation of several chemotherapeutically important nucleoside analogues (Arner E. S. and Eriksson, S. (1995) Pharmacol. Ther. 67:155-186).

[0048] The discovery of new human kinases, and the polynucleotides encoding them, satisfies a need in the art by providing new compositions which are useful in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer, immune disorders, disorders affecting growth and development, cardiovascular diseases, and lipid disorders, and in the assessment of the effects of exogenous compounds on the expression of nucleic acid and amino acid sequences of human kinases.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0049] The invention features purified polypeptides, human kinases, referred to collectively. as “PKIN” and individually as “PKIN-1,” “PKIN-2,”“PKIN-3,” “PKIN4,” “PKIN-5,” “PKIN-6,” “PKIN-7,” “PKIN-8,” “PKIN-9,” “PKIN-10,” “PKIN-11,” “KIN-12,” “PKIN-13, ” “PKIM-14,” “PKIN-15,” “PKIN-16,” “PKIN-17,” “PKIN-18,” “PKIN-19,” “PKIN-20,” “PKIN-21,” and “PKIN22.” In one aspect, the invention provides an isolated polypeptide selected from the group consisting of a) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1-22, b) a polypeptide comprising a naturally occurring amino acid sequence at least 90% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1-22, c) a biologically active fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1-22, and d) an immunogenic fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-22. In one alternative, the invention provides an isolated polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1-22.

[0050] The invention further provides an isolated polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of a) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1-22, b) a polypeptide comprising a naturally ccurring amino acid sequence at least 90% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1-22, c) a biologically active fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1-22, and d) an immunogenic fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1-22. In one alternative, the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1-22. In another alternative, the polynucleotide is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:23-44.

[0051] Additionally, the invention provides a recombinant polynucleotide comprising a promoter sequence operably linked to a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of a) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1-22, b) a polypeptide comprising a naturally occurring amino acid sequence at least 90% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1-22, c) a biologically active fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group. consisting of SEQ ID NO:1-22, and d) an immunogenic fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1-22. In one alternative, the invention provides a cell transformed with the recombinant polynucleotide. In another alternative, the invention provides a transgenic organism comprising the recombinant polynucleotide.

[0052] The invention also provides a method for producing a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of a) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1-22, b) a polypeptide comprising a naturally occurring amino acid sequence at least 90% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1-22, c) a biologically active fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1-22, and d) an immunogenic fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1-22. The method comprises a) culturing a cell under conditions suitable for expression of the polypeptide, wherein said cell is transformed with a recombinant polynucleotide comprising a promoter sequence operably linked to a polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide, and b) recovering the polypeptide so expressed.

[0053] Additionally, the invention provides an isolated antibody which specifically binds to a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of a) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1-22, b) a polypeptide comprising a naturally occurring amino acid sequence at least 90% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1-22, c) a biologically active fragment of a polypeptide having an amin acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1-22, and d) an immunog nic fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1-22.

[0054] The invention further provides an isolated polynucleotide selected from the group consisting f a) a polynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:23-44, b) a polynucleotide comprising a naturally occurring polynucleotide sequence at least 90% identical to a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:23-44, c) a polynucleotide complementary to the polynucleotide of a), d) a polynucleotide complementary to the polynucleotide of b), and e) an RNA equivalent of a)-d). In one alternative, the polynucleotide comprises at least 60 contiguous nucleotides.

[0055] Additionally, the invention provides a method for detecting a target polynucleotide in a sample, said target polynucleotide having a sequence of a polynucleotide selected from the group consisting of a) a polynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:23-44, b) a polynucleotide comprising a naturally occurring polynucleotide sequence at least 90% identical to a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:23-44, c) a polynucleotide complementary to the polynucleotide of a), d) a polynucleotide complementary to the polynucleotide of b), and e) an RNA equivalent of a)-d). The method comprises a) hybridizing the sample with a probe comprising at least 20 contiguous nucleotides comprising a sequence complementary to said target polynucleotide in the sample, and which probe specifically hybridizes to said target polynucleotide, under conditions whereby a hybridization complex is formed between said probe and said target polynucleotide or fragments thereof, and b) detecting the presence or absence of said hybridization complex, and optionally, if present, the amount thereof. In one alternative, the probe comprises at least 60 contiguous nucleotides.

[0056] The invention further provides a method for detecting a target polynucleotide in a sample, said target polynucleotide having a sequence of a polynucleotide selected from the group consisting of a) a polynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:23-44, b) a polynucleotide comprising a naturally occurring polynucleotide sequence at least 90% identical to a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:23-44, c) a polynucleotide complementary to the polynucleotide of a), d) a polynucleotide complementary to the polynucleotide of b), and e) an RNA equivalent of a)-d). The method comprises a) amplifying said target polynucleotide or fragment thereof using polymerase chain reaction amplification, and b) detecting the presence or absence of said amplified target polynucleotide or fragment thereof, and, optionally, if present, the amount thereof.

[0057] The invention further provides a composition comprising an effective amount of a polypeptide selected fr m the group consisting of a) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1-22, b) a polypeptide comprising a naturally occurring amino acid sequence at least 90% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1-22, c) a biologically active fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1-22, and d) an immunogenic fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1-22, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In one embodiment, the composition comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1-22. The invention additionally provides a method of treating a disease or condition associated with decreased expression of functional PKIN, comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment the composition.

[0058] The invention also provides a method for screening a compound for effectiveness as an agonist of a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of a) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1-22, b) a polypeptide comprising a naturally occurring amino acid sequence at least 90% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1-22, c) a biologically active fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1-22, and d) an immunogenic fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-22. The method comprises a) exposing a sample comprising the polypeptide to a compound, and b) detecting agonist activity in the sample. In one alternative, the invention provides a composition comprising an agonist compound identified by the method and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In another alternative, the invention provides a method of treating a disease or condition associated with decreased expression of functional PKIN, comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment the composition.

[0059] Additionally, the invention provides a method for screening a compound for effectiveness as an antagonist of a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of a) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1-22, b) a polypeptide comprising a naturally occurring amino acid sequence at least 90% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1-22, c) a biologically active fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1-22, and d) an immunogenic fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1-22. The method comprises a) exposing a sample comprising the polypeptide to a compound, and b) detecting antagonist activity in the sample. In one alternative, the invention provides a composition comprising an antagonist compound identified by the method and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In another alternative, the invention provides a method of treating a disease or condition associated with overexpression of functional PKIN, comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment the composition.

[0060] The invention further provides a method of screening for a compound that specifically binds to a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of a) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1-22, b) a polypeptide comprising a naturally occurring amino acid sequence at least 90% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1-22, c) a biologically active fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1-22, and d) an immunogenic fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1-22. The method comprises a) combining the polypeptide with at least one test compound under suitable conditions, and b) detecting binding of the polypeptide to the test compound, thereby identifying a compound that specifically binds to the polypeptide.

[0061] The invention further provides a method of screening for a compound that modulates the activity of a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of a) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1-22, b) a polypeptide comprising a naturally occurring amino acid sequence at least 90% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-22, c) a biologically active fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1-22, and d) an immunogenic fragment of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1-22. The method comprises a) combining the polypeptide with at least one test compound under conditions permissive for the activity of the polypeptide, b) assessing the activity of the polypeptide in the presence of the test compound, and c) comparing the activity of the polypeptide in the presence of the test compound with the activity of the polypeptide in the absence of the test compound, wherein a change in the activity of the polypeptide in the presence of the test compound is indicative of a compound that modulates the activity of the polypeptide.

[0062] The invention further provides a method for screening a compound for effectiveness in altering expression of a target polynucleotide, wherein said target polynucleotide comprises a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:23-44, the method comprising a) exposing a sample comprising the target polynucleotide to a compound, and b) detecting altered expression of the target polynucleotide.

[0063] The invention further provides a method for assessing toxicity of a test compound, said method comprising a) treating a biological sample containing nucleic acids with the test compound; b) hybridizing the nucleic acids of the treated biological sample with a probe comprising at least 20 contiguous nucleotides of a polynucleotide selected from the group consisting of i) a polynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:23-44, ii) a polynucleotide comprising a naturally occurring polynucleotide sequence at least 90% identical to a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:23-44, iii) a polynucleotide having a sequence complementary to i), iv) a polynucleotide complementary to the polynucleotide f ii), and v) an RNA equivalent of i)-iv). Hybridization occurs under conditions whereby a specific hybridization complex is formed between said probe and a target polynucleotide in the biological sample, said target polynucleotide selected from the group consisting of i) a polynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:23-44, ii) a polynucleotide comprising a naturally occurring polynucleotide sequence at least 90% identical to a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:23-44, iii a polynucleotide complementary to the polynucleotide of i), iv) a polynucleotide complementary to the polynucleotide of ii), and v) an RNA equivalent of i)-iv). Alternatively, the target polynucleotide comprises a fragment of a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of i)-v) above; c) quantifying the amount of hybridization complex; and d) comparing the amount of hybridization complex in the treated biological sample with the amount of hybridization complex in an untreated biological sample, wherein a difference in the amount of hybridization complex in the treated biological sample is indicative of toxicity of the test compound.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE TABLES

[0064] Table 1 summarizes the nomenclature for the full length polynucleotide and polypeptide sequences of the present invention.

[0065] Table 2 shows the GenBank identification number and annotation of the nearest GenBank homolog for polypeptides of the invention. The probability score for the match between each polypeptide and its GenBank homolog is also shown.

[0066] Table 3 shows structural features of polypeptide sequences of the invention, including predicted motifs and domains, along with the methods, algorithms, and searchable databases used for analysis of the polypeptides.

[0067] Table 4 lists the cDNA and/or genomic DNA fragments which were used to assemble polynucleotide sequences of the invention, along with selected fragments of the polynucleotid sequences.

[0068] Table 5 shows the representative cDNA library for polynucleotides of the invention.

[0069] Table 6 provides an appendix which describes the tissues and vectors used for construction f the cDNA libraries shown in Table 5.

[0070] Table 7 shows the tools, programs, and algorithms used to analyze the polynucleotides and polypeptides of the invention, along with applicable descriptions, references, and threshold parameters.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0071] Before the present proteins, nucleotide sequences, and methods are described, it is understood that this invention is not limited to the particular machines, materials and methods described, as these may vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention which will be limited only by the appended claims.

[0072] It must be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, a reference to “a host cell” includes a plurality of such host cells, and a reference to “an antibody” is a reference to one or more antibodies and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art, and so forth.

[0073] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meanings as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although any machines, materials, and methods similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used to practice or test the present invention, the preferred machines, materials and methods are now described. All publications mentioned herein are cited for the purpose of describing and disclosing the cell lines, protocols, reagents and vectors which are reported in the publications and which might be used in connection with the invention. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the invention is not entitled to antedate such disclosure by virtue of prior invention.

[0074] Definitions

[0075] “PKIN” refers to the amino acid sequences of substantially purified PKIN obtained from any species, particularly a mammalian species, including bovine, ovine, porcine, murine, equine, and human, and from any source, whether natural, synthetic, semi-synthetic, or recombinant.

[0076] The term “agonist” refers to a molecule which intensifies or mimics the biological activity of PKIN. Agonists may include proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, small molecules, or any other compound or composition which modulates the activity of PKEN either by directly interacting with PKIN or by acting on components of the biological pathway in which PKIN participates.

[0077] An “allelic variant” is an alternative form of th gene encoding PKIN. Allelic variants may result from at least one mutation in the nucleic acid sequence and may result in altered mRNAs or in polypeptides whose structure or function may or may not be altered. A gene may have none, one, or many allelic variants of its naturally occurring form. Common mutational changes which give rise to allelic variants are generally ascribed to natural deletions, additions, or substitutions of nucleotides. Each of these types of changes may occur alone, or in combination with the others, one or more times in a given sequence.

[0078] “Altered” nucleic acid sequences encoding PKIN include those sequences with deletions, insertions, or substitutions of different nucleotides, resulting in a polypeptide the same as PKIN or a polypeptide with at least one functional characteristic of PKIN. Included within this definition are polymorphisms which may or may not be readily detectable using a particular oligonucleotide probe of the polynucleotide encoding PKIN, and improper or unexpected hybridization to allelic variants, with a locus other than the normal chromosomal locus for the polynucleotide sequence encoding PKIN. The encoded protein may also be “altered,” and may contain deletions, insertions, or substitutions of amino acid residues which produce a silent change and result in a functionally equivalent PKIN. Deliberate amino acid substitutions may be made on the basis of similarity in polarity, charge, solubility, hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, and/or the amphipathic nature of the residues, as long as the biological or immunological activity of PKIN is retained. For example, negatively charged amino acids may include aspartic acid and glutamic acid, and positively charged amino acids may include lysine and arginine. Amino acids with uncharged polar side chains having similar hydrophilicity values may include: asparagine and glutamine; and serine and threonine. Amino acids with uncharged side chains having similar hydrophilicity values may include: leucine, isoleucine, and valine; glycine and alanine; and phenylalanine and tyrosine.

[0079] The terms “amino acid” and “amino acid sequence” refer to an oligopeptide, peptide, polypeptide, or protein sequence, or a fragment of any of these, and to naturally occurring or synthetic molecules. Where “amino acid sequence” is recited to refer to a sequence of a naturally occurring protein molecule, “amino acid sequence” and like terms are not meant to limit the amino acid sequence to the complete native amino acid sequence associated with the recited protein molecule.

[0080] “Amplification” relates to the production of additional copies of a nucleic acid sequence. Amplification is generally carried out using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technologies well known in the art.

[0081] The term “antagonist” refers to a molecule which inhibits or attenuates the biological activity of PKIN. Antagonists may include proteins such as antibodies, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, small molecules, r any other compound or composition which modulates the activity of PKIN either by directly interacting with PKIN r by acting n components of the bi logical pathway in which PKIN participates.

[0082] The term “antibody” refers to intact immunoglobulin molecules as well as to fragments thereof, such as Fab, F(ab′)2, and Fv fragments, which are capable of binding an epitopic determinant Antibodies that bind PKIN polypeptides can be prepared using intact polypeptides or using fragments containing small peptides of interest as the immunizing antigen. The polypeptide or oligopeptide used to immunize an animal (e.g., a mouse, a rat, or a rabbit) can be derived from the translation of RNA, or synthesized chemically, and can be conjugated to a carrier protein if desired. Commonly used carriers that are chemically coupled to peptides include bovine serum albumin, thyroglobulin, and keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KUI). The coupled peptide is then used to immunize the animal.

[0083] The term “antigenic determinant” refers to that region of a molecule (i.e., an epitope) that makes contact with a particular antibody. When a protein or a fragment of a protein is used to immunize a host animal, numerous regions of the protein may induce the production of antibodies which bind specifically to antigenic determinants (particular regions or three-dimensional structures on the protein). An antigenic determinant may compete with the intact antigen (i.e., the immunogen used to elicit the immune response) for binding to an antibody.

[0084] The term “aptamer” refers to a nucleic acid or oligonucleotide molecule that binds to a specific molecular target. Aptamers are derived from an in vitro evolutionary process (e.g., SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential Enrichment), described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,270,163), which selects for target-specific aptamer sequences from large combinatorial libraries. Aptamer compositions may be double-stranded or single-stranded, and may include deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotides, nucleotide derivatives, or other nucleotide-like molecules. The nucleotide components of an aptamer may have modified sugar groups (e.g., the 2′-OH group of a ribonucleotide may be replaced by 2′-F or 2′-NH2), which may improve a desired property, e.g., resistance to nucleases or longer lifetime in blood. Aptamers may be conjugated to other molecules, e.g., a high molecular weight carrier to slow clearance of the aptamer from the circulatory system. Aptamers may be specifically cross-linked to their cognate ligands, e.g., by photo-activation of a cross-linker. (See, e.g., Brody, E. N. and L. Gold (2000) J. Biotechnol. 74:5-13.)

[0085] The term “intramer” refers to an aptamer which is expressed in vivo. For example, a vaccinia virus-based RNA expression system has been used to express specific RNA aptamers at high levels in the cytoplasm of leukocytes (Blind, M. et al. (1999) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96:3606-3610).

[0086] The term “spiegelmer” refers to an aptamer which includes L-DNA, L-RNA, or other left-handed nucleotide derivatives or nucleotid -like molecules. Aptamers containing left-handed nucleotides are resistant to degradation by naturally occurring enzymes, which normally act on substrates containing right-handed nucleotides.

[0087] The term “antisense” refers to any composition capable of base-pairing with the “sense” (coding) strand of a specific nucleic acid sequence. Antisense compositions may include DNA; RNA; peptide nucleic acid (PNA); oligonucleotides having modified backbone linkages such as phosphorothioates, methylphosphonates, or benzylphosphonates; oligonucleotides having modified sugar groups such as 2′-methoxyethyl sugars or 2′-methoxyethoxy sugars; or oligonucleotides having modified bases such as 5-methyl cytosine, 2′-deoxyuracil, or 7-deaza-2′-deoxyguanosine. Antisense molecules may be produced by any method including chemical synthesis or transcription. Once introduced into a cell, the complementary antisense molecule base-pairs with a naturally occurring nucleic acid sequence produced by the cell to form duplexes which block either transcription or translation. The designation “negative” or “minus” can refer to the antisense strand, and the designation “positive” or “plus” can refer to the sense strand of a reference DNA molecule.

[0088] The term “biologically active” refers to a protein having structural, regulatory, or biochemical functions of a naturally occurring molecule. Likewise, “immunologically active” or “immunogenic” refers to the capability of the natural, recombinant, or synthetic PKIN, or of any oligopeptide thereof, to induce a specific immune response in appropriate animals or cells and to bind with specific antibodies.

[0089] “Complementary” describes the relationship between two single-stranded nucleic acid sequences that anneal by base-pairing. For example, 5′-AGT-3′ pairs with its complement, 3′-TCA-5′.

[0090] A “composition comprising a given polynucleotide sequence” and a “composition comprising a given amino acid sequence” refer broadly to any composition containing the given polynucleotide or amino acid sequence. The composition may comprise a dry formulation or an aqueous solution. Compositions comprising polynucleotide sequences encoding PKIN or fragments of PKIN may be employed as hybridization probes. The probes may be stored in freeze-dried form and may be associated with a stabilizing agent such as a carbohydrate. In hybridizations, the probe may be deployed in an aqueous solution containing salts (e.g., NaCl), detergents (e.g., sodium dodecyl sulfate; SDS), and other components (e.g., Denhardt's solution, dry milk, salmon sperm DNA, etc.).

[0091] “Consensus sequence” refers to a nucleic acid sequence which has been subjected to repeated DNA sequence analysis to resolve uncalled bases, extended using the XL-PCR kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City Calif.) in the 5′ and/or the 3′ direction, and resequenced, or which has been assembled from one r more overlapping cDNA, EST, or genomic DNA fragments using a computer program for fragment assembly, such as the GELVIEW fragment assembly system (GCG, Madison Wis.) or Phrap (University of Washington, Seattle Wash.). Some sequences have been both extended and assembled to produce the consensus sequence.

[0092] “Conservative amino acid substitutions” are those substitutions that are predicted to least interfere with the properties of the original protein, i.e., the structure and especially the function of the protein is conserved and not significantly changed by such substitutions. The table below shows amino acids which may be substituted for an original amino acid in a protein and which are regarded as conservative amino acid substitutions.

1Original ResidueConservative SubstitutionAlaGly, SerArgHis, LysAsnAsp, Gln, HisAspAsn, GluCysAla, SerGlnAsn, Glu, HisGluAsp, Gln, HisGlyAlaHisAsn, Arg, Gln, GluIleLeu, ValLeuIle, ValLysArg, Gln, GluMetLeu, IlePheHis, Met, Leu, Trp, TyrSerCys, ThrThrSer, ValTrpPhe, TyrTyrHis, Phe, TrpValIle, Leu, Thr

[0093] Conservative amino acid substitutions generally maintain (a) the structure of the polypeptide backbone in the area of the substitution, for example, as a beta sheet or alpha helical conformation, (b) the charge or hydrophobicity of the molecule at the site of the substitution, and/or (c) the bulk of the side chain.

[0094] A “deletion” refers to a change in the amino acid or nucleotide sequence that results in the absence of one or more amino acid residues or nucleotides.

[0095] The term “derivative” refers to a chemically modified polynucleotide or polypeptide. Chemical modifications of a polynucleotide can include, for example, replacement of hydrogen by an alkyl, acyl, hydroxyl, or amino group. A derivative polynucleotide encod s a polypeptide which retains at least one biological r immunological function of the natural molecule. A derivative polypeptide is one modified by glycosylation, pegylation, or any similar process that retains at least one biological or immunological function of the polypeptide from which it was derived.

[0096] A “detectable label” refers to a reporter molecule or enzyme that is capable of generating a measurable signal and is covalently or noncovalently joined to a polynucleotide or polypeptide.

[0097] “Differential expression” refers to increased or upregulated; or decreased, downregulated, or absent gene or protein expression, determined by comparing at least two different samples. Such comparisons may be carried out between, for example, a treated and an untreated sample, or a diseased and a normal sample.

[0098] “Exon shuffling” refers to the recombination of different coding regions (exons). Since an exon may represent a structural or functional domain of the encoded protein, new proteins may be assembled through the novel reassortment of stable substructures, thus allowing acceleration of the evolution of new protein functions.

[0099] A “fragment” is a unique portion of PKIN or the polynucleotide encoding PKIN which is identical in sequence to but shorter in length than the parent sequence. A fragment may comprise up to the entire length of the defined sequence, minus one nucleotide/amino acid residue. For example, a fragment may comprise from 5 to 1000 contiguous nucleotides or amino acid residues. A fragment used as a probe, primer, antigen, therapeutic molecule, or for other purposes, may be at least 5, 10, 15, 16, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, 100, 150, 250 or at least 500 contiguous nucleotides or amino acid residues in length. Fragments may be preferentially selected from certain regions of a molecule. For example, a polypeptide fragment may comprise a certain length of contiguous amino acids selected from the first 250 or 500 amino acids (or first 25% or 50%) of a polypeptide as shown in a certain defined sequence. Clearly these lengths are exemplary, and any length that is supported by the specification, including the Sequence Listing, tables, and figures, may be encompassed by the present embodiments.

[0100] A fragment of SEQ ID NO:23-44 comprises a region of unique polynucleotide sequence that specifically identifies SEQ ID NO:23-44, for example, as distinct from any other sequence in the genome from which the fragment was obtained. A fragment of SEQ ID NO:23-44 is useful, for example, in hybridization and amplification technologies and in analogous methods that distinguish SEQ ID NO:23-44 from related polynucleotide sequences. The precise length of a fragment of SEQ ID NO:23-44 and the region of SEQ ID NO:23-44 to which the fragment corresponds are routinely determinable by one of ordinary skill in the art based on the intended purpose for the fragment.

[0101] A fragment of SEQ ID NO:1-22 is encoded by a fragment of SEQ ID NO:23-44. A fragment of SEQ ID NO:1-22 comprises a region of unique amino acid sequence that specifically identifies SEQ ID NO:1-22. For example, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:1-22 is useful as an immunogenic peptide for the development f antibodies that specifically recognize SEQ ID NO:1-22. The precise length of a fragment of SEQ ID NO:1-22 and the region of SEQ ID NO:1-22 to which the fragment corresponds are routinely determinable by one of ordinary skill in the art based on the intended purpose for the fragment.

[0102] A “full length” polynucleotide sequence is one containing at least a translation initiation codon (e.g., methionine) followed by an open reading frame and a translation termination codon. A “full length” polynucleotide sequence encodes a “full length” polypeptide sequence.

[0103] “Homology” refers to sequence similarity or, interchangeably, sequence identity, between two or more polynucleotide sequences or two or more polypeptide sequences.

[0104] The terms “percent identity” and “% identity,” as applied to polynucleotide sequences, refer to the percentage of residue matches between at least two polynucleotide sequences aligned using a standardized algorithm. Such an algorithm may insert, in a standardized and reproducible way, gaps in the sequences being compared in order to optimize alignment between two sequences, and therefore achieve a more meaningful comparison of the two sequences.

[0105] Percent identity between polynucleotide sequences may be determined using the default parameters of the CLUSTAL V algorithm as incorporated into the MEGALIGN version 3.12e sequence alignment program. This program is part of the LASERGENE software package, a suite of molecular biological analysis programs (DNASTAR, Madison Wis.). CLUSTAL V is described in Higgins, D. G. and P. M. Sharp (1989) CABIOS 5:151-153 and in Higgins, D. G. et al. (1992) CABIOS 8:189-191. For pairwise alignments of polynucleotide sequences, the default parameters are set as follows: Ktuple=2, gap penalty=5, window=4, and “diagonals saved”4. The “weighted” residue weight table is selected as the default. Percent identity is reported by CLUSTAL V as the “percent similarity” between aligned polynucleotide sequences.

[0106] Alternatively, a suite of commonly used and freely available sequence comparison algorithms is provided by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) (Altschul, S. F. et al. (1990) J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410), which is available from several sources, including the NCBI, Bethesda, Md., and on the Internet at http://www.ncbi.nhm.n.hgov/BLAST/. The BLAST software suite includes various sequence analysis programs including “blastn,” that is used to align a known polynucleotide sequence with other polynucleotide sequences from a variety of databases. Also available is a tool called “BLAST 2 Sequences” that is used for direct pairwise comparison of two nucleotide sequences. “BLAST 2 Sequences” can be accessed and used interactively at http://www.ncbi.nlmnihgov/gorf/bl2.html. The “BLAST 2 Sequences” t ol can be used for both blastn and blastp (discussed below). BLAST programs are commonly used with gap and other parameters set to default settings. For example, to compare two nucleotide sequences, one may use blastn with the “BLAST 2 Sequences” tool Version 20.12 (Apr. 21, 2000) set at default parameters. Such default parameters may be, for example:

[0107] Matrix: BLOSUM62

[0108] Reward for match: 1

[0109] Penalty for mismatch: −2

[0110] Open Gap: 5 and Extension Gap: 2 penalties

[0111] Gap x drop-off: 50

[0112] Expect: 10

[0113] Word Size: 11

[0114] Filter: on

[0115] Percent identity may be measured over the length of an entire defined sequence, for example, as defined by a particular SEQ ID number, or may be measured over a shorter length, for example, over the length of a fragment taken from a larger, defined sequence, for instance, a fragment of at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 70, at least 100, or at least 200 contiguous nucleotides. Such lengths are exemplary only, and it is understood that any fragment length supported by the sequences shown herein, in the tables, figures, or Sequence Listing, may be used to describe a length over which percentage identity may be measured.

[0116] Nucleic acid sequences that do not show a high degree of identity may nevertheless encode similar amino acid sequences due to the degeneracy of the genetic code. It is understood that changes in a nucleic acid sequence can be made using this degeneracy to produce multiple nucleic acid sequences that all encode substantially the same protein.

[0117] The phrases “percent identity” and “% identity,” as applied to polypeptide sequences, refer to the percentage of residue matches between at least two polypeptide sequences aligned using a standardized algorithm. Methods of polypeptide sequence alignment are well-known. Some alignment methods take into account conservative amino acid substitutions. Such conservative substitutions, explained in more detail above, generally preserve the charge and hydrophobicity at the site of substitution, thus preserving the structure (and therefore function) of the polypeptide.

[0118] Percent identity between polypeptide sequences may be determined using the default parameters of the CLUSTAL V algorithm as incorporated into the MEGALIGN version 3.12e sequence alignment program (described and referenced above). For pairwise alignments of polypeptide sequences using CLUSTAL V, the default parameters are set as follows: Ktuple=1, gap penalty=3, window=5, and “diagonals saved”=5. Th PAM250 matrix is selected as the default residue weight table. As with polynucleotide alignments, the percent identity is reported by CLUSTAL V as the “percent similarity” between aligned polypeptide sequence pairs.

[0119] Alternatively the NCBI BLAST software suite may be used. For example, for a pairwise comparison of two polypeptide sequences, one may use the “BLAST 2 Sequences” tool Version 2.0.12 (Apr. 21, 2000) with blastp set at default parameters. Such default parameters may be, for example:

[0120] Matrix: BLOSUM62

[0121] Open Gap: 11 and Extension Gap: 1 penalties

[0122] Gap x drop-off: 50

[0123] Expect: 10

[0124] Word Size: 3

[0125] Filter: on

[0126] Percent identity may be measured over the length of an entire defined polypeptide sequence, for example, as defined by a particular SEQ ID number, or may be measured over a shorter length, for example, over the length of a fragment taken from a larger, defined polypeptide sequence, for instance, a fragment of at least 15, at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 70 or at least 150 contiguous residues. Such lengths are exemplary only, and it is understood that any fragment length supported by the sequences shown herein, in the tables, figures or Sequence Listing, may be used to describe a length over which percentage identity may be measured.

[0127] “Human artificial chromosomes” (HACs) are linear microchromosomes which may contain DNA sequences of about 6 kb to 10 Mb in size and which contain all of the elements required for chromosome replication, segregation and maintenance.

[0128] The term “humanized antibody” refers to an antibody molecule in which the amino acid sequence in the non-antigen binding regions has been altered so that the antibody more closely resembles a human antibody, and still retains its original binding ability.

[0129] “Hybridization” refers to the process by which a polynucleotide strand anneals with a complementary strand through base pairing under defined hybridization conditions. Specific hybridization is an indication that two nucleic acid sequences share a high degree of complementarity. Specific hybridization complexes form under permissive annealing conditions and remain hybridized after the “washing” step(s). The washing step(s) is particularly important in determining the stringency of the hybridization process, with more string nt conditions allowing less non-specific binding, i.e., binding between pairs of nucleic acid strands that are not perfectly matched. Permissive conditions for annealing of nucleic acid sequences are routinely determinable by ne f ordinary skill in the art and may be consistent among hybridization experiments, whereas wash conditions may be varied among experiments to achieve the desired stringency, and therefore hybridization specificity. Permissive annealing conditions occur, for example, at 68° C. in the presence of about 6×SSC, about 1% (w/v) SDS, and about 100 μg/ml sheared, denatured salmon sperm DNA.

[0130] Generally, stringency of hybridization is expressed, in part, with reference to the temperature under which the wash step is carried out Such wash temperatures are typically selected to be about 5° C. to 20° C. lower than the thermal melting point (Tm) for the specific sequence at a defined ionic strength and pH. The Tm is the temperature (under defined ionic strength and pH) at which 50% of target sequence hybridizes to a perfectly matched probe. An equation for calculating Tm and conditions for nucleic acid hybridization are well known and can be found in Sambrook, J. et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed., vol. 1-3, Cold Spring Harbor Press, Plainview N.Y.; specifically see volume 2, chapter 9.

[0131] High stringency conditions for hybridization between polynucleotides of the present invention include wash conditions of 68° C. in the presence of about 0.2 ×SSC and about 0.1% SDS, for 1 hour. Alternatively, temperatures of about 65° C., 60° C., 55° C., or 42° C. may be used. SSC concentration may be varied from about 0.1 to 2×SSC, with SDS being present at about 0.1%. Typically, blocking reagents are used to block non-specific hybridization. Such blocking reagents include, for instance, sheared and denatured salmon sperm DNA at about 100-200 μg/ml. Organic solvent, such as formamide at a concentration of about 35-50% v/v, may also be used under particular circumstances, such as for RNA:DNA hybridizations. Useful variations on these wash conditions will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. Hybridization, particularly under high stringency conditions, may be suggestive of evolutionary similarity between the nucleotides. Such similarity is strongly indicative of a similar role for the nucleotides and their encoded polypeptides.

