Patent Grant
10626167
This application is a national stage filing under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of International Application No. PCT/EP2016/051844, filed on Jan. 28, 2016, which claims priority of European Patent Application No. 15152909.6, filed Jan. 28, 2015. The contents of these applications are each incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention is in the field of monoclonal antibodies suitable for the passive immunotherapy of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) infections and relates to human monoclonal antibodies or fragments of said antibodies, which bind and neutralize HSV-1 and HSV-2, and their use in the prophylaxis or treatment of HSV-1 or HSV-2 associated diseases.
Herpes simplex viruses (HSV) infection-related diseases are a global health problem due to the high infection rates of the general population. Clinical manifestations include small, painful, vesicles affecting the skin, mouth, lips, eyes, or genitalia, and systemic symptoms such as fever and malaise.
HSV persists in sensory and autonomic neural ganglions for the life of the host and periodically reactivates. Clinical recurrences are triggered by several stimuli, such as stress, menstrual periods, fever or illness, sun exposure or sunburn.
The clinical course of HSV infection is strongly influenced by the immune status of the host with severe and life-threatening infections occurring in newborns and immune-compromised patients.
Commonly, antiviral agents targeting the viral DNA such as acyclovir, are used for the management of HSV infections. These drugs can give rise to resistant virus mutants unresponsive to treatment, do not eradicate latent virus or prevent transmission of the infection.
The attempts to develop a prophylactic vaccine have so far failed shedding light on the complexities of the immune response to HSV.
Antibody-based therapies for HSV infections are of key interest due to the fact that the antibody response is crucial for preventing many viral infections and can also contribute to the resolution of different viral infections. Upon viral infection, antibodies are produced against many epitopes on multiple virus proteins. A subset of these antibodies can block virus infection by a process called neutralization. It is increasingly felt the need for novel strategies and options in fighting HSV infections. Specific human monoclonal antibodies with HSV neutralizing activity may provide novel, safe and effective agents for HSV prophylaxis or treatment.
Natural infections with viruses in general, and with HSV in particular, elicit an antibody response which contains less IgG2 isotype than other IgG subclasses. The present inventors considered that this relative paucity/lack of IgG2 may be related to the ability of HSV to escape the immunological pressure. In addition, the inventors considered that the paucity/lack of IgG2 may contribute to the ability of the virus to reactivate despite the presence of an immune response. Therefore the inventors tested the hypothesis that the presence of IgG2 able to bind and neutralize HSV is protective, by assessing the properties of IgG2 fractions purified from the sera of a small cohort of HSV-seropositive subjects. The inventors demonstrated high HSV neutralizing activity in the IgG2 fraction purified from a single subject reporting no reactivation of labial herpes after suffering from very frequent episodes.
Due to these results, the inventors decided to clone the IgG2 repertoire of this subject in a phage display combinatorial vector and select anti-HSV antibodies in order to generate human monoclonal antibodies of the IgG2 subclass. In fact, the inventors considered the possibility that some of these antibodies could be endowed with a strong neutralizing activity against HSV possibly representing the molecular basis of the reported clinical improvement.
The genes coding for human IgG2 monoclonal antibody Fab fragments were cloned and it was demonstrated that some of them were in fact endowed with a remarkably strong neutralizing activity against both HSV-1 and HSV-2.
The present invention thus concerns human monoclonal antibodies for the prophylaxis or treatment of HSV infection which are specific and selective for HSV and are capable of neutralizing HSV infection. These antibodies represent a promising new alternative to the therapeutic agents known in the art.
The present invention thus concerns monoclonal antibodies and fragments of said antibodies which bind to HSV-1 and HSV-2, and can inhibit HSV infection.
In a first aspect, the present invention relates to an HSV-1 and/or HSV-2 binding monoclonal antibody or fragment thereof comprising both a heavy (VH) and a light chain (VL) variable region, said antibody or fragment thereof comprising a complementary determining region (CDR) chosen from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 9 and SEQ ID NO: 12.
The CDRs according to the present invention and having a sequence chosen from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 9 and SEQ ID NO: 12, are comprised in the heavy chain variable domain (VH).
In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides an HSV-1 and HSV-2 binding monoclonal antibody or fragment thereof, wherein said antibody has a heavy chain (VH) variable region of SEQ ID NO:1 and a light chain (VL) variable region of SEQ ID NO:2.
In a second aspect thereof, this invention moreover provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an HSV-1 and/or HSV-2 binding monoclonal antibody or fragment thereof, according to the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
In a third aspect, this invention provides an HSV-1 and/or HSV-2 binding monoclonal antibody or fragment thereof, as described above, for use in the prophylaxis or treatment of HSV-1 or HSV-2 associated diseases.
As will be further described in the detailed description of the invention, the human monoclonal antibodies of the present invention have the advantages of neutralizing both HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections. Without being bound to any theory, the monoclonal antibodies of the present invention have the advantages of reducing the formation of syncytia by both HSV-1 and HSV-2.
The human monoclonal antibodies according to the present invention are endowed with a remarkably strong neutralizing activity against both HSV-1 and HSV-2.
The unexpected and surprising properties of these antibodies can fulfill unmet medical needs in the field of HSV infection. The HSV-1 and HSV-2 binding and neutralizing monoclonal antibodies or fragments thereof according to the present invention are strongly believed to be of clinical importance. The antibodies or fragments thereof according to the present invention, are potentially able to fill the therapeutic gap peculiar for herpes simplex viruses which are able to evade the activity of currently available antiviral drugs or agents (such as acyclovir, ibacitabine, pencyclovir, famcyclovir, gancyclovir, valacyclovir, foscarnet, cidofovir). In particular, it is well known in medical literature how certain herpes viral variants can escape anti-HSV drug activity by mutating virus proteins such as herpes-timidine kinase (TK) and/or herpes-polymerase. Moreover, acyclovir drug resistance infers cross-resistance to valacyclovir and famciclovir. An antibody able to neutralize HSV by targeting HSV proteins diverse from viral TK and viral polymerase enzymes, is potentially insensitive to the resistance pattern typical of those HSV clinical isolates able to replicate also in the presence of the aforementioned currently available anti-HSV drugs. Moreover, the antibodies or fragments thereof according to the present invention are also a valid alternative to foscarnet and cidofovir, which are currently used to treat acyclovir-resistant viruses but have a poor safety profile. The great importance of antibodies in clinical therapy has been, in fact, extensively demonstrated. In particular, monoclonal antibodies, including the diverse antibody forms derived from engineering technologies, such as Fab fragments, bispecific or trispecific Fabs (Fab2 and Fab3 respectively) single chains (scFv), bispecific scFv (Bis-scFv), diabodies, triabodies (trivalent scFv), bivalent minibodies, tetravalent scFv (tetrabodies), nanobodies and recombinant immunoglobulins, are used in biological and medical research. Most importantly, monoclonal antibodies have been successfully used also as therapeutic agents for the treatment of a plethora of human diseases such as cancer (i.e. breast cancer and leukaemia), arthritis, asthma, Crohn's disease, psoriasis, transplant rejection. Moreover, the development of new monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of infectious diseases caused by viruses (i.e. palivizumab in Respiratory Syncytial Virus infection), bacteria and fungi, represents a leading topic in the research field and in the development of new strategies aimed at treating infections caused by microorganisms (including those causing chronic diseases). Furthermore, monoclonal antibodies directed against the aforementioned infective agents take on great importance also for the development of new prophylaxis approaches aimed to prevent (and/or circumscribe), infections due to microbial pathogens. In addition, the use of new antibody-based therapies shed light on the possibility to capitalize on the immunomodulatory potentials of the antibodies.
Boxes A and C highlight the total disruption of cell monolayers by a high amount of HSV-1 or HSV-2. The Fab Ex2 dose-dependent strong inhibition of the cytopathic effect in HSV-1 infected cells is highlighted by the B box. The complete inhibition of HSV-2 infection is highlighted by the D box.
