Patent Application
20250060120
The present disclosure relates to heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems and climate control devices thereof which provide improved efficiency, reduced air flow, reduced noise, and reduced equipment wear and tear. In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to a system and method which optimizes air conditioning and heat pump control to meet user ambient temperature needs while running at optimized system performance levels.
HVAC stands for heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning. HVAC refers to the different systems used for moving air between indoor and outdoor areas, along with heating and cooling residential and commercial buildings. HVAC is also used for automotive, truck, train, and plane applications, as well as other facilities using an air conditioning system. Control over the HVAC is typically done by a climate control device which in most cases takes the form of a thermostat or the like (physical or a digital one on a website or app). HVAC equipment can be described as being an HVAC system or an HVAC unit and therefore, these terms are used interchangeably herein.
More recently, improvements have been developed and introduced to make these HVAC systems more efficient and environmentally friendly. Three such improvements include the following: HVAC system with multi-stage speed compressors and blower motors, HVAC system with variable speed compressors and blower motors, and programmable thermostats. Multi-stage speed compressors and blower motors commonly run from one to five stages or more. This means that they vary between running at one of some discrete number of manufacturer-specified stages (e.g., 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% output). The simplest multi-stage HVAC system is a two-stage system. Variable speed compressors and blower motors can, in theory, run at an infinite number of speeds between a highest and lowest speed. Sophisticated programmable thermostats have introduced the capability to set and control ambient temperature for a controlled area, areas, and/or user-specified time periods (i.e., scheduling). Both multi-stage and variable speed HVAC systems typically attempt to run at the lowest practical speeds to maintain operator-specified temperatures. Running at the lowest speed aids in maximizing efficiency, reducing air flow, and reducing noise.
However, state-of-the-art multi-stage and variable speed HVAC systems often possess an inherent deficiency that the present disclosure addresses, namely, when a user lowers a temperature setting, even by an incrementally small amount (e.g., 1° Fahrenheit), and particularly if lowered 2° F. or more, each unit will almost always run at an elevated operating speed (an operating speed that is greater than the lowest operating speed) to reach the new set temperature point as quickly as possible. Then the HVAC system starts slowing down as the temperature nears the set point.
Running at an elevated operating speed to meet a new set point is inefficient for several reasons. Air conditioning units are prone to faster degradation when being run at maximum speed. Further, elevated speeds are more likely to induce undesirable draft air currents into the controlled area. Elevated speeds are also more likely to generate undesirable noise, and running at a higher speed is less efficient and uses more electricity.
In addition, when the user adjusts and establishes a new set point (e.g., temperature), the programmable control system for the HVAC system immediately acts on the inputted instructions (i.e., the new set point) resulting in the HVAC system turning on and/or operating immediately in view of the new set point. The HVAC system will operate until the new set point is realized. However, as discussed herein, that may not be the desired scenario since it may be desired for the new set point to be realized at a future time, e.g., future cooling of a guest suite, as opposed to immediately.
According to one embodiment, a climate control device is disclosed for zonal preheating or precooling in a heating, ventilation, and cooling (“HVAC”) system. The climate control device can include at least one processor, configured by executing code stored on non-transitory processor readable media to perform steps. The steps can include receiving, via a user making a selection in at least one user interface, information representing i) one or more zones in the HVAC system, ii) a respective temperature set point representing a temperature for each respective one of the one or more zones, and iii) a respective time set point representing a respective time associated with each respective one of the one or more zones. For each one of the one or more zones in the HVAC system, the steps can further include detecting, via a temperature sensor associated with the respective one of the one or more zones in the HVAC system, a current ambient temperature. Further, a temperature difference between the current ambient temperature and the temperature set point can be calculated for the respective one of the one or more zones in the HVAC system. Moreover, a current time can be detected, via a clock, and a time difference between the current time and the time set point calculated for the respective one of the one or more zones in the HVAC system. Furthermore, by processing at least the current time, the time difference, and the temperature difference, a target time to transmit a HVAC system operations control signal for the respective one of the one or more zones in the HVAC system can be determined, such that a future ambient temperature of the respective one of the one or more zones in the HVAC system at the respective time set point will equal the temperature set point. Where the target time is within a predetermined range of the current time and the temperature difference is greater than 0, the at least one processor can transmit the HVAC system operations control signal to the HVAC system, wherein the HVAC system uses the HVAC system operations control signal to cause a temperature change in the respective one of the one or more zones in the HVAC system Where the target time is not within the predetermined range of the current time or the temperature difference is not greater than 0, the at least one processor does not transmit the HVAC system operations control signal for the respective one of the one or more zones in the HVAC system.
