Patent Application
20090053212
The present invention relates to a humanized anti-human osteopontin antibody having excellent activity and stability, and a therapeutic and diagnostic method for disease using the antibody.
Osteopontin (hereinafter referred to as “OPN”) is an acidic calcium-binding glycoprotein abundantly found in the bone, and in the case of humans, it is known that at least three isoforms can occur due to differences in mRNA splicing: osteopontin-a (hereinafter referred to as “OPN-a”), osteopontin-b (hereinafter referred to as “OPN-b”) and osteopontin-c (hereinafter referred to as “OPN-c”) (non-patent document 1). In particular, the precursor of OPN-a has the amino acid sequence shown by SEQ ID NO:23 in the sequence listing given below, and is considered to undergo signal peptide cleavage upon secretion to form the mature form OPN-a of I17-N314. The mature form of OPN is cleaved by thrombin in vivo on the C-terminal side of the 168th (in the case of OPN-a) arginine residue, resulting in an N-terminal fragment and a C-terminal fragment.
The above-described OPN is responsible for a wide variety of physiologically and pathologically important functions, and has functions, for example, cell adhesion, cell migration, tumorigenesis, immune responses, inhibition of complement-mediated cytolysis, and the like. These diverse functions are mediated by a wide variety of cell surface receptors. OPN has the RGD sequence therein (for example, for OPN-a, 159th to 161st residues); integrins that recognize this RGD sequence, such as αVβ3, αVβ1 and αVβ5, are major receptors of OPN, of which αVβ3, αVβ1 and αVβ5 integrins mediate cell adhesion in vascular smooth muscle cells; furthermore, αVβ3 is associated with the migration of macrophages, lymphocytes, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and the like.
Furthermore, research that has been conducted to date has also demonstrated that OPN binds to α9β1, α4β1 and α9β1 integrins via the SVVYGLR sequence (SEQ ID NO:10), and a difference in binding mode has been found in that α4β1 binds to both OPN not cleaved by thrombin (non-cleaved type OPN) and an N-terminal fragment cleaved by thrombin (cleaved type OPN), whereas α9β1 binds only to thrombin-cleaved type OPN (non-patent documents 2 to 4). These α9 and α4 and β1 and β7 integrin subunits are highly similar to each other in terms of amino acid sequence. α4β1 and α4β7 integrins are found mainly in lymphocytes and monocytes but expressed at very low levels in neutrophils. On the other hand, α9β1 is highly expressed selectively in neutrophils, and is responsible for the essential functions for neutrophil migration via VCAM-1, Tenascin-C and the like. α9β1 is widely expressed in myocytes, epithelial cells, hepatocytes and the like. Hence, the cytoplasmic domains of the integrin subunits α4 and α9 are considered to be involved in various inflammatory reactions by cooperatively promoting the migration and aggregation of leukocytes to inflammation sites via respective slightly different intracellular signal transduction pathways to enhance the infiltrating activities thereof.
As described above, because a wide variety of integrins promote the migration of leukocytes and are involved in inflammatory reactions, drugs that inhibit these integrin activities are thought to have the potential for serving as anti-inflammatory agents. For example, integrin αVβ3 is expressed in osteoclasts, vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and the like; because inhibiting the binding of αVβ3 integrin and various binding ligands thereof is expected to have joint destruction suppressive action in, for example, joints, development of anti-αVβ3 antibody is actually ongoing.
However, because receptors belonging to the integrin family are universally expressed in a broad range of tissues and responsible for the essential functions for the maintenance of biological activities, use of an antibody against integrin in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis can cause similar inhibition in other sites, and the onset of adverse reactions is of concern.
From this viewpoint, attempts have been made to date to clarify the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and the like, and to provide a better therapeutic method.
For example, in WO02/081522 (patent document 1), it was found that in rheumatism patients and osteoarthritis patients, the OPN concentration of articular cavity fluid had high values, and in rheumatism patients, the ratio of thrombin-cleaved type N-terminal fragment to the total OPN increased, and it was confirmed that OPN was profoundly associated with the onset of these diseases. In patent document 1, antibodies that discretely recognize the N-terminal fragment and C-terminal fragment resulting from cleavage of OPN with thrombin, respectively, were generated, and a study using them showed that in rheumatoid arthritis patients, the thrombin-cleaved N-terminal fragment, in particular, exhibited high concentrations in the articular cavity. In this N-terminal fragment, the RGD sequence and the SVVYGLR sequence (SEQ ID NO:10), both recognized by human type integrins, coexist; an antibody that simultaneously blocks these two sequences has been confirmed to be widely inhibit the binding of OPN and integrin, and to be effective in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and the like.
Specifically, in patent document 1, an antibody that inhibits the binding between the RGD sequence of human OPN and integrin and the binding between the SVVYGLR sequence of human OPN (SEQ ID NO:10) and integrin was generated, and its effect was confirmed by experiments on cell adhesion, cell migration and the like. Furthermore, an antibody against a synthetic peptide corresponding to the internal sequence of mouse OPN was acquired, and its effect as a therapeutic drug was confirmed using a mouse pathologic model of arthritis.
Hence, since mouse OPN has the RGD sequence and the SLAYGLR sequence (SEQ ID NO:12), both recognized by mouse integrin, at positions on amino acid sequence homologous to those of human OPN, the M5 antibody was acquired as an antibody that simultaneously blocks these sequences. It was confirmed that the binding of this M5 antibody to mouse OPN and the thrombin-digested product thereof was inhibited by the GRGDSP peptide, which comprises the RGD sequence, and that this M5 antibody inhibited the migration of TNF-α-activated monocytes derived from the mouse spleen. When this M5 antibody was examined using a mouse calvaria organ culture system, bone destruction suppressive action was observed. Furthermore, when the above-described antibody was administered to a mouse model of collagen arthritis, a distinct therapeutic effect was confirmed (patent document 1 and non-patent document 5).
These results strongly suggest that an antibody that simultaneously blocks the binding between the RGD sequence and human type integrin, and between the SVVYGLR sequence (SEQ ID NO:10) and human type integrin inhibits the binding between OPN and integrin and is effective in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and the like, and furthermore show that the antibody is expected to be effective not only in the treatment of forms of rheumatism such as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and chronic rheumatism, but also in the treatment of psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis. Chronic graft rejection after organ transplantation is characterized by obstructive lesions in blood vessels and bronchia; from histological investigations thereof, it is considered that because activation of T cells and macrophages causes production of cytokines and growth factors and vascular endothelial cell disorder, and also because vascular smooth muscle growth causes fibrosis and the like, the condition progresses to vascular obstruction (non-patent documents 6 to 8).
It has been reported that OPN functions as an essential protein in these macrophage activation and vascular smooth muscle fibrosis (non-patent document 9); an OPN inhibitory antibody may suppress the process toward fibrosis by suppressing the migration of monocytes and neutrophils. Therefore, the antibody is expected to suppress chronic graft rejection after organ transplantation to contribute to the take of organs, and to be effective in the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as systemic autoimmune disease, erythematosus, uveitis, Behcet disease, multiple myositis, glomeruloproliferative nephritis, and sarcoidosis. It has also been confirmed that the expression level of OPN increases in various cancers, and that OPN promotes the cancer progression and metastasis (non-patent documents 10 to 12), and that cancer cell growth and metastasis are suppressed by an anti-OPN antibody (patent document 3, non-patent document 13). Therefore, an anti-OPN antibody is also expected to be effective in the treatment of various cancers.
Disclosed in WO03/027151 (patent document 2) are a chimeric anti-human osteopontin antibody having both the variable region of the mouse anti-human osteopontin antibody 2K1 described in patent document 1 and the constant region of a human antibody, and a humanized anti-human osteopontin antibody having both the complementarity determining region of the 2K1 antibody and the framework region and constant region of a human antibody.
Meanwhile, a large number of monoclonal antibodies for treatment are already available in the market, including antibodies for cancer treatment (for example, rituximab, trastuzumab, bevacizumab), antibodies for rheumatism treatment (for example, infliximab, adalimumab), antibodies for treatment for suppressing graft rejection (for example, muromonab, basiliximab) and the like.