[0132] The term “hybridization complex” refers to a complex formed between two nucleic acid sequences by virtue of the formation of hydrogen bonds between complementary bases. A hybridization complex may be formed in solution (e.g., C0t or R0t analysis) or formed between one nucleic acid sequence present in solution and another nucleic acid sequence immobilized on a solid support (e.g., paper, membranes, filters, chips, pins or glass slides, or any other appropriate substrate to which cells or their nucleic acids have been fixed).

[0133] The words “insertion” and “addition” refer to changes in an amino acid or nucleotide sequence resulting in the addition of one or more amino acid residues or nucleotides, respectively.

[0134] “Immune response” can refer to conditions associated with inflammation, trauma, immune dis rders, or infectious or genetic disease, etc. These conditions can be characterized by expression of various factors, e.g., cytokines, chemokines, and other signaling molecules, which may affect cellular and systemic defense systems.

[0135] An “immunogenic fragment” is a polypeptide or oligopeptide fragment of PKIN which is capable of eliciting an immune response when introduced into a living organism, for example, a mammal. The term “immunogenic fragment” also includes any polypeptide or oligopeptide fragment of PKIN which is useful in any of the antibody production methods disclosed herein or known in the art.

[0136] The term “microarray” refers to an arrangement of a plurality of polynucleotides, polypeptides, or other chemical compounds on a substrate.

[0137] The terms “element” and “array element” refer to a polynucleotide, polypeptide, or other chemical compound having a unique and defined position on a microarray.

[0138] The term “modulate” refers to a change in the activity of PKIN. For example, modulation may cause an increase or a decrease in protein activity, binding characteristics, or any other biological, functional, or immunological properties of PKIN.

[0139] The phrases “nucleic acid” and “nucleic acid sequence” refer to a nucleotide, oligonucleotide, polynucleotide, or any fragment thereof. These phrases also refer to DNA or RNA of genomic or synthetic origin which may be single-stranded or double-stranded and may represent the sense or the antisense strand, to peptide nucleic acid (PNA), or to any DNA-like or RNA-like material.

[0140] “Operably linked” refers to the situation in which a first nucleic acid sequence is placed in a functional relationship with a second nucleic acid sequence. For instance, a promoter is operably linked to a coding sequence if the promoter affects the transcription or expression of the coding sequence. Operably linked DNA sequences may be in close proximity or contiguous and, where necessary to join two protein coding regions, in the same reading frame.

[0141] “Peptide nucleic acid” (PNA) refers to an antisense molecule or anti-gene agent which comprises an oligonucleotide of at least about 5 nucleotides in length linked to a peptide backbone f amino acid residues ending in lysine. The terminal lysine confers solubility to the composition. PNAs preferentially bind complementary single stranded DNA or RNA and stop transcript elongation, and may be pegylated to extend their lifespan in the cell.

[0142] “Post-translational modification” of an PKIN may involve lipidation, glycosylation, phosphorylation, acetylation, racemization, proteolytic cleavage, and other modifications known in the art. These processes may occur synthetically or biochemically. Biochemical modifications will vary by cell type depending on the enzymatic milieu f PKIN.

[0143] “Probe” refers to nucleic acid sequences encoding PKIN, their complements, or fragments thereof, which are used to detect identical, allelic or related nucleic acid sequences. Probes are isolated oligonucleotides or polynucle tides attached to a detectable label or reporter molecule. Typical labels include radioactive isotopes, ligands, chemiluminescent agents, and enzymes. “Primers” are short nucleic acids, usually DNA oligonucleotides, which may be annealed to a target polynucleotide by complementary base-pairing. The primer may then be extended along the target DNA strand by a DNA polymerase enzyme. Primer pairs can be used for amplification (and identification) of a nucleic acid sequence, e.g., by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

[0144] Probes and primers as used in the present invention typically comprise at least 15 contiguous nucleotides of a known sequence. In order to enhance specificity, longer probes and primers may also be employed, such as probes and primers that comprise at least 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, or at least 150 consecutive nucleotides of the disclosed nucleic acid sequences. Probes and primers may be considerably longer than these examples, and it is understood that any length supported by the specification, including the tables, figures, and Sequence Listing, may be used.

[0145] Methods for preparing and using probes and primers are described in the references, for example Sambrook, J. et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed., vol. 1-3, Cold Spring Harbor Press, Plainview N.Y.; Ausubel F. M. et al. (1987) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Publ. Assoc. & Wiley-Intersciences, New York N.Y.; Innis, M. et al. (1990) PCR Protocols, A Guide to Methods and Applications, Academic Press, San Diego Calif. PCR primer pairs can be derived from a known sequence, for example, by using computer programs intended for that purpose such as Primer (Version 0.5, 1991, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge Mass.).

[0146] Oligonucleotides for use as primers are selected using software known in the art for such purpose. For example, OLIGO 4.06 software is useful for the selection of PCR primer pairs of up to 100 nucleotides each, and for the analysis of oligonucleotides and larger polynucleotides of up to 5,000 nucleotides from an input polynucleotide sequence of up to 32 kilobases. Similar primer selection programs have incorporated additional features for expanded capabilities. For example, the PrimOU primer selection program (available to the public from the Genome Center at University of Texas South West Medical Center, Dallas Tex.) is capable of choosing specific primers from megabase sequences and is thus useful for designing primers on a genome-wide scope. The Primer3 primer selection program (available to the public from the Whitehead Institute/MIT Center for Genome Research, Cambridge Mass.) allows the user to input a “mispriming library,” in which sequences to avoid as primer binding sites ar user-specified. Primer3 is useful, in particular, for the selection of oligonucleotides for microarrays. (The source code for the latter two primer selection programs may also be obtained from their respective sources and modified to meet the user's specific needs.) The PrimeGen program (available to the public from the UK Human Genome Mapping Project Resource Centre, Cambridge UK) designs primers based on multiple sequence alignments, thereby allowing selection of primers that hybridize to either the most conserved or least conserved regions of aligned nucleic acid sequences. Hence, this program is useful for identification of both unique and conserved oligonucleotides and polynucleotide fragments. The oligonucleotides and polynucleotide fragments identified by any of the above selection methods are useful in hybridization technologies, for example, as PCR or sequencing primers, microarray elements, or specific probes to identify fully or partially complementary polynucleotides in a sample of nucleic acids. Methods of oligonucleotide selection are not limited to those described above.

[0147] A “recombinant nucleic acid” is a sequence that is not naturally occurring or has a sequence that is made by an artificial combination of two or more otherwise separated segments of sequence. This artificial combination is often accomplished by chemical synthesis or, more commonly, by the artificial manipulation of isolated segments of nucleic acids, e.g., by genetic engineering techniques such as those described in Sambrook, supra. The term recombinant includes nucleic acids that have been altered solely by addition, substitution, or deletion of a portion of the nucleic acid. Frequently, a recombinant nucleic acid may include a nucleic acid sequence operably linked to a promoter sequence. Such a recombinant nucleic acid may be part of a vector that is used, for example, to transform a cell.

[0148] Alternatively, such recombinant nucleic acids may be part of a viral vector, e.g., based on a vaccinia virus, that could be use to vaccinate a mammal wherein the recombinant nucleic acid is expressed, inducing a protective immunological response in the mammal.

[0149] A “regulatory element” refers to a nucleic acid sequence usually derived from untranslated regions of a gene and includes enhancers, promoters, introns, and 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs). Regulatory elements interact with host or viral proteins which control transcription, translation, or RNA stability.

[0150] “Reporter molecules” are chemical or biochemical moieties used for labeling a nucleic acid, amino acid, or antibody. Reporter molecules include radionuclides; enzymes; fluorescent, chemiluminescent, or chromogenic agents; substrates; cofactors; inhibitors; magnetic particles; and other moieties known in the art.

[0151] An “RNA equivalent,” in reference to a DNA sequence, is composed of the same linear sequence of nucleotides as the reference DNA sequence with the exception that all occurrences of the nitrogenous base thymin are replaced with uracil, and the sugar backbone is composed of ribose instead of deoxyribose.

[0152] The term “sample” is used in its broadest sense. A sample suspected of containing PKIN, nucleic acids encoding PKIN, or fragments thereof may comprise a bodily fluid; an extract from a cell, chromosome, organelle, or membrane isolated from a cell; a cell; genomic DNA, RNA, or cDNA, in solution or bound to a substrate; a tissue; a tissue print; etc.

[0153] The terms “specific binding” and “specifically binding” refer to that interaction between a protein or peptide and an agonist, an antibody, an antagonist, a small molecule, or any natural or synthetic binding composition. The interaction is dependent upon the presence of a particular structure of the protein, e.g., the antigenic determinant or epitope, recognized by the binding molecule. For example, if an antibody is specific for epitope “A,” the presence of a polypeptide comprising the epitope A, or the presence of free unlabeled A, in a reaction containing free labeled A and the antibody will reduce the amount of labeled A that binds to the antibody.

[0154] The term “substantially purified” refers to nucleic acid or amino acid sequences that are removed from their natural environment and are isolated or separated, and are at least 60% free, preferably at least 75% free, and most preferably at least 90% free from other components with which they are naturally associated.

[0155] A “substitution” refers to the replacement of one or more amino acid residues or nucleotides by different amino acid residues or nucleotides, respectively.

[0156] “Substrate” refers to any suitable rigid or semi-rigid support including membranes, filters, chips, slides, wafers, fibers, magnetic or nonmagnetic beads, gels, tubing, plates, polymers, microparticles and capillaries. The substrate can have a variety of surface forms, such as wells, trenches, pins, channels and pores, to which polynucleotides or polypeptides are bound.

[0157] A “transcript image” refers to the collective pattern of gene expression by a particular cell type or tissue under given conditions at a given time.

[0158] “Transformation” describes a process by which exogenous DNA is introduced into a recipient cell. Transformation may occur under natural or artificial conditions according to various methods well known in the art, and may rely on any known method for the insertion of foreign nucleic acid sequences into a prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cell. The method for transformation is selected based on the type of host cell being transformed and may include, but is not limited to, bacteriophage or viral infection, electroporation, heat shock, lipofection, and particle bombardment. The term “transformed cells” includes stably transformed cells in which the inserted DNA is capable of replication either as an autonomously replicating plasmid or as part of the host chromosome, as well as transiently transformed cells which express the inserted DNA or RNA for limited periods of time.

[0159] A “transgenic organism,” as used herein, is any organism, including but not limited to animals and plants, in which one or more of the cells of the organism contains heterologous nucleic acid introduced by way of human intervention, such as by transgenic techniques well known in the art. The nucleic acid is introduced into the cell, directly or indirectly by introduction into a precursor of the cell, by way of deliberate genetic manipulation, such as by microinjection or by infection with a recombinant virus. The term genetic manipulation does not include classical cross-breeding, or in vitro fertilization, but rather is directed to the introduction of a recombinant DNA molecule. The transgenic organisms contemplated in accordance with the present invention include bacteria, cyanobacteria, fungi, plants and animals. The isolated DNA of the present invention can be introduced into the host by methods known in the art, for example infection, transfection, transformation or transconjugation. Techniques for transferring the DNA of the present invention into such organisms are widely known and provided in references such as Sambrook et al. (1989), supra.

[0160] A “variant” of a particular nucleic acid sequence is defined as a nucleic acid sequence having at least 40% sequence identity to the particular nucleic acid sequence over a certain length of one of the nucleic acid sequences using blastn with the “BLAST 2 Sequences” tool Version 2.0.9 (May 07, 1999) set at default parameters. Such a pair of nucleic acids may show, for example, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% or greater sequence identity over a certain defined length. A variant maybe described as, for example, an “allelic” (as defined above), “splice,” “species,” or “polymorphic” variant. A splice variant may have significant identity to a reference molecule, but will generally have a greater or lesser number of polynucleotides due to alternate splicing of exons during mRNA processing. The corresponding polypeptide may possess additional functional domains or lack domains that are present in the reference molecule. Species variants are polynucleotide sequences that vary from one species to another. The resulting polypeptides will generally have significant amino acid identity relative to each other. A polymorphic variant is a variation in the polynucleotide sequence of a particular gene between individuals of a given species. Polymorphic variants also may encompass “single nucleotide polymorphisms” (SNPs) in which the polynucleotide sequence varies by one nucleotide base. The presence of SNPs may be indicative of, for example, a certain population, a disease state, or a propensity for a disease state.

[0161] A “variant” of a particular polypeptide sequence is defined as a polypeptide sequence having at least 40% sequence identity to the particular polypeptide sequence over a certain length of one of the polypeptide sequences using blastp with the “BLAST 2 Sequences” tool Version 2.0.9 (May 07, 1999) set at default parameters. Such a pair of polypeptides may show, for example, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% r greater sequence identity over a certain defined length of one of the polypeptides.

[0162] The Invention

[0163] The invention is based on the discovery of new human human kinases (PKIN), the polynucleotides encoding PKIN, and the use of these compositions for the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of cancer, immune disorders, disorders affecting growth and development, cardiovascular diseases, and lipid disorders.

[0164] Table 1 summarizes the nomenclature for the full length polynucleotide and polypeptide sequences of the invention. Each polynucleotide and its corresponding polypeptide are correlated to a single Incyte project identification number (Incyte Project ID). Each polypeptide sequence is denoted by both a polypeptide sequence identification number (Polypeptide SEQ ID NO:) and an Incyte polypeptide sequence number (Incyte Polypeptide ID) as shown. Each polynucleotide sequence is denoted by both a polynucleotide sequence identification number (Polynucleotide SEQ ID NO:) and an Incyte polynucleotide consensus sequence number (Incyte Polynucleotide ID) as shown.

[0165] Table 2 shows sequences with homology to the polypeptides of the invention as identified by BLAST analysis against the GenBank protein (genpept) database. Columns 1 and 2 show the polypeptide sequence identification number (Polypeptide SEQ ID NO:) and the corresponding Incyte polypeptide sequence number (Incyte Polypeptide ID) for polypeptides of the invention. Column 3 shows the GenBank identification number (Genbank ID NO:) of the nearest GenBank homolog. Column 4 shows the probability score for the match between each polypeptide and its GenBank homolog. Column 5 shows the annotation of the GenBank homolog along with relevant citations where applicable, all of which are expressly incorporated by reference herein.

[0166] Table 3 shows various structural features of the polypeptides of the invention. Columns 1 and 2 show the polypeptide sequence identification number (SEQ ID NO:) and the corresponding Incyte polypeptide sequence number (Incyte Polypeptide ID) for each polypeptide of the invention. Column 3 shows the number of amino acid residues in each polypeptide. Column 4 shows potential phosphorylation sites, and column 5 shows potential glycosylation sites, as determined by the MOTIFS program of the GCG sequence analysis software package (Genetics Computer Group, Madison Wis.). Column 6 shows amino acid residues comprising signature sequences, domains, and motifs. Column 7 shows analytical methods for protein structure/function analysis and in som cases, searchable databases to which the analytical methods were applied.

[0167] Together, Tables 2 and 3 summarize the properties of polypeptides f the invention, and these properties establish that the claimed polypeptides are human kinases.

[0168] For example, SEQ ID NO:1 is 91% identical to human casein kinase I-alpha (GenBank ID g852055) as determined by the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST). (See Table 2.) The BLAST probability score is 2.9e-167, which indicates the probability of obtaining the observed polypeptide sequence alignment by chance. SEQ ID NO:1 also contains a eukaryotic protein kinase domain as determined by searching for statistically significant matches in the hidden Markov model (HMM)-based PFAM database of conserved protein family domains. (See Table 3.) Data from BLIMPS, MOTIFS, and PROFILSCAN analyses provide further corroborative evidence that SEQ ID NO:1 is a protein kinase.

[0169] For example, SEQ ID NO:10 is 91% identical to Mus musculus FYVE finger-containing phosphoinositide kinase (GenBank ID g4200446) as determined by the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST). (See Table 2.) The BLAST probability score is 0.0, which indicates the probability of obtaining the observed polypeptide sequence alignment by chance. SEQ ID NO:10 also contains a phosphatidyl inositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase domain as determined by searching for statistically significant matches in the hidden Markov model (HMM)-based PFAM database of conserved protein family domains. (See Table 3.) Data from PRODOM analysis provides further corroborative evidence that SEQ ID NO:10 is a phosphoinositide kinase.

[0170] For example, SEQ ID NO:12 is 71% identical to human serine/threonine protein kinase (GenBank ID g7160989) as determined by the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST). (See Table 2.) The BLAST probability score is 1.7e-148, which indicates the probability of obtaining the observed polypeptide sequence alignment by chance. SEQ ID NO:12 also contains a eukaryotic protein kinase domain as determined by searching for statistically significant matches in the hidden Markov model (HMM)-based PFAM database of conserved protein family domains. (See Table 3.) Data from BLIMPS and MOTIFS analyses provide further corroborative evidence that SEQ ID NO:12 is protein kinase.

[0171] For example, SEQ ID NO:13 is 86% identical to murine pantothenate kinase 1 beta (GenBank ID g6690020) as determined by the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST). (See Table 2.) The BLAST probability score is 1.6e-129, which indicates the probability of obtaining the observed polypeptide sequence alignment by chance. Pantothenate kinase (PanK) is proposed to be the master regulator of CoA biosynthesis in mammalian cells, by controlling flux through the CoA biosynthetic pathway. Changes in the level of tissue PanK activity is reflected by the concurrent changes in the levels of CoA as seen in various metabolic states. Alterations in CoA levels and PanK activity are seen during starvation/feeding, pathological states such as diabetes and by treatment with hypolipidemic drugs (Rock, C. O. et al., (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275:1377-1383.)

[0172] For example, SEQ ID NO:16 is 68% identical to Mus musculus Nck-interacting kinas -like embryo specific kinase (GenBank ID g6472874) as determined by the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST). (See Table 2.) The BLAST probability score is 0.0, which indicates the probability of obtaining the observed polypeptide sequence alignment by chance. SEQ ID NO:16 also contains a eukaryotic protein kinase domain as determined by searching for statistically significant matches in the hidden Markov model (HMM)-based PFAM database of conserved protein family domains. (See Table 3.) Data from BLIMPS, MOTIFS, and PROFILESCAN analyses provide further corroborative evidence that SEQ ID NO:16 is a protein kinase.

[0173] For example, SEQ ID NO:19 is 99% identical to human RET tyrosine kinase receptor (GenBank ID g5419753) as determined by the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST). (See Table 2.) The BLAST probability score is 0.0, which indicates the probability of obtaining the observed polypeptide sequence alignment by chance. SEQ ID NO:19 also contains a eukaryotic protein kinase domain as determined by searching for statistically significant matches in the hidden Markov model (HMM)-based PFAM database of conserved protein family domains. (See Table 3.) Data from BLIMPS, MOTIFS, and PROFILESCAN analyses provide further corroborative evidence that SEQ ID NO:19 is a tyrosine kinase.

[0174] For example, SEQ ID NO:22 is 33% identical to Gallus gallus smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase precursor (GenBank ID g212661) as determined by the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST). (See Table 2.) The BLAST probability score is 1.2 e-60, which indicates the probability of obtaining the observed polypeptide sequence alignment by chance. SEQ ID NO:22 also contains two eukaryotic protein kinase domains as determined by searching for statistically significant matches in the hidden Markov model (HMM)-based PFAM database of conserved protein family domains. (See Table 3.) Data from BLIMPS, MOTIFS, and PROFILESCAN analyses provide further corroborative evidence that SEQ ID NO:22 is a protein kinase.

[0175] SEQ ID NO:2-9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:14-15, SEQ ID NO:17-18, and SEQ ID NO:20-21 were analyzed and annotated in a similar manner. The algorithm and parameters for the analysis of SEQ ID NO:1-22 are described in Table 7.

[0176] As shown in Table 4, the full length polynucleotide sequences of the present invention were assembled using cDNA sequences or coding (exon) sequences derived from genomic DNA, or any combination of these two types of sequences. Columns 1 and 2 list the polynucleotide sequence identification number (Polynucleotide SEQ ID NO:) and the corresponding Incyte polynucleotide consensus sequence number (Incyte P lynucleotide ID) for each polynucleotide of the invention. Column 3 shows the length of each polynucleotide sequence in basepairs. Column 4 lists fragments of the polynucleotide sequences which are useful, for example, in hybridization or amplification technologies that identify SEQ ID NO:23-44 or that distinguish between SEQ ID NO:23-44 and related polynucleotide sequences. Column 5 shows identification numbers corresponding to cDNA sequences, coding sequences (exons) predicted from genomic DNA, and/or sequence assemblages comprised of both cDNA and genomic DNA. These sequences were used to assemble the full length polynucleotide sequences of the invention. Columns 6 and 7 of Table 4 show the nucleotide start (5′) and stop (3′) positions of the cDNA and/or genomic sequences in column 5 relative to their respective full length sequences.

[0177] The identification numbers in Column 5 of Table 4 may refer specifically, for example, to Incyte cDNAs along with their corresponding cDNA libraries. For example, 183812R7 is the identification number of an Incyte cDNA sequence, and CARDNOT01 is the cDNA library from which it is derived. Incyte cDNAs for which cDNA libraries are not indicated were derived from pooled cDNA libraries (e.g., 71583296V1). Alternatively, the identification numbers in column 5 may refer to GenBank cDNAs or ESTs which contributed to the assembly of the full length polynucleotide sequences. In addition, the identification numbers in column 5 may identify sequences derived from the ENSEMBL (The Sanger Centre, Cambridge, UK) database (i.e., those sequences including the designation “ENST”). Alternatively, the identification numbers in column 5 may be derived from the NCBI RefSeq Nucleotide Sequence Records Database (i.e., those sequences including the designation “NM” or “NT”) or the NCBI RefSeq Protein Sequence Records (i.e., those sequences including the designation “NP”). Alternatively, the identification numbers in column 5 may refer to assemblages of both cDNA and Genscan-predicted exons brought together by an “exon stitching” algorithm. For example, FL_XXXXXX_N1—N2—YYYYY_N3—N4 represents a “stitched” sequence in which XXXXXX is the identification number of the cluster of sequences to which the algorithm was applied, and YYYYY is the number of the prediction generated by the algorithm, and N1,2,3 . . . , if present, represent specific exons that may have been manually edited during analysis (See Example V). Alternatively, the identification numbers in column S may refer to assemblages of exons brought together by an “exon-stretching” algorithm For example, FLXXXXXX_gAAAAA_gBBBBB—1_N is the identification number of a “stretched” sequence, with XXXXXX being the Incyte project identification number, gAAAAA being the GenBank identification number of the human genomic sequence to which the “exon-stretching” algorithm was applied, GBBBBB being the GenBank identification number or NCBI RefSeq identification number of the nearest GenBank protein homolog, and N referring to specific exons (See Example V). In instances where a RefSeq sequence was used as a protein homolog for the “exon-stretching” algorithm, a RefSeq identifier (denoted by “NM,” “NP,” or “NT”) ay be used in place of the GenBank identifier (i.e., GBBBBB).

[0178] Alternatively, a prefix identifies component sequences that were hand-edited, predicted from genomic DNA sequences, or derived from a combination of sequence analysis methods. The following Table lists examples of component sequence prefixes and corresponding sequence analysis methods associated with the prefixes (see Example IV and Example V).

2PrefixType of analysis and/or examples of programsGNN,Exon prediction from genomic sequences using, for example,GFG,GENSCAN (Stanford University, CA, USA) or FGENESENST(Computer Genomics Group, The Sanger Centre, Cambridge,UK)GBIHand-edited analysis of genomic sequences.FLStitched or stretched genomic sequences (see Example V).INCYFull length transcript and exon prediction from mapping of ESTsequences to the genome. Genomic location and ESTcomposition data are combined to predict the exonsand resulting transcript.

[0179] In some cases, Incyte cDNA coverage redundant with the sequence coverage shown in column 5 was obtained to confirm the final consensus polynucleotide sequence, but the relevant Incyte cDNA identification numbers are not shown.

[0180] Table 5 shows the representative cDNA libraries for those full length polynucleotide sequences which were assembled using Incyte cDNA sequences. The representative cDNA library is the Incyte cDNA library which is most frequently represented by the Incyte cDNA sequences which were used to assemble and confirm the above polynucleotide sequences. The tissues and vectors which were used to construct the cDNA libraries shown in Table 5 are described in Table 6.

[0181] The invention also encompasses PKIN variants. A preferred PKIN variant is one which has at least about 80%, or alternatively at least about 90%, or even at least about 95% amino acid sequence identity to the PKIN amino acid sequence, and which contains at least one functional or structural characteristic of PKIN.

[0182] The invention also encompasses polynucleotides which encode PKIN. In a particular embodiment, the invention encompasses a polynucleotide sequence comprising a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:23-44, which encodes PKIN. The polynucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:23-44, as presented in the Sequence Listing, embrace the equivalent RNA sequences, wherein occurrences of the nitrogenous base thymine are replaced with uracil, and the sugar backbone is composed of ribose instead of deoxyrib se.

[0183] The invention also enc mpasses a variant f a polynucleotide sequence encoding PKIN. In particular, such a variant polynucleotide sequence will have at least about 70%, or alternatively at least about 85%, or even at least about 95% polynucleotide sequence identity to the polynucleotide sequence encoding PKIN. A particular aspect of the invention encompasses a variant of a polynucleotide sequence comprising a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:23-44 which has at least about 70%, or alternatively at least about 85%, or even at least about 95% polynucleotide sequence identity to a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:23-44. Any one of the polynucleotide variants described above can encode an amino acid sequence which contains at least one functional or structural characteristic of PKIN.

[0184] It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that as a result of the degeneracy of the genetic code, a multitude of polynucleotide sequences encoding PKIN, some bearing minimal similarity to the polynucleotide sequences of any known and naturally occurring gene, may be produced. Thus, the invention contemplates each and every possible variation of polynucleotide sequence that could be made by selecting combinations based on possible codon choices. These combinations are made in accordance with the standard triplet genetic code as applied to the polynucleotide sequence of naturally occurring PKIN, and all such variations are to be considered as being specifically disclosed.

[0185] Although nucleotide sequences which encode PKIN and its variants are generally capable of hybridizing to the nucleotide sequence of the naturally occurring PKIN under appropriately selected conditions of stringency, it may be advantageous to produce nucleotide sequences encoding PKIN or its derivatives possessing a substantially different codon usage, e.g., inclusion of non-naturally occurring codons. Codons may be selected to increase the rate at which expression of the peptide occurs in a particular prokaryotic or eukaryotic host in accordance with the frequency with which particular codons are utilized by the host Other reasons for substantially altering the nucleotide sequence encoding PKIN and its derivatives without altering the encoded amino acid sequences include the production of RNA transcripts having more desirable properties, such as a greater half-life, than transcripts produced from the naturally occurring sequence.

[0186] The invention also encompasses production of DNA sequences which encode PKIN and PKIN derivatives, or fragments thereof, entirely by synthetic chemistry. After production, the synthetic sequence may be inserted into any of the many available expression vectors and cell systems using reagents well known in the art. Moreover, synthetic chemistry may be used to introduce mutations into a sequence encoding PKIN or any fragment thereof.

[0187] Also encompassed by the invention are polynucleotide sequences that are capable of hybridizing to the claimed polynucleotide sequences, and, in particular, to those shown in SEQ ID NO:23-44 and fragments thereof under various conditions of stringency. (See, e.g., Wahl, G. M. and S. L. Berger (1987) Methods Enzymol. 152:399407; Kimmel, A. R. (1987) Methods Enzymol. 152:507-511.) Hybridization conditions, including annealing and wash conditions, are described in “Definitions.”

[0188] Methods for DNA sequencing are well known in the art and may be used to practice any of the embodiments of the invention. The methods may employ such enzymes as the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I, SEQUENASE (US Biochemical, Cleveland Ohio), Taq polymerase (Applied Biosystems), thermostable 17 polymerase (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway N.J.), or combinations of polymerases and proofreading exonucleases such as those found in the ELONGASE amplification system (Life Technologies, Gaithersburg Md.). Preferably, sequence preparation is automated with machines such as the MICROLAB 2200 liquid transfer system (Hamilton, Reno Nev.), PTC200 thermal cycler (M J Research, Watertown Mass.) and ABI CATALYST 800 thermal cycler (Applied Biosystems). Sequencing is then carried out using either the ABI 373 or 377 DNA sequencing system (Applied Biosystems), the MEGABACE 1000 DNA sequencing system (Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale Calif.), or other systems known in the art. The resulting sequences are analyzed using a variety of algorithms which are well known in the art. (See, e.g., Ausubel, F. M. (1997) Short Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, New York N.Y., unit 7.7; Meyers, R. A. (1995) Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Wiley VCH, New York N.Y., pp. 856-853.)

[0189] The nucleic acid sequences encoding PKIN may be extended utilizing a partial nucleotide sequence and employing various PCR-based methods known in the art to detect upstream sequences, such as promoters and regulatory elements. For example, one method which maybe employed, restriction-site PCR, uses universal and nested primers to amplify unknown sequence from genomic DNA within a cloning vector. (See, e.g., Sarkar, G. (1993) PCR Methods Applic. 2:318-322.) Another method, inverse PCR, uses primers that extend in divergent directions to amplify unknown sequence from a circularized template. The template is derived from restriction fragments comprising a known genomic locus and surrounding sequences. (See, e.g., Triglia, T. et al. (1988) Nucleic Acids Res. 16:8186.) A third method, capture PCR, involves PCR amplification of DNA fragments adjacent to known sequences in human and yeast artificial chromosome DNA. (See, e.g., Lagerstrom, M. et al. (1991) PCR Methods Applic. 1:111-119.) In this method, multiple restriction enzyme digestions and ligations may be used to insert an engineered double-stranded sequence into a region of unknown sequence b fore performing PCR. Other methods which may be used to retrieve unknown sequences are known in the art. (See, e.g., Parker, J. D. et al. (1991) Nucleic Acids Res. 19:3055-3060). Additionally, ne may use PCR, nested primers, and PROMOTERFINDER libraries (Clontech, Palo Alto Calif.) to walk genomic DNA. This procedure avoids the need to screen libraries and is useful in finding intron/exon junctions. For all PCR-based methods, primers may be designed using commercially available software, such as OLIGO 4.06 primer analysis software (National Biosciences, Plymouth Minn.) or another appropriate program, to be about 22 to 30 nucleotides in length, to have a GC content of about 50% or more, and to anneal to the template at temperatures of about 68° C. to 72° C.

[0190] When screening for full length cDNAs, it is preferable to use libraries that have been size-selected to include larger cDNAs. In addition, random-primed libraries, which often include sequences containing the 5′ regions of genes, are preferable for situations in which an oligo d(T) library does not yield a full-length cDNA. Genomic libraries may be useful for extension of sequence into 5′ non-transcribed regulatory regions.