In one or more other embodiments, the at least one processor is further configured to determine that the temperature difference is not greater than 0 and the current time is later than the target time. The at least one processor can further end processing for the respective one of the one or more zones in the HVAC system.
In one or more other embodiments, the at least one processor is further configured to determine that the temperature difference is greater than 0 and the current time is earlier than the target time. In such case the at least one processor can repeat the steps of detecting a current ambient temperature, calculating a temperature difference between the current ambient temperature and the temperature set point for the respective one of the one or more zones in the HVAC system, detecting a current time, calculating a time difference between the current time and the time set point for the respective one of the one or more zones in the HVAC system, determining, by processing at least the current time, the time difference, and the temperature difference, a target time to transmit a HVAC system operations control signal for the respective one of the one or more zones in the HVAC system, such that a future ambient temperature of the respective one of the one or more zones in the HVAC system at the respective time set point will equal the temperature set point. Where i) the target time is within a predetermined range of the current time and ii) the temperature difference is greater than 0, the at least one processor transmits the HVAC system operations control signal to the HVAC system, wherein the HVAC system uses the HVAC system operations control signal to cause a temperature change in the respective one of the one or more zones in the HVAC system, and where i) the target time is not within the predetermined range of the current time or ii) the temperature difference is not greater than 0, the at least one processor does not transmit the HVAC system operations control signal for the respective one of the one or more zones in the HVAC system and processing for the respective one of the one or more zones in the HVAC system.
In one or more other embodiments, the user interface includes a touchscreen user interface.
In one or more other embodiments, wherein the touchscreen user interface includes an option for selection of an operating mode.
In one or more other embodiments, the user interface further includes an option for selection of a type of HVAC system.
In one or more other embodiments, the user interface further includes at least one display region for a user to input the respective time set point and the respective temperature set point.
In one or more other embodiments, determining the target time utilizes tabular formulations or computer models.
In one or more other embodiments, the HVAC system is a single-stage HVAC system, a multi-stage HVAC system, or a variable speed HVAC system, and further wherein the HVAC system operations control signal is respectfully configured for the HVAC system.
In one or more other embodiments, the HVAC system operations control signal, when used by the HVAC system, causes the HVAC system to operate at a lowest running speed.
In one or more other embodiments, the HVAC system operations control signal, when used by the HVAC system, causes the HVAC system to operate in a respective operating mode of a plurality of operating modes.
In one or more other embodiments, the plurality of operating modes include an ECO MODE and a QUICK MODE. When in the ECO MODE, the HVAC system will run at its lowest running speed which the HVAC system is capable of and still maintains the desired temperature and/or reaches the desired temperature at a specified time and continue to maintain that temperature again running at the slowest, most economical stage/speed possible.
In QUICK MODE, the processor will select an operating speed that is an elevated speed greater than the lowest operating speed of the HVAC system. The terminology “quick” is used since the HVAC systems tend to run at much higher, less efficient speeds than usually needed. For a single stage HVAC system, it always runs at its only speed, which is a very high speed. For other HVAC systems that have more than one stage, if the ambient temperature is a degree or more above the set point, the HVAC systems will run at a higher, less efficient speed or stage, noisier, with more air blowing, and contributing to more wear and tear.