Because of their basic features of high specificity and safety, it seems that research and development of monoclonal antibody preparations, particularly targeting a wide variety of diseases for which low-molecular therapeutic drugs are difficult to develop, will be accelerated.
On the other hand, the greatest problem posed in the development of such antibody pharmaceuticals concerns antibody productivity. The clinical doses of monoclonal antibodies that have been launched in the market are generally on the order of several mg/kg, so that considerable production costs are required.
For this reason, to select an antibody that exhibits excellent activity and, out of antibodies showing the same activity, an antibody of high expression levels and high stability for a protein, is a very important requirement for actual application as an antibody pharmaceutical.
Patent document 1: Pamphlet for International Patent Publication No. WO02/081522
Patent document 2: Pamphlet for International Patent Publication No. WO03/027151
Patent document 3: Pamphlet for International Patent Publication No. WO06/043954
Non-patent document 1: Y. Saitoh et al., (1995): Laboratory Investigation, 72, 55-63
Non-patent document 2: Y. Yokosaki et al., (1999): The Journal of Biological Chemistry 274, 36328-36334
Non-patent document 3: P. M. Green et al., (2001): FEBS Letters 503, 75-79
Non-patent document 4: S. T. Barry et al., (2000): Experimental Cell Research 258, 342-351
Non-patent document 5: Yamamoto et al., (2003): The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 112, 181-188
Non-patent document 6: P. Freese et al., (2001): Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation, 16, 2401-2406
Non-patent document 7: J. R. Waller et al., (2001): British Journal of Surgery, 88, 1429-1441
Non-patent document 8: S. R. Lehtonen et al., (2001): Transplantation, 72, 1138-1144
Non-patent document 9: A. O'Regan et al., (2000): International Journal of Experimental Pathology, 81, 373-390
Non-patent document 10: G. F. Weber, (2001): Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1552, 61-85
Non-patent document 11: H. Rangaswami et al., (2006): TRENDS in Cell Biology 16, 79-87
Non-patent document 12: S. S. Forootan et al., (2006): Int. J. Cancer: 118, 2255-2261
Non-patent document 13: Z. Hu et al., (2005): Clin. Cancer Res. 11 4646-4652
The present invention was developed in view of the above-described circumstances, and is intended to provide a humanized anti-human osteopontin antibody having better activities (antigen binding activity, leukocyte migration inhibitory activity and the like) and/or stability (resistance to heat, low-pH conditions, denaturants and the like) than those of conventional anti-human osteopontin antibodies. The present inventors conducted extensive investigations with the aim of accomplishing the object, and succeeded in generating a humanized anti-human osteopontin antibody having such characteristics.
Accordingly, the present invention has the following features:
(1) A humanized anti-human osteopontin antibody comprising a heavy-chain variable region consisting of the amino acid sequence shown by SEQ ID NO:1 and a light-chain variable region consisting of the amino acid sequence shown by SEQ ID NO:3.
(2) The humanized anti-human osteopontin antibody described in (1) above, wherein the heavy-chain constant region of the antibody is human Igγ1.
(3) The humanized anti-human osteopontin antibody described in (1) above, wherein the light-chain constant region of the antibody is human Igκ.
(4) The humanized anti-human osteopontin antibody described in (1) above, wherein the heavy-chain constant region of the antibody is human Igγ1 and the light-chain constant region of the antibody is human Igκ.
(5) A humanized anti-human osteopontin antibody comprising a heavy chain consisting of the amino acid sequence shown by SEQ ID NO:25 and a light chain consisting of the amino acid sequence shown by SEQ ID NO:27.
(6) A polynucleotide comprising a sequence that encodes the heavy-chain variable region of the humanized anti-human osteopontin antibody described in (1) above.
(7) A polynucleotide comprising a sequence that encodes the light-chain variable region of the humanized anti-human osteopontin antibody described in (1) above.
(8) An expression vector comprising the polynucleotide described in (6) and/or (7) above.
(9) A host cell incorporating the expression vector described in
(8) above.
(10) A method of producing a humanized anti-human osteopontin antibody, comprising a step for culturing the host cell described in (9) above to allow the cell to express the humanized anti-human osteopontin antibody.
(11) A therapeutic drug for autoimmune disease, rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis, comprising the humanized anti-human osteopontin antibody described in any of (1) to (5) above.
(12) A method for preventing or treating autoimmune disease, rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis, comprising a step for administering a therapeutically effective amount of the humanized anti-human osteopontin antibody described in any of (1) to (5) above.
(13) A use of the humanized anti-human osteopontin antibody described in any of (1) to (5) above, in the manufacture of a pharmaceutical for preventing or treating autoimmune disease, rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis.
Provided by the present invention is a humanized anti-human osteopontin antibody having better activities (antigen binding activity, leukocyte migration inhibitory activity and the like) and/or stability (resistance to heat, low-pH conditions, denaturants and the like) than those of conventional anti-human osteopontin antibodies. Having these features, the antibody of the present invention is useful for the prevention or treatment of various inflammatory diseases, including autoimmune disease, rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoarthritis.
The present invention is described in detail below.
The present inventors conducted extensive investigations to solve the above-described problems concerning conventional anti-human osteopontin antibodies, and succeeded in acquiring a humanized anti-human osteopontin antibody having better activities and/or stability than those of the chimeric 2K1 antibody and humanized 2K1 antibody described in WO03/027151 (patent document 2).
The basic structure of an antibody molecule is shared by all classes, and is configured with a heavy chain having a molecular weight of 50000 to 70000 and a light chain having a molecular weight of 20000 to 30000. A heavy chain usually consists of a polypeptide chain comprising about 440 amino acids; heavy chains have structures characteristic of different classes, and are called the γ, μ, α, δ, and ε chains corresponding to IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE. Furthermore, IgG occurs as IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4, and corresponding chains are called γ1, γ2, γ3, and γ4, respectively. A light chain usually consists of a polypeptide chain comprising about 220 amino acids; two types, type L and type K, are known, and are called the λ and κ chains, respectively. Regarding the peptide configuration of the basic structure of an antibody molecule, two homologous heavy chains and two homologous light chains are bound via disulfide bonds (S—S bonds) and non-covalent bonds, and the molecular weight is 150000 to 190000. The two kinds of light chains are capable of paring with any heavy chain. Each antibody molecule always consists of two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains.
There are four in-the-chain S—S bonds in a heavy chain (five bonds for μ and ε chains) and two in a light chain; one loop is formed per 100 to 110 amino acid residues, and this steric structure is alike among the loops, and is called a structural unit or domain. For both heavy chains and light chains, the amino acid sequence of the domain located at the N terminus thereof is inconstant, even in a reference standard from the same class (subclass) of the same animal species, and this domain is called a variable region (V region, variable region) (the domains are expressed as VH and VL, respectively). The amino acid sequence on the C-terminal side therefrom is nearly constant in each class or subclass, and is called a constant region (C region, constant region) (the domains are expressed as CH1, CH2, CH3 and CL, respectively).
The antigenic determinant site of an antibody is configured with VH and VL, and the binding specificity depends on the amino acid sequence of this site. On the other hand, biological activities such as binding to complements or various cells reflect the differences in C region structure among the various classes of Ig. The variability of the variable regions of light chain and heavy chain has been found to be nearly limited to three small hypervariable regions existing in both chains, and these regions are called CDR (complementarity determining region). The remaining portion of the variable region is called a framework region, and is relatively constant. Usually, only 5 to 10 amino acids in the complementarity determining region of each variable region have formed the antigen binding site.
In the present description, an antibody having a variable region derived from a mouse antibody (also referred to as donor heterologous antibody) as the antigen-reactive variable region and a constant region derived from a human antibody as the constant region is referred to as a chimeric antibody; a chimeric antibody that recognizes osteopontin and fragments thereof is referred to as a chimeric anti-osteopontin antibody. A recombinant antibody prepared by replacing all regions, other than the complementarity determining region (antigen binding site), of an antigen specific non-human mammal (for example, mouse) antibody molecule with human antibody amino acids is referred to as a humanized antibody. Included in humanized antibodies are those having an amino acid modification (substitution, insertion, deletion, addition) made to the framework region thereof, like the antibody of the present invention.