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IgGA
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The present invention concerns monoclonal antibodies and fragments of said antibodies which bind to HSV-1 and HSV-2, and which can inhibit the HSV infectivity.
In a first aspect, the present inventions relates to an HSV-1 and HSV-2 binding monoclonal antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof comprising both a heavy (VH) and a light chain (VL) variable region, said antibody or fragment thereof comprising a complementary determining region (CDR) chosen from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 3, SEQ ID NO. 6, SEQ ID NO. 9, and SEQ ID NO. 12. The Complementarity Determining Regions (CDRs) are part of the variable chains in immunoglobulins (antibodies), where these molecules bind to their specific antigen. CDRs correspond to the most variable parts of the molecules, and are crucial to the diversity of antigen specificities generated by lymphocytes.
One of the advantages of the CDR sequences according to the present invention is that they allow a very specific binding affinity of the antibodies or fragments of said antibodies to the HSV both of type 1 (HSV-1) and of type 2 (HSV-2).
The monoclonal antibodies according to the present invention in fact show an HSV inhibition capacity of over 50% even at very low concentrations. Without being bound to any theory, this specificity and high viral neutralization capacity can also be attributed to the CDR sequences.
In a further aspect the present invention relates to an HSV-1 and HSV-2 binding monoclonal antibody or fragment thereof, wherein said heavy chain (VH) variable region is chosen from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO.1, SEQ ID N.4, SEQ ID NO.7, and SEQ ID NO.10, or direct equivalents thereof.
Direct equivalents of the heavy chain variable regions, as used herein refer to sequences which preferably have at least 95% overall sequence similarity, homology or identity with said VH variable regions and are capable of inhibiting by 50% the activity of both HSV-1 and/or HSV-2 at a concentration lower than 5 μg/ml, independently of each other.
The direct equivalents of the VH variable regions according to the present invention have at least 96%, 97% 98% or 99% overall sequence similarity or homology. In a further aspect the invention relates to an HSV-1 and HSV-2 binding monoclonal antibody or fragment thereof, wherein said light chain (VL) variable region is chosen from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 2, SEQ ID NO.5, SEQ ID NO.8, SEQ ID NO.11, and SEQ ID NO.13, or direct equivalents thereof.
Direct equivalents of the light chain variable regions, as used herein refer to sequences which preferably have at least 95% overall sequence similarity, homology or identity with said VL variable regions and are capable of inhibiting by 50% the activity of both HSV-1 and/or HSV-2 at a concentration of less than 5 μg/ml, independently of each other.
The direct equivalents of the VL variable regions according to the present invention have at least 96%, 97% 98% or 99% overall sequence similarity or homology. In the present invention:
For the purposes of the present invention, each antibody region has a corresponding SEQ ID NO., as follows:
SEQ ID NO.1 corresponds to the amino acidic sequence of the heavy chain (VH) variable region of the VH1 antibody, also identified as Fab Ex2;
SEQ ID NO.2 corresponds to the amino acidic sequence of the light chain (VL) variable region of the VH1 antibody, also identified as Fab Ex2;
SEQ ID NO.3 corresponds to the amino acidic sequence of the complementary determining regions of the VH1 antibody, also identified as Fab Ex2; SEQ ID NO.4 corresponds to the amino acidic sequence of the heavy chain (VH) variable region of the VH3 antibody, also identified as Fab Ex2B and of the VH51, also identified as Fab Ex2I
SEQ ID NO.5 corresponds to the amino acidic sequence of the light chain (VL) variable region of the VH3 antibody, also identified as Fab Ex2B;
SEQ ID NO.6 corresponds to the amino acidic sequence of the complementary determining regions of the VH3 antibody, also identified as Fab Ex2B and of the VH51, also identified as Fab Ex2I;
SEQ ID NO.7 corresponds to the amino acidic sequence of the heavy chain (VH) variable region of the VH5 antibody, also identified as Fab Ex2C;
SEQ ID NO.8 corresponds to the amino acidic sequence of the light chain (VL) variable region of the VH5 antibody, also identified as Fab Ex2C;
SEQ ID NO.9 corresponds to the amino acidic sequence of the complementary determining regions of the VH5 antibody, also identified as Fab Ex2C;
SEQ ID NO.10 corresponds to the amino acidic sequence of the heavy chain (VH) variable region of the VH47 antibody, also identified as Fab Ex2H;
SEQ ID NO.11 corresponds to the amino acidic sequence of the light chain (VL) variable region of the VH47 antibody, also identified as Fab Ex2H;
SEQ ID NO.12 corresponds to the amino acidic sequence of the complementary determining regions of the VH47 antibody, also identified as Fab Ex2H;
SEQ ID NO.13 corresponds to the amino acidic sequence of the light chain (VL) variable region of the VH51 antibody, also identified as Fab Ex2I.
The order in which the heavy and light chains are present in each single chain antibody may be inverted, thus a single chain antibody may be formed by a heavy chain—light chain or by a light chain—heavy chain, and the activity cannot be envisaged a priori on the basis of the chain succession.
Advantageously, the monoclonal antibodies according to the present invention can be used and are efficacious in immune-compromised individuals such as cancer patients and transplant recipients, and in immune-deficient patients.
Advantageously, the monoclonal antibodies according to the present invention can be used and are efficacious in newborn infants.
In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides the HSV-1 and HSV-2 binding monoclonal antibody or fragment thereof, wherein said antibody has a heavy chain (VH) variable region of SEQ ID NO.1 and a light chain (VL) variable region of SEQ ID NO.2.
Presently, acyclovir (acycloguanosine) is used for the treatment of HSV infection. Unfortunately, not in all cases acyclovir is effective in controlling virus replication and infection. Acyclovir, in fact, is ineffective when used to treat infections caused by resistant viral variants or, in the case in which new mutations of viral tyrosine kinase (TK) confer resistance to this drug.
As discussed previously, among the antiviral drugs used to treat acyclovir-resistant HSV infections, of great importance are foscarnet (phosphonoformic acid) and cidofovir, a nucleotide analogue. After undergoing cellular phosphorylation to its diphosphate form, cidofovir competitively inhibits the incorporation of deoxycytidine triphosphate into viral DNA by viral DNA polymerase. Incorporation of the drug disrupts further chain elongation. Cidofovir is not phosphorylated (and hence activated) by a viral kinase unlike nucleoside analogues such as acyclovir or ganciclovir.
More in details, as already discussed and noted above, currently available anti-herpes drugs are burdened by clinical relevant drawbacks. More in details, acyclovir drug resistance infers cross-resistance to other anti-herpes drugs, consequently there are no other oral therapeutic options to treat HSV infection. Alternative intravenous and topical options include formulations of foscarnet and cidofovir which are burdened by side effects. Although vidarabine (a purine analogue that preferentially inhibits viral DNA synthesis) has activity against herpes viruses, it is not effective in patients with acyclovir resistance and it is more toxic and less metabolically stable than many of the other currently used antivirals (such as acyclovir). Vidarabine also is burdened by the presence of resistant viral strains.
Finally, patients showing intolerance to foscarnet have been also described. The therapeutic options for the patients intolerant to foscarnet (used in case of acyclovir-resistant virus infection), or for patients with severe toxicity on therapy, are limited: continuous high-dose acyclovir (30 to 45 mg/kg/day) has been successfully utilized for acyclovir-resistant herpes in immune-compromised patients (ie, hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients). Unfortunately, there are no data on this approach in HIV-infected patients; topical therapies (eg, cidofovir) may also be considered, although topical cidofovir dosing is not standardized at all.
As it will be evident from the Experimental section, the HSV-1 and HSV-2 binding monoclonal antibodies or fragments thereof, according to the present invention have a strong neutralizing activity against both HSV-1 and HSV-2, advantageously providing an alternative to the drawbacks of currently available antiviral therapies such as antiviral drugs resistance, poor efficacy and safety, contraindications or intolerance.