In one or more other embodiments, the at least one processor is further configured to send a different HVAC systems control signal to cause the HVAC system to operate at a different one of the plurality of operating modes.
In one or more other embodiments, the user interface is provided on at least one of a tablet and a smartphone.
In one or more other embodiments, a climate control device for zonal preheating or precooling in a heating, ventilation, and cooling (“HVAC”) system is disclosed. The climate control device comprises:
An air conditioning and heating thermostat control system and method according to the present disclosure includes the above-described climate control device (thermostat) within a climate-controlled environment. The system further includes one or more air conditioning units controlled by the thermostat.
As described herein, in most settings, including residential settings, the thermostat is commercially distributed as a standalone product that is installed with an existing HVAC system. The thermostat includes the processor that is contained within the housing of the thermostat itself. In addition, the thermostat contains firmware (software) and most newer Wi-Fi thermostats automatically update to the newest version of firmware.
As previously mentioned, the present disclosure is directed to improvements to HVAC systems and in particular, to climate control systems and devices (e.g., programmable and smart thermostats, etc.) for use with the HVAC systems. As such, the terms “climate control system/device” and “thermostat” can be used interchangeably throughout.
Embodiments of the present disclosure may be realized as a heating and cooling climate control system that includes a multi-stage air conditioning and heating unit, a variable speed air conditioning and heating unit, a heat pump, or a combination of many units controlled from a thermostat. Certain embodiments can be used for houses, businesses, transportation, etc. The climate control systems disclosed herein can essentially be used for just about any structure that needs to be cooled, heated, or climate controlled. The major difference and the essence of this technology is a modified, new, or additional control system/operating mode, allowing the user more flexibility to control how the air conditioners or heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system operates and responds to inputted control instructions. These climate control systems can include but are not limited to a modified or improved programmable climate control device (e.g., a programmable or smart thermostat) or climate control devices (thermostats) including interfacial modules.
In the present disclosure including the claims, the HVAC system is described as having an operating speed (“speed”). It will be appreciated that in one embodiment, the operating speed of the HVAC system comprises a compressor speed of the HVAC system.
Unlike many current multi-stage and variable speed units—which will primarily run at an elevated speed once their thermostat calls for a few degrees of change in temperature—the described HVAC system, in at least one operating mode (ECO MODE), will run at its lowest operating speed possible to reach to reach the set temperature, which is the optimal operating speed for cost or energy-which is the most efficient speed possible, usually the lowest operating speed possible. The HVAC system can also be programmed to begin running at a calculated time before a future set target time so that the climate-controlled space can reach the set temperature at the set time in the most efficient way. Also, when running at the lowest speed, both air flow and noise may be reduced, improving the ambient factors impacting the climate-controlled environment as it proceeds toward the set temperature. For example, in its simplest form, the user can program the climate control device (thermostat) by instructing that one or more climate zones within the system to achieve a target set temperature by/at the future target set time, (e.g., programming that a guest room achieves a desired target set temperature 12 hours from now when the guest is expected to arrive and use the guest room).
Current HVAC technologies contain limitations that this disclosure addresses and improves upon. There is usually no need to run an air conditioner or heat pump at its fastest and most inefficient speed. Current HVAC control system technology should be capable to be programmed so that one can specify the set temperature required at a set target time (which is a future time) so that an HVAC system can run in the most optimal (i.e., efficient) way to ensure at the future target time, the area is at the set temperature. In one embodiment (ECO MODE), this is the lowest running speed that the air conditioning or heating units are capable of and still maintain the desired temperature and/or reach the desired temperature at a specified time and continue to maintain that temperature again running at the slowest, most economical stage/speed possible. If heating or cooling of the climate-controlled space is urgent, such temperature regulation can be completed through identification of the lowest or most efficient speed necessary to reach the target temperature by a target time and target date. The temperature control system described herein possesses the capability to be set or programmed so that heating and cooling units operate at either their highest possible speed (how most existing systems operate) or at speeds of varying efficiencies and various times as required to reach a target temperature by a target time and date.