It is generally known that in the preparation of a humanized antibody, when the amino acid sequence of the complementarity determining region only is simply grafted to the template human antibody framework, the antigen binding activity decreases compared to that of the original mouse antibody in many cases. The above-described humanized 2K1 antibody was confirmed to have extremely low cell adhesion inhibitory activity on OPN, and hence to be unsuitable for use as an antibody pharmaceutical, though it is bindable to OPN peptides (Example 9 below).
The present inventors conducted extensive investigations to improve the activity reductions in humanized antibodies, and to obtain a humanized antibody having better stability for use as an antibody pharmaceutical, and found that a humanized anti-human osteopontin antibody comprising a heavy-chain variable region consisting of the amino acid sequence shown by SEQ ID NO:1 and a light-chain variable region consisting of the amino acid sequence shown by SEQ ID NO:3 had significantly improved activities and/or better stability in terms of various stability indexes, compared to conventional chimeric and humanized anti-human osteopontin antibodies. As such, the humanized anti-human osteopontin antibody of the present invention has been prepared by making modifications to some amino acids in the framework regions of the heavy chain and light chain of the template human antibody, and has a different sequence of the framework region from that of a conventional humanized anti-human osteopontin antibody prepared by grafting the complementarity determining region only (patent document 2).
The humanized anti-human osteopontin antibody of the present invention can easily be prepared by those skilled in the art on the basis of the sequence information on the heavy-chain variable region and light-chain variable region thereof disclosed herein, using a method commonly known in the art. Specifically, a heavy-chain variable region gene fragment having a base sequence that encodes the heavy-chain variable region amino acid of the antibody of the present invention (SEQ ID NO:1), and a light-chain variable region gene fragment having a base sequence that encodes the light-chain variable region amino acid of the antibody of the present invention (SEQ ID NO:3) are prepared. Then, the variable region genes are joined to a constant region gene in an appropriate class of human antibody to prepare a humanized antibody gene. Next, this humanized antibody gene is joined to an appropriate expression vector, and introduced to a cultured cell. Finally, this cultured cell is cultured, whereby a humanized antibody can be obtained from the culture supernatant.
Each of the above-described variable region gene fragments that encode the heavy-chain and light-chain variable region amino acids of the antibody of the present invention (SEQ ID NO:1 and SEQ ID NO:3) can be prepared by, for example, preparing a gene fragment that encodes the heavy-chain variable region or light-chain variable region, respectively, of the humanized 2K1 antibody, disclosed in WO03/027151, according to the method described in the document, and inducing a mutation to the specified site of the gene fragment that encodes the framework region of the humanized 2K1 antibody. For inducing a mutation at the specified site in the framework region, various methods obvious to those skilled in the art, such as site-directed mutagenesis (Current Protocols in Molecular Biology edit. Ausubel et al. (1987) Publish. John Wiley & Sons Section 8.1-8.5) can be used. Alternatively, gene fragments of the heavy-chain and light-chain variable regions of the antibody of the present invention can also be synthesized on the basis of base sequences designed on the basis of the amino acid sequences of the heavy-chain and light-chain variable regions (SEQ ID NO:1 and SEQ ID NO:3), or on the basis of the base sequences of the heavy-chain and light-chain variable regions of the antibody of the present invention, shown by SEQ ID NO:5 and SEQ ID NO:7, using a method of gene synthesis commonly known in the art. As such a method of gene synthesis, various methods obvious to those skilled in the art, such as the antibody gene synthesis method described in WO90/07861, can be used.
Next, the above-described variable region gene fragments and the constant region gene of the human antibody are joined to prepare a humanized antibody gene. Although any subclass of constant region can be chosen as the constant region of the human antibody used, human Igγ1 as the heavy-chain constant region, and human Igκ as the light-chain constant region, can be preferably used.
Subsequent to the preparation of this humanized antibody gene, introduction of the humanized antibody gene to an expression vector, introduction of the expression vector to cultured cells, cultivation of the cultured cells, purification of the antibody and the like can be performed by using various methods commonly known in the art, or with reference to the methods of preparing a chimeric anti-human osteopontin antibody or a humanized anti-human osteopontin antibody, described in WO02/081522 or WO03/027151. As the expression vector to be joined to the humanized antibody gene thus obtained, the expression vectors described in International Patent Publication Official Gazette WO94/20632, such as AG-γ1 and AG-κ, can be used, but the expression vector is not subject to limitation, as long as it is capable of expressing the humanized antibody gene. It is preferable to utilize an expression vector already having a human Ig constant region gene such as AG-γ1 or AG-κ, because it would become an expression vector having the humanized antibody gene simply when the humanized antibody variable region gene is inserted thereto.
The above-described expression vector is introduced to cultured cells by, for example, the calcium phosphate method and the like.
As examples of the cultured cells to which the expression vector is introduced, cultured cells such as CHO-DG44 cells can be used, and they may be cultured by a conventional method.
After the above-described cultivation, the antibody accumulated in the culture supernatant can be purified by, for example, various chromatographies using a Protein A column.
The antigen activity of the humanized anti-human osteopontin antibody thus obtained can be measured by, for example, an ELISA using an osteopontin peptide and the like as described in an Example below, BIACore (BIAcore Company) and the like. The leukocyte migration inhibitory activity of the humanized anti-human osteopontin antibody can be measured by, for example, culturing human peripheral blood monocytes in the presence of a test antibody and OPN or thrombin-cleaved type OPN as described in an Example below. The humanized anti-human osteopontin antibody of the present invention has a biological activity to inhibit the migration of human peripheral blood monocytes activated by a cytokine (for example, TNF-α) to thrombin-cleaved type OPN.
Next, the humanized anti-human osteopontin antibody thus generated is tested for various stability indexes. The humanized anti-human osteopontin antibody of the present invention exhibits the following stability indexes (A) to D)):
A) Exhibits a heat stability wherein the binding activity to a peptide comprising the SVVYGLR sequence (SEQ ID NO:10) after heat treatment in PBS at 70° C. for 2 hours is not less than 90% of that without the heat treatment.
B) The midpoint transition temperature (Tm) is higher by at least 5° C. than that of a chimeric antibody having a variable region derived from a donor heterologous antibody and a constant region derived from a human antibody.
C) Has a resistance to guanidine hydrochloride at concentrations higher by at least 0.5 M than those for a chimeric antibody having a variable region derived from a donor heterologous antibody and a constant region derived from a human antibody.
D) Has a resistance to pH levels lower by at least 0.3 than those for a chimeric antibody having a variable region derived from a donor heterologous antibody and a constant region derived from a human antibody.
Here, the above-described indexes A) and B) are both indexes of stability to heat; as the antibody has better features in these indexes, it is more advantageous in terms of long-term storage stability and dosage form. That is, an antibody preparation is often problematic with respect to storage stability because it is a protein, so that it is sometimes prepared as a freeze-dried preparation (this is problematic in terms of convenience in medical practice settings because it must be dissolved at the time of use; in particular, a protein preparation often takes more than 30 seconds to dissolve, which in turn often poses a burden in medical practice settings); however, any antibody having a good temperature stability can be stored, even in solution, while securing long-term stability under refrigeration for 2 years or more. In fact, R2K1v1.7, the humanized anti-human osteopontin antibody of the present invention described in an Example below, is secured to be stable for about 1 year even at room temperature (25° C.). If a solution preparation is feasible, it makes it possible to prepare more convenient preparations in the form of pre-filled syringes and the like. An antibody of high temperature stability that satisfies the above-described indexes offers a broader variation of preparation making and makes it possible to make preparations meeting greater medical needs, and to increase choices.
The above-described index C) is an index concerning salt resistance; an antibody having such a salt resistance allows an investigation of a more advantageous formula in making a pharmaceutical preparation. Particularly in pre-filled syringes, this index is useful because high salt concentrations are often used in designing a protein preparation of high concentrations like 100 to 200 μg/mL.
The above-described index D) is an index concerning pH resistance; an antibody having such a pH resistance permits treatment at lower pH levels in the virus inactivation step of the antibody production and purification process, and is hence useful. For this reason, having a pH resistance lower by as small as about 0.3 than ordinary antibodies would be a major advantage.