In a further embodiment, the present invention provides the HSV-1 and HSV-2 binding monoclonal antibody or fragment thereof, said antibody having a heavy chain (VH) variable region of SEQ ID NO.4 and a light chain (VL) variable region of SEQ ID NO.5.
In a still further embodiment, the present invention provides the HSV-1 and HSV-2 binding monoclonal antibody or fragment thereof, said antibody having a heavy chain (VH) variable region of SEQ ID NO.7 and a light chain (VL) variable region of SEQ ID NO.8.
In a still further embodiment, the present invention provides the HSV-1 and HSV-2 binding monoclonal antibody or fragment thereof, said antibody having a heavy chain (VH) variable region of SEQ ID NO.10 and a light chain (VL) variable region of SEQ ID NO.11.
In a still further embodiment, the present invention provides the HSV-1 and HSV-2 binding monoclonal antibody or fragment thereof, said antibody having a heavy chain (VH) variable region of SEQ ID NO.4 (and a light chain (VL) variable region of SEQ ID NO.13.
In a further aspect, the invention provides an HSV-1 and/or HSV-2 binding monoclonal antibody or fragment thereof, wherein said antibody is a human antibody.
Even if mAbs derived from animal models can be optimized (by undergoing chimerization and/or humanization) for the administration in human therapy or prophylaxis, a fully human mAb is certainly preferred to animal derived mAb giving the very low risk that administered human mAb could be recognized as non-self molecule leading to side effects compared to animal derived mAbs. Furthermore an antibody produced by a subject infected by a virus is elicited by the virus in its true and replicating form, while the immunization of an animal usually consists of the injection of a purified protein or of a non-replicating form of the virus. As a consequence, antibodies elicited in the natural host usually have a stronger activity and, being directed against conformational epitopes, are usually less subject to the emergence of viral escape mutants.
In a further aspect, the invention provides an HSV-1 and HSV-2 binding antibody or fragment thereof, wherein said antibody is a monoclonal antibody.
The clinical advantages of using a monoclonal antibody instead of a polyclonal serum are many and well know in the art. (“Monoclonal versus polyclonal antibodies: distinguishing characteristics, applications, and information resources.” N. S. Lipman et al. ILAR J (2005) 46 (3): 258-268. and “Passive antibody therapy for infectious diseases.” A. Casadevall et al. Nature Reviews Microbiology 2, 695-703 (September 2004)).
In a still further aspect, the HSV-1 and HSV-2 binding monoclonal antibodies or fragment thereof according to the present invention have IgG2 heavy chain constant regions.
In a preferred aspect, the HSV-1 and HSV-2 binding monoclonal antibodies or fragment thereof according to the present invention have IgG1 heavy chain constant regions.
In order to optimize expression rate both in prokaryotic and eukaryotic (whole IgG1) production systems the HSV-1 and HSV-2 binding monoclonal antibodies or fragment thereof according to the present invention were successfully converted into IgG1 antibodies. The variable regions of said antibodies were advantageously cloned into a modified vector containing constant region heavy chains (HCs).
The IgG1 converted HSV-1 and HSV-2 binding monoclonal antibodies or fragments thereof according to the present invention are capable of recognizing and neutralizing both HSV-1 and 2 isolates with high potency.
A still further embodiment of the present invention is a pharmaceutical composition comprising an HSV-1 and HSV-2 binding monoclonal antibody or fragment thereof, according to the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
The antibodies according to the present invention can ameliorate symptoms of primary, non-primary and recurrent HSV infections.
The antibodies of this invention are suitable for therapy or prophylaxis of HSV-infections in a variety of patients and HSV-associated diseases.
Furthermore, the present antibodies are suitable for topical use, both for prophylaxis and therapy. They are especially suited in instances of low index of suspicion, where drug therapy may be contraindicated or undesirable, since they have lower mechanistic toxicity and are very unlikely to have relevant unexpected toxicity or side effects.
The pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention has the advantages of being a new therapeutic strategy based on passive immunotherapy which makes use of specific monoclonal antibodies with HSV-1 and HSV-2 neutralizing activity, and is useful in the treatment of HSV infections and related diseases.
In a further aspect the pharmaceutical composition according to present invention is for oral, topical, ophthalmic, intramuscular, intravenous infusion, subcutaneous, or inhalation administration routes.
In a further aspect the pharmaceutical composition according to present invention is used or administered in combination with at least one antiviral agent.
In a preferred aspect, the antiviral agent can be chosen from the group consisting of for example acyclovir, ibacitabine, pencyclovir, gancyclovir, famcyclovir, valacyclovir, foscarnet or cidofovir.
In a still further embodiment the present invention relates to an HSV-1 and HSV-2 binding antibody or fragment thereof as described above, for use in the treatment of HSV-1 and/or HSV-2 associated diseases.
In a still further embodiment the present invention relates to an HSV-1 and HSV-2 binding antibody or fragment thereof for use in the treatment of HSV-1 and/or HSV-2 associated diseases as described above, wherein said treatment is of patients which are resistant or intolerant to previous treatment with at least one antiviral agent or wherein the treatment with an antiviral agent should be avoided, or wherein said patients are immunodeficient or immunosuppressed.
In a preferred aspect said HSV-1 or HSV-2 associated disease treatment is a prophylactic or therapeutic.
In a still preferred aspect, said HSV-1 or HSV-2 associated diseases are acute or chronic.
In a further preferred aspect, the HSV-1 and/or HSV-2 associated infection is primary, non-primary or recurrent.
Advantageously the HSV-1 and HSV-2 binding antibodies according to the present invention are thus useful in a variety of clinical manifestations of HSV-1 or HSV-2 infection.
Advantageously the HSV-1 and HSV-2 binding antibody according to the present invention are useful to decrease viral shedding.
Advantageously the HSV-1 and/or HSV-2 binding antibodies according to the present invention are useful to prevent transmission.
In a further aspect, the invention provides the use of an HSV-1 and HSV-2 binding monoclonal antibody or fragment thereof according to the present invention, wherein said HSV-1 and/or HSV-2 associated diseases are chosen from the group consisting of oral herpes, herpes keratitis, herpes whitlow, herpes gladiatorum, eczema herpeticum, neonatal herpes, genital herpes, atypical genital herpes, herpetic cervicitis, herpetic proctitis, herpetic encephalitis, herpetic meningitis, herpetic meningoencephalitis, disseminated herpes simplex infection, alzheimer's disease and dementia.
As indicated in the introduction, the need and importance are increasingly felt for novel therapies for the treatment of HSV infection. The monoclonal antibodies according to the present invention have HSV neutralizing activity and are therefore useful in the treatment of HSV infection.
The present antibodies can be the basis for the treatment of HSV infection and can also significantly contribute to resolution of the infection by inhibiting the virus replication and potentially limiting tissue damages caused by virus reactivations. These activities are very useful in the case of HSV isolates resistant to current antiviral drugs.
Oral herpes also known as cold sores can be the result of an HSV-1 or an HSV-2 infection. Because of the association of HSV-2 with sexual transmission, infections in children are usually the result of HSV-1.
The main diagnosis is herpetic gingivo-stomatitis, where the typical clear lesions first develop followed by ulcers that have a white appearance. The infection, often initially on the lips, spreads to all parts of the mouth and pharynx. Reactivation from the trigeminal ganglia can result in what are known as cold sores. Herpes pharyngitis is often associated with other viral infections of the upper respiratory tract. The disease is more severe in immunosuppressed people such as AIDS patients.
Herpes keratitis is an infection of the eye and is primarily caused by HSV-1. It can be recurrent and may lead to blindness. It is a leading cause of corneal blindness in the United States.
Herpes whitlow affects people who come in manual contact with herpes-infected body secretions and can be caused by either type of HSV. HSV enters the body via small wounds on the hands or wrists. It can also be caused by transfer of HSV-2 from genitals to the hands.