[0191] Capillary electrophoresis systems which are commercially available may be used to analyze the size or confirm the nucleotide sequence of sequencing or PCR products. In particular, capillary sequencing may employ flowable polymers for electrophoretic separation, four different nucleotide-specific, laser-stimulated fluorescent dyes, and a charge coupled device camera for detection of the emitted wavelengths. Output/light intensity may be converted to electrical signal using appropriate software (e.g., GENOTYPER and SEQUENCE NAVIGATOR, Applied Biosystems), and the entire process from loading of samples to computer analysis and electronic data display may be computer controlled. Capillary electrophoresis is especially preferable for sequencing small DNA fragments which may be present in limited amounts in a particular sample.

[0192] In another embodiment of the invention, polynucleotide sequences or fragments thereof which encode PKIN may be cloned in recombinant DNA molecules that direct expression of PKIN, or fragments or functional equivalents thereof, in appropriate host cells. Due to the inherent degeneracy of the genetic code, other DNA sequences which encode substantially the same or a functionally equivalent amino acid sequence may be produced and used to express PKIN.

[0193] The nucleotide sequences of the present invention can be engineered using methods generally known in the art in order to alter PKIN-encoding sequences for a variety of purposes including, but not limited to, modification of the cloning, processing, and/or expression of the gene product. DNA shuffling by random fragmentation and PCR reassembly of gene fragments and synthetic oligonucleotides may be used to engineer the nucleotide sequences. For example, oligonucleotide-mediated site-directed mutagenesis may be used to introduce mutations that create new restriction sites, alter glycosylation patterns, change codon preference, produce splice variants, and so forth.

[0194] The nucleotides of the present invention may be subjected to DNA shuffling techniques such as MOLECULARBREEDING (Maxygen Inc., Santa Clara Calif.; described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,837,458; Chang, C. -C. et al. (1999) Nat. Biotechnol. 17:793-797; Christians, F. C. et al. (1999) Nat. Biotechnol. 17:259-264; and Crameri, A. et al. (1996) Nat. Biotechnol. 14:315-319) to alter or improve the biological properties of PKIN, such as its biological or enzymatic activity or its ability to bind to other molecules or compounds. DNA shuffling is a process by which a library of gene variants is produced using PCR-mediated recombination of gene fragments. The library is then subjected to selection or screening procedures that identify those gene variants with the desired properties. These preferred variants may then be pooled and further subjected to recursive rounds of DNA shuffling and selection/screening. Thus, genetic diversity is created through “artificial” breeding and rapid molecular evolution. For example, fragments of a single gene containing random point mutations may be recombined, screened, and then reshuffled until the desired properties are optimiz. Alternatively, fragments of a given gene may be recombined with fragments of homologous genes in the same gene family, either from the same or different species, thereby maximizing the genetic diversity of multiple naturally occurring genes in a directed and controllable manner.

[0195] In another embodiment, sequences encoding PKIN may be synthesized, in whole or in part, using chemical methods well known in the art. (See, e.g., Caruthers, M. H. et al. (1980) Nucleic Acids Symp. Ser. 7:215-223; and Horn, T. et al. (1980) Nucleic Acids Symp. Ser. 7:225-232.) Alternatively, PKIN itself or a fragment thereof may be synthesized using chemical methods. For example, peptide synthesis can be performed using various solution-phase or solid-phase techniques. (See, e.g., Creighton, T. (1984) Proteins. Structures and Molecular Properties, WH Freeman, New York N.Y., pp. 55-60; and Roberge, J. Y. et al. (1995) Science 269:202-204.) Automated synthesis maybe achieved using the ABI 431A peptide synthesizer (Applied Biosystems). Additionally, the amino acid sequence of PKIN, or any part thereof, may be altered during direct synthesis and/or combined with sequences from other proteins, or any part thereof, to produce a variant polypeptide or a polypeptide having a sequence of a naturally occurring polypeptide.

[0196] The peptide may be substantially purified by preparative high performance liquid chromatography. (See, e.g., Chiez, R. M. and F. Z. Regnier (1990) Methods Enzymol. 182:392-421.) The composition of the synthetic peptides may be confirmed by amino acid analysis or by sequencing. (See, e.g., Creighton, supra, pp. 28-53.)

[0197] In order to express a biologically active PKIN, the nucleotide sequences encoding PKIN or derivatives thereof may be inserted into an appropriate expression vector, i.e., a vector which contains the necessary elements for transcriptional and translational control of the inserted coding sequence in a suitable host. These elements include regulatory s quences, such as enhancers, constitutive and inducible promoters, and 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions in the vect r and in polynucleotide sequences encoding PKIN. Such elements may vary in their strength and specificity. Specific initiation signals may also be used to achieve more efficient translation of sequences encoding PKIN. Such signals include the ATG initiation codon and adjacent sequences, e.g. the Kozak sequence. In cases where sequences encoding PKIN and its initiation codon and upstream regulatory sequences are inserted into the appropriate expression vector, no additional transcriptional or translational control signals may be needed. However, in cases where only coding sequence, or a fragment thereof, is inserted, exogenous translational control signals including an in-frame ATG initiation codon should be provided by the vector. Exogenous translational elements and initiation codons may be of various origins, both natural and synthetic. The efficiency of expression may be enhanced by the inclusion of enhancers appropriate for the particular host cell system used. (See, e.g., Scharf, D. et al. (1994) Results Probl. Cell Differ. 20:125-162.)

[0198] Methods which are well known to those skilled in the art may be used to construct expression vectors containing sequences encoding PKIN and appropriate transcriptional and translational control elements. These methods include in vitro recombinant DNA techniques, synthetic techniques, and in vivo genetic recombination. (See, e.g., Sambrook, J. et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning. A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Press, Plainview N.Y., ch. 4, 8, and 16-17; Ausubel, F. M. et al. (1995) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, New York N.Y., ch. 9, 13, and 16.)

[0199] A variety of expression vector/host systems may be utilized to contain and express sequences encoding PKIN. These include, but are not limited to, microorganisms such as bacteria transformed with recombinant bacteriophage, plasmid, or cosmid DNA expression vectors; yeast transformed with yeast expression vectors; insect cell systems infected with viral expression vectors (e.g., baculovirus); plant cell systems transformed with viral expression vectors (e.g., cauliflower mosaic virus, CaMV, or tobacco mosaic virus, TMV) or with bacterial expression vectors (e.g., Ti or pBR322 plasmids); or animal cell systems. (See, e.g., Sambrook, supra; Ausubel, supra; Van Heeke, G. and S. M. Schuster (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264:5503-5509; Engelhard, E. K. et al. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:3224-3227; Sandig, V. et al (1996) Hum. Gene Ther. 7:1937-1945; Takamatsu, N. (1987) EMBO J. 6:307-311; The McGraw Hill Yearbook of Science and Technology (1992) McGraw Hill, New York N.Y., pp. 191-196; Logan, J. and T. Shenk (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:3655-3659; and Harrington, J. J. et al (1997) Nat. Genet. 15:345-355.) Expression vectors derived from retroviruses, adenoviruses, or herpes or vaccinia viruses, or from various bacterial plasmids, may be used for deliv ry of nucleotide sequences to the targeted organ, tissue, or cell population. (See, e.g., Di Nicola, M. et al. (1998) Cancer Gen. Ther. 5(6):350-356; Yu, M. et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90(13):6340-6344; Buller, R. M. et al. (1985) Nature 317(6040):813-815; McGregor, D. P. et al. (1994) Mol. Immunol. 31(3):219-226; and Verma, I. M. and N. Somia (1997) Nature 389:239-242.) The invention is not limited by the host cell employed.

[0200] In bacterial systems, a number of cloning and expression vectors may be selected depending upon the use intended for polynucleotide sequences encoding PKIN. For example, routine cloning, subcloning, and propagation of polynucleotide sequences encoding PKIN can be achieved using a multifunctional E. coli vector such as PBLUESCRIPT (Stratagene, La Jolla Calif.) or PSPORT1 plasmid (Life Technologies). Ligation of sequences encoding PKIN into the vector's multiple cloning site disrupts the lacZ gene, allowing a colorimetric screening procedure for identification of transformed bacteria containing recombinant molecules. In addition, these vectors may be useful for in vitro transcription, dideoxy sequencing, single strand rescue with helper phage, and creation of nested deletions in the cloned sequence. (See, e.g., Van Heeke, G. and S. M. Schuster (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264:5503-5509.) When large quantities of PKIN are needed, e.g. for the production of antibodies, vectors which direct high level expression of PKIN may be used. For example, vectors containing the strong, inducible SP6 or T7 bacteriophage promoter may be used.

[0201] Yeast expression systems may be used for production of PKIN. A number of vectors containing constitutive or inducible promoters, such as alpha factor, alcohol oxidase, and PGH promoters, may be used in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Pichia pastoris. In addition, such vectors direct either the secretion or intracellular retention of expressed proteins and enable integration of foreign sequences into the host genome for stable propagation. (See, e.g., Ausubel, 1995, supra; Bitter, G. A. et al. (1987) Methods Enzymol. 153:516-544; and Scorer, C. A. et al. (1994) Bio/Technology 12:181-184.)

[0202] Plant systems may also be used for expression of PKIN. Transcription of sequences encoding PKIN may be driven by viral promoters, e.g., the 35S and 19S promoters of CaMV used alone or in combination with the omega leader sequence from TMV (Takamatsu, N. (1987) EMBO J. 6:307-311). Alternatively, plant promoters such as the small subunit of RUBISCO or heat shock promoters may be used. (See, e.g., Coruzzi, G. et al. (1984) EMBO J. 3:1671-1680; Broglie, R. et al. (1984) Science 224:838-843; and Winter, J. et al. (1991) Results Probl. Cell Differ. 17:85-105.) These constructs can be introduced into plant cells by direct DNA transformation or pathogen-mediated transfection. (See, e.g., The McGraw Hill Yearbook of Science and Technology (1992) McGraw Hill, New York N.Y., pp. 191-196.)

[0203] In mammalian cells, a number of viral-based expression systems may be utilized. In cases where an adenovirus is used as an expression vector, sequences encoding PKIN may be ligated into an adenovirus transcription/translation complex consisting of the late promoter and tripartite leader sequence. Insertion in a non-essential E1 r E3 region f the viral genome may be used to btain infective virus which expresses PKIN in host cells. (See, e.g., Logan, J. and T. Shenk (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:3655-3659.) In addition, transcription enhancers, such as the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) enhancer, may be used to increase expression in mammalian host cells. SV40 or EBV-based vectors may also be used for high-level protein expression.

[0204] Human artificial chromosomes (HACs) may also be employed to deliver larger fragments of DNA than can be contained in and expressed from a plasmid. HACs of about 6 kb to 10 Mb are constructed and delivered via conventional delivery methods (liposomes, polycationic amino polymers, or vesicles) for therapeutic purposes. (See, e.g., Harrington, J. J. et al. (1997) Nat. Genet. 15:345-355.)

[0205] For long term production of recombinant proteins in mammalian systems, stable expression of PKIN in cell lines is preferred. For example, sequences encoding PKIN can be transformed into cell lines using expression vectors which may contain viral origins of replication and/or endogenous expression elements and a selectable marker gene on the same or on a separate vector. Following the introduction of the vector, cells may be allowed to grow for about 1 to 2 days in enriched media before being switched to selective media The purpose of the selectable marker is to confer resistance to a selective agent, and its presence allows growth and recovery of cells which successfully express the introduced sequences. Resistant clones of stably transformed cells may be propagated using tissue culture techniques appropriate to the cell type.

[0206] Any number of selection systems may be used to recover transformed cell lines. These include, but are not limited to, the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase genes, for use in tk− and apr− cells, respectively. (See, e.g., Wigler, M. et al. (1977) Cell 11:223-232; Lowy, I. et al. (1980) Cell 22:817-823.) Also, antimetabolite, antibiotic, or herbicide resistance can be used as the basis for selection. For example, dhfr confers resistance to methotrexate; neo confers resistance to the aminoglycosides neomycin and G418, and als and pat confer resistance to chlorsulfuron and phosplinotricin acetyltransferase, respectively. (See, e.g., Wigler, M. et al. (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:3567-3570; Colbere-Garapin, F. et al. (1981) J. Mol. Biol. 150:1-14.) Additional selectable genes have been described, e.g., trpB and hisD, which alter cellular requirements for metabolites. (See, e.g., Hartman, S. C. and R. C. Mulligan (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:8047-8051.) Visible markers, e.g., anthocyanins, green fluorescent proteins (GFP; Clontech), β glucuronidase and its substrate β-glucuronide, or luciferase and its substrate luciferin may be used. These mark rs can be used not only to identify transformants, but also to quantify the amount of transient or stable protein expression attributable to a specific vector system. (See, e.g., Rhodes, C. A. (1995) Methods Mol. Biol. 55:121-131.) Although the presence/absence of marker gene expression suggests that the gene of interest is also present, the presence and expression of the gene may need to be confirmed. For example, if the sequence encoding PKIN is inserted within a marker gene sequence, transformed cells containing sequences encoding PKIN can be identified by the absence of marker gene function. Alternatively, a marker gene can be placed in tandem with a sequence encoding PKIN under the control of a single promoter. Expression of the marker gene in response to induction or selection usually indicates expression of the tandem gene as well.

[0207] In general, host cells that contain the nucleic acid sequence encoding PKIN and that express PKIN may be identified by a variety of procedures known to those of skill in the art. These procedures include, but are not limited to, DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA hybridizations, PCR amplification, and protein bioassay or immunoassay techniques which include membrane, solution, or chip based technologies for the detection and/or quantification of nucleic acid or protein sequences.

[0208] Immunological methods for detecting and measuring the expression of PKIN using either specific polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies are known in the art. Examples of such techniques include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), radioimmunoassays (RIAs), and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). A two-site, monoclonal-based immunoassay utilizing monoclonal antibodies reactive to two non-interfering epitopes on PKIN is preferred, but a competitive binding assay may be employed. These and other assays are well known in the art (See, e.g., Hampton, R. et al. (1990) Serolopical Methods, a Laboratory Manual, APS Press, St. Paul Minn., Sect. IV; Coligan, J. E. et al. (1997) Current Protocols in Immunology, Greene Pub. Associates and Wiley-Interscience, New York N.Y.; and Pound, J. D. (1998) Immunochemical Protocols, Humana Press, Totowa N.J.).

[0209] A wide variety of labels and conjugation techniques are known by those skilled in the art and may be used in various nucleic acid and amino acid assays. Means for producing labeled hybridization or PCR probes for detecting sequences related to polynucleotides encoding PKIN include oligolabeling, nick translation, end-labeling, or PCR amplification using a labeled nucleotide. Alternatively, the sequences encoding PKIN, or any fragments thereof, may be cloned into a vector for the production of an mRNA probe. Such vectors are known in the art, are commercially available, and may be used to synthesize RNA probes in vitro by addition of an appropriate RNA polymerase such as T7, T3, or SP6 and labeled nucleotides. These procedures may be conducted using a variety of commercially available kits, such as those provided by Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Promega (Madison Wis.), and US Biochemical. Suitable reporter molecules or labels which may be used for ease of detection include radionuclides, enzymes, fluorescent, chemiluminescent, or chromogenic agents, as well as substrates, cofactors, inhibitors, magnetic particles, and the like.

[0210] Host cells transformed with nucleotide sequences encoding PKIN may be cultured under conditions suitable for the expression and recovery of the protein from cell culture. The protein produced by a transformed cell may be secreted or retained intracellularly depending on the sequence and/or the vector used. As will be understood by those of skill in the art, expression vectors containing polynucleotides which encode PKIN may be designed to contain signal sequences which direct secretion of PKIN through a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell membrane.

[0211] In addition, a host cell strain may be chosen for its ability to modulate expression of the inserted sequences or to process the expressed protein in the desired fashion. Such modifications of the polypeptide include, but are not limited to, acetylation, carboxylation, glycosylation, phosphorylation, lipidation, and acylation. Post-translational processing which cleaves a “prepro” or “pro” form of the protein may also be used to specify protein targeting, folding, and/or activity. Different host cells which have specific cellular machinery and characteristic mechanisms for post-translational activities (e.g., CHO, HeLa, MDCK, HEK293, and WI38) are available from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas Va.) and may be chosen to ensure the correct modification and processing of the foreign protein.

[0212] In another embodiment of the invention, natural, modified, or recombinant nucleic acid sequences encoding PKIN may be ligated to a heterologous sequence resulting in translation of a fusion protein in any of the aforementioned host systems. For example, a chimeric PKIN protein containing a heterologous moiety that can be recognized by a commercially available antibody may facilitate the screening of peptide libraries for inhibitors of PKIN activity. Heterologous protein and peptide moieties may also facilitate purification of fusion proteins using commercially available affinity matrices. Such moieties include, but are not limited to, glutathione S-transferase (GST), maltose binding protein (MBP), thioredoxin (Trx), calmodulin binding peptide (CBP), 6-His, FLAG, c-myc, and hemagglutinin (HA). GST, MBP, Trx, CBP, and 6-His enable purification of their cognate fusion proteins on immobilized glutathione, maltose, phenylarsine oxide, calmodulin, and metal-chelate resins, respectively. FLAG, c-myc, and hemagglutinin (HA) enable immunoaffinity purification of fusion proteins using commercially available monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies that specifically recognize thes epitope tags. A fusion protein may also be engineered to contain a proteolytic cleavage site located between the PKIN encoding sequence and the heterologous protein sequence, so that PKIN may be cleaved away from the heterol gous moiety following purification. Methods for fusi n protein expression and purification are discussed in Ausubel (1995, supra, ch. 10). A variety f commercially available kits may also be used to facilitate expression and purification of fusion proteins.

[0213] In a further embodiment of the invention, synthesis of radiolabeled PKIN may be achieved in vitro using the TNT rabbit reticulocyte lysate or wheat germ extract system (Promega). These systems couple transcription and translation of protein-coding sequences operably associated with the T7, T3, or SP6 promoters. Translation takes place in the presence of a radiolabeled amino acid precursor, for example, 35S-methionine.

[0214] PKIN of the present invention or fragments thereof may be used to screen for compounds that specifically bind to PKIN. At least one and up to a plurality of test compounds may be screened for specific binding to PKIN. Examples of test compounds include antibodies, oligonucleotides, proteins (e.g., receptors), or small molecules.

[0215] In one embodiment, the compound thus identified is closely related to the natural ligand of PKIN, e.g., a ligand or fragment thereof, a natural substrate, a structural or functional mimetic, or a natural binding partner. (See, e.g., Coligan, J. E. et al. (1991) Current Protocols in Immunology 1(2): Chapter 5.) Similarly, the compound can be closely related to the natural receptor to which PKIN binds, or to at least a fragment of the receptor, e.g., the ligand binding site. In either case, the compound can be rationally designed using known techniques. In one embodiment, screening for these compounds involves producing appropriate cells which express PKIN, either as a secreted protein or on the cell membrane. Preferred cells include cells from mammals, yeast, Drosoyhila, or E. coli. Cells expressing PKIN or cell membrane fractions which contain PKIN are then contacted with a test compound and binding, stimulation, or inhibition of activity of either PKIN or the compound is analyzed.

[0216] An assay may simply test binding of a test compound to the polypeptide, wherein binding is detected by a fluorophore, radioisotope, enzyme conjugate, or other detectable label. For example, th assay may comprise the steps of combining at least one test compound with PKIN, either in solution or affixed to a solid support, and detecting the binding of PIKN to the compound. Alternatively, the assay may detect or measure binding of a test compound in the presence of a labeled competitor. Additionally, the assay may be carried out using cell-free preparations, chemical libraries, or natural product mixtures, and the test compound(s) maybe flee in solution or affixed to a solid support.

[0217] PKIN of the present invention or fragments thereof may be used to screen for compounds that modulate the activity f PKIN. Such compounds may include agonists, antagonists, or partial or inverse agonists. In one embodim nt, an assay is performed under conditions permissive for PKIN activity, wherein PKIN is combined with at least one test compound, and the activity of PKIN in the presence of a test compound is compared with the activity of PKIN in the absence of the test compound. A change in the activity of PKIN in the presence of the test compound is indicative of a compound that modulates the activity of PKIN. Alternatively, a test compound is combined with an in vitro or cell-free system comprising PKIN under conditions suitable for PKIN activity, and the assay is performed. In either of these assays, a test compound which modulates the activity of PKIN may do so indirectly and need not come in direct contact with the test compound. At least one and up to a plurality of test compounds may be screened.

[0218] In another embodiment, polynucleotides encoding PKIN or their mammalian homologs may be “knocked out” in an animal model system using homologous recombination in embryonic stem (ES) cells. Such techniques are well known in the art and are useful for the generation of animal models of human disease. (See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,175,383 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,767,337.) For example, mouse ES cells, such as the mouse 129/SvJ cell line, are derived from the early mouse embryo and grown in culture. The ES cells are transformed with a vector containing the gene of interest disrupted by a marker gene, e.g., the neomycin phosphotransferase gene (neo; Capecchi, M. R. (1989) Science 244:1288-1292). The vector integrates into the corresponding region of the host genome by homologous recombination. Alternatively, homologous recombination takes place using the Cre-loxP system to knockout a gene of interest in a tissue- or developmental stage-specific manner (Marth, J. D. (1996) Clin. Invest. 97:1999-2002; Wagner, K. U. et al. (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25:4323-4330). Transformed ES cells are identified and microinjected into mouse cell blastocysts such as those from the C57BL/6 mouse strain. The blastocysts are surgically transferred to pseudopregnant dams, and the resulting chumeric progeny are genotyped and bred to produce heterozygous or homozygous strains. Transgenic animals thus generated may be tested with potential therapeutic or toxic agents.

[0219] Polynucleotides encoding PKIN may also be manipulated in vitro in ES cells derived from human blastocysts. Human ES cells have the potential to differentiate into at least eight separate cell lineages including endoderm, mesoderm, and ectodermal cell types. These cell lineages differentiate into, for example, neural cells, hematopoietic lineages, and cardiomyocytes (Thomson, J. A. et al (1998) Science 282:1145-1147).

[0220] Polynucleotides encoding PKIN can also be used to create “knockin” humanized animals (pigs) or transgenic animals (mice or rats) to model human disease. With knockin technology, a region of a polynucleotide encoding PKIN is injected into animal ES cells, and the injected sequence integrates into the animal cell genom . Transformed cells are injected into blastulae, and the blastulae are implanted as described above. Transgenic progeny or inbred lines are studied and treated with potential pharmaceutical agents to obtain information on treatment of a human disease. Alternatively, a mammal inbred to verexpress PKIN, e.g., by secreting PKIN in its milk, may also serve as a convenient source of that protein (Janne, J. et al. (1998) Biotechnol. Annu. Rev. 4:55-74).

[0221] Therapeutics

[0222] Chemical and structural similarity, e.g., in the context of sequences and motifs, exists between regions of PKIN and human kinases. In addition, the expression of PKIN is closely associated with brain, breast tumor, cardiovascular, digestive, fallopian tube tumor, fetal stomach, nervous, ovarian tumor, pancreatic tumor, peritoneal tumor, pituitary gland, placental, prostate tumor, neural, spinal cord, and testicular tissues, and with umbilical cord blood dendritic cells. Therefore, PKIN appears to play a role in cancer, immune disorders, disorders affecting growth and development, cardiovascular diseases, and lipid disorders. In the treatment of disorders associated with increased PKIN expression or activity, it is desirable to decrease the expression or activity of PKIN. In the treatment of disorders associated with decreased PKIN expression or activity, it is desirable to increase the expression or activity of PKIN.

[0223] Therefore, in one embodiment, PKIN or a fragment or derivative thereof may be administered to a subject to treat or prevent a disorder associated with decreased expression or activity of PKIN. Examples of such disorders include, but are not limited to, a cancer, such as adenocarcinoma, leukemia, lymphoma, melanoma, myeloma, sarcoma, teratocarcinoma, and, in particular, cancers of the adrenal gland, bladder, bone, bone marrow, brain, breast, cervix, gall bladder, ganglia, gastrointestinal tract, heart, kidney, liver, lung, muscle, ovary, pancreas, parathyroid, penis, prostate, salivary glands, skin, spleen, testis, thymus, thyroid, and uterus, leukemias such as multiple myeloma and lymphomas such as Hodgkin's disease; an immune disorder, such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), Addison's disease, adult respiratory distress syndrome, allergies, ankylosing spondylitis, amyloidosis, anemia, asthma, atherosclerosis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, autoimmune thyroiditis, autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED), bronchitis, cholecystitis, contact dermatitis, Crohn's disease, atopic dermatitis, dermatomyositis, diabetes melitus, emphysema, episodic lymphopenia with lymphocytotoxins, erythroblastosis fetalis, erythema nodosum, atrophic gastritis, glomerulonephritis, Goodpasture's syndrome, gout, Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, hypereosinophilia, irritable bowel syndrome, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, myocardial or pericardial inflammation, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, pancreatitis, polymyositis, psoriasis, Reiter's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, Sjbgren's syndrome, systemic anaphylaxis, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, thrombocytopenic purpura, ulcerative colitis, uveitis, Werner syndrome, complications of cancer, hemodialysis, and extracorporeal circulation, viral, bacterial, fungal, parasitic, protozoal, and helminthic infections, and trauma; a growth and developmental disord r, such as actinic keratosis, arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, bursitis, cirrhosis, hepatitis, mixed c nnective tissue disease (MCTD), myelofibrosis, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, polycythemia vera, psoriasis, primary thrombocythemia, and cancers including adenocarcinoma, leukemia, lymphoma, melanoma, myeloma, sarcoma, teratocarcinoma, and, in particular, cancers of the adrenal gland, bladder, bone, bone marrow, brain, breast, cervix, gall bladder, ganglia, gastrointestinal tract, heart, kidney, liver, lung, muscle, ovary, pancreas, parathyroid, penis, prostate, salivary glands, skin, spleen, testis, thymus, thyroid, and uterus, renal tubular acidosis, anemia, Cushing's syndrome, achondroplastic dwarfism, Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy, epilepsy, gonadal dysgenesis, WAGR syndrome (Wilms' tumor, aniridia, genitourinary abnormalities, and mental retardation), Smith-Magenis syndrome, myelodysplastic syndrome, hereditary mucoepithelial dysplasia, hereditary keratodermas, hereditary neuropathies such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and neurofibromatosis, hypothyroidism, hydrocephalus, seizure disorders such as Syndenham's chorea and cerebral palsy, spina bifida, anencephaly, craniorachischisis, congenital glaucoma, cataract, and sensorineural hearing loss; a cardiovascular disease, such as arteriovenous fistula, atherosclerosis, hypertension, vasculitis, Raynaud's disease, aneurysms, arterial dissections, varicose veins, thrombophlebitis and phlebothrombosis, vascular tumors, and complications of thrombolysis, ballo n angioplasty, vascular replacement, and coronary artery bypass graft surgery, congestive heart failure, ischemic heart disease, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, hypertensive heart disease, degenerative valvular heart disease, calcific aortic valve stenosis, congenitally bicuspid aortic valve, mitral annular calcification, mitral valve prolapse, rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease, infective endocarditis, nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis, endocarditis of systemic lupus erythematosus, carcinoid heart disease, cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, pericarditis, neoplastic heart disease, congenital heart disease, and complications of cardiac transplantation, congenital lung anomalies, atelectasis, pulmonary congestion and edema, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hemorrhag , pulmonary infarction, pulmonary hypertension, vascular sclerosis, obstructive pulmonary disease, restrictive pulmonary disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, bronchiectasis, bacterial pneumonia, viral and mycoplasmal pneumonia, lung abscess, pulmonary tuberculosis, diffuse interstitial diseases, pneumoconioses, sarcoidosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, desquamative interstitial pneumonitis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, pulmonary eosinophilia bronchiolitis obliterans-organizing pneumonia, diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage syndromes, Goodpasture's syndromes, idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis, pulmonary involvement in collag n-vascular disorders, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, lung tumors, inflammatory and noninflammatory pleural effusions, pneumothorax, pleural tumors, drug-induced lung disease, radiation-induced lung disease, and complications of lung transplantation; and a lipid disorder such as fatty liver, cholestasis, primary biliary cirrhosis, carnitine deficiency, carnitine palmitoyltransferase deficiency, myoadenylate deaminase deficiency, hypertriglyceridemia, lipid storage disorders such Fabry's disease, Gaucher's disease, Niemann-Pick's disease, metaciromatic leukodystrophy, adrenoleukodystrophy, GM2 gangliosidosis, and ceroid lipofuscinosis, abetalipoproteinemia, Tangier disease, hyperlipoproteinemnia, diabetes mellitus, lipodystrophy, lipomatoses, acute panniculitis, disseminated fat necrosis, adiposis dolorosa, lipoid adrenal hyperplasia, minimal change disease, lipomas, atherosclerosis, hypercholesterolemia, hypercholesterolemia with hypertriglyceridemia, primary hypoalphalipoproteinemia, hypothyroidism, renal disease, liver disease, lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency, cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis, sitosterolemia, hypocholesteroleria, Tay-Sachs disease, Sandhoff's disease, hyperlipidemia, hyperlipemia, lipid myopathies, and obesity.

[0224] In another embodiment, a vector capable of expressing PKIN or a fragment or derivative thereof may be administered to a subject to treat or prevent a disorder associated with decreased expression or activity of PKIN including, but not limited to, those described above.

[0225] In a further embodiment, a composition comprising a substantially purified PKIN in conjunction with a suitable pharmaceutical carrier may be administered to a subject to treat or prevent a disorder associated with decreased expression or activity of PKIN including, but not limited to, those provided above.

[0226] In still another embodiment, an agonist which modulates the activity of PKIN may be administered to a subject to treat or prevent a disorder associated with decreased expression or activity of PKIN including, but not limited to, those listed above.

[0227] In a further embodiment, an antagonist of PKIN may be administered to a subject to treat or prevent a disorder associated with increased expression or activity of PKIN. Examples of such disorders include, but are not limited to, those cancer, immune disorders, disorders affecting growth and development, cardiovascular diseases, and lipid disorders described above. In one aspect, an antibody which specifically binds PKIN may be used directly as an antagonist or indirectly as a targeting or delivery mechanism for bringing a pharmaceutical agent to cells or tissues which express PKIN.

[0228] In an additional embodiment, a vector expressing the complement of the polynucleotide encoding PKIN may be administered to a subject to treat or prevent a disorder associated with increased expression or activity of PKIN including, but not limited to, those described above.

[0229] In other mbodiments, any of the proteins, antagonists, antibodies, agonists, complementary sequences, or vectors of the invention may be administered in combination with other appropriate therapeutic agents. Selection of the appropriate agents for use in combination therapy may be made by one of rdinary skill in the art, according to conventional pharmaceutical principles. The combination of therapeutic agents may act synergistically to effect the treatment or prevention of the various disorders described above. Using this approach, one may be able to achieve therapeutic efficacy with lower dosages of each agent, thus reducing the potential for adverse side effects.

[0230] An antagonist of PKIN may be produced using methods which are generally known in the art. In particular, purified PKIN may be used to produce antibodies or to screen libraries of pharmaceutical agents to identify those which specifically bind PKIN. Antibodies to PKIN may also be generated using methods that are well known in the art. Such antibodies may include, but are not limited to, polyclonal, monoclonal, chimeric, and single chain antibodies, Fab fragments, and fragments produced by a Fab expression library. Neutralizing antibodies (i.e., those which inhibit dimer formation) are generally preferred for therapeutic use.