It is becoming increasingly common to see HVAC spelled as HVACR, which expands the original definition to include refrigeration. HVAC systems perform many jobs at once and possess many different functions. For example, in the summer people rely on HVAC systems to keep homes and workplaces cool. In the winter, the heating portion of the system keeps them warm. An HVAC does not merely control temperature though; it also helps circulate fresh air, filter pollutants from the air, and conserve energy. Energy consumption has become even more relevant in recent years as many people have become more conscious about their use of fossil fuels. Rising utility costs mean new HVAC systems must be optimized for cost and efficiency, delivering the same results for less energy and money.
A conventional HVAC system often contains the following described parts that are essential for operation. An overview of common components of a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system and how they interact are as follows:
As described herein, in most settings, including residential settings, the thermostat controller, which is in the form of an internal processor of the thermostat, is contained within the housing of the thermostat itself. Accordingly, as used herein, the term thermostat controller refers to the internal processor of the thermostat that executes firmware stored in memory, etc. The thermostat is most often commercially distributed as a standalone product that is installed with an existing HVAC system. Most conventional HVAC thermostats are either four (4) wire thermostats or five (5) wire thermostats. The various wires are color coded to make connections easy. For example, a red wire is part of every type of thermostat. It is the power wire that connects the R terminal for 24V power. A white wire is used for heating. A green wire is for an indoor fan. A yellow wire or a blue wire is for cooling. A black wire or blue wire is the co-called C wire, or common wire. It is a 24V common wire that is linked to the transformer. Its goal is to complete the 24V electrical circuit. The common wire connections allow a consumer to easily buy and upgrade a thermostat that is contained within a house and allow the user to experience new functionality and features.
It will be appreciated that the aforementioned HVAC components are only exemplary in nature and not limiting of the present disclosure. Therefore, the thermostat described herein can be used with many different applications in which a thermostat is used and the HVAC systems can differ from one to the other. For example, a high end HVAC system can be inverter HVAC system that contains an inverter AC system that controls the output of the HVAC system by raising or lowering the current to the compressor in small increments. An inverter AC outdoor circuit board is present and in communication with the indoor thermostat and other control features are provided as well, etc.
Air conditioners (AC) are similar. There are many types of air-conditioning systems that can be used in the home, including window units, portable air conditioners, ductless air conditioners, and central air-conditioning systems, not to mention businesses, factories, transportation, etc. Despite their differences, the physics of how they work is the same, and substantially all use the process of direct-expansion refrigeration. In principle, this works very much the same as a home's kitchen refrigerator. Although a slight simplification, an AC can be thought of as a machine that takes heat from a house and dumps it outside using five interrelated parts: refrigerant, compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and evaporator coil.
Once again, it will be appreciated that the aforementioned components are only exemplary in nature and not limiting of the present disclosure.
Thus, air conditioner systems do not provide heating but heat pumps do.
Although a heat pump can heat a home, when outside temperatures drop below freezing, the efficiency of a heat pump is affected as the unit requires more energy to maintain warm temperatures inside the home. Typical heat pump systems have an auxiliary electric heater added to the indoor air unit to add supplemental heat when outdoor temperatures drop. However, because electric auxiliary heating is not very efficient, the addition of a furnace can be a solution to this problem, creating a system that relies on the heat pump as the primary heat source but automatically switches to the furnace when appropriate.
It will be appreciated that the above described equipment and arrangements are only exemplary in nature and other equipment can be used with the control systems described herein.
It will also be appreciated that there can be one or more thermostats 300 contained within the thermostat control system 100 and within customer premises equipment 600 that is controlled by the one or more thermostats 300. There may also be multiple sets of customer premises equipment 600 applied to regulate the temperature of a climate-controlled environment like a home, apartment, office, building, factory, or other setting where temperature regulation is appropriate and feasible. When more than one thermostat 300 is present, they can be connected to one or more HVAC units 400 via a local network 602 contained within the customer premises equipment 600. In addition, the HVAC components, including the thermostat(s) 300, are also typically hardwired to one another.