Herpes gladiatorum is often found in wrestlers. It apparently spreads by direct contact from skin lesions on one wrestler to his/her opponent, and usually appears in the head and neck region (which are frequently sites of contact in wrestling holds). Oddly, the lesions are more often on the right side of the body (perhaps because most wrestlers are right handed). It is also seen in other contact sports such as rugby where it is known as scrum pox.
Eczema herpeticum is a pediatric condition found in children with active eczema or preexisting atopic dermatitis. HSV can spread over the skin at the site of eczema lesions. The virus can spread to other organs such as liver.
Neonatal herpes is a severe disease from HSV-2 and is often fatal, although such infection is rare. Infection is especially possible if the mother is shedding virus at the time of delivery. The virus can be contracted either in utero or during birth. Because the neonate has an underdeveloped immune system, the virus can spread rapidly to many peripheral organs (e.g. lungs and liver) and can infect the central nervous system.
Genital herpes and herpetic proctitis are usually the result of an HSV-2 infection with about 10% of cases being the result of HSV-1. Primary infection is often asymptomatic but many painful lesions can develop on the glans or shaft of the penis in men and on the vulva, vagina, cervix and perianal region of women where it may be accompanied by vaginal discharge. A variety of the infections also cause proctitis. Secondary episodes of genital herpes, a result of reactivation of virus in the sacral ganglion, are frequently less severe (and last a shorter time) than the first episode. Recurrent episodes seem usually to result from a primary HSV-2 infection. Whether there is an apparent active disease or not, an infected patient remains infectious without overt symptoms.
HSV encephalitis is the result of an HSV-1 infection and is the most common sporadic viral encephalitis. HSV encephalitis is febrile and may result in damage to one of the temporal lobes, clinically marked by blood in the spinal fluid and seizures. The disease can be fatal and in the US fewer than 1000 cases per year are described.
HSV meningitis is the result of an HSV-2 infection.
Disseminated herpes simplex infection is the spread of the infection throughout the body. This is a serious and life-threatening complication of HSV in patients with an impaired immune system.
HSV-1 has long been suspected to play a role in the pathogenesis of AD because of its neurotropism, high rate of infection in the general population, and life-long persistence in neuronal cells, particularly in the same brain regions that are usually altered in AD.
Recent data (“β-Amyloid peptides display protective activity against the human Alzheimer's disease-associated herpes simplex virus-1.” Bourgade K et al. Biogerontology. 2014 Nov. 7) suggests that amyloid plaques, the hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), contain fibrillar β-amyloid (Aβ) 1-40 and 1-42 peptides. HSV-1 has been implicated as a risk factor and found to co-localize within amyloid plaques. Aβ 1-40 and Aβ 1-42 display anti-bacterial, anti-yeast and anti-viral activities.
Other data (“Relationship between herpes simplex virus-1-specific antibody titers and cortical brain damage in Alzheimer's disease and amnestic mild cognitive impairment.” Mancuso R, et al. Front Aging Neurosci. 2014 Oct. 15; 6:285) suggests that a strong HSV-1-specific humoral response could be protective toward AD-associated cortical damage.
Furthermore, other artificial forms of miniaturized antibodies may be prepared, such as minibodies and nanobodies. These alternative forms may be successfully prepared and used starting from the antibodies of the present invention.
Various embodiments and aspects of the present invention as delineated hereinabove, and as claimed in the Claims section below, find experimental support in the following Experimental section.
Reference is now made to the following Experimental section, which together with the above description illustrates some embodiments of the invention.
In particular, as discussed in the following section, the work that conducted to the identification of the monoclonal antibodies which bind and neutralize HSV-1 and HSV-2 can be summarized as follows:
1. Analysis of the subjects' polyclonal sera;
2. Purification of the IgG2 fraction;
3. Evaluation of the quantity of IgG2 purified from the sera;
4. Evaluation of the IgG2 binding and neutralization activity towards HSV;
5. Subject selection;
6. IgG2 library construction from the selected subject;
7. Library validation and biopanning optimization;
8. Preliminary screening of the IgG2 antibody clones selected after the Fab production in Freezing and Thawing;
9. Fab IgG2 clone purification, sequencing and preliminary evaluation of neutralizing activity against HSV;
10. Conversion of the clones into Fab IgG1;
11. Purification and sequencing of the IgG1-transformed clones; exhaustive and quantitative evaluation of their neutralizing activity (the neutralizing activity was evaluated for all the clones, however an exhaustive and fine evaluation of the neutralizing activity was performed only for Fab-Ex2).
Subject Selection: Criteria and Results
IgG2 fractions were collected, detected and purified from peripheral blood samples deriving from a selected cohort of subjects.
The selection criteria were the following:
1) high content of IgG2, 2) capability to recognize HSV-1 and HSV-2 in ELISA assays, and 3) clinical history of HSV reactivation.
The serum from subject no. 18 was the only sample able to meet all the aforementioned first-selection criteria (
Purification and Characterization of the IgG2 Fraction from the Selected Subject.
Given the high amount of IgG2 purified from subject no. 18 serum and its capability to recognize both HSV-1 and 2 in ELISA assays, this subject was selected to investigate the ability of his purified IgG2 to neutralize HSV-1 and 2 infections. The IgG2 fraction from donor no. 18 was purified using the protocol described below in the Materials and Methods section (IgG2 Purification and quantitation protocol).
The IgG2 fraction derived from subject no. 18 (pIgG2-18) showed an extraordinary neutralizing activity against both HSV-1 and HSV-2. In particular, pIgG2-18 neutralizing activity against HSV-1 and HSV-2 tested viruses was assessed and confirmed using both qualitative assays (syncytia formation evaluation through bright field phase contrast optical microscope and Immunofluorescence assay,
In particular:
In particular:
In particular:
Selection and Generation of Anti-HSV Human Monoclonal Antibody Fab Fragments Directed Against HSV-1 and HSV-2 Antigens and Sequence Characterization
a. Phagemidic IgG2 Fab Library Construction from Selected Subject
The subject no. 18 was selected as a B lymphocytes source due to the high neutralizing activity against HSV-1 and HSV-2 tested isolates, and the inhibition of syncytia formation in HSV-1 and HSV-2-infected VERO-E6 cells, shown by the IgG2 fraction purified from his serum.
A new blood sample was collected from subject no. 18 in order to isolate his B lymphocytes. After extracting and retrotranscribing mRNA from these cells, IgG2 HCs (heavy chains) and LCs (light chains) were cloned into a phagemidic vector (L Solforosi, et al. “A phage display vector optimized for the generation of human antibody combinatorial libraries and the molecular cloning of monoclonal antibody fragments” (2012) New Microbiologica 35 (3), 289-294.)
A human combinatorial phage displayed antibody library was obtained as described below in the Materials and Methods section.
b. Library Biopanning Conditions: Development of Biopanning Conditions Allowing Molecular Selection and Cloning of Anti-HSV Human Monoclonal Antibodies Able to Recognize and Neutralize Both HSV-1 and HSV-2
Cloning of human Fab fragments able to cross-recognize and neutralize both HSV-1 and HSV-2 was obtained by an optimized biopanning procedure that allowed the molecular cloning of human Fabs featuring such biological properties. The screening of the selection rounds was performed by Freeze & Thawing procedure as described below in the Materials and Methods section.
From this selection strategy, five human monoclonal IgG2 Fab fragments were generated, namely:
Fab Ex2: corresponding to SEQ ID NO.1 and SEQ ID NO.2;
Fab Ex2B: corresponding to SEQ ID NO.4 and SEQ ID NO.5;
Fab Ex2C: corresponding to SEQ ID NO.7 and SEQ ID NO.8;
Fab Ex2H: corresponding to SEQ ID NO.10 and SEQ ID NO.11;
Fab Ex2I: corresponding to SEQ ID NO.4 and SEQ ID NO.13.