[0231] For the production of antibodies, various hosts including goats, rabbits, rats, mice, humans, and others may be immunized by injection with PKIN or with any fragment or oligopeptide thereof which has immunogenic properties. Depending on the host species, various adjuvants may be used to increase immunological response. Such adjuvants include, but are not limited to, Freund's, mineral gels such as aluminum hydroxide, and surface active substances such as lysolecithin, pluronic polyols, polyanions, peptides, oil emulsions, KLH, and dinitrophenol. Among adjuvants used in humans, BCG (bacilli Calmette-Guerin) and Corynebacterium parvum are especially preferable.

[0232] It is preferred that the oligopeptides, peptides, or fragments used to induce antibodies to PKIN have an amino acid sequence consisting of at least about 5 amino acids, and generally will consist of at least about 10 amino acids. It is also preferable that these oligopeptides, peptides, or fragments are identical to a portion of the amino acid sequence of the natural protein. Short stretches of PKIN amino acids may be fused with those of another protein, such as KLH, and antibodies to the chimeric molecule may be produced.

[0233] Monoclonal antibodies to PKIN may be prepared using any technique which provides for the production of antibody molecules by continuous cell lines in culture. These include, but are not limited to, the hybridoma technique, the human B-cell hybridoma technique, and the EBV-hybridoma technique. (See, e.g., Kohler, G. et al. (1975) Nature 256:495-497; Kozbor, D. et al. (1985) J. Immunol. Methods 81:31-42; Cote, R. J. et al. (1983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:2026-2030; and Cole, S. P. et al. (1984) Mol. Cell Biol. 62:109-120.).

[0234] In addition, techniques developed for the production of “chimeric antibodies,” such as the splicing of mouse antibody genes to human antibody genes t obtain a molecule with appropriate antigen specificity and biological activity, can be used. (See, e.g., M rrison, S. L. et al. (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:6851-6855; Neuberger, M. S. et al. (1984) Nature 312:604-608; and Takeda, S. et al. (1985) Nature 314:452-454.) Alternatively, techniques described for the production of single chain antibodies may be adapted, using methods known in the art, to produce PKIN-specific single chain antibodies. Antibodies with related specificity, but of distinct idiotypic composition, may be generated by chain shuffling from random combinatorial immunoglobulin libraries. (See, e.g., Burton, D. R. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:10134-10137.).

[0235] Antibodies may also be produced by inducing in vivo production in the lymphocyte population or by screening immunoglobulin libraries or panels of highly specific binding reagents as disclosed in the literature. (See, e.g., Orlandi, R. et al. (1989) Proc. Nad. Acad. Sci. USA 86:3833-3837; Winter, G. et al. (1991) Nature 349:293-299.).

[0236] Antibody fragments which contain specific binding sites for PKIN may also be generated. For example, such fragments include, but are not limited to, F(ab′)2 fragments produced by pepsin is digestion of the antibody molecule and Fab fragments generated by reducing the disulfide bridges of the F(ab′)2 fragments. Alternatively, Fab expression libraries may be constructed to allow rapid and easy identification of monoclonal Fab fragments with the desired specificity. (See, e.g., Huse, W. D. et al. (1989) Science 246:1275-1281.).

[0237] Various immunoassays may be used for screening to identify antibodies having the desired specificity. Numerous protocols for competitive binding or immunoradiometric assays using either polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies with established specificities are well known in the art. Such immunoassays typically involve the measurement of complex formation between PKIN and its specific antibody. A two-site, monoclonal-based immunoassay utilizing monoclonal antibodies reactive to two non-interfering PKIN epitopes is generally used, but a competitive binding assay may also be employed (Pound, supra).

[0238] Various methods such as Scatchard analysis in conjunction with radioimmunoassay techniques may be used to assess the affinity of antibodies for PKIN. Affinity is expressed as an association constant, Ka, which is defined as the molar concentration of PKIN-antibody complex divided by the molar concentrations of free antigen and free antibody under equilibrium conditions. The Ka determined for a preparation of polyclonal antibodies, which are heterogeneous in their affinities for multiple PKIN epitopes, represents the average affinity, or avidity, of the antibodies for PKIN. The Ka determined for a preparation of monoclonal antibodies, which are monospecific for a particular PKIN epitope, represents a true measure of affinity. High-affinity antibody preparations with Ka ranging from about 109 to 1012 L/mole are preferred for use in immunoassays in which the PKIN-antibody complex must withstand rigorous manipulations. Low-affinity antibody preparations with Ka ranging from ab ut 106 to 107 L/mole are preferred for use in immun purification and similar procedures which ultimately require dissociation of PKIN, preferably in active form, from the antibody (Catty, D. (1988) Antibodies, Volume I: A Practical Approach, IRL Press, Washington D.C.; Liddell, J. E. and A. Cryer (1991) A Practical Guide to Monoclonal Antibodies, John Wiley & Sons, New York N.Y.).

[0239] The titer and avidity of polyclonal antibody preparations may be further evaluated to determine the quality and suitability of such preparations for certain downstream applications. For example, a polyclonal antibody preparation containing at least 1-2 mg specific antibody/ml, preferably 5-10 mg specific antibody/ml, is generally employed in procedures requiring precipitation of PKIN-antibody complexes. Procedures for evaluating antibody specificity, titer, and avidity, and guidelines for antibody quality and usage in various applications, are generally available. (See, e.g., Catty, supra, and Coligan et al. supra.).

[0240] In another embodiment of the invention, the polynucleotides encoding PKIN, or any fragment or complement thereof, may be used for therapeutic purposes. In one aspect, modifications of gene expression can be achieved by designing complementary sequences or antisense molecules (DNA, RNA, PNA, or modified oligonucleotides) to the coding or regulatory regions of the gene encoding PKIN. Such technology is well known in the art, and antisense oligonucleotides or larger fragments can be designed from various locations along the coding or control regions of sequences encoding PKIN. (See, e.g., Agrawal, S., ed. (1996) Antisense Therapeutics, Humana Press Inc., Totawa N.J.).

[0241] In therapeutic use, any gene delivery system suitable for introduction of the antisense sequences into appropriate target cells can be used. Antisense sequences can be delivered intracellularly in the form of an expression plasmid which, upon transcription, produces a sequence complementary to at least a portion of the cellular sequence encoding the target protein. (See, e.g., Slater, J. E. et al. (1998) J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 102(3):469-475; and Scanlon, K. J. et al. (1995) 9(13):1288-1296.) Antisense sequences can also be introduced intracellularly through the use of viral vectors, such as retrovirus and adeno-associated virus vectors. (See, e.g., Miller, A. D. (1990) Blood 76:271; Ausubel, sunra; Uckert, W. and W. Walther (1994) Pharmacol. Ther. 63(3):323-347.) Other gene delivery mechanisms include liposome-derived systems, artificial viral envelopes, and other systems known in the art. (See, e.g., Rossi, J. J. (1995) Br. Med. Bull. 51(1):217-225; Boado, R. J. et al. (1998) J. Pharm. Sci. 87(11):1308-1315; and Morris, M. C. et al. (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25(14):2730-2736.)

[0242] In another embodiment of the invention, polynucleotides encoding PKIN may be used for somatic or germline gene therapy. Gene therapy may be performed to (i) correct a genetic deficiency (e.g., in the cases of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)-X1 disease characterized by X-linked inheritance (Cavazzana-Calvo, M. et al. (2000) Science 288:669-672), severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome associated with an inherited adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency (Blaese, R. M. et al. (1995) Science 270:475480; Bordignon, C. et al. (1995) Science 270:470-475), cystic fibrosis (Zabner, J. et al. (1993) Cell 75:207-216; Crystal, R. G. et al. (1995) Hum. Gene Therapy 6:643-666; Crystal, R. G. et al. (1995) Hum. Gene Therapy 6:667-703), thalassamias, familial hypercholesterolemia, and hemophilia resulting from Factor VIII or Factor IX deficiencies (Crystal, R. G. (1995) Science 270:404410; Verma, I. M. and N. Somia (1997) Nature 389:239-242)), (ii) express a conditionally lethal gene product (e.g., in the case of cancers which result from unregulated cell proliferation), or (iii) express a protein which affords protection against intracellular parasites (e.g., against human retroviruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (Baltimore, D. (1988) Nature 335:395-396; Poeschla, E. et al. (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93:11395-11399), hepatitis B or C virus (HBV, HCV); fungal parasites, such as Candida albicans and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis; and protozoan parasites such as Plasmodium falciparum and Trypanosoma cruzi). In the case where a genetic deficiency in PKIN expression or regulation causes disease, the expression of PKIN from an appropriate population of transduced cells may alleviate the clinical manifestations caused by the genetic deficiency.

[0243] In a further embodiment of the invention, diseases or disorders caused by deficiencies in PKIN are treated by constructing mammalian expression vectors encoding PKIN and introducing these vectors by mechanical means into PIN-deficient cells. Mechanical transfer technologies for use with cells in vivo or ex vitro include (i) direct DNA microinjection into individual cells, (ii) ballistic gold particle delivery, (iii) liposome-mediated transfection, (iv) receptor-mediated gene transfer, and (v) the use of DNA transposons (Morgan, R. A. and W. F. Anderson (1993) Annu. Rev. Biochem. 62:191-217; Ivics, Z. (1997) Cell 91:501-510; Boulay, J -L. and H. Récipon (1998) Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 9:445450).

[0244] Expression vectors that may be effective for the expression of PKIN include, but are not limited to, the PCDNA 3.1, EPITAG, PRCCMV2, PREP, PVAX, PCR2-TOPOTA vectors (Invitrogen, Carlsbad Calif.), PCMV-SCRIPT, PCMV-TAG, PEGSH/PERV (Stratagene, La Jolla Calif.), and PTET-OFF, PTET-ON, PTRE2, PTME2-LUC, PTK-HYG (Clontech, Palo Alto Calif.). PKIN may be expressed using (i) a constitutively active promoter, ( .g., from cytomegalovirus (CMV), Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), SV40 virus, thymidine kinase (TK), or β-actin g nes), (ii) an inducible promoter (e.g., the tetracycline-regulated promoter (Gossen, M. and H. Bujard (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:5547-5551; Gossen, M. et al. (1995) Science 268:1766-1769; Rossi, F. M. V. and H. M. Blau (1998) Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 9:451-456), commercially available in the T-REX plasmid (Invitrogen)); the ecdysone-inducible promoter (available in the plasmids PVGRXR and PIND; Invitrogen); the FK506/rapamycin inducible promoter; or the RU486/mifepristone inducible promoter (Rossi, F. M. V. and Blau, H. M. supra)), or (iii) a tissue-specific promoter or the native promoter of the endogenous gene encoding PKIN from a normal individual.

[0245] Commercially available liposome transformation kits (e.g., the PERFECT LIPID TRANSFECTION KIT, available from Invitrogen) allow one with ordinary skill in the art to deliver polynucleotides to target cells in culture and require minimal effort to optimize experimental parameters. In the alternative, transformation is performed using the calcium phosphate method (Graham, F. L. and A. J. Eb (1973) Virology 52:456-467), or by electroporation (Neumann, E. et al. (1982) EMBO J. 1:841-845). The introduction of DNA to primary cells requires modification of these standardized mammalian transfection protocols.

[0246] In another embodiment of the invention, diseases or disorders caused by genetic defects with respect to PKIN expression are treated by constructing a retrovirus vector consisting of (i) the polynucleotide encoding PKIN under the control of an independent promoter or the retrovirus long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter, (ii) appropriate RNA packaging signals, and (iii) a Rev-responsive element (RRE) along with additional retrovirus cis-acting RNA sequences and coding sequences required for efficient vector propagation. Retrovirus vectors (e.g., PFB and PFBNEO) are commercially available (Stratagene) and are based on published data (Riviere, I. et al. (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:6733-6737), incorporated by reference herein. The vector is propagated in an appropriate vector producing cell line (VPCL) that expresses an envelope gene with a tropism for receptors on the target cells or a promiscuous envelope protein such as VSVg (Armentano, D. et al. (1987) J. Virol. 61:1647-1650; Bender, M. A. et al. (1987) J. Virol. 61:1639-1646; Adam, M. A. and A. D. Miller (1988) J. Virol. 62:3802-3806; Dull T. et al. (1998) J. Virol. 72:8463-8471; Zufferey, R. et al. (1998) J. Virol. 72:9873-9880). U.S. Pat. No. 5,910,434 to Rigg (“Method for obtaining retrovirus packaging cell lines producing high transducing efficiency retroviral supernatant”) discloses a method for obtaining retrovirus packaging cell lines and is hereby incorporated by reference. Propagation of retrovirus vectors, transduction of a population of cells (e.g., CD4+ T-cells), and the return of transduced cells to a patient are procedures well known to persons skilled in the art of gene therapy and have been well documented (Ranga, U. et al. (1997) J. Virol. 71:7020-7029; Bau r, G. et al. (1997) Blood 89:2259-2267; Bonyhadi, M. L. (1997) J. Virol. 71:4707-4716; Ranga, U. et al. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:1201-1206; Su, L. (1997) Blood 89:2283-2290).

[0247] In the alternative, an adenovirus-based gene therapy delivery system is used t deliver polynucleotides encoding PKIN to cells which have one or more genetic abnormalities with respect to the expression of PKIN. The construction and packaging of adenovirus-based vectors are well known to those with ordinary skill in the art. Replication defective adenovirus vectors have proven to be versatile for importing genes encoding immunoregulatory proteins into intact islets in the pancreas (Csete, M. E. et al. (1995) Transplantation 27:263-268). Potentially useful adenoviral vectors are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,707,618 to Armentano (“Adenovirus vectors for gene therapy”), hereby incorporated by reference. For adenoviral vectors, see also Antinozzi, P. A. et al. (1999) Annu. Rev. Nutr. 19:511-544 and Verma, I. M. and N. Somia (1997) Nature 18:389:239-242, both incorporated by reference herein.

[0248] In another alternative, a herpes-based, gene therapy delivery system is used to deliver polynucleotides encoding PKIN to target cells which have one or more genetic abnormalities with respect to the expression of PKIN. The use of herpes simplex virus (HSV)-based vectors may be especially valuable for introducing PKIN to cells of the central nervous system, for which HSV has a tropism. The construction and packaging of herpes-based vectors are well known to those with ordinary skill in the art. A replication-competent herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1-based vector has been used to deliver a reporter gene to the eyes of primates (Liu, X. et al. (1999) Exp. Eye Res. 169:385-395). The construction of a HSV-1 virus vector has also been disclosed in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,804,413 to DeLuca (“Herpes simplex virus strains for gene transfer”), which is hereby incorporated by reference. U.S. Pat. No. 5,804,413 teaches the use of recombinant HSV d92 which consists of a genome containing at least one exogenous gene to be transferred to a cell under the control of the appropriate promoter for purposes including human gene therapy. Also taught by this patent are the construction and use of recombinant HSV strains deleted for ICP4, ICP27 and ICP22. For HSV vectors, see also Goins, W. F. et al. (1999) J. Virol. 73:519-532 and Xu, H et al. (1994) Dev. Biol. 163:152-161, hereby incorporated by reference. The manipulation of cloned herpesvirus sequences, the generation of recombinant virus following the transfection of multiple plasmids containing different segments of the large herpesvirus genomes, the growth and propagation of herpesvirus, and the infection of cells with herpesvirus are techniques well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.

[0249] In another alternative, an alphavirus (positive, single-stranded RNA virus) vector is used to deliver polynucleotides encoding PKIN to target cells. The biology of the prototypic alphavirus, Semliki Forest Virus (SFV), has been studied extensively and gene transfer vectors have been based on the SFV genome (Garoff, H. and K. -J. Li (1998) Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 9:464-469). During alphavirus RNA replication, a subgenomic RNA is generated that normally encodes the viral capsid proteins. This subgenomic RNA replicates to higher levels than the full length genomic RNA, resulting in the overproduction of capsid proteins relative to the viral proteins with enzymatic activity (e.g., protease and polymerase). Similarly, inserting the coding sequence for PKIN into the alphavirus genome in place of the capsid-coding region results in the production of a large number of PKIN-coding RNAs and the synthesis of high levels of PKIN in vector transduced cells. While alphavirus infection is typically associated with cell lysis within a few days, the ability to establish a persistent infection in hamster normal kidney cells (BHK-21) with a variant of Sindbis virus (SIN) indicates that the lytic replication of alphaviruses can be altered to suit the needs of the gene therapy application (Dryga, S. A. et al. (1997) Virology 228:74-83). The wide host range of alphaviruses will allow the introduction of PKIN into a variety of cell types. The specific transduction of a subset of cells in a population may require the sorting of cells prior to transduction. The methods of manipulating infectious cDNA clones of alphaviruses, performing alphavirus cDNA and RNA transfections, and performing alphavirus infections, are well known to those with ordinary skill in the art.

[0250] Oligonucleotides derived from the transcription initiation site, e.g., between about positions −10 and +10 from the start site, may also be employed to inhibit gene expression. Similarly, inhibition can be achieved using triple helix base-pairing methodology. Triple helix pairing is useful because it causes inhibition of the ability of the double helix to open sufficiently for the binding of polymerases, transcription factors, or regulatory molecules. Recent therapeutic advances using triplex DNA have been described in the literature. (See, e.g., Gee, J. E. et al. (1994) in Huber, B. E. and B. I. Carr, Molecular and Immunologic Approaches, Futura Publishing, Mt. Kisco N.Y., pp. 163-177.) A complementary sequence or antisense molecule may also be designed to block translation of mRNA by preventing the transcript from binding to ribosomes.

[0251] Ribozymes, enzymatic RNA molecules, may also be used to catalyze the specific cleavage of RNA. The mechanism of ribozyme action involves sequence-specific hybridization of the ribozyme molecule to complementary target RNA, followed by endonucleolytic cleavage. For example, engineered hammerhead motif nbozyme molecules may specifically and efficiently catalyze endonucleolytic cleavage of sequences encoding PKIN.

[0252] Specific ribozyme cleavage sites within any potential RNA target are initially identified by scanning the target molecule for ribozyme cleavage sites, including the following sequences: GUA, GUU, and GUC. Once identified, short RNA sequences of between 15 and 20 ribonucleotides, corresponding to the region of the target gene containing the cleavage site, may be evaluated for secondary structural features which may render the oligonucleotide inoperable. The suitability of candidate targets may also be evaluated by testing accessibility to hybridization with c mplementary oligonucleotides using ribonuclease protection assays.

[0253] Complementary ribonucleic acid molecules and ribozymes of the invention may be prepared by any method known in the art for the synthesis of nucleic acid molecules. These include techniques for chemically synthesizing oligonucleotides such as solid phase phosphoramidite chemical synthesis. Alternatively, RNA molecules may be generated by in vitro and in vivo transcription of DNA sequences encoding PKIN. Such DNA sequences may be incorporated into a wide variety of vectors with suitable RNA polymerase promoters such as 17 or SP6. Alternatively, these cDNA constructs that synthesize complementary RNA, constitutively or inducibly, can be introduced into cell lines, cells, or tissues.

[0254] RNA molecules may be modified to increase intracellular stability and half-life. Possible modifications include, but are not limited to, the addition of flanking sequences at the 5′ and/or 3′ ends of the molecule, or the use of phosphorothioate or 2′ O-methyl rather than phosphodiesterase linkages within the backbone of the molecule. This concept is inherent in the production of PNAs and can be extended in all of these molecules by the inclusion of nontraditional bases such as inosine, queosine, and wybutosine, as well as acetyl-, methyl-, thio-, and similarly modified forms of adenine, cytidine, guanine, thymine, and uridine which are not as easily recognized by endogenous endonucleases.

[0255] An additional embodiment of the invention encompasses a method for screening for a compound which is effective in altering expression of a polynucleotide encoding PKIN. Compounds which may be effective in altering expression of a specific polynucleotide may include, but are not limited to, oligonucleotides, antisense oligonucleotides, triple helix-forming oligonucleotides, transcription factors and other polypeptide transcriptional regulators, and non-macromolecular chemical entities which are capable of interacting with specific polynucleotide sequences. Effective compounds may alter polynucleotide expression by acting as either inhibitors or promoters of polynucleotide expression. Thus, in the treatment of disorders associated with increased PKIN expression or activity, a compound which specifically inhibits expression of the polynucleotide encoding PKIN may be therapeutically useful, and in the treatment of disorders associated with decreased PKIN expression or activity, a compound which specifically promotes expression of the polynucleotide encoding PKIN may be therapeutically useful.

[0256] At least one, and up to a plurality, of test compounds may be screened for effectiveness in altering expression of a specific polynucleotide. A test compound may be obtained by any method commonly known in the art, including chemical modification of a compound known to be effective in altering polynucleotide expression; selection from an existing, commercially-available r proprietary library of naturally-occurring or non-natural chemical compounds; rational design f a compound based on chemical and/or structural properties f the target polynucleotide; and selection from a library of chemical compounds created combinatorially or randomly. A sample comprising a polynucleotide encoding PKIN is exposed to at least one test compound thus obtained. The sample may comprise, for example, an intact or permeabilized cell, or an in vitro cell-free or reconstituted biochemical system. Alterations in the expression of a polynucleotide encoding PKIN are assayed by any method commonly known in the art. Typically, the expression of a specific nucleotide is detected by hybridization with a probe having a nucleotide sequence complementary to the sequence of the polynucleotide encoding PKIN. The amount of hybridization maybe quantified, thus forming the basis for a comparison of the expression of the polynucleotide both with and without exposure to one or more test compounds. Detection of a change in the expression of a polynucleotide exposed to a test compound indicates that the test compound is effective in altering the expression of the polynucleotide. A screen for a compound effective in altering expression of a specific polynucleotide can be carried out, for example, using a Schizosaccharomyces pombe gene expression system (Atkins, D. et al. (1999) U.S. Pat. No.5,932,435; Arndt, G. M. et al. (2000) Nucleic Acids Res. 28:E15) or a human cell line such as HeLa cell (Clarke, M. L. et al. (2000) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 268:8-13). A particular embodiment of the present invention involves screening a combinatorial library of oligonucleotides (such as deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotides, peptide nucleic acids, and modified oligonucleotides) for antisense activity against a specific polynucleotide sequence (Bruice, T. W. et al. (1997) U.S. Pat. No. 5,686,242; Bruice, T. W. et al. (2000) U.S. Pat. No. 6,022,691).

[0257] Many methods for introducing vectors into cells or tissues are available and equally suitable for use in vivo, in vitro, and ex vivo. For ex vivo therapy, vectors may be introduced into stem cells taken from the patient and clonally propagated for autologous transplant back into that same patient. Delivery by transfection, by liposome injections, or by polycationic amino polymers may be achieved using methods which are well known in the art. (See, e.g., Goldman, C. K. et al. (1997) Nat. Biotechnol. 15:462-466.).

[0258] Any of the therapeutic methods described above may be applied to any subject in need of such therapy, including, for example, mammals such as humans, dogs, cats, cows, horses, rabbits, and monkeys.

[0259] An additional embodiment of the invention relates to the administration of a composition which generally comprises an active ingredient formulated with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient Excipients may include, for example, sugars, starches, celluloses, gums, and proteins. Various formulations are commonly known and are thoroughly discussed in the latest editi n of Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (Maack Publishing, Easton Pa.). Such compositions may c nsist of PKIN, antibodies to PKIN, and mimetics, agonists, antagonists, or inhibitors of PKIN.

[0260] The compositions utilized in this invention may be administered by any number of routes including, but not limited to, oral, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-arterial, intramedullary, intrathecal, intraventricular, pulmonary, transdermal, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intranasal, enteral, topical, sublingual, or rectal means.

[0261] Compositions for pulmonary administration may be prepared in liquid or dry powder form. These compositions are generally aerosolized immediately prior to inhalation by the patient. In the case of small molecules (e.g. traditional low molecular weight organic drugs), aerosol delivery of fast-acting formulations is well-known in the art. In the case of macromolecules (e.g. larger peptides and proteins), recent developments in the field of pulmonary delivery via the alveolar region of the lung have enabled the practical delivery of drugs such as insulin to blood circulation (see, e.g., Patton, J. S. et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,997,848). Pulmonary delivery has the advantage of administration without needle injection, and obviates the need for potentially toxic penetration enhancers.

[0262] Compositions suitable for use in the invention include compositions wherein the active ingredients are contained in an effective amount to achieve the intended purpose. The determination of an effective dose is well within the capability of those skilled in the art.

[0263] Specialized forms of compositions may be prepared for direct intracellular delivery of macromolecules comprising PKIN or fragments thereof. For example, liposome preparations containing a cell-impermeable macromolecule may promote cell fusion and intracellular delivery of the macromolecule. Alternatively, PKIN or a fragment thereof may be joined to a short cationic N-terminal portion from the HIV Tat-1 protein. Fusion proteins thus generated have been found to transduce into the cells of all tissues, including the brain, in a mouse model system (Schwarze, S. R. et al. (1999) Science 285:1569-1572).

[0264] For any compound, the therapeutically effective dose can be estimated initially either in cell culture assays, e.g., of neoplastic cells, or in animal models such as mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, monkeys, or pigs. An animal model may also be used to determine the appropriate concentration range and route of administration. Such information can then be used to determine useful doses and routes for administration in humans.

[0265] A therapeutically effective dose refers to that amount of active ingredient, for example PKIN or fragments thereof, antibodies of PKIN, and agonists, antagonists or inhibitors of PKIN, which ameliorates the symptoms or condition. Therapeutic efficacy and toxicity may be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or with experimental animals, such as by calculating the ED50 (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population) r LD50 (the dose lethal to 50% of the population) statistics. The dos rati of toxic to therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index, which can be expressed as the LD50/ED50 ratio. Compositions which exhibit large therapeutic indices are preferred. The data obtained from cell culture assays and animal studies are used to formulate a range of dosage for human use. The dosage contained in such compositions is preferably within a range of circulating concentrations that includes the ED50 with little or no toxicity. The dosage varies within this range depending upon the dosage form employed, the sensitivity of the patient, and the route of administration.

[0266] The exact dosage will be determined by the practitioner, in light of factors related to the subject requiring treatment. Dosage and administration are adjusted to provide sufficient levels of the active moiety or to maintain the desired effect. Factors which may be taken into account include the severity of the disease state, the general health of the subject, the age, weight, and gender of the subject, time and frequency of administration, drug combination(s), reaction sensitivities, and response to therapy. Long-acting compositions may be administered every 3 to 4 days, every week, or biweekly depending on the half-life and clearance rate of the particular formulation.

[0267] Normal dosage amounts may vary from about 0.1 μg to 100,000 μg, up to a total dose of about 1 gram, depending upon the route of administration. Guidance as to particular dosages and methods of delivery is provided in the literature and generally available to practitioners in the art. Those skilled in the art will employ different formulations for nucleotides than for proteins or their inhibitors. Similarly, delivery of polynucleotides or polypeptides will be specific to particular cells, conditions, locations, etc.

[0268] Diagnostics

[0269] In another embodiment, antibodies which specifically bind PKIN may be used for the diagnosis of disorders characterized by expression of PKIN, or in assays to monitor patients being treated with PKIN or agonists, antagonists, or inhibitors of PKIN. Antibodies useful for diagnostic purposes may be prepared in the same manner as described above for therapeutics. Diagnostic assays for PKIN include methods which utilize the antibody and a label to detect PKIN in human body fluids or in extracts of cells or tissues. The antibodies may be used with or without modification, and may be labeled by covalent or non-covalent attachment of a reporter molecule. A wide variety of reporter molecules, several of which are described above, are known in the art and may be used.

[0270] A variety of protocols for measuring PKIN, including ELISAs, RIAs, and FACS, are known in the art and provide a basis for diagnosing altered or abnormal levels of PKIN xpression. Normal or standard values for PKIN expression are established by combining body fluids or cell extracts taken from normal mammalian subjects, for example, human subjects, with antib dies to PKIN under conditions suitable for complex formation. The amount of standard complex formation may be quantitated by various methods, such as photometric means. Quantities of PKIN expressed in subject, control, and disease samples from biopsied tissues are compared with the standard values. Deviation between standard and subject values establishes the parameters for diagnosing disease.

[0271] In another embodiment of the invention, the polynucleotides encoding PKIN may be used for diagnostic purposes. The polynucleotides which maybe used include oligonucleotide sequences, complementary RNA and DNA molecules, and PNAs. The polynucleotides may be used to detect and quantify gene expression in biopsied tissues in which expression of PKIN may be correlated with disease. The diagnostic assay may be used to determine absence, presence, and excess expression of PKIN, and to monitor regulation of PKIN levels during therapeutic intervention.

[0272] In one aspect, hybridization with PCR probes which are capable of detecting polynucleotide sequences, including genomic sequences, encoding PKIN or closely related molecules may be used to identify nucleic acid sequences which encode PKIN. The specificity of the probe, whether it is made from a highly specific region, e.g., the 5′ regulatory region, or from a less specific region, e.g., a conserved motif, and the stringency of the hybridization or amplification will determine whether the probe identifies only naturally occurring sequences encoding PKIN, allelic variants, or related sequences.

[0273] Probes may also be used for the detection of related sequences, and may have at least 50% sequence identity to any of the PKIN encoding sequences. The hybridization probes of the subject invention may be DNA or RNA and may be derived from the sequence of SEQ ID NO:23-44 or from genomic sequences including promoters, enhancers, and introns of the PKIN gene.

[0274] Means for producing specific hybridization probes for DNAs encoding PKIN include the cloning of polynucleotide sequences encoding PKIN or PKIN derivatives into vectors for the production of mRNA probes. Such vectors are known in the art, are commercially available, and may be used to synthesize RNA probes in vitro by means of the addition of the appropriate RNA polymerases and the appropriate labeled nucleotides. Hybridization probes may be labeled by a variety of reporter groups, for example, by radionuclides such as 32P or 35S, or by enzymatic labels, such as alkaline phosphatase coupled to the probe via avidinibiotin coupling systems, and the like.