The test method for index A) is described below. First, a test humanized anti-human osteopontin antibody is diluted in PBS (preferably 50 μg/mL) and heat-treated at 70° C. for 2 hours. Thereafter, the dilution is returned to room temperature, and the binding activity of the antibody to a peptide comprising the SVVYGLR sequence (SEQ ID NO:10) is measured by, for example, the ELISA method of Kon et al. (Journal of Cellular Biology, 88: 420-432 (2002)). The binding activity of this heat-treated antibody is compared with the binding activity of the same antibody but measured without the heat treatment. The humanized anti-human osteopontin antibody of the present invention, when subjected to this heat treatment, exhibits a binding activity not lower than 90% of the binding activity of the same but untreated antibody to peptide comprising the SVVYGLR sequence (SEQ ID NO:10). Preferably, the peptide comprising the SVVYGLR sequence (SEQ ID NO:10), used in this index test, is an osteopontin peptide having the CVDTYDGRGDSVVYGLRS sequence (SEQ ID NO:13).
The test method for index B) is described below. First, a test humanized anti-human osteopontin antibody and the chimeric 2K1 antibody described in WO03/027151 (C2K1) are adjusted using an appropriate buffer solution (preferably 20 mM citrate buffer+120 mM NaCl (pH 6.0)), and the stability to heating can be evaluated using a differential scanning calorimeter (preferably VP capillary DSC platform of MicroCal Company). The midpoint transition temperature (Tm), which shows the degeneration temperature, of the humanized anti-human osteopontin antibody of the present invention is higher by at least 5° C. than that of C2K1.
The test method for index C) is described below. First, a test humanized anti-human osteopontin antibody and the above-described chimeric 2K1 antibody (C2K1) are dissolved in a buffer solution comprising guanidine hydrochloride at various concentrations of 0 to 5 M (preferably 20 mM sodium phosphate+120 mM NaCl solution (pH 7.0)), and the solutions are adjusted to an appropriate concentration (preferably 50 μg/mL). Next, each solution sample is allowed to stand at 10° C. overnight, after which the fluorescent spectrum of each sample is measured. Specifically, the fluorescence emitted by tryptophan under excitation light at 280 nm is scanned over the wavelength range from 320 nm to 370 nm. Peak wavelength shifts due to the loosening of the steric structure of the antibody protein by guanidine hydrochloride. The guanidine hydrochloride concentration for a shift of peak wavelength is measured for each of the test antibody and chimeric antibody. For the humanized anti-human osteopontin antibody of the present invention, the guanidine hydrochloride concentration for a shift of the above-described peak wavelength is higher by at least about 0.5 M than that of C2K1.
The test method for index D) is described below. First, a test humanized anti-human osteopontin antibody and the above-described chimeric 2K1 antibody (C2K1) are adjusted using an appropriate buffer solution (preferably 20 mM citrate buffer+120 mM NaCl (pH 6.0)) (preferably 2 mg/mL), and while an acidic solution (preferably 0.1 N HCl) and water are added thereto, a sample of each low pH level at the specified concentration (1 mg/mL) is prepared. After this sample is treated at room temperature for 1 hour, circular dichroism (CD) spectrum is measured. The CD spectrum is measured over the wavelength range from 205 nm to 260 nm, and the content ratio of random structure is measured for each pH-treated sample of each antibody, on the basis of the CD spectral analytical method of Yang et al. (Methods in Enzymology, 130, 208-269 (1986)). The pH at which the content ratio of random structure in the humanized anti-human osteopontin antibody of the present invention begins to increase is lower by at least about 0.3 than that of C2K1.
The present inventors conducted extensive investigations using in combination modifications of the framework region gene by site-directed mutagenesis and the like, and stability studies using the above-described A) to D) stability indexes, on the basis of the humanized antibody described in WO03/027151, and for the first time succeeded in obtaining a humanized anti-human osteopontin antibody having better activities (antigen binding activity, leukocyte migration inhibitory activity and the like) and/or stability (resistance to heat, low-pH conditions, denaturants and the like) than those of conventional anti-human osteopontin antibodies, by rendering the human antibody framework portions (FR1 to 4) to be the amino acid sequence shown by SEQ ID NO:1 (amino acid numbers 1 to 30, 36 to 49, 67 to 98 and 106 to 116, respectively) and the amino acid sequence shown by SEQ ID NO:3 (amino acid numbers 1 to 23, 40 to 54, 62 to 93 and 103 to 113, respectively). The humanized anti-human osteopontin antibody of the present invention was tested for the above-described antigen binding activity, leukocyte migration inhibitory activity and various stability indexes, and was found to have the activities, and to exhibit all of the indexes A) to D) as characteristics thereof.
The humanized anti-human osteopontin antibody of the present invention, comprising a heavy-chain variable region consisting of the amino acid sequence shown by SEQ ID NO:1 and a light-chain variable region consisting of the amino acid sequence shown by SEQ ID NO:3, can easily be acquired by synthesizing a DNA that encodes the amino acid sequence shown by SEQ ID NO:1 and a DNA that encodes the amino acid sequence shown by SEQ ID NO:3 using a method commonly known in the art, joining them to an appropriate class of human antibody constant region gene, preferably the human Igγ1 constant region gene for the heavy chain and the human Igκ constant region gene for the light chain, to construct a humanized antibody gene, introducing the humanized antibody gene to an expression vector using various methods commonly known in the art or the method described in WO02/081522 or WO03/027151 and the like, introducing the expression vector to cultured cells, culturing the cultured cells, and purifying the antibody from the culture obtained. As the preferable humanized antibody heavy-chain gene of the present invention, obtained by joining the heavy-chain variable region gene shown by SEQ ID NO:1 and the human Igγ1 heavy-chain constant region gene, a gene comprising a base sequence that encodes the amino acid sequence shown by SEQ ID NO:25, more preferably a gene comprising the base sequence shown by SEQ ID NO:24, can be mentioned. As the preferable humanized antibody light-chain gene of the present invention, obtained by joining the light-chain variable region gene shown by SEQ ID NO:3 and the human Igκ light-chain constant: region gene, a gene comprising a base sequence that encodes the amino acid sequence shown by SEQ ID NO:27, more preferably a gene comprising the base sequence shown by SEQ ID NO:26, can be mentioned. As the humanized anti-osteopontin antibody of the present invention, encoded by a heavy-chain gene comprising the base sequence shown by SEQ ID NO:24 and a light-chain gene comprising the base sequence shown by SEQ ID NO:26, R2K1v1.7, described in an Example below, can be mentioned.
Alternatively, the humanized anti-osteopontin antibody of the present invention, comprising a heavy-chain variable region consisting of the amino acid sequence shown by SEQ ID NO:1 and a light-chain variable region consisting of the amino acid sequence shown by SEQ ID NO:3, can also be synthesized with a DNA that encodes the above-described amino acid sequence shown by SEQ ID NO:1 and a human antibody heavy-chain constant region gene, and a DNA that encodes the amino acid sequence shown by SEQ ID NO:3 and a human antibody light-chain constant region gene, as the templates, using a cell-free transcription/translation system. The cell-free transcription/translation system used may be a commercially available one, and may be prepared in accordance with a method known per se, specifically the method described in Pratt J. M. et al., “Transcription and Translation”, Hames B. D. and Higgins S. J. edt., IRL Press, Oxford 179-209 (1984) and the like for Escherichia coli extract. As the commercially available cell lysate, the E. coli S30 extract system (manufactured by Promega Company), the RTS 500 Rapid Translation System (manufactured by Roche Company) and the like derived from Escherichia coli can be mentioned, Rabbit Reticulocyte Lysate System (manufactured by Promega Company) and the like derived from rabbit reticulocytes can be mentioned, and PROTEIOS™ (manufactured by TOYOBO Company) and the like derived from wheat germ can be mentioned. Among them, those using a wheat germ lysate is suitable. As a method of preparing a wheat germ lysate, for example, the method described in Johnston F. B. et al., Nature, 179, 160-161 (1957) or Erickson A. H. et al., Meth. Enzymol., 96, 38-50 (1996) and the like can be used.