These five monoclonal IgG2 Fab fragments were selected and tested in IIF against HSV-1 and HSV-2 infected cells (
Production and Affinity Chromatography Purification of Selected IgG2 (G2) Fabs
The selected Fabs were produced in prokaryotic system and purified by affinity chromatography as described below in the Materials and Methods section.
Biological Activity Evaluation of Purified Selected Clones Directed Against HSV-1 and HSV-2
Purified Fabs (Ex2(G2), Ex2B(G2), Ex2C(G2), Ex2H(G2) and Ex2I (G2) were pre-incubated (10 μg/mL) with a standard amount of HSV-1 or HSV-2 isolates. Appropriate experimental controls were also included. The different “infection-mix” was used to infect Vero E6 cells (adsorption 2 hours before change of medium). After twenty hours, the cell monolayers were Fixed and Permeabilized with crystal violet containing solution allowing first a qualitative evaluation of Fabs biological activities against both HSV-1 and HSV-2 isolates (procedure described in the Materials and Methods section). The reduction of syncytia formation was assessed by bright field phase contrast optical microscopy (
Conversion of the IgG2 Selected Fab Fragments Directed Against Both HSV-1 and HSV-2 (Five Fabs) into IgG1 Fab, Expression and Production
In order to optimize expression rate both in prokaryotic and eukaryotic (whole IgG1) production systems, all the selected IgG2-Fabs directed against both HSV-1 and HSV-2 were successfully converted into IgG1 Fabs. The variable regions on heavy chains (HCs) belonging to selected Fabs and LCs were-successfully cloned into modified vector containing constant region (CH1) of IgG1 (procedures described in the Materials and Methods section). When not indicated, expressly or by (G2), the Fabs described in this patent are IgG2 Fabs converted to IgG1 as described.
All the procedures used to characterize the IgG2 selected Fabs were repeated to characterize the IgG1 form of selected Fabs allowing to compare the respective biological properties of IgG2 and IgG1 Fab formats.
From the biological activity assays, it was possible to demonstrate that IgG1 converted Fabs were still capable of recognizing and neutralizing both HSV-1 and 2 isolates with a high potency. Moreover, it was possible to show that the IgG1 format of Fab Ex2 neutralizes both HSV-1 and HSV-2 with an increased potency compared to its original clone format.
The biological assays performed are listed below:
Syncytia Formation Evaluation: Qualitative Assays Performed in Order to Evaluate Activity of Fab Clones of IgG1 Format Directed Against HSV-1 and HSV-2
The qualitative assays (described in the Materials and Methods section) were performed on IgG1 format of selected anti-HSV-1 and 2 Fabs (
Quantitative Assays Performed with Anti-HSV-1 and 2 Neutralizing Fabs (IgG1 Format):
These assays were performed to quantify the potency of the selected anti-HSV Fab panel. All the Fab biological activities against HSV-1 and 2 were first assessed by IIF analysis.
The neutralizing activity of Fabs Ex2, Ex2B, Ex2C, Ex2H and Ex2I was evaluated using the InCellAnalyzer automated count system in order to calculate the IC50s of all Fab and obtain a dose-response curve. Several dilutions of the different Fabs were used in order to obtain the dose-response curve. In all sets of neutralization experiments several Fab dilutions were performed since only using a biological compound limit dilution was possible to obtain the exact amount of Fab able to inhibit viral infection.
Moreover, the same “dose-response” curve allowed the calculation of Fab IC50 which effectively depicts the in vitro Fab potency. The IC50 is the Fab concentration able to reduce by 50% the cell damage due to the infection of cell monolayer with a standard amount of virus (HSV-1 and HSV-2).
In other words, a low IC50 means that a very low amount of Fab is needed to inhibit the viral infection.
Fab Ex2 was tested in triplicate (error bars indicate mean deviation for the different triplicates) (
The IC50 of Fab Ex2 is summarized below:
Exhaustive Study of IgG1 Fab Ex2 Neutralizing Activity
Fab Ex2 showed the most promising results against HSV-1 and HSV-2.
In order to further characterize and confirm its biological activity several neutralization experiments were performed following the procedures described below in the Materials and Methods section.
Qualitative Neutralizing Activity Evaluation Through Syncytia Formation Assay
This assay shows the effective potency of the Fab allowing to evaluate the presence/absence of cytopathic effects (complete disruption of cellular morphology) in the presence or absence of Fab Ex2.
In order to evaluate the potency of Fab Ex2, a qualitative assay using different dilutions was performed. Three different concentrations of Ex2 (10 μg/ml, 5 μg/ml and 2.5 μg/ml) were tested against HSV-1 and 2 through the syncytia formation assay.
As clearly depicted in
The cytopathic effect of HSV isolates on cells in the absence of Fab Ex2 is shown in
When Fab Ex2 was added in different concentrations to the same infecting dose of HSV-1 or 2 prior to infection of the cell monolayer, the cellular morphology disruption was clearly inversely proportional to the Fab Ex2 concentration.
The extremely good results observed for Fab Ex2 with the inhibition of syncytia formation assays, are consistent with the quantitative evaluation of Fab A neutralization potency described below.
Quantitative Neutralizing Activity Evaluation Through Plaque Reduction Assay
Dose-response quantitative assay: the capability of Fab Ex2 to inhibit HSV infection was assessed by evaluating the presence of lysis plaques on cell monolayer due to HSV infection in the presence or in the absence of Fab Ex2. To confirm the IIF neutralization data, a plaque reduction assay was performed as quantitative evaluation. As widely described in the literature, the plaque assay is considered as the experiment of choice for the in vitro evaluation of neutralizing activity against HSV infection and is currently the gold standard for the evaluation of mAb IC50.
As shown reported in
Due to the very high potency of Fab Ex2, a dose-response effect could not be measured by the neutralization assay carried out with the HSV-2 isolate.
Sequence Study and Gene Usage Analysis of Selected Fab Clones
The sequences of both HCs and LCs from selected Fabs revealed that all the chains are correctly on frame and without any stop codon that can affect their expression level.
Gene usage analysis performed using a reference database of immunoglobulin sequences (IMGT—imgt.org), allowed a preliminary examination of the mutational rate of the selected clones compared to their germ-line sequences (Table 4).
All the selected Fab clones are mutated in their CDRs (Complementarity Determining Regions) when compared to the respective germ-line sequences. This means that the different clones display unique somatic mutations matured after the contact with the antigens. This usually allows more specific antigen recognition.
Conversion of the IgG1 Fab Ex2 into a Full IgG1, Identified as IgGA
Single Chain Antibody a (ScFvA) Production and Evaluation
ScFv gene of IgGA was successfully constructed and cloned into expression vector. ScFv format small scale production of IgGA was performed. The binding activity of ScFv A was evaluated by IIF assays on HSV infected cells. The ScFv A was able to recognize HSV infected cells. However, ScFv A showed high IIF background signal and low binding.
Fab Ex2: corresponds to SEQ ID NO.1 and SEQ ID NO.2
In Vitro Evaluation of the Biological Activity of IgGA
Neutralising Activity Against Clinical Isolates
The neutralising activity of FabA or IgGA was evaluated by pre-incubating (1 h at 37° C.) the IgGA with the virus and adding the IgGA/virus—mixture to cell monolayer.
Results
IgG A potently neutralises all the tested HSV-1 and 2 tested isolates. Importantly, the HSV isolates used to perform the neutralisation assays were endowed with different susceptibility to Acyclovir (ACV) anti-HSV drug. The capability of IgGA to neutralise the aforementioned HSV isolates indicates that the IgGA extraordinary biological activity is totally independent from the susceptibility to ACV showed by the different HSV tested isolates, suggesting a possible use of IgGA for the treatment of HSV infections caused by ACV resistant isolates (
Evaluation of Post Adsorption Inhibition of Infection
Post-adsorption assays have been developed in order to speculate on possible administration of IgG A for the treatment of HSV infection, after the beginning of virus active replication within the host.