[0275] Polynucleotide sequences encoding PKIN may be used for the diagnosis of disorders associated with expression of PKIN. Examples of such disorders include, but are not limited to, a cancer, such as adenocarcinoma, leukemia, lymphoma, melanoma, myeloma, sarcoma, teratocarcinoma, and, in particular, cancers of the adrenal gland, bladder, bone, bone marrow, brain, breast, cervix, gall bladder, ganglia, gastrointestinal tract, heart, kidney, liver, lung, muscle, vary, pancreas, parathyroid, penis, prostate, salivary glands, skin, spleen, testis, thymus, thyroid, and uterus, leukemias such as multiple myeloma and lymphomas such as Hodgkin's disease; an immune disorder, such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), Addison's disease, adult respiratory distress syndrome, allergies, ankylosing spondylitis, amyloidosis, anemia, asthma, atherosclerosis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, autoimmune thyroiditis, autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-todermal dystrophy (APECED), bronchitis, cholecystitis, contact dermatitis, Crohn's disease, atopic dermatitis, dermatomyositis, diabetes mellitus, emphysema, episodic lymphopenia with lymphocytotoxins, erythroblastosis fetalis, erythema nodosum, atrophic gastritis, glomerulonephritis, Goodpasture's syndrome, gout, Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, hypereosinophilia, irritable bowel syndrome, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, myocardial or pericardial inflammation, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, pancreatitis, polymyositis, psoriasis, Reiter's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, Sjogren's syndrome, systemic anaphylaxis, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, tbrombocytopenic purpura, ulcerative colitis, uveitis, Werner syndrome, complications of cancer, hemodialysis, and extracorporeal circulation, viral, bacterial fungal, parasitic, protozoal, and helminthic infections, and trauma; a growth and developmental disorder, such as actinic keratosis, arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, bursitis, cirrhosis, hepatitis, mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), myelofibrosis, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, polycythemia vera, psoriasis, primary thrombocythemia, and cancers including adenocarcinoma, leukemia, lymphoma, melanoma, myeloma, sarcoma, teratocarcinoma, and, in particular, cancers of the adrenal gland, bladder, bone, bone marrow, brain, breast, cervix, gall bladder, ganglia, gastrointestinal tract, heart, kidney, liver, lung, muscle, ovary, pancreas, parathyroid, penis, prostate, salivary glands, skin, spleen, testis, thymus, thyroid, and uterus, renal tubular acidosis, anemia, Cushing's syndrome, achondroplastic dwarfism, Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy, epilepsy, gonadal dysgenesis, WAGR syndrome (Wilms' tumor, aniridia, genitourinary abnormalities, and mental retardation), Smith-Magenis syndrome, myelodysplastic syndrome, hereditary mucoepithelial dysplasia, hereditary keratodermas, hereditary neuropathies such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and neurofibromatosis, hypothyroidism, hydrocephalus, seizure disorders such as Syndenham's chorea and cerebral palsy, spina bifida, anencephaly, craniorachischisis, congenital glaucoma, cataract, and sensorineural hearing loss; a cardiovascular disease, such as arteriovenous fistula, atherosclerosis, hypertension, vasculitis, Raynaud's disease, aneurysms, arterial dissections, varicose veins, thrombophlebitis and phlebothrombosis, vascular tumors, and complications of thrombolysis, balloon angioplasty, vascular replacement, and coronary artery bypass graft surgery, congestive heart failure, ischemic heart disease, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, hypertensive heart disease, d generative valvular heart disease, calcific aortic valve stenosis, congenitally bicuspid aortic valve, mitral annular calcification, mitral valve prolapse, rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease, infective endocarditis, nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis, endocarditis of systemic lupus erythematosus, carcinoid heart disease, cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, pericarditis, neoplastic heart disease, congenital heart disease, and complications of cardiac transplantation, congenital lung anomalies, atelectasis, pulmonary congestion and edema, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hemorrhage, pulmonary infarction, pulmonary hypertension, vascular sclerosis, obstructive pulmonary disease, restrictive pulmonary disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, bronchiectasis, bacterial pneumonia, viral and mycoplasmal pneumonia, lung abscess, pulmonary tuberculosis, diffuse interstitial diseases, pneumoconioses, sarcoidosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, desquamative interstitial pneumonitis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, pulmonary eosinophilia bronchiolitis obliterans-organizig pneumonia, diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage syndromes, Goodpasture's syndromes, idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis, pulmonary involvement in collagen-vascular disorders, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, lung tumors, inflammatory and noninflammatory pleural effusions, pneumothorax, pleural tumors, drug-induced lung disease, radiation-induced lung disease, and complications of lung transplantation; and a lipid disorder such as fatty liver, cholestasis, primary biliary cirrhosis, carnitine deficiency, carnitine palmitoyltransferase deficiency, myoadenylate deaminase deficiency, hypertriglyceridemia, lipid storage disorders such Fabry's disease, Gaucher's disease, Niemann-Pick's disease, metachromatic leukodystrophy, adrenoleukodystrophy, GM2 gangliosidosis, and ceroid lipofiscinosis, abetalipoproteinemia, Tangier disease, hyperlipoproteinemia, diabetes mellitus, lipodystrophy, lipomatoses, acute panniculitis, disseminated fat necrosis, adiposis dolorosa, lipoid adrenal hyperplasia, minimal change disease, lipomas, atherosclerosis, hypercholesterolemia, hypercholesterolemia with hypertriglyceridemia, primary hypoalphalipoproteinemia, hypothyroidism, renal disease, liver disease, lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency, cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis, sitosterolemia, hypocholesterolemia, Tay-Sachs disease, Sandhoff's disease, hyperlipidemia, hyperlipernia, lipid myopathies, and obesity. The polynucleotide sequences encoding PKIN may be used in Southern or northern analysis, dot blot, or other membrane-based technologies; in PCR technologies; in dipstick, pin, and multiformat ELISA-like assays; and in microarrays utilizing fluids or tissues from patients to detect altered PKIN expression. Such qualitative or quantitative methods are well known in the art.

[0276] In a particular aspect, the nucleotide sequences encoding PKIN may be useful in assays that detect the presence of associated disorders, particularly those mentioned above. The nucleotide sequences encoding PKIN may be labeled by standard methods and added to a fluid or tissue sample from a patient under conditions suitable for the formati n of hybridizati n complexes. After a suitable incubation period, the sample is washed and the signal is quantified and c mpared with a standard value. If the amount of signal in the patient sample is significantly altered in comparison to a control sample then the presence of altered levels of nucleotide sequences encoding PKIN in the sample indicates the presence of the associated disorder. Such assays may also be used to evaluate the efficacy of a particular therapeutic treatment regimen in animal studies, in clinical trials, or to monitor the treatment of an individual patient.

[0277] In order to provide a basis for the diagnosis of a disorder associated with expression of PKIN, a normal or standard profile for expression is established. This may be accomplished by combining body fluids or cell extracts taken from normal subjects, either animal or human, with a sequence, or a fragment thereof, encoding PKIN, under conditions suitable for hybridization or amplification. Standard hybridization may be quantified by comparing the values obtained from normal subjects with values from an experiment in which a known amount of a substantially purified polynucleotide is used. Standard values obtained in this manner may be compared with values obtained from samples from patients who are symptomatic for a disorder. Deviation from standard values is used to establish the presence of a disorder.

[0278] Once the presence of a disorder is established and a treatment protocol is initiated, hybridization assays may be repeated on a regular basis to determine if the level of expression in the patient begins to approximate that which is observed in the normal subject. The results obtained from successive assays may be used to show the efficacy of treatment over a period ranging from several days to months.

[0279] With respect to cancer, the presence of an abnormal amount of transcript (either under- or overexpressed) in biopsied tissue from an individual may indicate a predisposition for the development of the disease, or may provide a means for detecting the disease prior to the appearance of actual clinical symptoms. A more definitive diagnosis of this type may allow health professionals to employ preventative measures or aggressive treatment earlier thereby preventing the development or further progression of the cancer.

[0280] Additional diagnostic uses for oligonucleotides designed from the sequences encoding PKIN may involve the use of PCR. These oligomers may be chemically synthesized, generated enzymatically, or produced in vitro. Oligomers will preferably contain a fragment of a polynucleotide encoding PKIN, or a fragment of a polynucleotide complementary to the polynucleotide encoding PKIN, and will be employed under optimized conditions for identification of a specific gene or condition. Oligomers may also be employed under less stringent c nditions for detection r quantification of closely related DNA or RNA sequences.

[0281] In a particular aspect, oligonucleotide primers derived from the polynucleotide sequences encoding PKIN may be used to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). SNPs are substitutions, insertions and deletions that are a frequent cause of inherited or acquired genetic disease in humans. Methods of SNP detection include, but are not limited to, single-stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and fluorescent SSCP (FSSCP) methods. In SSCP, oligonucleotide primers derived from the polynucleotide sequences encoding PKIN are used to amplify DNA using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The DNA may be derived, for example, from diseased or normal tissue, biopsy samples, bodily fluids, and the like. SNPs in the DNA cause differences in the secondary and tertiary structures of PCR products in single-stranded form, and these differences are detectable using gel electrophoresis in non-denaturing gels. In fSCCP, the oligonucleotide primers are fluorescently labeled, which allows detection of the amplimers in high-throughput equipment such as DNA sequencing machines. Additionally, sequence database analysis methods, termed in silico SNP (isSNP), are capable of identifying polymorphisms by comparing the sequence of individual overlapping DNA fragments which assemble into a common consensus sequence. These computer-based methods filter out sequence variations due to laboratory preparation of DNA and sequencing errors using statistical models and automated analyses of DNA sequence chromatograms. In the alternative, SNPs may be detected and characterized by mass spectrometry using, for example, the high throughput MASSARRAY system (Sequenom, Inc., San Diego Calif.).

[0282] Methods which may also be used to quantify the expression of PKIN include radiolabeling or biotinylating nucleotides, coamplification of a control nucleic acid, and interpolating results from standard curves. (See, e.g., Melby, P. C. et al. (1993) J. Immunol. Methods 159:235-244; Duplaa, C. et al. (1993) Anal. Biochem. 212:229-236.) The speed of quantitation of multiple samples maybe accelerated by running the assay in a high-throughput format where the oligomer or polynucleotide of interest is presented in various dilutions and a spectrophotometric or colorimetric response gives rapid quantitation.

[0283] In further embodiments, oligonucleotides or longer fragments derived from any of the polynucleotide sequences described herein may be used as elements on a microarray. The microarray can be used in transcript imaging techniques which monitor the relative expression levels of large numbers of genes simultaneously as described below. The microarray may also be used to identify genetic variants, mutations, and polymorphisms. This information may b used to determine g ne function, to understand the genetic basis of a disorder, to diagnose a disorder, to monitor progression/regression f disease as a function of g ne expression, and to develop and monitor the activities of therapeutic agents in the treatment of disease. In particular, this information may be used to develop a pharmacogenonic profile of a patient in rder to select the most appropriate and effective treatment regimen for that patient. For example, therapeutic agents which are highly effective and display the fewest side effects may be selected for a patient based on his/her pharmacogenomic profile.

[0284] In another embodiment, PKIN, fragments of PKIN, or antibodies specific for PKIN may be used as elements on a microarray. The microarray may be used to monitor or measure protein-protein interactions, drug-target interactions, and gene expression profiles, as described above.

[0285] A particular embodiment relates to the use of-the polynucleotides of the present invention to generate a transcript image of a tissue or cell type. A transcript image represents the global pattern of gene expression by a particular tissue or cell type. Global gene expression patterns are analyzed by quantifying the number of expressed genes and their relative abundance under given conditions and at a given time. (See Seilhamer et al., “comparative Gene Transcript Analysis,” U.S. Pat. No. 5,840,484, expressly incorporated by reference herein.) Thus a transcript image maybe generated by hybridizing the polynucleotides of the present invention or their complements to the totality of transcripts or reverse transcripts of a particular tissue or cell type. In one embodiment, the hybridization takes place in high-throughput format, wherein the polynucleotides of the present invention or their complements comprise a subset of a plurality of elements on a microarray. The resultant transcript image would provide a profile of gene activity.

[0286] Transcript images may be generated using transcripts isolated from tissues, cell lines, biopsies, or other biological samples. The transcript image may thus reflect gene expression in vivo, as in the case of a tissue or biopsy sample, or in vitro, as in the case of a cell line.

[0287] Transcript images which profile the expression of the polynucleotides of the present invention may also be used in conjunction with in vitro model systems and preclinical evaluation of pharmaceuticals, as well as toxicological testing of industrial and naturally-occurring environmental compounds. All compounds induce characteristic gene expression patterns, frequently termed molecular fingerprints or toxicant signatures, which are indicative of mechanisms of action and toxicity (Nuwaysir, E. F. et al. (1999) Mol. Carcinog. 24:153-159; Steiner, S. and N. L. Anderson (2000) Toxicol. Lett. 112-113:467-471, expressly incorporated by reference herein). If a test compound has a signature similar to that of a compound with known toxicity, it is likely to share those toxic properties. These fingerprints or signatures are most useful and refined when they c ntain expression information from a large number of genes and gene families. Ideally, a genome-wide measurement f expression provides the highest quality signature. Even genes whose expression is not altered by any tested compounds are important as well, as the levels of expression f these genes are used t n rmalize the rest of the expression data. The normalization procedure is useful for comparison of expression data after treatment with different compounds. While the assignment of gene function to elements of a toxicant signature aids in interpretation of toxicity mechanisms, knowledge of gene function is not necessary for the statistical matching of signatures which leads to prediction of toxicity. (See, for example, Press Release 00-02 from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, released Feb. 29, 2000, available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/oc/newshtoxchip.htm.) Therefore, it is important and desirable in toxicological screening using toxicant signatures to include all expressed gene sequences.

[0288] In one embodiment, the toxicity of a test compound is assessed by treating a biological sample containing nucleic acids with the test compound. Nucleic acids that are expressed in the treated biological sample are hybridized with one or more probes specific to the polynucleotides of the present invention, so that transcript levels corresponding to the polynucleotides of the present invention may be quantified. The transcript levels in the treated biological sample are compared with levels in an untreated biological sample. Differences in the transcript levels between the two samples are indicative of a toxic response caused by the test compound in the treated sample.

[0289] Another particular embodiment relates to the use of the polypeptide sequences of the present invention to analyze the proteome of a tissue or cell type. The term proteome refers to the global pattern of protein expression in a particular tissue or cell type. Each protein component of a proteome can be subjected individually to further analysis. Proteome expression patterns, or profiles, are analyzed by quantifying the number of expressed proteins and their relative abundance under given conditions and at a given time. A profile of a cell's proteome may thus be generated by separating and analyzing the polypeptides of a particular tissue or cell type. In one embodiment, the separation is achieved using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, in which proteins from a sample are separated by isoelectric focusing in the first dimension, and then according to molecular weight by sodium dodecyl sulfate slab gel electrophoresis in the second dimension (Steiner and Anderson, supra). The proteins are visualized in the gel as discrete and uniquely positioned spots, typically by staining the gel with an agent such as Coomassie Blue or silver or fluorescent stains. The optical density of each protein spot is generally proportional to the level of the protein in the sample. The optical densities of equivalently positioned protein spots from different samples, for example, from biological samples either treated or untreated with a test compound or therapeutic agent, are compared to identify any changes in protein spot density related to the treatment. The proteins in the spots are partially sequenced using, for example, standard methods employing chemical or enzymatic cleavage followed by mass spectrometry. The identity f the protein in a spot may be determined by comparing its partial sequence, preferably of at least 5 contiguous amino acid residues, to the polypeptide sequences of the present invention. In some cases, further sequence data may be obtained for definitive protein identification.

[0290] A proteomic profile may also be generated using antibodies specific for PKIN to quantify the levels of PKIN expression. In one embodiment, the antibodies are used as elements on a microarray, and protein expression levels are quantified by exposing the microarray to the sample and detecting the levels of protein bound to each array element (Lueking, A. et al. (1999) Anal. Biochem. 270:103-111; Mendoze, L. G. et al. (1999) Biotechniques 27:778-788). Detection maybe performed by a variety of methods known in the art, for example, by reacting the proteins in the sample with a thiol- or amino-reactive fluorescent compound and detecting the amount of fluorescence bound at each array element.

[0291] Toxicant signatures at the proteome level are also useful for toxicological screening, and should be analyzed in parallel with toxicant signatures at the taanscript level. There is a poor correlation between transcript and protein abundances for some proteins in some tissues (Anderson, N. L. and J. Seilhamer (1997) Electrophoresis 18:533-537), so proteome toxicant signatures may be useful in the analysis of compounds which do not significantly affect the transcript image, but which alter the proteomic profile. In addition, the analysis of transcripts in body fluids is difficult, due to rapid degradation of mRNA, so proteomic profiling may be more reliable and informative in such cases.

[0292] In another embodiment, the toxicity of a test compound is assessed by treating a biological sample containing proteins with the test compound. Proteins that are expressed in the treated biological sample are separated so that the amount of each protein can be quantified. The amount of each protein is compared to the amount of the corresponding protein in an untreated biological sample. A difference in the amount of protein between the two samples is indicative of a toxic response to the test compound in the treated sample. Individual proteins are identified by sequencing the amino acid residues of the individual proteins and comparing these partial sequences to the polypeptides of the present invention.

[0293] In another embodiment, the toxicity of a test compound is assessed by treating a biological sample containing proteins with the test compound. Proteins from the biological sample are incubated with antibodies specific to the polypeptides of the present invention. The amount of protein recognized by the antibodies is quantified. The amount f protein in the treated biological sampl is compared with the amount in an untreated biological sample. A difference in the amount of protein between the two samples is indicative of a toxic response to the test compound in the treated sample.

[0294] Microarrays may be prepared, used, and analyzed using methods known in the art. (See, e.g., Brennan, T. M. et al. (1995) U.S. Pat. N .5,474,796; Schena, M. et al. (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:10614-10619; Baldeschweiler et al. (1995) PCT application WO95/251116; Shalon, D. et al. (1995) PCT application WO95/35505; Heller, R. A. et al. (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:2150-2155; and Heller, M. J. et al. (1997) U.S. Pat. No. 5,605,662.) Various types of microarrays are well known and thoroughly described in DNA Microarrays: A Practical Approach, M. Schena, ed. (1999) Oxford University Press, London, hereby expressly incorporated by reference.

[0295] In another embodiment of the invention, nucleic acid sequences encoding PKIN may be used to generate hybridization probes useful in mapping the naturally occurring genomic sequence. Either coding or noncoding sequences may be used, and in some instances, noncoding sequences may be preferable over coding sequences. For example, conservation of a coding sequence among members of a multi-gene family may potentially cause undesired cross hybridization during chromosomal mapping. The sequences may be mapped to a particular chromosome, to a specific region of a chromosome, or to artificial chromosome constructions, e.g., human artificial chromosomes (HACs), yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs), bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs), bacterial P1 constructions, or single chromosome cDNA libraries. (See, e.g., Harrington, J. J. et al. (1997) Nat. Genet. 15:345-355; Price, C. M. (1993) Blood Rev. 7:127-134; and Trask, B. J. (1991) Trends Genet. 7:149-154.) Once mapped, the nucleic acid sequences of the invention may be used to develop genetic linkage maps, for example, which correlate the inheritance of a disease state with the inheritance of a particular chromosome region or restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). (See, for example, Lander, E. S. and D. Botstein (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:7353-7357.).

[0296] Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) may be correlated with other physical and genetic map data. (See, e.g., Heinz-Ulrich, et al. (1995) in Meyers, supra, pp. 965-968.) Examples of genetic map data can be found in various scientific journals or at the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) World Wide Web site. Correlation between the location of the gene encoding PKIN on a physical map and a specific disorder, or a predisposition to a specific disorder, may help define the region of DNA associated with that disorder and thus may further positional cloning efforts.

[0297] In situ hybridization of chromosomal preparations and physical mapping techniques, such as linkage analysis using established chromosomal markers, may be used for extending genetic maps. Often the placement of a gene on the chromosome of another mammalian species, such as mouse, may reveal associated markers even if the exact chromosomal locus is not known. This information is valuable to investigators searching for disease genes using positional cloning or other gene discovery techniques. Once the gene or genes responsible for a disease or syndrome have been crudely localized by genetic linkage to a particular genomic region, e.g., ataxia-telangiectasia to 11q22-23, any sequences mapping to that area may represent associated or regulatory genes for further investigation. (See, e.g., Gatti, R. A. et al. (1988) Nature 336:577-580.) The nucleotide sequence of the instant invention may also be used to detect differences in the chromosomal location due to translocation, inversion, etc., among normal, carrier, or affected individuals.

[0298] In another embodiment of the invention, PKIN, its catalytic or immunogenic fragments, or oligopeptides thereof can be used for screening libraries of compounds in any of a variety of drug screening techniques. The fragment employed in such screening may be free in solution, affixed to a solid support, borne on a cell surface, or located intracellularly. The formation of binding complexes between PKIN and the agent being tested may be measured.

[0299] Another technique for drug screening provides for high throughput screening of compounds having suitable binding affinity to the protein of interest. (See, e.g., Geysen, et al. (1984) PCT application WO84/03564.) In this method, large numbers of different small test compounds are synthesized on a solid substrate. The test compounds are reacted with PKIN, or fragments thereof, and washed. Bound PKIN is then detected by methods well known in the art. Purified PKIN can also be coated directly onto plates for use in the aforementioned drug screening techniques. Alternatively, non-neutralizing antibodies can be used to capture the peptide and immobilize it on a solid support.

[0300] In another embodiment, one may use competitive drug screening assays in which neutralizing antibodies capable of binding PKIN specifically compete with a test compound for binding PKIN. In this manner, antibodies can be used to detect the presence of any peptide which shares one or more antigenic determinants with PKIN.

[0301] In additional embodiments, the nucleotide sequences which encode PKIN may be used in any molecular biology techniques that have yet to be developed, provided the new techniques rely on properties of nucleotide sequences that are currently known, including, but not limited to, such properties as the triplet genetic code and specific base pair interactions.

[0302] Without further elaboration, it is believed that one skilled in the art can, using the preceding description, utilize the present invention to its fullest extent. The following embodiments are, therefore, to be construed as merely illustrative, and not limitative of the remainder of the disclosure in any way whatsoever.

[0303] Without further elaboration, it is believed that one skilled in the art can, using the preceding description, utilize the present invention to its fullest extent. The following preferred specific embodiments are, therefore, to be construed as merely illustrative, and not limitative f the remainder f the disclosure in any way whatsoever.

[0304] The disclosures of all patents, applications, and publications mentioned above and below, in particular U.S. Ser. No. 60/242,410, U.S. Ser. No. 60/244,068, U.S. Ser. No. 60/245,708, U.S. Ser. No. 60/247,672, U.S. Ser. No. 60/249,565, U.S. Ser. No. 60/252,730, and U.S. Ser. No. 60/250,807, are hereby expressly incorporated by reference.

EXAMPLES

[0305] I. Construction of cDNA Libraries

[0306] Incyte cDNAs were derived from cDNA libraries described in the LIFESEQ GOLD database (Incyte Genomics, Palo Alto Calif.) and shown in Table 4, column 5. Some tissues were homogenized and lysed in guanidinium isothiocyanate, while others were homogenized and lysed in phenol or in a suitable mixture of denaturants, such as TRIZOL (Life Technologies), a monophasic solution of phenol and guanidine isothiocyanate. The resulting lysates were centrifuged over CsCl cushions or extracted with chloroform. RNA was precipitated from the lysates with either isopropanol or sodium acetate and ethanol, or by other routine methods.

[0307] Phenol extraction and precipitation of RNA were repeated as necessary to increase RNA purity. In some cases, RNA was treated with DNase. For most libraries, poly(A)+RNA was isolated using oligo d(T)-coupled paramagnetic particles (Promega), OLIGOTEX latex particles (QIAGEN, Chatsworth Calif.), or an OLIGOTEX mRNA purification kit (QIAGEN). Alternatively, RNA was isolated directly from tissue lysates using other RNA isolation kits, e.g., the POLY(A)PURE mRNA purification kit (Ambion, Austin Tex.).

[0308] In some cases, Stratagene was provided with RNA and constructed the corresponding cDNA libraries. Otherwise, cDNA was synthesized and cDNA libraries were constructed with the UNIZAP vector system (Stratagene) or SUPERSCRIRT plasmid system (Life Technologies), using the recommended procedures or similar methods known in the art. (See, e.g., Ausubel, 1997, supra, units 5.1-6.6.) Reverse transcription was initiated using oligo d(T) or random primers. Synthetic oligonucleotide adapters were ligated to double stranded cDNA, and the cDNA was digested with the appropriate restriction enzyme or enzymes. For most libraries, the cDNA was size-selected (300-1000 bp) using SEPHACRYL S1000, SEPHAROSE CL2B, or SEPHAROSE CL4B column chromatography (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) or preparative agarose gel electrophoresis. cDNAs were ligated into compatible restricti n nzyme sites of the polylinker of a suitable plasmid, e.g., PBLUESCRIPT plasmid (Stratagene), PSPORT1 plasmid (Life Technologies), PcDNA2.1 plasmid (Invitrogen, Carlsbad Calif.), PBK-CMV plasmid (Stratagene), PCR2-TOPOTA plasmid (Invitrogen), PCMV-ICIS plasmid (Stratagene), pIGEN (Incyte Genomics, Palo Alto Calif.), or pINCY (Incyte Genomics), or derivatives thereof. Recombinant plasmids were transformed into competent E. coli cells including XL1-Blue, XL1-BlueMRF, or SOIR from Stratagene or DH5α, DH10B, or ElectroMAX DH10B from Life Technologies.

[0309] II. Isolation of cDNA Clones

[0310] Plasmids obtained as described in Example I were recovered from host cells by in vivo excision using the UNIZAP vector system (Stratagene) or by cell lysis. Plasmids were purified using at least one of the following: a Magic or WIZARD Minipreps DNA purification system (Promega); an AGTC Miniprep purification kit (Edge Biosystems, Gaithersburg Md.); and QIAWELL 8 Plasmid, QIAWEL 8 Plus Plasmid, QIAWEL 8 Ultra Plasmid purification systems or the R.E.A.L. PREP 96 plasmid purification kit from QIAGEN. Following precipitation, plasmids were resuspended in 0.1 ml of distilled water and stored, with or without lyophilization, at 4° C.

[0311] Alternatively, plasmid DNA was amplified from host cell lysates using direct link PCR in a high-throughput format (Rao, V. B. (1994) Anal. Biochem. 216:1-14). Host cell lysis and thermal cycling steps were carried out in a single reaction mixture. Samples were processed and stored in 384-well plates, and the concentration of amplified plasmid DNA was quantified fluorometrically using PICOGREEN dye (Molecular Probes, Eugene Oreg.) and a FLUOROSKAN II fluorescence scanner (Labsystems Oy, Helsinki, Finland).

[0312] III. Sequencing and Analysis

[0313] Incyte cDNA recovered in plasmids as described in Example B were sequenced as follows. Sequencing reactions were processed using standard methods or high-throughput instrumentation such as the ABI CATALYST 800 (Applied Biosystems) thermal cycler or the PTC-200 thermal cycler (MJ Research) in conjunction with the HYDRA microdispenser (Robbins Scientific) or the MICROLAB 2200 (Hamilton) liquid transfer system. cDNA sequencing reactions were prepared using reagents provided by Amersham Pharmacia Biotech or supplied in ABI sequencing kits such as the ABI PRISM BIGDYE Terminator cycle sequencing ready reaction kit (Applied Biosystems). Electrophoretic separation of cDNA sequencing reactions and detection of labeled polynucleotides were carried out using the MEGABACE 1000 DNA sequencing system (Molecular Dynamics); the ABI PRISM 373 or 377 sequencing system (Applied Biosystems) in conjunction with standard ABI protocols and base calling software; or other sequence analysis systems known in the art. Reading frames within the cDNA sequences were identified using standard methods (reviewed in Ausubel, 1997, supra, unit 7.7). Some of the cDNA sequences were selected for extension using the techniques disclosed in Example VIII.

[0314] The polynucleotide sequences derived from Incyte cDNAs were validated by removing vector, linker, and poly(A) sequences and by masking ambiguous bases, using algorithms and programs based on BLAST, dynamic programming, and dinucleotide nearest neighbor analysis. The Incyte cDNA sequences or translations thereof were then queried against a selection of public databases such as the GenBank primate, rodent, mammalian, vertebrate, and eukaryote databases, and BLOCKS, PRINTS, DOMO, PRODOM, and hidden Markov model (HMM)-based protein family databases such as PFAM. (HMM is a probabilistic approach which analyzes consensus primary structures of gene families. See, for example, Eddy, S. R. (1996) Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 6:361-365.) The queries were performed using programs based on BLAST, FASTA, BLIMPS, and HMMER. The Incyte cDNA sequences were assembled to produce full length polynucleotide sequences. Alternatively, GenBank cDNAs, GenBank ESTs, stitched sequences, stretched sequences, or Genscan-predicted coding sequences (see Examples IV and V) were used to extend Incyte cDNA assemblages to full length. Assembly was performed using programs based on Phred, Phrap, and Consed, and cDNA assemblages were screened for open reading frames using programs based on GeneMark, BLAST, and FASTA. The full length polynucleotide sequences were translated to derive the corresponding full length polypeptide sequences. Alternatively, a polypeptide of the invention may begin at any of the methionine residues of the full length translated polypeptide. Full length polypeptide sequences were subsequently analyzed by querying against databases such as the GenBank protein databases (genpept), SwissProt, BLOCKS, PRINTS, DOMO, PRODOM, Prosite, and hidden Markov model (HMM)-based protein family databases such as PFAM. Full length polynucleotide sequences are also analyzed using MAcDNASIS PRO software (Hitachi Software Engineering, South San Francisco Calif.) and LASERGENE software (DNASTAR). Polynucleotide and polypeptide sequence alignments are generated using default parameters specified by the CLUSTAL algorithm as incorporated into the MEGALIGN multisequence alignment program (DNASTAR), which also calculates the percent identity between aligned sequences.

[0315] Table 7 summarizes the tools, programs, and algorithms used for the analysis and assembly of Incyte cDNA and full length sequences and provides applicable descriptions, references, and threshold parameters. The first column of Table 7 shows the tools, programs, and algorithms used, the second column provides brief descriptions thereof, the third column presents appropriate references, all of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety, and the fourth column presents, where applicable, the scores, probability values, and other parameters used to evaluate the strength of a match between two sequences (the higher the score or the lower the probability valu , the greater the identity between two sequences).

[0316] The programs described above for the assembly and analysis f full length polynucleotide and polypeptide sequences were also used to identify polynucleotide sequence fragments from SEQ ID NO:23-44. Fragments from about 20 to about 4000 nucleotides which are useful in hybridization and amplification technologies are described in Table 4, column 4.

[0317] IV. Identification and Editing of Coding Sequences from Genomic DNA

[0318] Putative human kinases were initially identified by running the Genscan gene identification program against public genomic sequence databases (e.g., gbpri and gbhtg). Genscan is a general-purpose gene identification program which analyzes genomic DNA sequences from a variety of organisms (See Burge, C. and S. Karlin (1997) J. Mol. Biol. 268:78-94, and Burge, C. and S. Karlin (1998) Curr. Opin. Struct Biol. 8:346-354). The program concatenates predicted exons to form an assembled cDNA sequence extending from a methionine to a stop codon. The output of Genscan is a FASTA database of polynucleotide and polypeptide sequences. The maximum range of sequence for Genscan to analyze at once was set to 30 kb. To determine which of these Genscan predicted cDNA sequences encode human kinases, the encoded polypeptides were analyzed by querying against PFAM models for human kinases. Potential human kinases were also identified by homology to Incyte cDNA sequences that had been annotated as human kinases. These selected Genscan-predicted sequences were then compared by BLAST analysis to the genpept and gbpri public databases. Where necessary, the Genscan-predicted sequences were then edited by comparison to the top BLAST hit from genpept to correct errors in the sequence predicted by Genscan, such as extra or omitted exons. BLAST analysis was also used to find any Incyte cDNA or public cDNA coverage of the Genscan-predicted sequences, thus providing evidence for transcription. When Incyte cDNA coverage was available, this information was used to correct or confirm the Genscan predicted sequence. Full length polynucleotide sequences were obtained by assembling Genscan-predicted coding sequences with Incyte cDNA sequences and/or public cDNA sequences using the assembly process described in Example III. Alternatively, full length polynucleotide sequences were derived entirely from edited or unedited Genscan-predicted coding sequences.