The present invention also encompasses humanized anti-human osteopontin antibody fragments (antibody fragments) such as single-stranded variable region fragments (scFv), Fab, Fab′, and F (ab′)2, comprising a heavy-chain variable region consisting of the amino acid sequence shown by SEQ ID NO:1 and a light-chain variable region consisting of the amino acid sequence shown by SEQ ID NO:3, and retaining the activities.
The linker for joining a heavy-chain variable region (VH) and a light-chain variable region (VL), that can be used to prepare scFv, is not subject to limitation, as long as the antibody fragment of the present invention can have the above-descried characteristics; for example, a peptide consisting of the amino acid sequence shown by GGGGSGGGGSGGGGS (SEQ ID NO:14) can be mentioned. Those skilled in the art are able to prepare a fused antibody of the humanized anti-human osteopontin antibody or antibody fragment and another peptide or protein, and to prepare a modified antibody with a modifying agent bound thereto, on the basis of the present invention. The other peptide or protein used for the fusion is not subject to limitation, as long as it does not reduce the binding activity of the antibody; for example, human serum albumin, various tag peptides, artificial helix motif peptide, maltose-binding proteins, glutathione S transferase, various toxins, other peptides or proteins capable of promoting multimerization and the like can be mentioned. The modifying agent used for the modification is not subject to limitation, as long as it does not reduce the binding activity of the antibody; for example, polyethylene glycol, sugar chains, phospholipids, liposomes, low-molecular compounds and the like can be mentioned.
The humanized anti-human osteopontin antibody of the present invention thus obtained or an antibody fragment retaining an activity due to the antibody, a fused antibody resulting from fusion of the antibody or antibody fragment with a peptide or another protein, or a modified antibody consisting of the antibody or antibody fragment and a modifying agent bound thereto, after being further purified as required, can be prepared as a pharmaceutical preparation according to a conventional method, and can be used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatism such as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and chronic rheumatism, psoriatic arthritis, psoriasis and the like, to suppress cancer and chronic graft rejection after organ transplantation, and to treat autoimmune diseases such as osteoarthritis, systemic autoimmune disease, erythematosus, uveitis, Behcet disease, multiple myositis, glomeruloproliferative nephritis, and sarcoidosis.
The humanized anti-human osteopontin antibody of the present invention can be used preferably as a rheumatism therapeutic agent, autoimmune disease therapeutic agent, osteoarthritis therapeutic agent or rheumatoid arthritis therapeutic agent, more preferably as a rheumatoid arthritis therapeutic agent. As examples of dosage forms for the rheumatism therapeutic agent and the like, a parenteral preparation such as an injection or drip infusion can be prepared, and is preferably administered by intravenous administration, subcutaneous administration and the like (the same applies in the case of an autoimmune disease therapeutic agent). In preparing a pharmaceutical preparation, carriers and additives that match these dosage forms can be used within a pharmaceutically acceptable range.
The amount of humanized anti-human osteopontin antibody added in the above-described preparation making varies depending on the patient symptom severity and age, the dosage form of the preparation used or the binding titer of the recombinant OPN inhibitory antibody and the like; for example, about 0.1 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg may be used.
Regarding the therapeutic agent of the present invention thus obtained, the active ingredient humanized anti-human osteopontin antibody strongly binds to the RGD sequence and SVVYGLR sequence of OPN (SEQ ID NO:10) to inhibit the binding between this portion of OPN and integrin, resulting in the suppression of the exacerbation of symptoms of rheumatism and rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases.
Because the humanized anti-human osteopontin antibody of the present invention binds specifically to the OPN side, rather than to the integrin side, it is unlikely to inhibit any other important function of integrin, and the issue of adverse reactions is expected to be avoided.
Furthermore, the humanized anti-human osteopontin antibody of the present invention can also be used as a diagnostic reagent for rheumatoid arthritis. As stated above, it has been proven that in the joints of a rheumatoid arthritis patient, an N-terminal fragment of thrombin-cleaved OPN are found at high concentrations. Hence, measuring the amount of OPN or N-terminal fragment thereof in a sample using this humanized anti-human osteopontin antibody would be helpful in diagnosing rheumatoid arthritis. As the technique, various methods in use for ordinary immunochemical assays, such as radioisotope immunoassay method (RIA method), ELISA method (E. Engvall et al., (1980): Methods in Enzymol., 70, 419-439), fluorescent antibody method, plaque method, spot method, agglutination method, and Ouchterlony method (“Hybridoma Method and Monoclonal Antibodies”, published by R&D Planning, pages 30-53, Mar. 5, 1982) can be used.
Although an appropriate one can be selected from among the above-described techniques from various viewpoints, the ELISA method is preferable in terms of sensitivity, convenience and the like. As an example of a more preferable method, for example, the humanized anti-human osteopontin antibody of the present invention is immobilized on a carrier, an antibody that recognizes a portion on OPN other than that recognized by the humanized anti-human osteopontin antibody of the present invention is labeled, whereby OPN or an N-terminal fragment thereof can be detected, and this can be used as a diagnostic reagent for rheumatoid arthritis.
As the labeling substance used to label the above-described antibody, proteins/peptides for forming a fused protein/peptide, such as glutathione S-transferase, enzymes such as horseradish peroxidase (hereinafter referred to as “HRP”) and alkaline phosphatase (hereinafter referred to as “AP”), fluorescent substances such as fluorescein isocyanate and rhodamine, radioactive substances such as 32P and 125I, and modifying agents such as chemiluminescent substances can be mentioned.
Regarding the method of detecting OPN isoforms, for example, the detection can be performed by using a method commonly known in the art, such as a sandwich method, or more specifically, by using the same method as the detection method described in WO02/081522 (patent document 2) or WO03/027151 (patent document 3).
The present invention also provides a gene that encodes the antibody of the present invention or a fragment thereof, and an expression vector comprising the same. The expression vector of the present invention is not subject to limitation, as long as it is capable of expressing a gene that encodes the antibody of the present invention or a fragment thereof in various host cells of prokaryotic cells and/or eukaryotic cells, and producing these polypeptides. For example, plasmid vectors, viral vectors (for example, adenovirus, retrovirus) and the like can be mentioned.
The expression vector of the present invention can comprise a gene that encodes the antibody of the present invention or a fragment thereof, and a promoter functionally joined to the gene. As the promoter for expressing the polypeptide of the present invention in a bacterium, when the host is a bacterium of the genus Escherichia, for example, the Trp promoter, lac promoter, recA promoter, XPL promoter, lpp promoter, tac promoter and the like can be mentioned. As the promoter for expressing the antibody of the present invention or a fragment thereof in yeast, for example, the PH05 promoter, PGK promoter, GAP promoter, and ADH promoter can be mentioned; when the host is a bacterium of the genus Bacillus, the SL01 promoter, SP02 promoter, penP promoter and the like can be mentioned. When the host is a eukaryotic cell such as a mammalian cell, the SV40-derived promoter, retrovirus promoter, heat shock promoter and the like can be mentioned.
When a bacterium, particularly Escherichia coli, is used as the host cell, the expression vector of the present invention can further comprise an initiation codon, a stop codon, a terminator region and a replicable unit. When a yeast, animal cell or insect cell is used as the host, the expression vector of the present invention can comprise an initiation codon and a stop codon. In this case, an enhancer sequence, noncoding regions on the 5′ side and 3′ side of a gene that encodes the polypeptide of the present invention, a splicing junction, a polyadenylation site, or a replicable unit and the like may be contained. A selection marker in common use (for example, tetracycline, ampicillin, kanamycin) may be contained according to the intended use.
The present invention also provides a transformant incorporating the gene of the present invention. Such a transformant can be prepared by, for example, transforming a host cell with the expression vector of the present invention. The host cell used to prepare a transformant is not subject to limitation, as long as it matches the aforementioned expression vector, and is transformable; various cells such as natural cells or artificially established lines of cells in common use in the technical field of the present invention (for example, bacteria (bacteria of the genus Escherichia, bacteria of the genus Bacillus), yeasts (the genus Saccharomyces, the genus Pichia and the like), animal cells or insect cells (for example, Sf9) and the like) can be mentioned as examples. The transformation can be performed by a method known per se.