The first step of experimental approaches, involving post-HSV adsorption evaluation of FabA or IgGA, is the infection of VERO E6 cells with a standard amount of HSV not previously treated with the FabA or IgGA.
FabA or IgGA is added to the infected cells only after 30 minutes from virus infection. The infection is then carried out for 48 h in order to appreciate the HSV lysis plaques on VERO E6 cells. The experimental results have been evaluated by counting the plaques for infected cells receiving (post-HSV infection) FabA or IgGA compared to virus experimental positive control.
Fabs tested in post-adsorption assays have been used at a concentration of 50 and 200 ug/mL against HSV-1 and HSV-2 tested isolates respectively*. * mAb concentrations inferred from scientific literature
IgGs tested in post-adsorption assays have been used at a concentration of 25 and 100 ug/mL against HSV-1 and HSV-2 tested isolates respectively*.
Results
As demonstrated by post-adsorption assays, IgGA strongly inhibits both for HSV-1 and HSV-2 new infection events and also inhibits the number of infectious foci resulting in plaques compared to virus controls. IgGA inhibition strength was higher than those observed with FabA (
Cell-to-Cell Infection Mechanism Inhibition
Among the HSV infection strategies, an important one is the so called “cell-to-cell” infection strategy.
Post post-adsorption assays have been performed in order to evaluate the contribution of IgGA in inhibiting “cell-to-cell” infection by measuring the plaque areas resulting from infected cells treated or untreated with FabA or IgGA.
Fabs tested in post-adsorption cell-to-cell infection inhibition assays have also been preliminary used at a concentration of 50 and 200 ug/mL against HSV-1 and HSV-2 tested isolates respectively*. * mAb concentrations inferred from scientific literature
IgGs tested in post-adsorption “cell-to-cell” infection inhibition assays have also been preliminary used at a concentration of 25 and 100 ug/mL against HSV-1 and HSV-2 tested isolates respectively*.
Results
As demonstrated by post-adsorption assays, Fab A inhibits both for HSV-1 and HSV-2 the plaque areas. IgGA inhibition of plaque areas is even higher than Fab A inhibition activity. These data clearly demonstrated how IgGA post-infection administration can potently inhibit also “cell-to-cell” HSV infection (
Evaluation of the Emergence of Escape Mutants Under Selective Pressure of mAbA
In order to evaluate the presence of escape virus mutants generated under selective pressure of IgGA, HSV-1 infected VERO-E6 cells have been treated with increasing concentrations of Fab A. More in details, VERO cells have been cultured in T25 flasks in the experimental conditions extensively described in the previous reports (“virus propagation techniques”). Cell monolayers have been then infected by HSV-1 HF strain using 50 pfu/mL of cell free virus. After virus complete adsorption, the infected cells have been treated for three days with 0.2 ug/mL and 1 ug/mL of IgGA. Experimental controls, unrelated IgG (at concentration of 0.2 ug/mL and 1 ug/mL) and virus “alone” have been also included in the experiments. After three days the infected cell media have been collected and centrifuged in order to use medium centrifuged supernatants for new cell infection rounds. These new infection rounds have been carried out in the presence of 0.2 ug/mL and 1 ug/mL of IgGA and experimental controls. Five sequential identical infection rounds have been performed in the presence of the two concentrations of IgGA and control IgG above described. The cell supernatants of the last infection round have been then centrifuged and used to perform five new round of infection in the presence of increased concentrations of IgGA (5 ug/mL and 10 ug/mL). In order to test the capability of virus cultured in the constant presence of IgGA to escape from IgGA inhibitory activity the cell free supernatants belonging to the final infections in the presence of IgGA have been incubated 1 h at 37° C. in the presence of high IgGA concentration. After pre-incubation the neutralization mix has been used to infect new VERO-E6 cells.
Results
The IgGA pre-incubated with HSV has been still able to neutralize the virus isolate indicating that no “escape mutants” have been generated under the IgGA selective pressure at 5 and 10 ug/mL.
This indicates that: HF HSV-1 isolates tested in these experiments very hardly undergo amino acid mutations in the region recognized by our antibody allowing its escape from the antiviral activity of IgG A (in the presence of the two concentration of IgGA used to perform the assays).
Conclusions
No “escape mutants” were generated under the IgGA selective pressure. Possible explanations of this result can be summarized as follows: HF HSV-1 isolates tested in these experiments do not easily undergo amino acid mutations allowing its escape from the antiviral activity of IgGA (in the presence of the two concentrations of IgGA used to perform the assays).
In Vivo Evaluation of Antiviral Activity of IgGA:
Overall, the biological effects of IgGA in the different cohorts of mice HSV vaginally challenged were assessed by evaluating (i) the survival rates and (ii) clinical scores. The clinical scores used to define the clinical status of the different cohorts of mice are: 0=no sign, 1-1.5=slight genital erythema ad edema, 2-2.5: moderate genital inflammation, non purulent genital lesions, 3-3.5=purulent genital lesions and/or hind-limb paralysis, 4=death.
HSV Vaginal Challenge: Systemic IgGA 24 h Before Virus Challenge (Prophylaxis)
In prophylaxis experiments, systemic IgGA has been systemically administrated via lateral tail vein injection.
The IgGA has been i.v. administered at two different concentrations for different cohorts of mice receiving 5 and 15 mg/kg of IgG A respectively, as a single dose 24 h before a vaginal challenge with 107 TCID50 of MS-HSV-2 virus approximatively corresponding to 1 Lethal Dose 50—LD50—of virus (LD50 is the virus dose able to kill 50% of mice infected). Experimental controls consisting in mice cohort receiving only the virus challenge and a cohort receiving unrelated human IgG negative control (15 mg/Kg) have been included as well. The experiments have been carried out for 8 days post HSV-2 challenge in order to avoid unnecessary and illegal mice suffering.
Results
Both doses of IgGA showed protection of C57BL/6 mice against HSV-2 infection (
All the mice treated with IgGA at 5 mg/kg and 15 mg/kg survived (100% survival rate). On the contrary, mortality rates detected in mice cohorts receiving both unrelated human IgG at 15 mg/Kg and those receiving only the virus challenge have been completely coherent with HSV-2 LDs challenges.
HSV Vaginal Challenge: Systemic IgGA 30 Min and 24 h Post-Virus Challenge (Therapy)
In order to further study the protective activity of the human antibody IgGA, HSV-2-infected C57BL/6 mice received therapeutic systemic IgG A at 30 minutes and 24 h post-HSV-2 challenge (IgG A administrated via lateral tail vein injection). The IgGA has been i.v. administered at two different concentrations for two different cohorts of mice receiving 5 and 15 mg/kg of IgGA respectively 30 minutes and 24 h after the vaginal challenge with 107 TCID50 of MS-HSV-2 virus approximatively corresponding to 1 LD50. Experimental controls consisting in mice cohort receiving only the virus challenge and a cohort receiving unrelated human IgG negative control (15 mg/Kg) and mice receiving ACV standard therapy (intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/Kg 2× die) have been included as well. In these cohorts the experiments have been carried out for 12 days post HSV-2 challenge in order to avoid unnecessary and illegal mice suffering.
Results
Both doses of IgGA showed protection of C57BL/6 mice against HSV-2 infection (
HSV Vaginal Challenge: Systemic IgGA 30 Min Post-Virus Challenge (Therapy)
To study the protective activity of the human antibody IgGA, HSV-2-infected C57BL/6 mice received therapeutic systemic IgGA at 30 minutes post-HSV-2 challenge (IgGA administred via lateral tail vein injection).