However, as described below, in most residential settings, there is a single main thermostat connected to one HVAC unit.
The customer premises equipment 600, including the HVAC system (unit) 400, can be connected to the internet through a Wi-Fi connection 704 which may also utilize conventional communication protocol as a means to operate and transmit data. A user mobile device 500 may be connected to the customer premises equipment 600, including the HVAC system 400, through a communication protocol (Wi-Fi), generally indicated at 704 in
With reference to
The thermostat 300, for the most common residential applications, can contain a thermostat interface 302, such as a touchscreen user interface, that allows the user to enter inputs and view display data, such as the current and set temperatures. The thermostat 300 has access to the building (zone) indoor temperature through, for example, a local sensor 604 that can be part of the thermostat 300 and/or through battery powered smart sensors located in different rooms to record temperatures in different rooms. In addition, the thermostat 300 preferably has access to outdoor ambient temperature, generally indicated at 804, which can be accessed via Wi-Fi 704 or other wireless network standard connection (e.g., LTE) 706 or other local connection. For example, when the user sets up the thermostat, the user will enter the local zip code and this allows local weather information to be accessed. It also operates as a central management 204 source for explicit thermostat settings, implicit thermostat settings, and adaptive overrides. The thermostat 300 also includes memory to store settings and the latest firmware and the memory can be considered to be part of the central management 204.
As mentioned herein, the thermostat 300 for a residential application is hardwired to provide power to the unit and also provide electrical connection to the HVAC system 400, including the external HVAC (condenser) unit and the internal air handler/blower. In addition, for systems in which there are multiple thermostats 300 within one location, each of the thermostats 300 can connect to a single HVAC system. In other words, some properties can include multiple HVAC systems 400 with each HVAC system 400 being independently controlled by its own controller (e.g., the thermostat 300, etc.). Traditionally, when one or more thermostats 300 control one HVAC system, the property is divided into zones using dampers (zone control box) in the ductwork throughout the property. When one zone needs heating or cooling, the damper for the ductwork in the zone opens, guiding the warm or cool air to that zone.
Even when multiple thermostats 300 are present, each thermostat 300 includes one processor 800 and therefore each thermostat that controls a given zone will send control signals to the single HVAC system for operation thereof. For example, one thermostat 300 can be located on a second floor and another thermostat 300 can be located on a first floor. Separate schedules and inputs can be entered for the two different thermostats. When a zone control box is used, typically each thermostat 300 is wired to the zone control box to control operation of the dampers.
In addition, some properties contain multiple independent HVAC systems with each system having its own independent control system. For example, one zone (e.g., one area of one floor or one entire floor of a building) can have its own dedicated HVAC equipment with its own dedicated thermostat 300. In this scenario, one thermostat 300 control one HVAC system to allow independent control between the multiple HVAC systems.
As shown in
The optimization analysis 802 exemplifies a primary advantage over incumbent air conditioning, heating, and climate control technologies. It entails determining an optimal combination of the slowest possible speed and the largest window of time that a compressor and blower motor (see
In any event, the optimization analysis and calculation is one which ensures that the one or more selected HVAC zones are at the target set temperature at the future target time.