The present invention also provides a method of producing the antibody of the present invention or a fragment thereof, comprising allowing a host cell to express the gene of the present invention, i.e., using such a transformant.
In producing the antibody of the present invention or a fragment thereof, the transformant can be cultured in nutrient medium. The nutrient medium preferably contains a carbon source and an inorganic nitrogen source or organic nitrogen source required for the growth of the transformant. As examples of the carbon source, glucose, dextran, soluble starch, sucrose and the like can be mentioned; as examples of the inorganic nitrogen source or organic nitrogen source, ammonium salts, nitrates, amino acids, corn steep liquor, peptone, casein, meat extract, soybean cake, potato extract and the like can be mentioned. If desired, other nutrients (for example, inorganic salts (for example, calcium chloride, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, magnesium chloride), vitamins, antibiotics (for example, tetracycline, neomycin, ampicillin, kanamycin and the like) and the like) may be contained.
Cultivation of the transformant can be performed by a method known per se. Cultivation conditions, for example, temperature, pH of the medium, and cultivation time are selected as appropriate. For example, when the host is an animal cell, an MEM medium containing about 5 to 20% fetal bovine serum (Science, Vol. 122, p. 501, 1952), DMEM medium (Virology, Vol. 8, p. 396, 1959), RPMI1640 medium (J. Am. Med. Assoc., Vol. 199, p. 519, 1967), 199 medium (Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., Vol. 73, p. 1, 1950) and the like can be used as the medium. The pH of the medium is preferably about 6 to 8, cultivation is normally performed at about 30 to 40° C. for about 15 to 72 hours, and the culture may be aerated or agitated as necessary. When the host is an insect cell, for example, Grace's medium comprising fetal bovine serum (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Vol. 82, p. 8404, 1985) and the like can be mentioned, and the pH thereof is preferably about 5 to 8. Cultivation is normally performed at about 20 to 40° C. for 15 to 100 hours, and the culture may be aerated or agitated as necessary. When the host is a bacterium, an actinomyces, yeast, or a filamentous fungus, for example, a liquid medium comprising the above-described nutrient sources is appropriate. A medium having a pH of 5 to 8 is preferable. When the host is E. coli, LB medium, M9 medium (Miller et al., Exp. Mol. Genet, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, p. 431, 1972) and the like can be mentioned as preferable media. In this case, cultivation can be normally performed at 14 to 43° C. for about 3 to 24 hours, while aerating or agitating the culture as necessary. When the host is a bacterium of the genus Bacillus, cultivation can be normally performed at 30 to 40° C. for about 16 to 96 hours, while aerating or agitating the culture as necessary. When the host is yeast, Burkholder's minimal medium (Bostian, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Vol. 77, p. 4505, 1980) can be mentioned as examples of the medium, and the pH is desirably 5 to 8. Cultivation is normally performed at about 20 to 35° C. for about 14 to 144 hours, and the culture may be aerated or agitated as necessary.
The antibody of the present invention or a fragment thereof can be recovered, preferably isolated and purified, from a cultured transformant as described above. As examples of the method of isolation and purification, methods based on differences in solubility, such as salting-out and solvent precipitation; methods based on differences in molecular weight, such as dialysis, ultrafiltration, gel filtration, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; methods based on differences in electric charge, such as ion exchange chromatography and hydroxyl apatite chromatography; methods based on specific affinity, such as affinity chromatography; methods based on differences in hydrophobicity, such as reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography; methods based on differences in isoelectric point, such as isoelectric focusing; and the like can be mentioned.
The present invention has been generally described above; particular examples to be referred to for facilitating the understanding thereof are given below, which, however, are for illustrative purposes only and never limit the scope of the invention.
Examples are given below. The procedures involving the use of a kit and the like were performed as directed in the protocol attached thereto unless otherwise stated.
In the present invention, two kinds of humanized anti-human osteopontin antibody prepared by humanizing the 2K1 antibody, which is a mouse-derived anti-human osteopontin antibody described in International Patent Publication Official Gazette WO2003/027151 (hereinafter also referred to as humanized 2K1 antibody or R2K1 antibody) were prepared.
Since each humanized 2K1 antibody was prepared generally in accordance with the method described in the above-described official gazette, an outline is given below.
First, DNAs that encode the heavy-chain variable regions (VHs) of 2 kinds of humanized anti-OPN antibody having the base sequences shown in
Next, each of the above-described DNAs that encode the humanized anti-human OPN antibody VHs was inserted to AG-γ1, which is an expression vector comprising the gene for the human immunoglobulin constant region γ1 chain, using a restriction endonuclease HindIII recognition site and BamHI recognition site, whereby a heavy-chain expression plasmid having R2K1-VH1.7 and a heavy-chain expression plasmid having R2K1-VH1.8 were prepared. Likewise, each of the above-described DNAs that encode the humanized anti-human OPN antibody VLs was inserted to AG-κ, which is an expression vector comprising the gene for the human immunoglobulin constant region κ chain, whereby a light-chain expression plasmid having R2K1-VL1.8 and a light-chain expression plasmid having R2K1-VL1.7 were prepared. These expression plasmids were introduced to and proliferated in Escherichia coli, and purified using a commercially available plasmid purification kit (QIAGEN Company).
Finally, various combinations of the above-described purified expression plasmids were transfected to CHO-DG44 cells by the calcium phosphate method, and cells were selected in an MEM medium (Invitrogen Company) comprising Geneticin (Invitrogen Company) and dialyzed FCS (Invitrogen Company), whereby cells expressing two kinds of humanized 2K1 antibody were obtained. That is, the R2K1v1.8 antibody, which is a humanized 2K1 antibody consisting of a heavy chain having R2K1-VH1.8 and a light chain having R2K1-VL1.8, and the R2K1v1.7 antibody, which is a humanized 2K1 antibody consisting of a heavy chain having R2K1-VH1.7 and a light chain having R2K1-VL1.7, were expressed.
Cells producing each R2K1 antibody, obtained by the above-described procedures, were allowed to grow thoroughly in a MEM medium supplemented with 10% dialyzed FCS, sown to a roller bottle (BD Biosciences Company), and cultured under the conditions of 37° C. and a rotation rate of 1 rpm. Several days later, cells were confirmed to adhere to and grow on the vessel wall, the culture broth was discarded, the medium was exchanged with 500 mL of serum-free MEM medium, and the cells were cultured under the conditions described above. About 2 weeks later, when many cells were suspending off from the vessel wall, the cultivation was stopped, and the culture supernatant was filtered through a 0.22 μm filter and recovered to yield a culture supernatant containing each R2K1 antibody.
With these culture supernatants as the starting materials, and using a Protein A column (MILLIPORE Company) and an anion exchange column (Amersham Company), several milligrams of each of two kinds of purified humanized antibody, that is, the R2K1v1.8 antibody and the R2K1v1.7 antibody, were obtained.
In the various experiments described below, the purified antibodies obtained as described above were used. The chimeric 2K1 antibody (hereinafter also referred to as C2K1 antibody) used was obtained by the method described in the aforementioned International Patent Publication Official Gazette WO2003/027151.
(2. Confirmation of Bindability with Human Osteopontin Peptide by ELISA)
The binding activities of each R2K1 antibody and the C2K1 antibody to a human osteopontin peptide (CVDTYDGRGDSVVYGLRS: SEQ ID NO:13) were compared with reference to the ELISA method of Kon et al. (Journal of Cellular Biology, 88:420-432 (2002)). An outline is given below.
The peptide having the above-described sequence (hereinafter also referred to as the hOPN5 peptide) was reacted with BSA incorporating a maleimide group introduced using Sulfo-EMCS (Dojindo Laboratories) to prepare a hOPN5-BSA conjugate. The hOPN5-BSA conjugate was immobilized at 200 ng/100 μL/well on an ELISA plate (Nunc Company) at 4° C. overnight, and the plate was washed, after which blocking was performed with PBS supplemented with 1% BSA at 4° C. overnight. An antibody sample diluted with PBS supplemented with 1% BSA was added to the plate at 100 μL/well, and they were reacted at 37° C. for 1 hour. Detection was performed using a peroxidase (HRP)-labeled anti-human IgG (H+L) antibody (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.). Absorbance at a wavelength of 450 nm was measured using a microplate reader (Molecular Devices Company).