The IgGA has been i.v. administered at two different concentrations for different cohorts of mice receiving 5 and 15 mg/kg of IgGA respectively, as a single boost 30 minutes after the vaginal challenge with 107 TCID50 of MS-HSV-2 virus approximatively corresponding to 1 LD50. Experimental controls consisting in mice cohort receiving only the virus challenge and a cohort receiving unrelated human IgG negative control (15 mg/Kg). The experiments have been carried out for 8 days post HSV-2 challenge in order to avoid unnecessary and illegal mice suffering.
Results
Both doses of IgGA showed protection of C57BL/6 mice against HSV-2 infection (
HSV Ocular Challenge: Evaluation of Biological Activity of IgGA Administered Systemically (Intravenous (i.v.) Injection)
Systemic protection conferred by intra-venous administration of IgGA after lethal-HSV-2 or HSV-1 ocular challenge was evaluated, by in vivo testing two HSV types.
HSV-2 or HSV-1 infected C57BL/6 mice (ocular infection after corneal scarification) received single boost therapeutic systemic IgGA at 30 minutes post-HSV challenge (IgGA administrated via lateral tail vein injection).
The IgGA was administered i.v. at 15 mg/kg 30 minutes after the ocular virus challenge with 107 TCID50 of MS-HSV-2 (approximatively corresponding to 1 LD50) or 108 TCID50 of LV-HSV-1 (approximatively corresponding to 1 LD50). Experimental controls consisting in mice cohort receiving only the virus challenge and a cohort receiving unrelated human IgG negative control (15 mg/Kg) have been included as well. The biological effects of IgGA in the different cohorts of mice were assessed by evaluating (i) the survival rates and (ii) clinical scores explained in the below “Clinical scores Table” (Berdugo M. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012 March). All the mice were observed daily for the clinical signs of HSV infection.
In these cohorts the experiments have been carried out for 8 days post HSV challenge in order to avoid unnecessary and illegal mice suffering.
Results
Systemic administration of IgGA efficiently protects C57BL/6 mice against HSV-2 and HSV-1 lethal ocular infections.
In particular,
Moreover,
Conclusions
The capability of IgGA to protect from lethal virus ocular challenge was evaluated through the administration of IgGA via systemic route. The systemic protection of IgGA from ocular HSV infection was evaluated both for HSV-1 and HSV-2. In this set of experiments IgGA fully protected mice infected with type 1 or type 2 virus from death (100% protection). This indicates the almost complete inhibition of disseminated virus replication performed by systemic mAb A. Moreover as suggested by the observation of neurological clinical signs shown by infected mice receiving unrelated control mAb or only virus challenge, the mice cohorts receiving systemic IgGA completely abrogated the onset of neurological signs. Importantly, IgGA also potently inhibits the clinical signs of infection both for HSV-1 and 2 (clinical scoring).
Materials and Methods Section
Eukaryotic Cells and Viruses
VERO-E6 cell line were-used to perform all the experimental procedures on eukaryotic cells
HSV-1 isolate cultured on VERO-E6 cells: HF strain (VR-260 ATCC)
HSV-2 isolate cultured on VERO-E6 cells: MS strain (VR-540 ATCC)
ELISA for IgG2 Fraction Detection Protocol:
Western Blot for IgG2 Fraction Detection Protocol:
ELISA Assay Against HSV-1 and HSV-2 Coated Inactivated Viruses
IgG2 Purification and Quantitation Protocol:
In order to purify and analyze the IgG2 fraction, the selected sera were purified using two different steps. Firstly, the total amount of IgG was purified with an affinity column. Secondly, the eluted total IgG content was further purified with an affinity column specific for IgG2 fraction.
a) Preparation of Total IgG Affinity Purification Column: Column 1 Preparation Protocol
b) Preparation of IgG2 Fraction Affinity Purification Column: Column 2 Preparation Protocol
The protocol for the preparation of total IgGs-affinity purification column above described was used to prepare a new column allowing the purification of the IgG2 fraction. A single modification was performed in the protocol (second step of the Column 1 preparation protocol above described).
In particular:
c) Affinity Purification Procedure: Column 1/Column 2 Steps
d) Evaluation of the Purified IgG2
The affinity columns above described allowed the purification of IgG2 from human sera. In order to evaluate the quality of the samples purified, SDS-PAGE assays, followed by Coomassie staining were-performed:
Syncytia Formation Evaluation Through Bright Field Phase Contrast Optical Microscope Protocol:
Qualitative Immunofluorescence (IIF) Assay Protocol:
Quantitative Neutralizing Activity Evaluation Through Plaque Reduction Assay Protocol:
Quantitative Neutralizing Activity Evaluation Through Indirect Immunofluorescence (IIF) Assay Protocol:
Human Combinatorial Phage Displayed Antibody Library Construction Protocol:
PBMCs (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) were separated from a blood sample using Histopaque 1077 (Sigma), a Ficoll gradient solution designed for blood cell separation.
RNA was extracted from the isolated lymphocytes using Rneasy Mini Kit (Qiagen), and was retrotranscribed to cDNA using the Transcriptor 1st Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit for RT-PCR AMV (Roche), following the product manual instructions.
Previously obtained cDNA was-used as PCR template. In particular, using a specific set of primers described by Solforosi et al. (2012) “A phage display vector optimized for the generation of human antibody combinatorial libraries and the molecular cloning of monoclonal antibody fragments” New Microbiologica 35 (3), 289-294, the amplification of light (LC) and heavy chains (HC) of immunoglobulins belonging to IgG2 subclass was performed (see Supplementary 1 section for primer sequences).
All the amplified HC and LC were-purified after electrophoresis agarose gel “run” using QIAquick Gel extraction Kit, (Qiagen). After the purification step both chains were-also quantified (NanoDrop 8000, Higher throughput, full-spectrum microvolume UV-Vis measurements, ThermoScientific) and digested with selected restriction enzymes (as highlighted by the next two tables explaining the enzymatic digestion reaction mix) to clone them into the pCM vector (Solforosi et al. (2012) “A phage display vector optimized for the generation of human antibody combinatorial libraries and the molecular cloning of monoclonal antibody fragments” New Microbiologica 35 (3), 289-294), following the protocol already described.
More in detail, LCs and pCM were-digested with SacI and XbaI restriction enzymes (NEB) following the protocol shown in Table 5:
The digestions were-carried out for 45 min (vector) and 3 hours (LCs) respectively at 37° C. and the digested products were then checked through Sybr Safe staining. Digested pCM and LC DNA showing the correct molecular weight (3500 and 670 bps respectively) were extracted from agarose gel, purified (QIAquick Gel extraction Kit, Qiagen), and subsequently ligated (2 hours at room temperature) using T4 DNA ligase (NEB). The ligation product was-then used to transform electrocompetent cells (E. coli XL-1 Blue electrocompetent cells, Stratagene).
pCM containing LCs (pCMLc) was then purified (Qiagen Plasmid Midi Kit, Qiagen) from the transformed cells.
pCMLc vector and the previously amplified HCs were also digested, as explained in the next table showing the digestion conditions.
XhoI and SpeI restriction enzymes (NEB) were used, as follows in Table 6:
The digestions were carried out for 45 min (vector) and 3 hours (HCs) respectively at 37° C. and the digested products were then checked through Sybr Safe staining (
Digested pCMLc and HC DNA showing the correct molecular weight (4000 and 730 bps respectively) were extracted from agarose gel, purified (QIAquick Gel extraction Kit, Qiagen), and subsequently ligated (2 hours at room temperature) using T4 DNA ligase (NEB). The ligation product was then used to transform “homemade” XL-1 Blue electrocompetent cells.
pCM containing LCs and HCs (pCMLcHc) was-then purified (Qiagen Plasmid Midi Kit, Qiagen) from the transformed cells.
Biopanning Protocol:
Day 1
Day 2
Phage Preparation:
Deselection Process:
Panning:
Usually five selection rounds (six days) are needed in order to obtain a high affinity selection of clones with a significant antigen-binding activity from the phage population obtained from a DNA library of Fabs.