[0319] V. Assembly of Genomic Sequence Data with cDNA Sequence Data

[0320] “Stitched” Sequences

[0321] Partial cDNA sequences were extended with exons predicted by the Genscan gene identification program described in Example IV. Partial cDNAs assembled as described in Example III were mapped to genomic DNA and parsed into clusters containing related cDNAs and Genscan exon predictions from one or more genomic sequences. Each cluster was analyzed using an algorithm based on graph theory and dynamic programming to integrate cDNA and genomic information, generating possible splice variants that were subsequently confirmed, edited, or extended to create a full length sequence. Sequence intervals in which the entire length of the interval was present on more than one sequence in the cluster were identified, and intervals thus identified were considered to be equivalent by transitivity. For example, if an interval was present on a cDNA and two genomic sequences, then all three intervals were considered to be equivalent This process allows unrelated but consecutive genomic sequences to be brought together, bridged by cDNA sequence. Intervals thus identified were then “stitched” together by the stitching algorithm in the order that they appear along their parent sequences to generate the longest possible sequence, as well as sequence variants. Linkages between intervals which proceed along one type of parent sequence (cDNA to cDNA or genomic sequence to genomic sequence) were given preference over linkages which change parent type (cDNA to genomic sequence). The resultant stitched sequences were translated and compared by BLAST analysis to the genpept and gbpri public databases. Incorrect exons predicted by Genscan were corrected by comparison to the top BLAST hit from genpept. Sequences were further extended with additional cDNA sequences, or by inspection of genomic DNA, when necessary.

[0322] “Stretched” Sequences

[0323] Partial DNA sequences were extended to full length with an algorithm based on BLAST analysis. First, partial cDNAs assembled as described in Example III were queried against public databases such as the GenBank primate, rodent, mammalian, vertebrate, and eukaryote databases using the BLAST program. The nearest GenBank protein homolog was then compared by BLAST analysis to either Incyte cDNA sequences or GenScan exon predicted sequences described in Example IV. A chimeric protein was generated by using the resultant high-scoring segment pairs (HSPs) to map the translated sequences onto the GenBank protein homolog. Insertions or deletions may occur in the chimeric protein with respect to the original GenBank protein homolog. The GenBank protein homolog, the chimeric protein, or both were used as probes to search for homologous genomic sequences from the public human genome databases. Partial DNA sequences were therefore “stretched” or extended by the addition of homologous genomic sequences. The resultant stretched sequences were examined to determine whether it contained a complete gene.

[0324] VI. Chromosomal Mapping of PKIN Encoding Polynucleotides

[0325] The sequences which were used to assemble SEQ ID NO:23-44 were compared with sequences from the Incyte LIFESEQ database and public domain databases using BLAST and other implementations of the Smith-Waterman algorithm. Sequences from these databases that matched SEQ ID NO:23-44 were assembled into clusters of contiguous and overlapping sequences using assembly algorithms such as Phrap (Table 7). Radiation hybrid and genetic mapping data available from public resources such as the Stanford Human Genome Center (SHGC), Whitehead Institute for Genome Research (WIGR), and Genethon were used to determine if any of the clustered sequences had been previously mapped. Inclusion of a mapped sequence in a cluster resulted in the assignment of all sequences of that cluster, including its particular SEQ ID NO:, to that map location.

[0326] Map locations are represented by ranges, or intervals, of human chromosomes. The map position of an interval, in centiMorgans, is measured relative to the terminus of the chromosome's p-arm. (The centiMorgan (cM) is a unit of measurement based on recombination frequencies between chromosomal markers. On average, 1 cM is roughly equivalent to 1 megabase (Mb) of DNA in humans, although this can vary widely due to hot and cold spots of recombination.) The cM distances are based on genetic markers mapped by Généthon which provide boundaries for radiation hybrid markers whose sequences were included in each of the clusters. Human genome maps and other resources available to the public, such as the NCBI “GeneMap '99” World Wide Web site (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genemap/), can be employed to determine if previously identified disease genes map within or in proximity to the intervals indicated above.

[0327] In this manner, SEQ ID NO:29 was mapped to chromosome 1 within the interval from 199.20 to 203.00 centiMorgans, to chromosome 13 within the interval from 105.20 centiMorgans to the q terminus, and to chromosome 6 within the interval from 59.60 to 72.20 centiMorgans. More than one map location is reported for SEQ ID NO:29, indicating that sequences having different map locations were assembled into a single cluster. This situation occurs, for example, when sequences having strong similarity, but not complete identity, are assembled into a single cluster.

[0328] VII. Analysis of Polynucleotide Expression

[0329] Northern analysis is a laboratory technique used to detect the presence of a transcript of a gene and involves the hybridization of a labeled nucleotide sequence to a membrane on which RNAs from a particular cell type or tissue have been bound. (See, e.g., Sambrook, supra, ch. 7; Ausubel (1995) supra, ch. 4 and 16.).

[0330] Analogous computer techniques applying BLAST were used to search for identical or related molecules in cDNA databases such as GenBank or LIFESEQ (Incyte Genomics). This analysis is much faster than multiple membrane-based hybridizations. In addition, the sensitivity of the computer search can be modified to determine whether any particular match is categorized as exact or similar. The basis of the search is the product score, which is defined as:

\frac{BLAST Score \times Percent Identity}{5 \times minimum {length (Seq . 1), length (Seq . 2)}}

[0331] The product score takes into account both the degree of similarity between two sequences and the length of the sequence match. The product score is a normalized value between 0 and 100, and is calculated as follows: the BLAST score is multiplied by the percent nucleotide identity and the product is divided by (5 times the length of the shorter of the two sequences). The BLAST score is calculated by assigning a score of +5 for every base that matches in a high-scoring segment pair (HSP), and −4 for every mismatch. Two sequences may share more than one HSP (separated by gaps). If there is more than one HSP, then the pair with the highest BLAST score is used to calculate the product score. The product score represents a balance between fractional overlap and quality in a BLAST alignment For example, a product score of 100 is produced only for 100% identity over the entire length of the shorter of the two sequences being compared. A product score of 70 is produced either by 100% identity and 70% overlap at one end, or by 88% identity and 100% overlap at the other. A product score of 50 is produced either by 100% identity and 50% overlap at one end, or 79% identity and 100% overlap.

[0332] Alternatively, polynucleotide sequences encoding PKIN are analyzed with respect to the tissue sources from which they were derived. For example, some full length sequences are assembled, at least in part, with overlapping Incyte cDNA sequences (see Example III). Each cDNA sequence is derived from a cDNA library constructed from a human tissue. Each human tissue is classified into one of the following organ/tissue categories: cardiovascular system; connective tissue; digestive system; embryonic structures; endocrine system; exocrine glands; genitalia, female; genitalia, male; germ cells; hemic and immune system; liver; musculoskeletal system; nervous system; pancreas; respiratory system; sense organs; skin; stomatognathic system; unclassified/mixed; or urinary tract The number of libraries in each category is counted and divided by the total number of libraries across all categories. Similarly, each human tissue is classified into one of the following disease/condition categories: cancer, cell line, developmental, inflammation, neurological, trauma, cardiovascular, pooled, and other, and the number of libraries in each category is counted and divided by the total number of libraries across all categories. The resulting percentages reflect the tissue- and disease-specific expression of cDNA encoding PKIN. cDNA sequences and cDNA library/tissue information are found in the LIFESEQ GOLD database (Incyte Genomics, Palo Alto Calif.).

[0333] VIII. Extension of PKIN Encoding Polynucleotides

[0334] Full length polynucleotide sequences were also produced by extension of an appropriate fragment of the full length molecule using oligonucleotide primers designed from this fragment. One primer was synthesized to initiate 5′ extensi n of the known fragment, and the other primer was synthesized to initiate 3′ extension of th known fragment. The initial primers were designed using OLIGO 4.06 software (National Biosciences), or another appropriate program, to be about 22 to 30 nucleotides in length, to have a GC content of about 50% or more, and to anneal to the target sequence at temperatures of about 68° C. to about 72° C. Any stretch of nucleotides which would result in hairpin structures and primer-primer dimerizations was avoided.

[0335] Selected human cDNA libraries were used to extend the sequence. If more than one extension was necessary or desired, additional or nested sets of primers were designed.

[0336] High fidelity amplification was obtained by PCR using methods well known in the art. PCR was performed in 96-well plates using the PTC-200 thermal cycler (MJ Research, Inc.). The reaction mix contained DNA template, 200 nmol of each primer, reaction buffer containing Mg2+, (NH4)2SO4, and 2-mercaptoethanol, Taq DNA polymerase (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech), ELONGASE enzyme (Life Technologies), and Pfu DNA polymerase (Stratagene), with the following parameters for primer pair PCI A and PCI B: Step 1: 94° C., 3 min; Step 2: 94° C., 15 sec; Step 3: 60° C., 1 min; Step 4: 68° C., 2 min; Step 5: Steps 2, 3, and 4 repeated 20 times; Step 6: 68° C., 5 min; Step 7: storage at 4° C. In the alternative, the parameters for primer pair T7 and SK+ were as follows: Step 1: 94° C., 3 min; Step 2: 94° C., 15 sec; Step 3: 57° C., 1 min; Step 4: 68° C., 2 min; Step 5: Steps 2, 3, and 4 repeated 20 times; Step 6: 68° C., 5 min; Step 7: storage at 4° C.

[0337] The concentration of DNA in each well was determined by dispensing 100 μl PICOGREEN quantitation reagent (0.25% (v/v) PICOGREEN; Molecular Probes, Eugene Oreg.) dissolved in 1× TE and 0.5 μl of undiluted PCR product into each well of an opaque fluorimeter plate (Corning Costar, Acton Mass.), allowing the DNA to bind to the reagent. The plate was scanned in a Fluoroskan II (Labsystems Oy, Helsinki, Finland) to measure the fluorescence of the sample and to quantify the concentration of DNA. A 5 μl to 10 μl aliquot of the reaction mixture was analyzed by electrophoresis on a 1% agarose gel to determine which reactions were successful in extending the sequence.

[0338] The extended nucleotides were desalted and concentrated, transferred to 384-well plates, digested with CviJI cholera virus endonuclease (Molecular Biology Research, Madison Wis.), and sonicated or sheared prior to religation into pUC 18 vector (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). For shotgun sequencing, the digested nucleotides were separated on low concentration (0.6 to 0.8%) agarose gels, fragments were excised, and agar digested with Agar ACE (Promega). Extended clones were religated using T4 ligase (New England Biolabs, Beverly Mass.) into pUC 18 vector (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech), treated with Pfu DNA polymerase (Stratagene) to fill-in restriction site overhangs, and transfected into competent E. coli cells. Transformed cells w re selected n antiboti-containing media, and individual colonies were picked and cultured overnight at 37° C. in 384-well plates in LB/2×carb liquid media.

[0339] The cells were lysed, and DNA was amplified by PCR using Taq DNA polymerase (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) and Pfu DNA polymerase (Stratagene) with the following parameters: Step 1: 94° C., 3 min; Step 2: 94° C., 15 sec; Step 3: 60° C., 1 min; Step 4: 72° C., 2 min; Step 5: steps 2, 3, and 4 repeated 29 times; Step 6: 72° C., 5 min; Step 7: storage at 4° C. DNA was quantified by PICOGREEN reagent (Molecular Probes) as described above. Samples with low DNA recoveries were reamplified using the same conditions as described above. Samples were diluted with 20% dimethysulfoxide (1:2, v/v), and sequenced using DYENAMIC energy transfer sequencing primers and the DYENAMIC DIRECT kit (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) or the ABI PRISM BIGDYE Terminator cycle sequencing ready reaction kit (Applied Biosystems).

[0340] In like manner, full length polynucleotide sequences are verified using the above procedure or are used to obtain 5′ regulatory sequences using the above procedure along with oligonucleotides designed for such extension, and an appropriate genomic library.

[0341] IX. Labeling and Use of Individual Hybridization Probes

[0342] Hybridization probes derived from SEQ ID NO:23-44 are employed to screen cDNAs, genomic DNAs, or mRNAs. Although the labeling of oligonucleotides, consisting of about 20 base pairs, is specifically described, essentially the same procedure is used with larger nucleotide fragments. Oligonucleotides are designed using state-of-the-art software such as OLIGO 4.06 software (National Biosciences) and labeled by combining 50 pmol of each oligomer, 250 μCi of [γ-32P] adenosine triphosphate (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech), and T4 polynucleotide kinase (DuPont NEN, Boston Mass.). The labeled oligonucleotides are substantially purified using a SEPHADEX G-25 superfine size exclusion dextran bead column (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). An aliquot containing 107 counts per minute of the labeled probe is used in a typical membrane-based hybridization analysis of human genomic DNA digested with one of the following endonucleases: Ase I, Bgl II, Eco RI, Pst I, Xba I, or Pvu II (DuPont NEN).

[0343] The DNA from each digest is fractionated on a 0.7% agarose gel and transferred to nylon membranes (Nytran Plus, Schleicher & Schuell, Durham N.H.). Hybridization is carried out for 16 hours at 40° C. To remove nonspecific signals, blots are sequentially washed at room temperature under conditions of up to, for example, 0.1× saline sodium citrate and 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate. Hybridization patterns are visualized using autoradiography or an alternative imaging means and compared.

[0344] X. Microarrays

[0345] The linkage or synthesis of array elements upon a microarray can be achieved utilizing photolithography, piezoelectric printing (ink-jet printing, See, e.g., Baldeschweiler, supra.), mechanical microspotting technologies, and derivatives thereof. The substrate in each of the aforementioned technologies should be uniform and solid with a non-porous surface (Schena (1999), supra). Suggested substrates include silicon, silica, glass slides, glass chips, and silicon wafers. Alternatively, a procedure analogous to a dot or slot blot may also be used to arrange and link elements to the surface of a substrate using thermal, UV, chemical, or mechanical bonding procedures. A typical array may be produced using available methods and machines well known to those of ordinary skill in the art and may contain any appropriate number of elements. (See, e.g., Schena, M. et al. (1995) Science 270:467-470; Shalon, D. et al. (1996) Genome Res. 6:639-645; Marshall, A. and J. Hodgson (1998) Nat. Biotechnol. 16:27-31.).

[0346] Full length cDNAs, Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs), or fragments or oligomers thereof may comprise the elements of the microarray. Fragments or oligomers suitable for hybridization can be selected using software well known in the art such as LASERGENE software (DNASTAR). The array elements are hybridized with polynucleotides in a biological sample. The polynucleotides in the biological sample are conjugated to a fluorescent label or other molecular tag for ease of detection. After hybridization, nonhybridized nucleotides from the biological sample are removed, and a fluorescence scanner is used to detect hybridization at each array element Alternatively, laser desorbtion and mass spectrometry may be used for detection of hybridization. The degree of complementarity and the relative abundance of each polynucleotide which hybridizes to an element on the microarray may be assessed. In one embodiment, microarray preparation and usage is described in detail below.

[0347] Tissue or Cell Sample Preparation

[0348] Total RNA is isolated from tissue samples using the guanidinium thiocyanate method and poly(A)+ RNA is purified using the oligo-(dT) cellulose method. Each poly(A)+ RNA sample is reverse transcribed using MMLV reverse-transcriptase, 0.05 pg/μl oligo-(dT) primer (21mer), 1× first strand buffer, 0.03 units/μl RNase inhibitor, 500 μM DATP, 500 μM dGTP, 500 μM dTIP, 40 μM dCIP, 40 μM dCTP-Cy3 (BDS) or dCTP-Cy5 (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). The reverse transcription reaction is performed in a 25 ml volume containing 200 ng poly(A)+ RNA with GEMBRIGHT kits (Incyte). Specific control poly(A)+ RNAs are synthesized by in vitro transcription from non-coding yeast genomic DNA. After incubation at 37° C. for 2 hr, each reaction sample (one with Cy3 and another with Cy5 labeling) is treated with 2.5 ml of 0.5M sodium hydroxide and incubated for 20 minutes at 85° C. to the stop the reaction and degrade the RNA. Samples are purified using two successive CHROMA SPIN 30 gel filtration spin columns (CLONTECH Laboratories, Inc. (CLONTECH), Palo Alto Calif.) and after combining, both reaction samples are ethanol precipitated using 1 ml of glycogen (1 mg/ml), 60 ml sodium acetate, and 300 ml of 100% ethanol. The sample is then dried to completion using a SpeedVAC (Savant Instruments Inc., Holbrook N.Y.) and resuspended in 14 μl 5×SSC/0.2% SDS.

[0349] Microarray Preparation

[0350] Sequences of the present invention are used to generate array elements. Each array element is amplified from bacterial cells containing vectors with cloned cDNA inserts. PCR amplification uses primers complementary to the vector sequences flanking the cDNA insert. Array elements are amplified in thirty cycles of PCR from an initial quantity of 1-2 ng to a final quantity greater than 5 μg. Amplified array elements are then purified using SEPHACRYL-400 (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech).

[0351] Purified array elements are immobilized on polymer-coated glass slides. Glass microscope slides (Corning) are cleaned by ultrasound in 0.1% SDS and acetone, with extensive distilled water washes between and after treatments. Glass slides are etched in 4% hydrofluoric acid (VWR Scientific Products Corporation (VWR), West Chester Pa.), washed extensively in distilled water, and coated with 0.05% aminopropyl silane (Sigma) in 95% ethanol. Coated slides are cured in a 110° C. oven.

[0352] Array elements are applied to the coated glass substrate using a procedure described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,807,522, incorporated herein by reference. 1 μl of the array element DNA, at an average concentration of 100 ng/μl, is loaded into the open capillary printing element by a high-speed robotic apparatus. The apparatus then deposits about 5 nl of array element sample per slide.

[0353] Microarrays are UV-crosslinked using a STRATALINKER UV-crosslinker (Stratagene). Microarrays are washed at room temperature once in 0.2% SDS and three times in distilled water. Non-specific binding sites are blocked by incubation of microarrays in 0.2% casein in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (Tropix, Inc., Bedford Mass.) for 30 minutes at 60° C. followed by washes in 0.2% SDS and distilled water as before.

[0354] Hybridization

[0355] Hybridization reactions contain 9 μl of sample mixture consisting of 0.2 μg each of Cy3 and Cy5 labeled cDNA synthesis products in 5×SSC, 0.2% SDS hybridization buffer. The sample mixture is heated to 65° C. for 5 minutes and is aliquoted onto the microarray surface and covered with an 1.8 cm2 coverslip. The arrays are transferred to a waterproof chamber having a cavity just slightly larg r than a microscope slide. The chamber is kept at 100% humidity internally by the addition of 140 μl of 5×SSC in a corner of the chamber. The chamber containing the arrays is incubated for ab ut 6.5 hours at 60° C. The arrays are washed for 10 min at 45° C. in a first wash buffer (1×SSC, 0.1% SDS), three times for 10 minutes each at 45° C. in a second wash buffer (0.1×SSC), and dried.

[0356] Detection

[0357] Reporter-labeled hybridization complexes are detected with a microscope equipped with an Innova 70 mixed gas 10 W laser (Coherent, Inc., Santa Clara Calif.) capable of generating spectral lines at 488 nm for excitation of Cy3 and at 632 nm for excitation of Cy5. The excitation laser light is focused on the array using a 20× microscope objective (Nikon, Inc., Melville N.Y.). The slide containing the array is placed on a computer-controlled X-Y stage on the microscope and raster-scanned past the objective. The 1.8 cm×1.8 cm array used in the present example is scanned with a resolution of 20 micrometers.

[0358] In two separate scans, a mixed gas multiline laser excites the two fluorophores sequentially. Emitted light is split, based on wavelength, into two photomultiplier tube detectors (PMT R1477, Hamamatsu Photonics Systems, Bridgewater N.J.) corresponding to the two fluorophores. Appropriate filters positioned between the array and the photomultiplier tubes are used to filter the signals. The emission maxima of the fluorophores used are 565 nm for Cy3 and 650 nm for Cy5. Each array is typically scanned twice, one scan per fluorophore using the appropriate filters at the laser source, although the apparatus is capable of recording the spectra from both fluorophores simultaneously.

[0359] The sensitivity of the scans is typically calibrated using the signal intensity generated by a cDNA control species added to the sample mixture at a known concentration. A specific location on the array contains a complementary DNA sequence, allowing the intensity of the signal at that location to be correlated with a weight ratio of hybridizing species of 1:100,000. When two samples from different sources (e.g., representing test and control cells), each labeled with a different fluorophore, are hybridized to a single array for the purpose of identifying genes that are differentially expressed, the calibration is done by labeling samples of the calibrating cDNA with the two fluorophores and adding identical amounts of each to the hybridization mixture.

[0360] The output of the photomultiplier tube is digitized using a 12-bit RTI-835H analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion board (Analog Devices, Inc., Norwood Mass.) installed in an IBM-compatible PC computer. The digitized data are displayed as an image where the signal intensity is mapped using a linear 20-color transformation to a pseudocolor scale ranging from blue (low signal) to red (high signal). The data is also analyzed quantitatively. Where tw different fluorophores are excited and measured simultaneously, the data are first corrected for optical crosstalk (due to overlapping emission spectra) between the fluorophores using each fluorophore's emission spectrum.

[0361] A grid is superimposed ver the fluorescence signal image such that the signal from each spot is centered in each element of the grid. The fluorescence signal within each element is then integrated to obtain a numerical value corresponding to the average intensity of the signal. The software used for signal analysis is the GEMTOOLS gene expression analysis program (Incyte).

[0362] XI. Complementary Polynucleotides

[0363] Sequences complementary to the PKIN-encoding sequences, or any parts thereof, are used to detect, decrease, or inhibit expression of naturally occurring PKIN. Although use of oligonucleotides comprising from about 15 to 30 base pairs is described, essentially the same procedure is used with smaller or with larger sequence fragments. Appropriate oligonucleotides are designed using OLIGO 4.06 software (National Biosciences) and the coding sequence of PKIN. To inhibit transcription, a complementary oligonucleotide is designed from the most unique 5′ sequence and used to prevent promoter binding to the coding sequence. To inhibit translation, a complementary oligonucleotide is designed to prevent ribosomal binding to the PKIN-encoding transcript.

[0364] XII. Expression of PKIN

[0365] Expression and purification of PKIN is achieved using bacterial or virus-based expression systems. For expression of PKIN in bacteria, cDNA is subcloned into an appropriate vector containing an antibiotic resistance gene and an inducible promoter that directs high levels of cDNA transcription. Examples of such promoters include, but are not limited to, the trp-lac (tac) hybrid promoter and the T5 or T7 bacteriophage promoter in conjunction with the lac operator regulatory element. Recombinant vectors are transformed into suitable bacterial hosts, e.g., BL21(DE3). Antibiotic resistant bacteria express PKIN upon induction with isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). Expression of PKIN in eukaryotic cells is achieved by infecting insect or mammalian cell lines with recombinant Autographica californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV), commonly known as baculovirus. The nonessential polyhedrin gene of baculovirus is replaced with cDNA encoding PKIN by either homologous recombination or bacterial-mediated transposition involving transfer plasmid intermediates. Viral infectivity is maintained and the strong polyhedrin promoter drives high levels of cDNA transcription. Recombinant baculovirus is used to infect Spodoptera frugiverda (Sf9) insect cells in most cases, or human hepatocytes, in some cases. Infection of the latter requires additional genetic modifications to baculovirus. (See Engelhard, E. K. et al. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:3224-3227; Sandig, V. et al. (1996) Hum. Gene Ther. 7:1937-1945.)

[0366] In most expression systems, PKIN is synthesized as a fusion protein with, e.g., glutathione S-transferase (GST) or a peptide epitope tag, such as FLAG or 6-His, permitting rapid, single-step, affinity-based purificati n of recombinant fusion protein from crude cell lysates. GST, a 26-kilodalton enzyme from Schistosoma japonicum, enables the purification of fusion proteins on immobilized glutathione under conditions that maintain protein activity and antigenicity (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). Following purification, the GST moiety can be proteolytically cleaved from PKIN at specifically engineered sites. FLAG, an 8-amino acid peptide, enables immunoaffinity purification using commercially available monoclonal and polyclonal anti-FLAG antibodies (Eastman Kodak). 6-His, a stretch of six consecutive histidine residues, enables purification on metal-chelate resins (QIAGEN). Methods for protein expression and purification are discussed in Ausubel (1995, supra, ch. 10 and 16). Purified PKIN obtained by these methods can be used directly in the assays shown in Examples XVI, XVII, and XVIII, where applicable.

[0367] XIII. Functional Assays

[0368] PKIN function is assessed by expressing the sequences encoding PKIN at physiologically elevated levels in mammalian cell culture systems. cDNA is subcloned into a mammalian expression vector containing a strong promoter that drives high levels of cDNA expression. Vectors of choice include PCMV SPORT (Life Technologies) and PCR3.1 (nitrogen, Carlsbad Calif.), both of which contain the cytomegalovirus promoter. 5-10 μg of recombinant vector are transiently transfected into a human cell line, for example, an endothelial or hematopoietic cell line, using either liposome formulations or electroporation. 1-2 μg of an additional plasmid containing sequences encoding a marker protein are co-transfected. Expression of a marker protein provides a means to distinguish transfected cells from nontransfected cells and is a reliable predictor of cDNA expression from the recombinant vector. Marker proteins of choice include, e.g., Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP; Clontech), CD64, or a CD64-GFP fusion protein. Flow cytometry (FCM), an automated, laser optics-based technique, is used to identify transfected cells expressing GFP or CD64-GFP and to evaluate the apoptotic state of the cells and other cellular properties. FCM detects and quantifies the uptake of fluorescent molecules that diagnose events preceding or coincident with cell death. These events include changes in nuclear DNA content as measured by staining of DNA with propidium iodide; changes in cell size and granularity as measured by forward light scatter and 90 degree side light scatter; down-regulation of DNA synthesis as measured by decrease in bromodeoxyuridine uptake; alterations in expression of cell surface and intracellular proteins as measured by reactivity with specific antibodies; and alterations in plasma membrane composition as measured by the binding of fluorescein-conjugated Annexin V protein to the cell surface. Methods in flow cytometry are discussed in Ormerod, M. G. (1994) Flow Cytometry, Oxford, New York N.Y.

[0369] The influence of PKIN on gene expression can be assessed using highly purified populations of cells transfected with sequences encoding PKIN and either CD64 or CD64-GFP. CD64 and CD64-GFP are expressed on the surface of transfected cells and bind to conserved regions of human immunoglobulin G (IgG). Transfected cells are efficiently separated from nontransfected cells using magnetic beads coated with either human IgG or antibody against CD64 (DYNAL, Lake Success N.Y.). mRNA can be purified from the cells using methods well known by those of skill in the art Expression of mRNA encoding PKIN and other genes of interest can be analyzed by northern analysis or microarray techniques.

[0370] XIV. Production of PKIN Specific Antibodies

[0371] PKIN substantially purified using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE; see, e.g., Harrington, M. G. (1990) Methods Enzymol. 182:488-495), or other purification techniques, is used to immunize rabbits and to produce antibodies using standard protocols.

[0372] Alternatively, the PKIN amino acid sequence is analyzed using LASERGENE software (DNASTAR) to determine regions of high immunogenicity, and a corresponding oligopeptide is synthesized and used to raise antibodies by means known to those of skill in the art. Methods for selection of appropriate epitopes, such as those near the C-terminus or in hydrophilic regions are well described in the art (See, e.g., Ausubel, 1995, supra, ch. 11.) Typically, oligopeptides of about 15 residues in length are synthesized using an ABI 431A peptide synthesizer (Applied Biosystems) using FMOC chemistry and coupled to KLH (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis Mo.) by reaction with N-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (MBS) to increase immunogenicity. (See, e.g., Ausubel, 1995, supra.) Rabbits are immunized with the oligopeptide-KLH complex in complete Freund's adjuvant Resulting antisera are tested for antipeptide and anti-PKIN activity by, for example, binding the peptide or PKIN to a substrate, blocking with 1% BSA, reacting with rabbit antisera, washing, and reacting with radio-iodinated goat anti-rabbit IgG.

[0373] XV. Purification of Naturally Occurring PKIN Using Specific Antibodies

[0374] Naturally occurring or recombinant PKIN is substantially purified by immunoaffinity chromatography using antibodies specific for PKIN. An immunoaffinity column is constructed by covalently coupling anti-PKIN antibody to an activated chromatographic resin, such as CNBr-activated SEPHAROSE (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). After the coupling, the resin is blocked and washed according to the manufacturer's instructions.

[0375] Media containing PKIN are passed over the immunoaffinity column, and the column is washed under conditions that allow the preferential absorbance of PKIN (e.g., high ionic strength buffers in the presence of detergent). The column is eluted under conditions that disrupt antibody/PKIN binding (e.g., a buffer of pH 2 to pH 3, or a high concentration f a chaotrope, such as urea or thiocyanate ion), and PKIN is collected.

[0376] XVI. Identification of Molecules which Interact with PKIN

[0377] PKIN, or biologically active fragments thereof, are labeled with 125I Bolton-Hunter reagent. (See, e.g., Bolton, A. E. and W. M. Hunter (1973) Biochem. J. 133:529-539.) Candidate molecules previously arrayed in the wells of a multi-well plate are incubated with the labeled PKIN, washed, and any wells with labeled PKIN complex are assayed. Data obtained using different concentrations of PKIN are used to calculate values for the number, affinity, and association of PKIN with the candidate molecules.

[0378] Alternatively, molecules interacting with PKIN are analyzed using the yeast two-hybrid system as described in Fields, S. and O. Song (1989) Nature 340:245-246, or using commercially available kits based on the two-hybrid system, such as the MATCHMAKER system (Clontech).

[0379] PKIN may also be used in the PATHCALLING process (CuraGen Corp., New Haven Conn.) which employs the yeast two-hybrid system in a high-throughput manner to determine all interactions between the proteins encoded by two large libraries of genes (Nandabalan, K. et al. (2000) U.S. Pat. No. 6,057,101).

[0380] XVII. Demonstration of PKIN Activity

[0381] Generally, protein kinase activity is measured by quantifying the phosphorylation of a protein substrate by PKIN in the presence of gamma-labeled 32P-ATP. PKIN is incubated with the protein substrate, 32P-ATP, and an appropriate kinase buffer. The 32P incorporated into the substrate is separated from free 32P-ATP by electrophoresis and the incorporated 32P is counted using a radioisotope counter. The amount of incorporated 32P is proportional to the activity of PKIN. A determination of the specific amino acid residue phosphorylated is made by phosphoamino acid analysis of the hydrolyzed protein.

[0382] In one alternative, protein kinase activity is measured by quantifying the transfer of gamma phosphate from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to a serine, threonine or tyrosine residue in a protein substrate. The reaction occurs between a protein kinase sample with a biotinylated peptide substrate and gamma 32P-ATP. Following the reaction, free avidin in solution is added for binding to the biotinylated 32P-peptide product. The binding sample then undergoes a centrifugal ultrafiltration process with a membrane which will retain the product-avidin complex and allow passage of free gamma 32P-ATP. The reservoir of the centrifuged unit containing the 32P-peptide product as retentate is then counted in a scintillation counter. This procedure allows assay of any type of protein kinase sample, depending on the peptide substrate and kinase reaction buffer selected. This assay is provided in kit form (ASUA, Affinity Ultrafiltration Separation Assay, Transbio Corporation, Baltimore Md., U.S. Pat. No. 5,869,275). Suggested substrates and their respective enzymes are as follows: Histone H1 (Sigma) and p34cdc2kinase, Annexin I, Angiotensin (Sigma) and EGF receptor kinase, Annexin II and src kinase, ERK1 & ERK2 substrates and MEK, and myelin basic protein and ERK (Pearson, J. D. et al. (1991) Methods in Enzymology 200:62-81).