As a result, it was confirmed that the bindabilities of the R2K1v1.7 antibody and the R2K1v1.8 antibody to the hOPN5 peptide were equivalent to that of the C2K1 antibody (
The inhibitory activity of purified antibody on cytokine-activated peripheral blood monocyte migration was examined as described below.
First, heparinized blood drawn from a healthy person was diluted 2 fold with RPMI1640 medium. The diluted blood was overlain on Ficoll-Paque (Pharmacia K.K.), and centrifuged at 400×g and room temperature for 30 minutes. The white layer seen in the interface between the plasma and the Ficoll-Paque was recovered and used as monocytes. The monocytes thus obtained were cultured and activated with human TNF-α (20 ng/mL) overnight, and used in migration experiments.
The migration experiments were performed using a 48-well microchemotaxis chamber (Neuro Probe Inc.). Human OPN was cleaved by a reaction with bovine thrombin (Sigma) at 37° C. for 2 hours. Each of the R2K1 antibody and the C2K1 antibody was added at various concentrations, and the mixture was allowed to stand at 37° C. for 15 minutes, after which it was added to the lower chamber (the final concentration of human OPN was 10 μg/mL). Mounted thereon was a polycarbonate filter (pore size 5 μm), and 50 μL of a cell suspension (2×106 cells/mL) was added to the upper chamber.
After cultivation at 37° C. in the presence of 5% CO2 for 2 hours, the polycarbonate filter was removed, the cells on the surface of the upper filter were removed, after which the cells were stained with Diff-Quick (Baxter Company). The cell number on the surface of the upper filter was counted under ×40 magnification, and the results were expressed as the mean cell count (cells/mm3)±SEM for 6 wells (Table 1). From these results, both the R2K1v1.7 antibody and the R2K1v1.8 antibody inhibited the migration of TNF-α-activated human peripheral blood monocytes to thrombin-cleaved human osteopontin as with the C2K1 antibody.
Each of the C2K1 antibody and the two kinds of R2K1 antibody was diluted to 50 μg/mL with PBS, and treated in a 70° C. water bath for 2 hours. Thereafter, each dilution was returned to room temperature, and the ratio of the absorbance obtained by the above-described ELISA to the absorbance of an untreated sample was graphed as residual activity. The residual activity was calculated using absorbance values falling in the range from 0.2 to 2.0 with linearity (the same applies below). As a result, it was found that the residual activity after the above-described treatment was higher for the R2K1v1.7 antibody and the R2K1v1.8 antibody than for the C2K1 antibody (
Each of purified supplies of the C2K1 antibody and the two kinds of R2K1 antibody was diluted with PBS to 50 μg/mL. Each dilution was adjusted to pH 5 with 1 N HCl using a pH meter (HORIBA Company), and treated at 25° C. for 2 hours. Thereafter, the dilution was adjusted to pH 7 with 1 M Tris-HCl (pH 9.5), and the ratio of the absorbance obtained by the above-described ELISA to the absorbance of an untreated sample was graphed as residual activity. As a result, it was found that the residual activity after the above-described treatment was significantly higher for the R2K1v1.7 antibody than for the C2K1 antibody and the R2K1v1.8 antibody (
Each of the C2K1 antibody and the two kinds of R2K1 antibody was adjusted to 50 μg/mL using a 20 mM sodium phosphate buffer+120 mM NaCl (pH 7) containing various concentrations of guanidine hydrochloride (for control, guanidine hydrochloride was not added), and allowed to stand at 10° C. overnight, after which the fluorescence spectrum of each sample was measured. The measurement of the fluorescence spectrum was performed using the FP-6500 Spectrofluorometer (JASCO Company). Using a cell having a light path length of 3 mm, the fluorescence emitted by tryptophan excited by 280 nm light was scanned over the wavelength range from 320 nm to 370 nm. The relationship between guanidine hydrochloride concentration and peak wavelength was compared among the antibodies. As a result, a shift of peak wavelength due to loosening of protein steric structure was observed from a time point where the guanidine hydrochloride concentration just exceeded 1 M for C2K1 or 2 M for R2K1v1.8, whereas the peak wavelength did not shift up to 3.8 M for R2K1v1.7 (
Each of the C2K1 antibody and the R2K1v1.7 antibody was adjusted to 2 mg/mL with 20 mM citrate buffer+120 mM NaCl (pH 6). 0.1 N HCl and distilled water were added thereto to prepare samples of various pH levels having an antibody concentration of 1 mg/mL; after being treated at room temperature for 1 hour, the CD spectrum of each sample was measured.
Measurements of CD (circular dichroism) were performed using the J-820 Spectropolarimeter (JASCO Company). Using a cell having a light path length of 0.1 mm, the CD spectrum was measured over the wavelength range from 205 nm to 260 nm. The spectral analysis employed the JWSSE-480 model protein secondary structure analysis program (JASCO Company), which is based on the CD spectral analytical method of Yang et al. (Methods in Enzymology, 130, 208-269 (1986)). The relationship between random structure content ratio as calculated by this method and treatment pH was compared among the antibodies. As a result, the random structure content ratio increased from pH 3 for the C2K1 antibody, whereas no increase in random structure was observed up to pH 2.7 for R2K1v1.7 (
Each of the C2K1 antibody and the R2K1v1.7 antibody was dissolved in 20 mM citrate buffer+120 mM NaCl (pH 6.0) buffer at a concentration of 1 mg/mL, and its heat stability was examined using a MicroCal Company ultra-sensitive differential scanning calorimeter (VP capillary DSC platform). The results are shown in
To compare the pharmacological effects of the R2K1v1.7 of the present invention of this application and a commonly known humanized anti-OPN antibody (see WO03/027151; hereinafter referred to as R2K1v0), the cell adhesion inhibitory effects of these two antibodies on human OPN were examined.
Jurkat E6.1 cells were purchased from Dainippon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., and passaged and cultured using RPMI1640 (10% FCS, penicillin-streptomycin).
Adhesion buffer (L-15 medium, 1% BSA, 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.4) PMA solution (40 ng/mL phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) [SIGMA] in adhesion buffer)
CV staining solution (0.5% Crystal Violet, 1% formamide, 20% methanol)
GST solution (5 μg/mL glutathione S-transferase (GST) [SIGMA] in PBS (−))
Human IgG1 solution (400 μg/mL in PBS (−)) [CALBIOCHEM]
GST-fused thrombin-cleaved human N-terminal OPN (GST-human N-OPN, 1.6 mg/mL) was prepared as described in WO02/081522, and was used in the experiments after being diluted with PBS (−) to 5 μg/mL.
Each of R2K1v1.7 (18.6 mg/mL) and R2K1v0 (4.39 mg/mL) was diluted with PBS (−) to 4, 12, 40, 120, and 400 (μg/mL); human IgG1 was added to all these diluted solutions to obtain a total protein concentration of 400 μg/mL.
Test drug group R2K1v1.7 (1, 3, 10, 30, 100 μg/mL)
R2K1v0 (1, 3, 10, 30, 100 μg/mL)
To all wells, except blank wells, of a 96-well microplate, 25 μL of the GST-human N—OPN solution was added, or 25 μL of the GST solution was added for the blank group, and the plate was incubated at 37° C. for 1 hour, after which the plate was twice washed with PBS (−). 50 μL of the PMA solution was added, and the plate was incubated at 37° C. for 30 minutes, after which 25 μL of the test drug solution (test drug group) or the human IgG1 solution (blank group and control group) was added. Jurkat E6.1 cells were suspended in the adhesion buffer to obtain a cell density of 2×106 cells/mL, and 25 μL was added all wells. The suspension was centrifuged at 15×g for 1 minute to precipitate the cells on the bottom of the plate, after which the plate was incubated at 37° C. for 1 hour. After completion of the reaction, the plate was inverted and centrifuged at 47×g for 2 minutes, and the supernatant (non-adhering cells) was removed. For quantitation of adhering cell count, 25 μL of the CV stain solution was added, the plate was allowed to stand at room temperature for 10 minutes to stain and fix the cells, after which the plate was washed with pure water three times, 25 μL of 1% Triton-X100 solution was added to all wells, and after solubilization of the cells was confirmed, absorbance (measuring wavelength 595 nm) was measured using a microplate reader (SPECTRAmax250, Molecular Devices).