Importantly, a cross-selection of phage antibody library on HSV-1 and HSV-2 infected cells on the first panning selection round was performed.
Screening Protocol Using Freeze & Thawing Procedure:
Day 1:
Day 2:
Day 3:
Purification of Fab Clones Selected During Biopanning Procedures Protocol:
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Purify the Fab by Immunoaffinity Chromatography:
Wash Centricon with PBS1×: centrifuge 10-15′ at 4000 rpm. Then, concentrate Fab with centrifugation for 10-15′ at 4000 rpm.
Take the Fab purified retained by the filter and store at 4° C.
The correct expression and the concentration of purified Fabs were calculated respectively by SDS-PAGE/coomassie staining (as already described in IgG2 Purification and quantitation protocol).
Conversion of IgG2 Fab Fragments into IgG1 Fab Protocol
This cloning procedure was-performed using the pCM vector (Solforosi et al. (2012) “A phage display vector optimized for the generation of human antibody combinatorial libraries and the molecular cloning of monoclonal antibody fragments” New Microbiologica 35 (3), 289-294) already containing HC and LC sequences of an IgG1 antibody. A Nhel restriction site was introduced between the VH and CH1 sequences of the aforementioned IgG1-Fab allowing the molecular cloning of only the VH fragment of the HC.
The VH sequences of selected anti-HSV Fabs were-cloned in frame with IgG1-CH1. More in details, a Nhel restriction site was added at 3′ end of selected Fab VH sequences by PCR amplification using specific designed primers containing the restriction site.
All the amplified VH were purified using QIAquick PCR Purification Kit, (Qiagen). After the purification step VH chains were also quantified (NanoDrop 8000, Higher throughput, full-spectrum microvolume UV-Vis measurements, ThermoScientific) and digested with selected restriction enzymes to clone them into the expression vector, following the protocol already described.
More in detail, both amplified VHs and vector were digested with XhoI and Nhel restriction enzymes (NEB) following the protocol of Table 7:
The digestions were carried out for 1 hour at 37° C. and the digested products were then checked through Sybr Safe staining.
Digested products showing the correct molecular weight (4474 bp for VH-digested vector and 426 bps for VHs) were extracted from agarose gel, purified (QIAquick Gel extraction Kit, Qiagen), and subsequently ligated (10 minutes at room temperature) using T4 DNA ligase (NEB). The ligation product was then used to transform electrocompetent cells (E. coli XL-1 Blue electrocompetent cells, Stratagene).
Plasmids containing VHs ligated in frame with IgG1-CH1 (pVH-CH1-IgG1) were then purified (Qiagen Plasmid Midi Kit, Qiagen) from the transformed cells and the correct insertion was analysed sequencing the portion of interest with a specific subset of primers.
pVH-CH1-IgG1 constructs and the LCs belonging to HSV Fab panel were also digested as explained in Table 8 showing the digestion conditions.
The digestions were carried out for 1 hour at 37° C. and the digested products were then checked through Sybr Safe staining.
Digested pVH-CH1-IgG1 and LC DNAs showing the correct molecular weight (4230 and 670 bps respectively) were extracted from agarose gel, purified (QIAquick Gel extraction Kit, Qiagen), and subsequently ligated (10 minutes at room temperature) using T4 DNA ligase (NEB). The ligation product was then used to transform XL-1 Blue electrocompetent cells (Stratagene). Plasmids containing LCs and HCs of the different anti-HSV clones (pVH-CH1_LC-IgG1Fab) were-then purified (Qiagen Plasmid Midi Kit, Qiagen) from the transformed cells and the correct insertion was analysed sequencing the portion of interest with a specific subset of primers.
As described in the cloning protocol paragraph, all the new IgG1 Fab clones were sequenced in order to check the correct insertion of VH-HCs and LCs.
ScFvA Construction
In order to extensively characterise mAb A (or Ex2) features in its different formats, the mAb has been also expressed as a single chain antibody A (ScFvA). Variable light chain (VL) and variable heavy chain (VH) of Fab A have been amplified and used for the construction of a single chain (ScFv).
The ScFv gene cassette is composed by:
a) DNA encoding for Fab A VL and VH
b) DNA encoding for a linker region [(Gly×3Ser)×3]
c) DNA encoding protein tag (Poly-Histidine)
The ScFv Fab A (Fab Ex2) gene cassette has been constructed as follows:
a) DNA Encoding for Fab a VL and VH
As stated above, the Fab A variable regions for the Light and Heavy chains (VL and VH respectively) have been successfully amplified by PCR (polymerase chain reaction) from the DNA template encoding for mAb A light and heavy variable regions. The primers used to amplify mAb A LC and HC from DNA template contained:
At 5′ VL end the restriction site SacI (New England Biolabs, NEB) to be used for the insertion of the whole ScFv gene cassette into vector.
At 3′ VL end the part of the DNA sequence encoding for the linker region (linker overlap region)
At 5′ VH part of the DNA sequence encoding for the linker region (linker overlap region)
At 3′ VH the DNA sequence coding for the His Tag and the restriction site SpeI (NEB) to be used for the insertion of the whole ScFv gene cassette into expression vector. All the gene fragments amplified as above described have been used to perform overlap PCRs in order to construct the full length ScFv gene cassette
b) DNA Encoding for a Linker Region [(Glyx3Ser)x3]
The linker region (in between LC and HC) main function is structural, in particular a linker region composed by [(Gly)3Ser]3 is characterised by high flexibility allowing a proper ScFv folding after expression. The linker region has been added in between the VL and VH by PCR overlap techniques.
c) DNA Encoding Protein Tag (Poly-Histidine)
Poly-Histidine Tag region (His-Tag) is fundamental for the ScFv purification by affinity chromatography. In particular, this region is selectively bound by Ni2+ NiNta resin (commercially available, QIAGEN) routinely used to purify His-Tag containing proteins. His-Tag DNA sequence has been added to ScFv gene cassette introducing Poly-His DNA coding sequence into 3′VH primer already containing the Spe I restriction site.
The gene cassette has been then cloned vector and ScFvA has been produced, using the following protocol:
1. Transformation of bacteria (XL-1 Blue, Stratagene) with ScFv containing vector
XL-1 Blue bacteria have been transformed (by elettroporation) with vector containing the ScFv A gene cassette.
2. Selective culturing of bacteria containing the ScFv vector
XL1 Blue bacteria correctly transformed with ScFv vector have been cultured and selected with antibiotic (ampicillin) thanks to the ampr (ampicillin resistance gene) resistance marker carried by the vector.
3. ScFv expression induction
The expression of ScFv A has been induced by adding the so called “inductor” (IPTG) to the culture broth containing ScFv transformed bacteria
4. Cultured bacteria sonication
In order to collect the ScFv produced by bacteria after the induction step, ScFvA expressing bacteria have been sonicated to disrupt bacterial wall and release ScFvA produced by bacteria.
5. Centrifugation of cell free supernatant to pellet cellular debris. Sonicated bacteria product, has been extensively centrifuged in order to pellet bacterial cell debris.
6. Ni2+ affinity chromatography purification
Supernatants resulting from step 5, have been collected and loaded into Ni2+ affinity chromatography column in order to purify the ScFv thanks to His-Tag.
7. ScFv collection
Purified ScFv has been then collected and stored at −20° C.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 15152909 | Jan 2015 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2016/051844 | 1/28/2016 | WO | 00 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2016/120410 | 8/4/2016 | WO | A |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 6156313 | Burton et al. | Dec 2000 | A |
| 20100172906 | Lai et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 2 308 895 | Apr 2011 | EP |
| 2001-501101 | Jan 2001 | JP |
| 2012-526075 | Oct 2012 | JP |
| 2013-506403 | Feb 2013 | JP |
| WO 9726329 | Jul 1997 | WO |
| Entry |
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20180009879 A1 | Jan 2018 | US |