[0383] In another alternative, protein kinase activity of PKIN is demonstrated in vitro in an assay containing PKIN, 50 μl of kinase buffer, 1 μg substrate, such as myelin basic protein (MBP) or synthetic peptide substrates, 1 mM DTT, 10 μg ATP, and 0.5 μCi [γ33P]ATP. The reaction is incubated at 30° C. for 30 minutes and stopped by pipetting onto P81 paper. The unincorporated [γ-33P]ATP is removed by washing and the incorporated radioactivity is measured using a radioactivity scintillation counter. Alternatively, the reaction is stopped by heating to 100° C. in the presence of SDS loading buffer and visualized on a 12% SDS polyacrylamide gel by autoradiography. Incorporated radioactivity is corrected for reactions carried out in the absence of PKIN or in the presence of the inactive kinase, K38A.

[0384] In yet another alternative, adenylate kinase or guanylate kinase activity may be measured by the incorporation of 32P from gamma-labeled 32P-ATP into ADP or GDP using a gamma radioisotope counter. The enzyme, in a kinase buffer, is incubated together with the appropriate nucleotide mono-phosphate substrate (AMP or GMP) and 32P-labeled ATP as the phosphate donor. The reaction is incubated at 37° C. and terminated by addition of trichloroacetic acid. The acid extract is neutraliz and subjected to gel electrophoresis to separate the mono-, di-, and triphosphonucleotide fractions. The diphosphonucleotide fraction is cut out and counted. The radioactivity recovered is proportional to the enzyme activity.

[0385] In yet another alternative, other assays for PKIN include scintillation proximity assays (SPA), scintillation plate technology and filter binding assays. Useful substrates include recombinant proteins tagged with glutathione transferase, or synthetic peptide substrates tagged with biotin. Inhibitors of PKIN activity, such as small organic molecules, proteins or peptides, may be identified by such assays.

[0386] Kinase activity of PKIN may be determined by its ability to convert polyphosphate substrate (PolyP) to ATP in the presence of ADP. PKIN and Poly P are incubated at 37° C. for 40 minutes and then at 90° C. for 2 minutes in a buffer containing 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 40 mM ammonium sulfate, 4 mM MgCl2, and 5 μM ADP. The reaction mixture is diluted 1:100 in 100 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 4 mM EDTA, which is then diluted 1:1 in luciferase reaction mixture (ATP Bioluminescence Assay Kit CLS II; Boehringer Mannheim). The ATP generated is then quantitated using a luminometer (Kornberg, A. et al. (1999) Annu. Rev. Biochem. 68:89-125; Ault-Riché, D. et al. (1998) J. Bacteriol. 180:1841-1847).

[0387] Kinase activity of PKIN, as measured by phosphorylation of substrate, may be determined using an immune complex kinase assay well known in the art. COS7 cells are transfected with an expression plasmid constructed from a FLAG tag expression vector (pME18S-FLAG) containing PKIN DNA. A control transfection using vector alone without the PKIN DNA insert is done in parallel. After 48 hours, the cells are lysed in buffer A (20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 3 mM MgCl2, 100 mM NaCl2, 1 mM dithiothreitol, 1 mM phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, 1 μg/ml leupeptin, 1 mM EGTA, 1 mM Na3Vo4, 10 mM NaF, 20 mM β-glycerophosphate, and 0.5% Triton X-100) and centrifuged at 14,000 rpm. Supernatants are incubated with anti-FLAG antibody (M2 monoclonal antibody; Eastman Kodak Co.) in a 50% slurry of protein A-Sepharose (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) for 1.5 hours at 4° C. Immune complexes are precipitated and washed twice in buffer A and twice in buffer B (20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 1 mM dithiothreitol, 10 μM Na3Vo4, 2 mM β-glycerophosphate, 0.1 mM phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, 0.1 μg/ml leupeptin, 0.1 mM EGTA.) Precipitates are incubated in buffer B containing 0.17 mg/ml myelin basic protein (MBP) (Sigma), 20 μM ATP, and 5 μCi of [γ-32P]ATP (NEN Life Science Products) at 30° C. for 20 minutes. The reaction is stopped by the addition of 4× Laemmli sample buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 6.8, 2% SDS, 30 mM dithiothreitol, and 10% glycerol) and heated at 95° C. for 5 minutes. Proteins are separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and radioactivity incorporated into MBP is detected by autoradiography (Nakano, K. et al. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275:20533-20539.)

[0388] In yet another alternative, an assay for PanK activity of PKIN includes the enzyme preparation method as described in Vallari, D. S. et al., (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262:2468-247. Pantothenate kinase-specific activities in cell lysates are calculated as a function of protein concentration with the assay being linear with respect to both time and protein input. Protein concentrations are measured using the Bradford assay using bovine γ-globulin as a standard. Standard assays contain D-[1-14C]pantothenate (45.5 μM; specific activity 55 mCi/mmol), ATP (2.5 mM, pH 7.0), MgCl2 (2.5 mM), Tris-HCl (0.1 M, pH 7.5), and 15 μg of protein from a soluble cell extract in a total volume of 40 μl. The mixture is incubated for 10 min. at 37° C., and the reaction is stopped by depositing a 30-μl aliquot onto a Whatman DE81 ion-exchange filter disc which is then washed in three changes of 1% acetic acid in 95% ethanol (25 ml/disc) to remove unreacted pantothenate. 4′-Phosphopantothenate is quantitated by counting the dried disc in 3 ml of scintillation solution (Rock, supra).

[0389] XVIII. Enhancement/Inhibition f Protein Kinase Activity

[0390] Agonists or antagonists of PKIN activation or inhibition may be tested using assays described in section XVII. Agonists cause an increase in PKIN activity and antagonists cause a decrease in PKIN activity.

[0391] Various modifications and variations of the described methods and systems of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Although the invention has been described in connection with certain embodiments, it should be understood that the invention as claimed should not be unduly limited to such specific embodiments. Indeed, various modifications of the described modes for carrying out the invention which are obvious to those skilled in molecular biology or related fields are intended to be within the scope of the following claims.

3TABLE 1Poly-peptideIncyteSEQIncytePolynucleotideIncyteProject IDID NO:Polypeptide IDSEQ ID NO:Polynucleotide ID748289617482896CD1237482896CB1748304627483046CD1247483046CB171636374371636374CD12571636374CB1748059747480597CD1267480597CB1322724853227248CD1273227248CB1420727364207273CD1284207273CB1748333477483334CD1297483334CB1748333787483337CD1307483337CB1603550996035509CD1316035509CB17373485107373485CD1327373485CB15734965115734965CD1335734965CB17473788127473788CD1347473788CB13107989133107989CD1353107989CB17482887147482887CD1367482887CB12963414152963414CD1372963414CB17477139167477139CD1387477139CB1550090531755009053CD13955009053CB17474648187474648CD1407474648CB17483053197483053CD1417483053CB17483117207483117CD1427483117CB17484498217484498CD1437484498CB17638121227638121CD1447638121CB1

[0392]

4

TABLE 2

Polypeptide
Incyte Polypeptide
GenBank ID
Probability

SEQ ID NO:
ID
NO:
Score
GenBank Homolog

1
7482896CD1
g852055
2.90E−167
[Homo sapiens] casein kinase I-alpha

Fish, K. J. et al., (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270: 14875-14883

2
7483046CD1
g2736151
4.20E−167
[Rattus norvegicus] mytonic dystrophy kinase-related

Leung, T. et al., (1998) Mol. Cell. Biol. 18: 130-140

3
71636374CD1
g7549223
0
[Mus musculus] PALS1

(proteins associated with Lin-7, a membrane-associated guanylate kinase)

Kamberov, E. et al., (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275: 11425-11431

4
7480597CD1
g2224679
1.40E−97
[Homo sapiens] KIAA0369 doublecortin-like kinase

Nagase, T. et al., (1997) DNA Res. 4: 141-150

Burgess, H. A. et al. (1999) J. Neurosci. Res. 58: 567-575

5
3227248CD1
g6690020
4.90E−199
[Mus musculus] pantothenate kinase 1 beta

Rock, C. O. et al. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275: 1377-1383

6
4207273CD1
g4028547
4.70E−68
[Dictyostelium discoideum] MEK kinase alpha

Chung, C. Y. et al. (1998) Genes Dev. 12: 3564-3578

7
7483334CD1
g479173
1.70E−251
[Homo sapiens] protein kinase

Schultz, S. J. et al. (1994) Cell Growth Differ. 5: 625-635

8
7483337CD1
g9280288
3.10E−27
[Arabidopsis thaliana] receptor protein kinase

Kaneko, T. et al. (2000) DNA Res. 7: 217-221

9
6035509CD1
g6110362
3.60E−76
[Homo sapiens] Traf2 and NCK interacting kinase, splice variant 7

Fu, C. A. et al. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274: 30729-30737

10
7373485CD1
g4200446
0
[Mus musculus] FYVE finger-containing phosphoinositide kinase

Shisheva, A. et al. (1999) Mol. Cell. Biol. 19: 623-634

11
5734965CD1
g2905643
4.60E−109
[Klebsiella pneumoniae] ribitol kinase

Heuel H, et al. (1998) Microbiology 144(Pt 6): 1631-9

12
7473788CD1
g7160989
1.70E−148
[Homo sapiens] serine/threonine protein kinase

Ruiz-Perez VL, et al. (2000) Nat. Genet. 24(3): 283-6

13
3107989CD1
g6690020
1.60E−129
[Mus musculus] pantothenate kinase 1 beta

Rock, C. O. et al. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275: 1377-1383

14
7482887CD1
g205662
3.90E−48
[Rattus norvegicus] nucleoside diphosphate kinase

Kimura, N. et al. J. Biol. Chem. (1990) 265: 15744-15749

15
2963414CD1
g6524024
8.90E−106
[Mus musculus] mammalian inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1

Saiardi, A. et al. Curr. Biol. (1999) 9: 1323-1326

16
7477139CD1
g6472874
0
[Mus musculus] Nck-interacting kinase-like embryo specific kinase

Nakano, K. et al. J. Biol. Chem. (2000) 275: 20533-20539

17
55009053CD1
g15131540
0
[f1][Homo sapiens] (AJ316534) serine/threonine protein kinase

18
7474648CD1
g14346040
0
[f1][Homo sapiens] serine/threonine kinase PSKH2

19
7483053CD1
g5419753
0
[Homo sapiens] RET tyrosine kinase receptor

Bordeaux, M. C. et al. (2000) EMBO J. 19: 4056-4063

20
7483117CD1
g644770
2.70E−136
[Xenopus laevis] Wee1A kinase

Mueller, P. R. et al. (1995) Mol. Biol. Cell 6: 119-134

21
7484498CD1
g3599509
0
[Mus musculus] rho/rac-interacting citron kinase

Di Cunto, F. et al. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273: 29706-29711

22
7638121CD1
g212661
1.20E−60
[Gallus gallus] smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase precursor

Olson, N. J. et al. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87: 2284-2288

[0393]

5

TABLE 3

Analytical

SEQ

Amino

Methods

ID
Incyte
Acid
Potential Phosphorylation
Potential

and

NO:
Polypeptide ID
Residues
Sites
Glycosylation Sites
Signature Sequences, Domains and Motifs
Databases

1
7482896CD1
337
S105 S122 S199 S237
N167 N215 N3
Eukaryotic protein kinase domain: Y17-F211
HMMER-

S242 S27 S49 S7 S96

PFAM

T109 T146 T184 T228

Protein kinases signatures and profile: T112-R168
PROFILE-

T243 T323 T327 T38

SCAN

Y209 Y274

PROTEIN KINASE DOMAIN DM00004
BLAST-

P35506|19-273: L19-Y274
DOMO

P54367|22-276: L19-Y274

P48730|11-265: L19-Y274

B56406|19-273: L19-Y274

CASEIN KINASE I TRANSFERASE
BLAST-

SERINE/THREONINE PROTEIN ATP-BINDING
PRODOM

ISOFORM ALPHA CKI ALPHA MULTIGENE

PD006522: R282-G324

Tyrosine kinase catalytic domain PR00109: Y126-
BLIMPS-

M144
PRINTS

Kinase Protein Domain PD00584: V20-G29
BLIMPS-

PRODOM

Protein kinases ATP-binding region signature: I23-
MOTIFS

K46

Serine/Threonine protein kinases active-site signature:
MOTIFS

F132-M144

signal_cleavage: M1-G40
SPSCAN

2
7483046CD1
475
S161 S280 S307 S363

Eukaryotic portein kinase domain: F71-F337
HMMER-

S407 S430 T455

PFAM

PROTEIN KINASE DOMAIN DM00004|
BLAST-

Q09013|83-336: I73-R325
DOMO

S42867|75-498: I73-H252

I38133|90-369: E72-L220

P53894|353-658: L74-G215

KINASE PHORBOLESTER BINDING
BLAST-

DYSTROPHY KINASE RELATED CDC42
PRODOM

BINDING SIMILAR SERINE/THREONINE

PROTEIN GENGHIS KHAN PD012280: L25-D70

Tyrosine kinase catalytic domain PR00109: M148-
BLIMPS-

S161, S185-L203, C257-E279
PRINTS

Protein kinase C terminal domain: P351-D366
HMMER-

PFAM

Protein kinases ATP-binding region signature: I77-
MOTIFS

K100

Serine/Threonine protein kinases active-site signature:
MOTIFS

Y191-L203

signal_cleavage: M1-S37
SPSCAN

3
71636374CD1
675
S130 S14 S143 S25 S383
N82
Guanylate kinase: T515-I624
HMMER-

S432 S517 S562 S569

PFAM

S576 S581 S646 S84

GUANYLATE KINASE DM00755
BLAST-

T137 T253 T270 T422

A57653|370-570: P475-P670
DOMO

T465 T514 T558 T584

P54936|769-955: R478-P670

T97 Y593

I38757|709-898: Q474-P670

P31016|529-718: R480-P670

PROTEIN DOMAIN SH3 KINASE GUANYLATE
BLAST-

TRANSFERASE ATPBINDING REPEAT GMP
PRODOM

MEMBRANE PD001338: T514-E620

SIMILAR TO GUANYLATE KINASE PD065809:
BLAST

G41-Q337
PRODOM

Guanylate kinase protein BL00856: V511-V531,
BLIMPS-

D539-R586
BLOCKS

SH3 domain signature PR00452: D386-E395, I348-
BLIMPS-

P358, L369-Q384
PRINTS

PDZ domain (Also known as DHR or GLGF). PDZ:
HMMER-

I256-S335,
PFAM

SH3 domain SH3: I348-Q415
HMMER-

PFAM

ATP/GTP-binding site motif A (P-loop): A404-S411
MOTIFS

Guanylate_Kinase signature and profile: T514-V531
MOTIFS

4
7480597CD1
835
S11 S153 S174 S223
N768
Eukaryotic protein kinase domain pkinase: Y543-I800
HMMER-

S249 S271 S292 S349

PFAM

S369 S380 S389 S393

Protein kinases signatures and profile: D640-I697
PROFILE-

S405 S525 S54 S59 S633

SCAN

S713 T129 T194 T246

PROTEIN KINASE DOMAIN DM00004
BLAST-

T278 T300 T319 T33

S57347|21-266: V548-T790
DOMO

T451 T477 T499 T514

P08414|44-285: I549-T790

T545 T610 T63 T681

A44412|16-262: I549-A791

T790 T808

JU0270|16-262: I549-A791

KINASE PROTEIN TRANSFERASE ATP-
BLAST-

BINDING SERINE/THREONINE PROTEIN
PRODOM

PHOSPHORYLATION RECEPTOR TYROSINE

PROTEIN PRECURSOR TRANSMEMBRANE

PD000001: E609-V693

Octicosapeptide repeat p PF00564: Y543-S597, H605-
BLIMPS-

M655, K473-G526
PFAM

Tyrosine kinase catalytic domain PR00109: L618-
BLIMPS-

I631, H654-V672
PRINTS

Protein kinases ATP-binding region signature: I549-
MOTIFS

K572

Serine/Threonine protein kinases active-site signature:
MOTIFS

I660-V672

5
3227248CD1
373
S100 S283 S285 S330
N103 N72

S47 T10 T167 T209

T226 T230 T244 T34

6
4207273CD1
735
S100 S111 S113 S124
N289 N312 N341
PROTEIN KINASE DOMAIN
BLAST-

S152
N392
DM00004|A48084|98-348:
DOMO

S170 S179 S185
N400 N61
K470-A722 DM00004|Q01389|1176-1430: K470-

S186 S20 S202 S215
N624 N647
A722 DM00004|P41892|11-249: G471-R719

S221 S225 S240 S267

DM00004|Q10407|826-1084: K470-A722

S271 S302 S459 S503

KINASE PROTEIN TRANSFERASE ATP-
BLAST-

S729 S9 T10 T105 T13

BINDING SERINE/THREONINE PROTEIN
PRODOM

T30 T402 T417 T425

PHOSPHORYLATION RECEPTOR TYROSINE

T469 T626 T663 T669

PROTEIN PRECURSOR TRANSMEMBRANE

T84 Y512

PD000001: L631-P673, E472-C537, Y533-S633,

S701-S734

Tyrosine kinase catalytic domain signature
BLIMPS-

PR00109: M547-N560, Y583-L601, G636-I646, S655-
PRINTS

M677

Eukaryotic protein kinase domain pkinase: W468-
HMMER-

L731
PFAM

Protein_Kinase_Atp L474-K496
MOTIFS

Protein_Kinase_St V589-L601
MOTIFS

Protein kinases signatures and profile
PROFILE-

protein_kinase_tyr.prf: V569-A619
SCAN

7
7483334CD1
506
S148 S206 S243 S319
N181 N345 N377
PROTEIN KINASE DOMAIN DM00004
BLAST-

S325 S354 S47 T197
N401
P51954|6-248: L7-S247
DOMO

T288 T293 T308 T321

P51957|8-251: L7-S247

T373 T386 T402 T403

P51955|10-261: V6-S247

T479

Q08942|22-269: M9-S247

Tyrosine kinase catalytic domain signature
BLIMPS-

PR00109: M79-K92, H117-L135, S183-N205, Y226-
PRINTS

A248

Eukaryotic protein kinase domain pkinase:
HMMER-

Y4-V257
PFAM

Protein_Kinase_Atp I10-K33
MOTIFS

Protein_Kinase_St V123-L135
MOTIFS

Protein kinases signatures and profile
PROFILE-

protein_kinase_tyr.prf: M103-M156
SCAN

8
7483337CD1
2014
S1076 S1151 S1177
N1024 N1119
PROTEIN KINASE DOMAIN DM00004
BLAST-

S1217 S1274 S1279
N1338 N1599
I38044|100-349: I1295-P1549
DOMO

S1454 S15 S1515 S1679
N1674 N307 N371
I49663|194-437: E1341-P1549

S1700 S1811 S1833
N409
A53800|119-368: R1343-P1549

S1887 S1890 S1999

S29851|157-404: E1341-P1549

S203 S25 S321 S337

Tyrosine kinase catalytic domain signature PR00109:
BLIMPS-

S401 S531 S56 S565

Y1414-V1432, V1483-H1505, Q1529-A1551
PRINTS

S599 S81 S843 S863

transmembrane domain transmem_domain: P1367-
HMMER

S887 S900 T1091 T1099

N1387

T1113 T1187 T1189

Eukaryotic protein kinase domain pkinase: E1280-
HMMER-

T1234 T1401 T1543

P1549
PFAM

T1605 T1634 T1660

Protein kinases signatures and profile
PROFILE-

T1872 T1895 T2010

protein_kinase_tyr.prf: L1400-E1457
SCAN

T280 T494 T517 T524

T533 T537 T680 T687

Atp_Gtp_A G672-S679
MOTIFS

T699 T702 T703 T753

T795 T811 T835 T909

Y1225 Y1997 Y907

9
6035509CD1
348
S101 S171 S199 S271
N177
PROTEIN KINASE DOMAIN DM00004
BLAST-

S50 S7 T178 T213 T311

P10676|18-272: I17-P270
DOMO

T318 T33

A53714|17-262: I17-S271

P38692|24-266: E19-S271

P08458|20-262: I21-S271

Tyrosine kinase catalytic domain signature
BLIMPS-

PR00109: H134-L152, G181-I191, W250-V272
PRINTS

Eukaryotic protein kinase domain pkinase: W15-I281
HMMER-

PFAM

Protein_Kinase_Atp I21-K44
MOTIFS

Protein_Kinase_St I140-L152
MOTIFS

Protein kinases signatures and profile
PROFILE-

protein_kinase_tyr.prf: M120-T172
SCAN

10
7373485CD1
2042
S1020 S105 S1079
N1061 N1274
Probable phosphatidyl inositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase
BLAST-

S1125 S1130 S1148 S13
N1647 N1671
FAB1 EC 2.7.1.68 1-phosphatidyl inositol 4-
PRODOM

S1377 S1419 S1429
N1870 N303 N310
phosphate 5-kinase diphosphoinositide transferase

S1440 S1466 S1483
N333
PD136025: H461-F821, W1147-K1437, L1375-

S1488 S1544 S1545

S1702, K638-K767, P1663-V1780, D1372-Q1458,

S1620 S1639 S1648

F959-I1069, R960-D1053, F200-R262, D1895-

S168 S1685 S1703

S1950; PD041996: L1974-W2035

S1784 S1785 S1830

5-KINASE PHOSPHATIDYL INOSITOL 4-
BLAST-

S1899 S228 S244 S257

PHOSPHATE KINASE TYPE TRANSFERASE
PRODOM

S261 S286 S291 S367

DIPHOSPHOINOSITIDE 1-PHOSPHATIDYL

S423 S475 S502 S576

INOSITOL 4-PHOSPHATE II ALPHA

S789 S810 S835 S85

PHOSPHATIDYL INOSITOL PD002308: P1751-

S872 S896 S977 T1005

G1966, L1974-F2028, I493-H533

T1013 T109 T1149

FYVE zinc finger FYV: Q153-C213
MOTIFS

T1295 T1386 T1524

Phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-Kinase
MOTIFS

T1567 T1670 T1674

PIP5: R1791-F2028

T1681 T1708 T1722

T173 T1743 T1813

T1852 T1872 T1909

T1970 T341 T342 T591

T666 T731 T782 T976

T984 Y1290

Y1716 Y1933 Y659

11
5734965CD1
551
S107 S176 S2 S21 S257
N127 N219
FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases: L423-A490
HMMER-

S368 S502 S54 T183

PFAM

T286 T334 T356 T403

FGGY FAMILY OF CARBOHYDRATE KINASES
BLAST-

T66 Y526 Y531

DM01757|P21939|1-480: V13-A184
DOMO

XYLULOKINASE DM02388|P18157|1-492: T383-
BLAST-

E539
DOMO

FGGY FAMILY OF CARBOHYDRATE KINASES
BLAST-

DM01757|P37677|1-479: R10-D260
DOMO

FGGY FAMILY OF CARBOHYDRATE KINASES
BLAST-

DM01757|P46834|1-488: Y11-V268
DOMO

MPA43 PROTEIN PD130314: V13-I210
BLAST-

PRODOM

FGGY family of carbohydrate kinases proteins
BLIMPS-

BL00933: Y11-L34, R109-A119, V137-N156, G456-
BLOCKS

I471

12
7473788CD1
485
S10 S159 S3 S343 S362
N405
Eukaryotic protein kinase domain: F93-Q345
HMMER-

S415 S417 T115 T192

PFAM

T466 T469 T76 Y119

PROTEIN KINASE DOMAIN
BLAST-

DM00004|P54644|122-362: I95-S342
DOMO

PROTEIN KINASE DOMAIN
BLAST-

DM00004|P28178|155-393: I95-L341
DOMO

PROTEIN KINASE DOMAIN DM08046
BLAST-

P05986|1-397: K65-P372
DOMO

P06244|1-396: F93-P372

Tyrosine kinase catalytic domain signature
BLIMPS-

PR00109: V170-Q183, Y206-L224
PRINTS

Protein kinases ATP-binding region signature I99-
MOTIFS

K122

Serine/Threonine protein kinases active-site signature
MOTIFS

I212-L224

signal_cleavage: M1-A24
SPSCAN

13
3107989CD1
282
S148 S152 S192 S194
N12
signal_cleavage: M1-A27
SPSCAN

S239 S78 T118 T138

T139 T153 T36

14
7482887CD1
151
S42 S97 T35 Y141

NUCLEOSIDE DIPHOSPHATE KINASES
BLAST-

DM00773|P48817|3-152: I7-Y150
DOMO

DM00773|I39074|19-168: I7-Y150

DM00773|Q07661|1-148: I7-Y150

DM00773|P50590|1-150: I7-Y150

KINASE DIPHOSPHATE NUCLEOSIDE
BLAST-

TRANSFERASE NDK NDP ATP-BINDING
PRODOM

PROTEIN I PRECURSOR PD001018: I7-Y150

Nucleoside diphosphate kinases proteins
BLIMPS-

BL00469: E77-L131
BLOCKS

Nucleoside diphosphate kinases NDK: I7-A151
HMMER-

PFAM

Nucleoside diphosphate kinases active site
PROFILE-

ndp_kinases: G96-R142
SCAN

15
2963414CD1
410
S134 S156 S276 S318
N117 N290
PROTEIN ARGININE METABOLISM
BLAST-

T259 T361 T374 T383

REGULATION III TRANSCRIPTION
PRODOM

T62

SIMILARITY SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE

PUTATIVE

PD011544: S188-Q333, S355-L403

PUTATIVE BZIP TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR
BLAST-

CHROMOSOME IV READING FRAME ORF
PRODOM

YDR017C PD024140: G15-R197

Aldo/keto reductase family putative active site
MOTIFS

signature I312-L327

16
7477139CD1
1581
S101 S1107 S1112
N1137 N1201 N146
PROTEIN KINASE DOMAIN
BLAST-

DOMO

S1139 S1178 S1233
N654 N668 N990
DM00004|P10676|18-272: Y83-P302

S1291 S1346 S136

DM00004|A53714|17-262: L43-S304

S1400 S1426 S1435

DM00004|P38692|24-266: S84-C293, K29-N57

S148 S1537 S1577 S211

DM00004|P50527|388-627: K77-S304, I31-E65

S283 S376 S498 S580

S671 S676 S700 S709

S718 S749 S807 S84

S890 S891 S892 S910

T1071 T1123 T1194

T1367 T1508 T1546

T1556 T246 T276 T294

T357 T573 T664 T690

T899 T981 T992

17
55009053CD1
1084
S1024 S1031 S1038
N953
Serine/Threonine protein kinases active-site signature
MOTIFS

S1042 S1058 S157 S172

I139-I151

S231 S25 S422 S452

Protein kinases signatures and profile
PROFILE-

S478 S52 S521 S552

protein_kinase_tyr.prf: L118-F173
SCAN

S569 S604 S623 S709

Eukaryotic protein kinase domain pkinase: L15-F273
HMMER-

S80 S862 S882 S895

PFAM

S914 S962 S968 S969

Tyrosine kinase catalytic domain PR00109: T95-
BLIMPS-

S981 S988 T102 T1037

R108, H133-I151, V197-C219, K242-I264
PRINTS

T167 T230 T256 T263

PROTEIN KINASE DOMAIN DM00004 S49611|
BLAST-

T37 T420 T48 T543

39-259: I21-K242 Q05609|553-797: E20-C253
DOMO

T593 T631 T8 Y1005

P51957|8-251: I21-R261 P41892|11-249: I21-R261

18
7474648CD1
600
S206 S331 S369 S425
N18 N495
Protein kinases ATP-binding region signature I284-
MOTIFS

S456 S543 S55 S571

K307

S577 S585 T117 T14

Eukaryotic protein kinase domain pkinase: Y278-
HMMER-

T25 T299 T300 T356

V535
PFAM

T371 T395 T433 T58

Tyrosine kinase catalytic PR00109: M352-I365,
BLIMPS-

Y388-Y406, V458-E480
PRINTS

PROTEIN KINASE DOMAIN DM00004 S57347|
BLAST-

21-266: D279-L516 P08414|44-285: I280-S525
DOMO

JN0323|25-268: I284-R523 S46284|28-274:

I284-A526

19
7483053CD1
1114
S1034 S104 S110 S131
N1092 N151 N199
signal peptide: M1-G28
HMMER

S159 S173 S224 S363
N336 N343 N361
Signal_cleavage: M1-A26
SPSCAN

S413 S457 S522 S561
N367 N377 N394
Transmembrane domain: L13-F31
HMMER

S65 S670 S691 S696
N448 N468 N554
Protein kinases ATP-binding region signature L730-
MOTIFS

S765 S811 S819 S836
N834 N975 N98
K758

S922 T1022 T1055

Tyrosine protein kinases specific active-site signature
MOTIFS

T1078 T261 T295 T315

L870-V882

T328 T350 T456 T492

Protein kinases signatures and profile
PROFILE-

T538 T564 T675 T729

protein_kinase_tyr.prf: D850-D903
SCAN

T75 T847 T930 Y1096

Receptor tyrosine kinase class II signature
PROFILE-

Y483 Y905

receptor_tyr_kin_ii.prf: R878-D925
SCAN

Cadherin domain cadherin: P172-T261
HMMER-

PFAM

Eukaryotic protein kinase domain pkinase: L724-
HMMER-

L1005
PFAM

Receptor tyrosine kinase BL00239: D903-Y952,
BLIMPS-

P957-I1001, E775-V822, L851-R873, A876-E901
BLOCKS

BL00240: K716-A764, A764-E818, D850-K887,

E902-G949, G949-I1001 BL00790: G748-L801,

A855-A876, A877-D903, Q910-W942, H968-L1016

Tyrosine kinase catalyti PR00109: V804-R817, Y864-
BLIMPS-

V882, I913-L923, S932-G954, C976-F998
PRINTS

RECEPTOR KINASE PRECURSOR SIGNAL RET
BLAST-

TYROSINE PROTOONCOGENE TYROSINE
PRODOM

CRET TRANSFERASE PD014372: P273-K666,

D300-V725; PD014143: Y30-C197; PD007958:

V1010-G1063, PD010335: M1064-S1114

PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE RET DM05080
BLAST-

P07949|302-723: D302-L724 I48735|303-724: D302-
DOMO

L724 PROTEIN KINASE DOMAIN DM00004

JN0290|88-360: V725-F998 P07949|725-997: V725-

F998

20
7483117CD1
567
S162 S17 S206 S243
N15 N332
Protein kinases ATP-binding region signature I218-
MOTIFS