The experiments employed 5 wells per group. The mean value of absorbance and suppression rate for each group were calculated, and IC50 values (test drug concentrations for a suppression rate of 50%) were calculated. The suppression rate for the blank group was defined as 100% and that for the control group as 0%. The IC50 values were calculated by plotting logarithmic test drug concentration on the X-axis and suppression rate on the Y-axis, and applying the data to a linear regression equation by the least square method. The calculations of the IC50 values employed data obtained at test drug concentrations showing a linear dose-response relation. From the results shown in
Bovine type II collagen (Collagen Gijyutsu Kenshukai) in emulsion in Freund's complete adjuvant (Becton Dickinson and Company) was immunized to the backs and tails of female cynomolgus monkeys 36 days before medication, and a booster was administered 15 days before medication. The animals were randomized into three medication-treated groups (n=10) on the basis of percent changes in body weight and proximal interphalangeal joint oblong area compared to pre-immunization levels. R2K1v1.7 or solvent control was given at a dose of 25 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg by intravenous injection once a week eight times in total. The first day of medication was defined as day 0. On days 0, 6, 13, 20, 27, 34, 41, 48 and 55 during the administration period, as a sign of joint swelling, proximal interphalangeal joint oblong area was monitored. The minor and major axes of the proximal interphalangeal joints of the anterior and posterior legs were measured using calipers, the oblong areas were calculated, and the mean value of the oblong areas of 16 fingers was used as the proximal interphalangeal joint oblong area. Percent changes in proximal interphalangeal joint oblong area were calculated relative to the pre-medication value as 100. On day 0, and on days 6, 13, 20, 27, 34, 41, 48 and 55 (6 days after medication), plasma was collected, and the R2K1v1.7 and the anti-R2K1v1.7 antibody were measured. This measured concentration of R2K1v1.7 in plasma corresponds to the trough level. Data analysis was performed after deleting the data on anti-R2K1v1.7 antibody-positive animals and animals that died during the study period.
In 1 animal in the 25 mg/kg dose R2K1v1.7 group and 4 animals in the 50 mg/kg dose R2K1v1.7 group, the anti-R2K1v1.7 antibody was generated. Two animals in the solvent control group, 2 animals in the 25 mg/kg dose R2K1v1.7 group, and 1 animal in the 50 mg/kg dose R2K1v1.7 group died after medication. The deceased cases were attributed to general weakening due to severe inflammation. The treatment: with 50 mg/kg R2K1v1.7 significantly reduced foot swelling as measured by percent change in proximal interphalangeal joint oblong area compared to the control solvent group between day 27 and day 55 (
(11. Preparation of scFv of R2K1v1.7)
By a PCR with the above-described heavy-chain expression plasmid having R2K1-VH1.7 and light-chain expression plasmid having R2K1-VL1.7 as the templates, a DNA fragment that encodes a single-stranded variable region fragment (scFv) having the structure of VH1.7-linker-VL1.7 (the linker was the base sequence that encodes the amino acid sequence shown by GGGGSGGGGSGGGGS (SEQ ID NO:14)) was prepared. Added at the end of this DNA fragment is a sequence recognized by the restriction endonucleases SfiI and NotI. This DNA fragment was digested with the restriction endonucleases SfiI and NotI, and inserted to the SfiI site and NotI site of the pCANTAB5E vector (Marks, J. D., et. al, J. Mol. Biol., vol. 222, p581-97, 1991), also previously digested with SfiI and NotI, whereby an R2K1-VH1.7 scFv expression plasmid was prepared. In this expression plasmid, a base sequence that encodes E-Tag is added downstream of the coding region of scFv. This plasmid was introduced to the Escherichia coli HB2151 strain according to a conventional 1 method, and sown to a SOBAG agar plate (an SOB plate containing 2% glucose and 100 μg/mL ampicillin) to yield a transformant clone. From the clone obtained, a plasmid DNA was extracted; the sequence of the coding region of scFv was confirmed by DNA base sequence analysis with the plasmid DNA as the template. The DNA base sequence analysis employed the DTCS-Quick Start Kit and the CEQ2000XL DNA Analysis System (both from Beckman Coulter, K.K.). The base sequence obtained is shown by SEQ ID NO:9.
After the Escherichia coli clone whose base sequence was confirmed was cultured using a 2xYT medium containing 2% glucose and 100 μg/mL ampicillin, a portion thereof was suspended in a 2xYT medium supplemented with 1 mM IPTG and 100 μg/mL ampicillin, and further cultured overnight to induce the expression of scFv. After completion of the cultivation, the cells were recovered by centrifugation, suspended in a PBS containing 1 mM EDTA, and allowed to stand in ice for 30 minutes. Next, the suspension was centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 15 minutes, and the supernatant was recovered and filtered through a 0.45 μm filter, whereby a periplasm fraction containing scFv was obtained. The scFv of R2k1v1.7 (hereinafter referred to as R2K1v1.7-scFv) was purified from this periplasm fraction by affinity chromatography using anti-E-Tag antibody.
The R2K1v1.7-scFv thus prepared was subjected to gel filtration chromatography; from the separation pattern shown in
(12. Confirmation of Bindability of R2K1v1.7-scFv to Human Osteopontin Peptide)
The binding activity of the purified R2K1v1.7-scFv to the hOPN5 peptide was measured by an ELISA method. The method was generally the same as described above; in this measurement, HRP-labeled anti-E-Tag antibody was used as the labeled antibody. The results are shown in
After the R2K1v1.7 antibody was pepsinized by a standard method, purified F(ab′)2 was obtained using a Protein G HP column (both from Amersham Biosciences K.K.) and a Hi prep 16/60 Sephacryl S-200 High Resolution column (Amersham Biosciences K.K.). Subsequently, the purified F(ab′)2 was reduced with 0.1 M DTT to activate the thiol group, after which gel filtration using a Sephadex G-25 column (Amersham Biosciences K.K.) was performed to remove the DTT. The Fab′ thus obtained was mixed with maleimidated polyethylene glycol SUNBRIGHT ME-120MA (NOF Corporation) in a molar ratio of 1:10, and allowed to stand at 4° C. overnight to cause a coupling reaction. After iodoacetamide (Nacalai Tesque) was added to stop the coupling reaction, a polyethylene glycol modified F(ab′)2 (hereinafter also referred to as F(ab′)2—PEG) was obtained by gel filtration using a Hi prep 16/60 Sephacryl S-200 High Resolution column. The results of SDS-PAGE are shown in
The binding activity of the purified F(ab′)2—PEG of R2K1v1.7 to the hOPN5 peptide was confirmed using surface plasmon resonance assay. The biotinized hOPN5 peptide was immobilized on Sensor Chip SA (BIAcore Company), and its binding activity was confirmed using the F(ab′)2—PEG, previously diluted to 5 μg/mL with HBS-EP buffer (BIAcore Company); the results are shown in
Because the humanized anti-human osteopontin antibody of the present invention is excellent in both activities (antigen binding activity, leukocyte migration inhibitory activity and the like) and/or stability (resistance to heat, low-pH conditions, denaturants and the like), it is useful as a more effective drug than conventional anti-human osteopontin antibodies in the prevention or treatment of various inflammatory diseases, including autoimmune disease, rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoarthritis.
While the present invention has been described with emphasis on preferred embodiments, it is obvious to those skilled in the art that the preferred embodiments can be modified. The present invention intends that the present invention can be embodied by methods other than those described in detail in the present specification. Accordingly, the present invention encompasses all modifications encompassed in the gist and scope of the appended “CLAIMS.”
This application is based on patent application No. 2006-152892 filed in Japan, and the contents disclosed therein are hereby entirely incorporated by reference. In addition, the contents disclosed in any publication cited herein, including patents and patent applications, are hereby incorporated in their entireties by reference, to the extent that they have been disclosed herein.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 152892/2006 | May 2006 | JP | national |