S278 S543 S552 S70

K241

T112 T125 T22 T246

Serine/Threonine protein kinases active-site signature
MOTIFS

T544 T559 T68 Y238

M335-I347

Eukaryotic protein kinase domain pkinase: F212-L480
HMMER

PFAM

Tyrosine kinase catalytic site PR00109: N289-S302,
BLIMPS-

Y329-I347, A415-G437, L455-A477
PRINTS

WEEI HOMOLOG WEEILIKE PROTEIN KINASE
BLAST-

MITOSIS TRANSFERASE TYROSINEPROTEIN
PRODOM

ATPBINDING PHOSPHORYLATION PD028078:

N483-G561

PROTEIN KINASE DOMAIN DM00004
BLAST-

P47817|211-470: L213-A477 P30291|300-559: E214-
DOMO

A477 P54350|241-507: E214-A477 A57247|104-343:

K217-I347, A366-R474

21
7484498CD1
2054
S81 S93 S140 S248 S308
N835 N1622 N1745
CNH (NIK-1 like kinase) domain: L1619-Y1916
HMMER-

S361 S381 S386 S410
N1768

PFAM

S436 S445 S480 S487

Phorbol esters/diacylglycerol binding: H1390-C1438
HMMER-

S501 S516 S529 S546

PFAM

S577 S582 S699 S883

PH (pleckstrin homology) domain: L1471-A1590
HMMER-

S888 S924 S1031 S1049

PFAM

S1097 S1158 S1160

Eukaryotic protein kinase domain: F97-F360
HMMER-

S1234 S1315 S1364

PFAM

S1365 S1370 S1371

Phorbol esters/diacylglycerol binding domain
PROFILE-

S1377 S1574 S1845

dag_pe_binding_domain.prf: C1403-E1466
SCAN

S1915 S1933 S2014

Tyrosine kinase catalytic domain signature PR00109:
BLIMPS-

S2028 T83 T378 T498

S211-V229, C284-G306, M174-N187
PRINTS

T604 T840 T951 T956

Domain found in NIK1-like kinase, mouse citron and
BLIMPS-

T989 T1041 T1062

yeast ROM1, ROM2 PF00780: K534-I542, N891-
PFAM

T1112 T1186 T1231

T933, I964-Q975, Q1015-Q1067, Q1217-E1255,

T1309 T1326 T1336

I1388-L1434, E1759-A1802, N1819-F1831, K1851-

T1372 T1543 T1583

Q1880

T1775 T1787 T1943

CITRON PROTEIN COILED COIL
BLAST-

T1955 T1961 T2015

RHO/RACINTERACTING KINASE
PRODOM

Y763

PD155701: F859-L1071

PD143273: G1439-V1631

PD082663: L1201-P1389

PD143272: A1881-V2054

PROTEIN KINASE DOMAIN DM00004
BLAST-

Q09013|83-336: V99-L349
DOMO

S42867|75-498: S101-G241, I258-S445

S42864|41-325: E98-G241, N249-L349

P53894|353-658: L102-G241 I258-L349

Protein kinases ATP-binding region signature V103-
MOTIFS

K126

Serine/Threonine protein kinases active-site signature:
MOTIFS

Y217-V229

Leucine zipper pattern: L854-L875, L991-L1012,
MOTIFS

L1057-L1078, L1159-L1180

Carbamoyl-phosphate synthase subdomain signature
MOTIFS

2: M1172-S1179

Phorbol esters/diacylglycerol binding domain:
MOTIFS

H1390-C1438

22
7638121CD1
1665
S97 S152 S156 S163
N1005
Immunoglobulin domain: G68-A128, G1174-V1235
HMMER-

S242 S364 S450 S459

PFAM

S491 S493 S528 S536

Eukaryotic protein kinase domain: Y165-F418, F1369-
HMMER-

S588 S762 S827 S875

L1621
PFAM

S915 S917 S929 S947

Protein kinases signatures and profile
PROFILE-

S961 S997 S1087 S1147

protein_kinase_tyr.prf: E260-A314
SCAN

S1203 S1336 S1351

Tyrosine kinase catalytic domain signature PR00109:
BLIMPS-

S1365 S1391 S1434

S341-E363, L387-A409, L238-Y251, Y274-M292
PRINTS

S1446 S1459 S1461

KINASE PROTEIN TRANSFERASE ATPBINDING
BLAST-

S1521 T59 T230 T257

SERINE/THREONINEPROTEIN
PRODOM

T312 T668 T870 T966

PHOSPHORYLATION RECEPTOR

T1211 T1310 T1320

TYROSINEPROTEIN PRECURSOR

T1638

TRANSMEMBRANE PD000001: V256-V327, S323-

D365, S380-P423

PROTEIN KINASE DOMAIN DM00004
BLAST-

JN0583|727-969: V167-R401, Q1372-P1563
DOMO

P07313|298-541: K168-A409, Q1378-P1563

P53355|15-257: E169-R406, Q1374-P1563

S07571|5152-5396: E166-R406, Q1374-P1606

Protein kinases ATP-binding region signature I171-
MOTIFS

K194

Tyrosine protein kinases specific active-site signature
MOTIFS

I1484-I1496

Protein kinase St V280-M192
MOTIFS

[0394]

6

TABLE 4

Polynucleotide

Sequence
Selected

SEQ ID NO:
Incyte ID
Length
Fragments
Sequence Fragments
5′ Position
3′ Position

23
7482896CB1
1014
982-1014
GNN.g7899226_000043_002.
1
1014

edit

24
7483046CB1
1530
719-770,
71583296V1
889
1476

1-61,
71581650V1
778
1455

1036-1104,
71601507V1
1124
1530

1271-1461,
55143579J1
1
272

313-464
71579961V1
266
884

55140831J1
118
522

25
71636374CB1
3150
1294-1806,
183812R7 (CARDNOT01)
2581
3148

1-115,
7676860H1 (NOSETUE01)
250
864

2593-2616
8252304H1 (BRAHDIT10)
25
804

5223511F9 (OVARDIT07)
1225
1397

GBI.g7452884_edit
1125
2085

GBI.g8919852_edit
1099
1898

7214961H1 (LUNGFEC01)
1
250

7710619J1 (TESTTUE02)
1611
2273

7391509H1 (LIVRFEE02)
751
1302

5958404H1 (BRATNOT05)
2796
3150

5971916H1 (BRAZNOT01)
2211
2832

26
7480597CB1
2901
1907-1981,
55150024J1
1377
2056

1-156,
55073631J1
630
1518

748-1606,
55150108J1
1711
2070

255-313
2841337T6 (DRGLNOT01)
2251
2901

55144761T1
2132
2833

5543295F7 (TESTNOC01)
137
574

GNN.g7658410_000016_002
1
2013

56001404J1
1790
2434

27
3227248CB1
1671
1-85,
70944845V1
997
1646

1593-1671,
7207691H1 (FIBPFEA01)
451
1050

1327-1360
8283762T1 (LIVRNON08)
180
562

GBI.g9796547_edit
1
1539

71281138V1
1089
1671

5260904F6 (CONDTUT01)
569
1065

28
4207273CB1
2577
1-1641,
5543515F6 (TESTNOC01)
907
1376

1845-1889
5357164H1 (TESTNOC01)
238
440

55144823H1
2112
2577

GNN.g9230839_000001_002
1
1293

55073166J1
1115
1773

4919885T6 (TESTNOT11)
1445
2141

29
7483334CB1
2110
1-640,
71341632V1
1559
2110

1255-1314,
71341335V1
1145
1708

948-1005
940589R6 (ADRENOT03)
1916
2110

6512850H1 (THYMDIT01)
1007
1688

6102073H1 (UTRENOT09)
797
1087

4970029F7 (KIDEUNC10)
1
677

7659406H1 (OVARNOE02)
509
1081

30
7483337CB1
7093
1-3002,
7383958R8 (FTUBTUE01)
1
694

4789-5840,
3245584H1 (BRAINOT19)
2681
2928

7069-7093,
72334852V1
5219
5761

3561-3671
7383958F8 (FTUBTUE01)
537
1196

58002303T1
6221
7093

70771904V1
5851
6475

GNN.g6693375_000016_002.
986
3303

edit

55046508H1
2906
3666

55144427J1
5514
6397

5208289H1 (BRAFNOT02)
4900
5138

7036825F6 (UTRSTMR02)
3953
4647

55046508J1
3448
4132

70772942V1
5079
5680

6436908H1 (LUNGNON07)
908
1407

GNN.g6721428_000012_004.
3780
6267

edit

31
6035509CB1
1800
152-333,
71927475V1
1340
1800

1-25,
6035509F8 (PITUNOT06)
848
1614

1463-1800,
55071284J1
818
1098

770-862
72420180D1
1
729

55071288J1
480
1096

32
7373485CB1
6347
4445-5413,
72375809V1
2075
2717

728-786,
8116978H1 (TONSDIC01)
1
659

6321-6347,
GNN.g6114949_010.edit5p
1497
3728

1497-3441,
6919538R8 (PLACFER06)
1156
1644

4019-4079,
GNN.g6850654_000027_002
998
1496

877-1082

7368965H1 (ADREFEC01)
5742
6347

6460173H2 (OSTEUNC01)
5357
5883

6801172F6 (COLENOR03)
4290
4817

7212618T8 (LUNGFEC01)
3001
3712

6919538F8 (PLACFER06)
390
1143

55073317H1
2592
3387

58003367H1
4871
5725

7271932R8 (OVARDIJ01)
3542
4220

5623962R8 (THYMNOR02)
4544
5050

72373545V1
1602
2203

5623962F8 (THYMNOR02)
3970
4319

33
5734965CB1
1876
1-902
3254961T6 (OVARTUN01)
1276
1876

5897065H1 (BRAYDIN03)
1
291

70810516V1
181
806

70162895V1
1002
1658

70809778V1
915
1490

70807962V1
302
989

34
7473788CB1
1487
1-121,
70995937V1
1024
1487

1450-1487
7177378H1 (BRAXDIC01)
29
554

GNN: g3983531_000002_002.
1
260

edit.1

70996158V1
594
1243

7177563H2 (BRAXDIC01)
489
1180

35
3107989CB1
1884
1-306,
70942785V1
1153
1507

1253-1884
3107989F6 (BRSTTUT15)
232
609

7363877H1 (OVARDIC01)
1358
1884

GNN.g9368012.edit1
375
1465

2243506F6 (PANCTUT02)
1
385

36
7482887CB1
1070
1-660,
56009164H1
1
725

891-948
GBI.g5815507.edit
612
997

GBI.g9716284_order_0.edit2
988
1070

37
2963414CB1
2890
1-270,
71883559V1
470
1087

1973-2064,
6741017F6 (BRAFDIT02)
1687
2299

2658-2890,
72524920V1
984
1725

726-1584
7090654H1 (BRAUTDR03)
2284
2876

7595015H1 (LIVRNOC07)
1
450

71882107V1
424
985

70523289V1
1123
1749

7236935H1 (BRAINOY02)
1904
2302

2601508H1 (UTRSNOT10)
2660
2890

38
7477139CB1
5198
2528-2698,
GNN.g1149521_002
948
3957

1296-2145,
71143326V1
4891
5198

2792-4455,
55117016H1
1
919

528-724,
2879284F6 (UTRSTUT05)
4388
4874

177-214
3900926H1 (LUNGNON03)
3689
3971

GNN.g2780172_002.edit
3433
4943

72615067V1
701
1315

6775332H1 (OVARDIR01)
4605
5193

7369832H1 (ADREFEC01)
4063
4606

39
55009053CB1
3969
1393-2860,
8036923H1 (SMCRUNE01)
1289
2065

1-649

72480126D1
3325
3969

7263320F6 (PROSTMC02)
1510
2343

55009061H1
570
1318

72476437D1
3306
3968

6583144F8 (BRAVTXC01)
1
452

72508467V1
2287
3200

72509180V1
2494
3329

55009045J1
288
982

40
7474648CB1
1803
198-1803
FL7474648_g7596812_0000
823
1497

12_g7981277_1_1

GNN.g7596812_2
1
1803

41
7483053CB1
3472
1-305,
GBI.g6981824_000001.edit
1
337

3134-3472
2493520F6 (ADRETUT05)
2055
2525

72498890V1
1524
2231

GNN.g6981824_000001_042.
74
3187

edit

55081239H1
847
1704

6872245H1 (BRAGNON02)
2354
3059

7995993H1 (ADRETUC01)
2942
3472

7742567H1 (ADRETUE04)
647
1183

42
7483117CB1
1704
1-342,
GBI.g4153871_000001.edit
1536
1704

509-539,
7369322F8 (ADREFEC01)
343
501

582-758
GNN.g4153871_006.edit
1
1678

43
7484498CB1
6298
4050-4677,
55058386H1
601
1357

1-195,
7073440H1 (BRAUTDR04)
5165
5621

623-1785,

2406-2578,
7032228R8 (BRAXTDR12)
4000
4590

3211-3637,
55053104J1
1618
2321

2139-2261
7014254F6 (KIDNNOC01)
4579
5133

7066070H1 (BRATNOR01)
2926
3470

55053152H1
848
1564

55058386J1
1
701

7073642H1 (BRAUTDR04)
5045
5617

6892089F6 (BRAITDR03)
2294
2708

8267244H1 (MIXDUNF04)
4401
5097

7076436H1 (BRAUTDR04)
3497
4047

7068147R8 (BRATNOR01)
5186
5924

GNN.g4508157_002.edit
1166
1941

7741468H1 (THYMNOE01)
3001
3627

6850478H1 (BRAIFEN08)
5720
6298

7068147F8 (BRATNOR01)
4092
4592

44
7638121CB1
5454
1718-3145,
6756753J1 (SINTFER02)
3907
4637

1-989,
7361161H1 (BRAIFEE05)
1
637

3982-4016
55057003J1
252
937

56000546J1
1303
2019

7354408H1 (HEARNON03)
5008
5454

5863411F6 (MUSLTDT01)
3355
4178

71873215V1
4520
5227

71875134V1
3114
3669

6496171T6 (COLNNOT41)
4710
5416

55141853J2
810
1390

7647137H1 (UTRSTUE01)
1920
2257

7600017R6 (ESOGTME01)
1475
2041

6200811F6 (PITUNON01)
3037
3632

55052669H1
2245
3081

[0395]

7

TABLE 5

Polynucleotide
Incyte Project

SEQ ID NO:
ID:
Representative Library

24
7483046CB1
COLCTUT03

25
71636374CB1
CARDNOT01

26
7480597CB1
DRGLNOT01

27
3227248CB1
COTRNOT01

28
4207273CB1
TESTNOC01

29
7483334CB1
ADRENOT03

30
7483337CB1
UTRSTMR02

31
6035509CB1
PITUNOT06

32
7373485CB1
MCLDTXT02

33
5734965CB1
PROSTUS23

34
7473788CB1
BRAINOT19

35
3107989CB1
STOMFET02

37
2963414CB1
SCORNOT04

38
7477139CB1
PLACFER06

39
55009053CB1
SINITME01

41
7483053CB1
BRAYDIN03

42
7483117CB1
ADREFEC01

43
7484498CB1
BRAITDR03

44
7638121CB1
MUSLTDR02

[0396]

8

TABLE 6

Library
Vector
Library Description

ADREFEC01
pINCY
This large size-fractionated library was constructed

using RNA isolated from adrenal tissue removed from a Caucasian

female fetus who died from anencephalus after 16-weeks' gestation.

Serology was negative. Family history included taking

daily prenatal vitamins and mitral valve prolapse in the mother.

ADRENOT03
PSPORT1
Library was constructed using RNA isolated from

the adrenal tissue of a 17-year-old Caucasian male, who died from

cerebral anoxia.

BRAINOT19
pINCY
Library was constructed using RNA isolated from diseased

brain tissue removed from the left frontal lobe of a 27-year-old

Caucasian male during a brain lobectomy. Pathology

indicated a focal deep white matter lesion, characterized by marked

gliosis, calcifications, and hemosiderin-laden macrophages,

consistent with a remote perinatal injury. This tissue also

showed mild to moderate generalized gliosis, predominantly

subpial and subcortical, consistent with chronic seizure

disorder. The left temporal lobe, including the mesial

temporal structures, showed focal, marked pyramidal cell loss and

gliosis in hippocampal sector CA1, consistent with mesial

temporal sclerosis. GFAP was positive for astrocytes. The

patient presented with intractable epilepsy, focal epilepsy,

hemiplegia, and an unspecified brain injury. Patient history

included cerebral palsy, abnormality of gait, and

depressive disorder. Family history included brain cancer.

BRAITDR03
PCDNA2.1
This random primed library was constructed using RNA

isolated from allocortex, cingulate posterior tissue removed from a

55-year-old Caucasian female who died from cholangiocarcinoma.

Pathology indicated mild meningeal fibrosis

predominately over the convexities, scattered axonal spheroids

in the white matter of the cingulate cortex and the thalamus,

and a few scattered neurofibrillary tangles in the entorhinal

cortex and the periaqueductal gray region. Pathology for the

associated tumor tissue indicated well-differentiated

cholangiocarcinoma of the liver with residual or relapsed tumor.

Patient history included cholangiocarcinoma, post-operative

Budd-Chiari syndrome, biliary ascites, hydrothorax,

dehydration, malnutrition, oliguria and acute renal

failure. Previous surgeries included cholecystectomy and resection of

85% of the liver.

BRAYDIN03
pINCY
This normalized library was constructed from 6.7 million

independent clones from a brain tissue library. Starting RNA was

made from RNA isolated from diseased hypothalamus tissue

removed from a 57-year-old Caucasian male who died from a

cerebrovascular accident. Patient history included

Huntington's disease and emphysema. The library was normalized in 2

rounds using conditions adapted from Soares et al.,

PNAS (1994) 91:9228 and Bonaldo et al., Genome Research (1996)

6:791, except that a significantly longer (48-hours/round)

reannealing hybridization was used. The library was linearized

and recircularized to select for insert containing clones.

CARDNOT01
PBLUESCRIPT
Library was constructed using RNA isolated from

the cardiac muscle of a 65-year-old Caucasian male, who died from a

gunshot wound.

COLCTUT03
pINCY
Library was constructed using RNA isolated from cecal

tumor tissue removed from a 70-year-old Caucasian female during

right hemicolectomy, open liver biopsy, flexible

sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, and permanent colostomy. Pathology

indicated invasive grade 2 adenocarcinoma forming an

ulcerated mass 2 cm distal to the ileocecal valve and invading the

muscularis propria. One regional lymph node (of 16) was

positive for metastatic adenocarcinoma. Patient history included

a deficiency anemia, malignant breast neoplasm, type II

diabetes, hyperlipidemia, viral hepatitis, an unspecified thyroid

disorder, osteoarthritis, a malignant skin neoplasm, and

normal delivery. Family history included cardiovascular and

cerebrovascular disease, hyperlipidemia, and breast and ovarian cancer.

COTRNOT01
pINCY
Library was constructed using RNA isolated from diseased

transverse colon tissue obtained from a 26-year-old Caucasian

male during a total abdominal colectomy and colostomy.

Pathology indicated minimally active pancolitis with areas of

focal severe colitis with perforation, consistent with Crohn's disease.

DRGLNOT01
pINCY
Library was constructed using RNA isolated from dorsal

root ganglion tissue removed from the cervical spine of a 32-year-

old Caucasian male who died from acute pulmonary edema and

bronchopneumonia, bilateral pleural and pericardial

effusions, and malignant lymphoma (natural killer cell type).

Patient history included probable cytomegalovirus, infection,

hepatic congestion and steatosis, splenomegaly, hemorrhagic

cystitis, thyroid hemorrhage, and Bell's palsy. Surgeries

included colonoscopy, large intestine biopsy, adenotonsillectomy,

and nasopharyngeal endoscopy and biopsy; treatment

included radiation therapy.

MCLDTXT02
pINCY
Library was constructed using RNA isolated from treated

umbilical cord blood dendritic cells removed from a male. The

cells were treated with granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating

factor (GM-CSF), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF

alpha), stem cell factor (SCF), phorbol myristate acetate (PMA),

and ionomycin. The GM-CSF was added at time 0 at 100 ng/ml,

the TNF alpha was added at time 0 at 2.5 ng/ml, the SCF was

added at time 0 at 25 ng/ml. The PMA and ionomycin

were added at 13 days for five hours. Incubation time was 13 days.

MUSLTDR02
PCDNA2.1
This random primed library was constructed using RNA

isolated from right lower thigh muscle tissue removed from a 58-

year-old Caucasian male during a wide resection of the right

posterior thigh. Pathology indicated no residual tumor was

identified in the right posterior thigh soft tissue. Changes

were consistent with a previous biopsy site. On section through

the soft tissue and muscle there was a smooth cystic cavity

with hemorrhage around the margin on one side. The wall of the

cyst was smooth and pale-tan. Pathology for the matched tumor

tissue indicated a grade II liposarcoma. Patient history

included liposarcoma (right thigh), and hypercholesterolemia.

Previous surgeries included resection of right thigh mass.

Family history included myocardial infarction and an

unspecified rare blood disease.

PITUNOT06
pINCY
Library was constructed using RNA isolated from

pituitary gland tissue removed from a 55-year-old male who died from

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Neuropathology

indicated there were no gross abnormalities, other than mild

ventricular enlargement. There was no apparent microscopic

abnormality in any of the neocortical areas examined, except

for a number of silver positive neurons with apical dendrite

staining, particularly in the frontal lobe. The significance of this

was undetermined. The only other microscopic abnormality

was that there was prominent silver staining with some swollen

axons in the CA3 region of the anterior and posterior

hippocampus. Microscopic sections of the cerebellum revealed mild

Bergmann's gliosis in the Purkinje cell layer. Patient

history included schizophrenia.

PLACFER06
pINCY
This random primed library was constructed using RNA

isolated from placental tissue removed from a Caucasian fetus who

died after 16 weeks' gestation from fetal demise and

hydrocephalus. Patient history included umbilical cord wrapped

around the head (3 times) and the shoulders (1 time).

Serology was positive for anti-CMV. Family history included

multiple pregnancies and live births, and an abortion.

PROSTUS23
pINCY
This subtracted prostate tumor library was constructed

using 10 million clones from a pooled prostate tumor library that

was subjected to 2 rounds of subtractive hybridization

with 10 million clones from a pooled prostate tissue library. The

starting library for subtraction was constructed

by pooling equal numbers of clones from 4 prostate tumor libraries using

mRNA isolated from prostate tumor removed from

Caucasian males at ages 58 (A), 61 (B), 66 (C), and 68 (D) during

prostatectomy with lymph node excision. Pathology indicated

adenocarcinoma in all donors. History included elevated

PSA, induration and tobacco abuse in donor A; elevated PSA, induration,

prostate hyperplasia, renal failure, osteoarthritis,

renal artery stenosis, benign HTN, thrombocytopenia, hyperlipidemia,

tobacco/alcohol abuse and hepatitis C (carrier) in

donor B; elevated PSA, induration, and tobacco abuse in donor C; and elevated PSA,

induration, hypercholesterolemia, and

kidney calculus in donor D. The hybridization probe for subtraction was

constructed by pooling equal numbers of cDNA

clones from 3 prostate tissue libraries derived from prostate tissue,

prostate epithelial cells, and fibroblasts from prostate str

SCORNOT04
pINCY
Library was constructed using RNA isolated from cervical spinal

cord tissue removed from a 32-year-old Caucasian male

who died from acute pulmonary edema and bronchopneumonia, bilateral

pleural and pericardial effusions, and malignant

lymphoma (natural killer cell type). Patient history included probable

cytomegalovirus, infection, hepatic congestion and

steatosis, splenomegaly, hemorrhagic cystitis, thyroid hemorrhage,

and Bell's palsy. Surgeries included colonoscopy, large

intestine biopsy, adenotonsillectomy, and nasopharyngeal

endoscopy and biopsy; treatment included radiation therapy.

SINITME01
pINCY
This 5′ biased random primed library was constructed using RNA isolated

from ileum tissue removed from a 70-year-old Caucasian female during right hemicolectomy,

open liver biopsy, flexible sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, and permanent

colostomy. Pathology for the matched tumor tissue indicated invasive

grade 2 adenocarcinoma forming an ulcerated mass,

situated 2 cm distal to the ileocecal valve. Patient

history included a malignant breast neoplasm, type II diabetes,

hyperlipidemia, viral hepatitis, an unspecified thyroid

disorder, osteoarthritis, a malignant skin neoplasm, deficiency

anemia, and normal delivery. Family history included breast

cancer, atherosclerotic coronary artery disease, benign

hypertension, cerebrovascular disease, ovarian cancer, and hyperlipidemia.

STOMFET02
pINCY
Library was constructed using RNA isolated from stomach tissue removed from a Hispanic

male fetus, who died at 18 weeks' gestation.

TESTNOC01
PBLUESCRIPT
This large size fractionated library was constructed using RNA isolated from

testicular tissue removed from a pool of

eleven, 10 to 61-year-old Caucasian males.

UTRSTMR02
PCDNA2.1
This random primed library was constructed using pooled cDNA from two different

donors. cDNA was generated using

mRNA isolated from endometrial tissue removed from a 32-year-old

female (donor A) and using mRNA isolated from

myometrium removed from a 45-year-old female (donor B)

during vaginal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-

oophorectomy. In donor A, pathology indicated the endometrium was secretory phase.

The cervix showed severe dysplasia

(CIN III) focally involving the squamocolumnar junction at the 1, 6 and 7 o'clock

positions. Mild koilocytotic dysplasia

was also identified within the cervix. In donor B,

pathology for the matched tumor tissue indicated multiple (23)

subserosal, intramural, and submucosal leiomyomata. Patient history included

stress incontinence, extrinsic asthma without

status asthmaticus and normal delivery in donor B.

Family history included cerebrovascular disease, depression, and

atherosclerotic coronary artery disease in donor B.

[0397]

9

TABLE 7

Program
Description
Reference
Parameter Threshold

ABI
A program that removes vector sequences
Applied Biosystems, Foster City,

FACTURA
and masks ambiguous bases in nucleic acid
CA.

sequences.

ABI/PARACEL
A Fast Data Finder useful in comparing and
Applied Biosystems, Foster City,
Mismatch < 50%

FDF
annotating amino acid or nucleic acid
CA; Paracel Inc., Pasadena, CA.

sequences.

ABI Auto
A program that assembles nucleic acid
Applied Biosystems, Foster City,

Assembler
sequences.
CA.

BLAST
A Basic Local Alignment Search Tool useful
Altschul, S. F. et al. (1990) J. Mol.
ESTs: Probability value = 1.0E−8

in sequence similarity search for amino acid
Biol. 215: 403-410; Altschul, S. F. et
or less; Full Length

and nucleic acid sequences. BLAST includes
al. (1997) Nucleic Acids Res.
sequences: Probability value = 1.0E−10

five functions: blastp, blastn, blastx, tblastn,
25: 3389-3402.
or less

and tblastx.

FASTA
A Pearson and Lipman algorithm that searches
Pearson, W. R. and D. J. Lipman
ESTs: fasta E value = 1.06E−6;

for similarity between a query sequence and a
(1988) Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA
Assembled ESTs: fasta

group of sequences of the same type. FASTA
85: 2444-2448; Pearson, W. R.
Identity = 95% or greater and

comprises as least five functions: fasta, tfasta,
(1990) Methods Enzymol. 183: 63-98;
Match length = 200 bases or

fastx, tfastx, and ssearch.
and Smith, T. F. and M. S. Waterman
greater; fastx E value = 1.0E−8

(1981) Adv. Appl. Math.
or less; Full Length sequences:

2: 482-489.
fastx score = 100 or greater

BLIMPS
A BLocks IMProved Searcher that matches a
Henikoff, S. and J. G. Henikoff
Probability value = 1.0E−3 or

sequence against those in BLOCKS, PRINTS,
(1991) Nucleic Acids Res. 19: 6565-6572;
less

DOMO, PRODOM, and PFAM databases to
Henikoff, J. G. and S.

search for gene families, sequence homology,
Henikoff (1996) Methods Enzymol.

and structural fingerprint regions.
266: 88-105; and Attwood, T. K. et

al. (1997) J. Chem. Inf. Comput.

Sci. 37: 417-424.

HMMER
An algorithm for searching a query sequence
Krogh, A. et al. (1994) J. Mol. Biol.
PFAM hits: Probability value = 1.0E−3

against hidden Markov model (HMM)-based
235: 1501-1531; Sonnhammer, E. L. L.
or less; Signal peptide

databases of protein family consensus
et al. (1988) Nucleic Acids
hits: Score = 0 or greater

sequences, such as PFAM.
Res. 26: 320-322; Durbin, R. et al.

(1998) Our World View, in a

Nutshell, Cambridge Univ. Press,

pp. 1-350.

ProfileScan
An algorithm that searches for structural and
Gribskov, M. et al. (1988) CABIOS
Normalized quality

sequence motifs in protein sequences that
4: 61-66; Gribskov, M. et al. (1989)
score ≧ GCG-specified “HIGH”

match sequence patterns defined in Prosite.
Methods Enzymol. 183: 146-159;
value for that particular

Bairoch, A. et al. (1997) Nucleic
Prosite motif. Generally,

Acids Res. 25: 217-221.
score = 1.4-2.1.

Phred
A base-calling algorithm that examines
Ewing, B. et al. (1998) Genome

automated sequencer traces with high
Res. 8: 175-185; Ewing, B. and P.

sensitivity and probability.
Green (1998) Genome Res. 8: 186-194.

Phrap
A Phils Revised Assembly Program including
Smith, T. F. and M. S. Waterman
Score = 120 or greater; Match

SWAT and CrossMatch, programs based on
(1981) Adv. Appl. Math. 2: 482-489;
length = 56 or greater

efficient implementation of the Smith-
Smith, T. F. and M. S. Waterman

Waterman algorithm, useful in searching
(1981) J. Mol. Biol.

sequence homology and assembling DNA
147: 195-197; and Green, P.,

sequences.
University of Washington, Seattle,

WA.

Consed
A graphical tool for viewing and editing Phrap
Gordon, D. et al. (1998) Genome

assemblies.
Res. 8: 195-202.

SPScan
A weight matrix analysis program that scans
Nielson, H. et al. (1997) Protein
Score = 3.5 or greater

protein sequences for the presence of
Engineering 10: 1-6; Claverie, J. M.

secretory signal peptides.
and S. Audic (1997) CABIOS

12: 431-439.

TMAP
A program that uses weight matrices to
Persson, B. and P. Argos (1994) J.

delineate transmembrane segments on protein
Mol. Biol. 237: 182-192; Persson, B.

sequences and determine orientation.
and P. Argos (1996) Protein Sci.

5: 363-371.

TMHMMER
A program that uses a hidden Markov model
Sonnhammer, E. L. et al. (1998)

(HMM) to delineate transmembrane segments
Proc. Sixth Intl. Conf. On

on protein sequences and determine
Intelligent Systems for Mol. Biol.,

orientation.
Glasgow et al., eds., The Am.

Assoc. for Artificial Intelligence

(AAAI) Press, Menlo Park, CA, and

MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp.

175-182.

Motifs
A program that searches amino acid sequences
Bairoch, A. et al. (1997) Nucleic

for patterns that matched those defined in
Acids Res. 25: 217-221; Wisconsin

Prosite.
Package Program Manual, version

9, page M51-59, Genetics Computer

Group, Madison, WI.

[0398]

Human kinases

Information

Publication Number

Date Filed

Date Published

Inventors

CPC

US Classifications

International Classifications

Abstract

Description

Claims

PCT Information