This operating mode is different than conventional existing systems for a number of reasons including the following. In today's systems, there are calendaring systems related to different operating modes, such as vacation or away mode; however, these systems are intended to operate in a different manner. In particular, and using a vacation mode as an example, when a user programs vacation mode, the user selects certain temperature presets, such as maximum temperature and minimum temperature. Once the user selects vacation mode, those temperature presets become active and control the operation of the HVAC system. For example, during the week, a user could set a maximum temperature at 78° F.; however, on vacation when no one is present in the house, the maximum temperature preset will be higher can be say 82° F. Thus, the user simply activates vacation mode, as by pressing a button on a touchscreen, and the stored temperature presets are activated. The key is that the system takes no action and does not operate in vacation mode until the vacation mode is activated. In another example, a user may use a calendaring system to set a weekend temperature profile. Since most people are home more during the weekend, the maximum temperature during the weekend would likely be lower than during the week. The user can program the weekend mode to begin at 12 AM Saturday and end at midnight Sunday. In this example, during the week, the maximum temperature is set at 78° F. and during the weekend, the maximum temperature is set at 74° F. This type of system operates such that at 12 AM Saturday, the maximum temperature changes from 78° F. to 74° F. Prior to 12 AM Saturday, the control system does not operate in weekend mode and takes no action. If at 12 AM Saturday, the observed temperature is 76° F., when the operating mode changes to weekend mode, the HVAC system will begin cooling since the observed temperature is greater than the weekend maximum temperature. Again, prior to 12 AM Saturday, the HVAC system does not take any action and does not operate in weekend mode. Prior to the switch over in operating modes, the system does not operate to ensure that at a future time the temperature zone is at the programmed (inputted) temperature. The present system works quite differently in that regard.
To program this operating mode of the present climate control system, the user interface 302 that is part of or associated with the thermostat 300 is used. When multiple thermostats are present, the user programs the thermostats 300 that control the target zone in question. If the multiple target zones are present and they are controlled by different thermostats 300, then each thermostat can be programmed. The user interfaces described below can even provide the user with an “apply all” feature in which the operating mode being programmed can be applied across all zones and all thermostats 300 (this would require the multiple thermostats 300 to speak to one another).
It will also be appreciated if the user selects the targeted time cooling or heating operating mode for one or more selected HVAC zones, the existing operating mode for the selective one or more HVAC zones is overridden. In other words, the current operating mode is cleared for each of the selected HVAC zones.
It will be appreciated that the target temperature 312 is at least a future target time at which time the one or more target temperature zones is at a target set temperature. It is also possible for the user interface to allow the user to enter a duration period at which the one or more target temperature zones should be held at the target set temperature. For example, the user can be provided with an input box and can enter the number of hours that the custom programming should be maintained. Alternatively, the custom programming remains in place until the user changes the operating mode, thereby canceling the custom programming. In addition, while the user interface and the custom programming mode concerns a target temperature, other inputs, such as target humidity value, etc. can be entered as well.
It will also be appreciated that the main (menu) screen of the touchscreen thermostat can include a mode icon that when pressed allows the user to select from the various operating modes, such as cooling, heating, etc. One of the operating modes available can be a custom operating mode (targeted time operating mode) that allows, as mentioned, the user to select one or more zones that will be under control and subject to the custom operating mode instructions (inputs) described herein. As a result, the touchscreen user interface 310 of
An additional embodiment of a digital touchscreen thermostat is depicted in
The MENU button 616 is pressable to access a second digital screen display 630 depicted by
A SETTINGS pressable button icon 632 may open a new screen with many different types of functionality or additional icons. These additional icons could include security features (screen lock, passcode, etc.), user accounts, electricity usage display, Wi-Fi connectivity and network status, humidity control, comfort profiles, clock adjustments, date adjustments, display settings (brightness, sound, information on main screen, etc.), HVAC system zone sensor status, and many other options. A VACATION pressable button icon 634 may include the capacity to set the HVAC system to a pre-programmed setting for a specific day or set of days to account for changes in controlled zone occupancy, reflecting, for example, an extended occupant absence due to a vacation. An AWAY pressable button icon 636 may do something similar to the VACATION pressable button icon 634 but for shorter periods of time such as for a period of hours while a user is outside of the climate controlled space. A PRE pressable button icon 640 may provide access to a third digital screen display 650 depicted by
The third digital screen display 650 may be opened through a similar parascoping screen function depicted by dashed lead lines 642 after pressing the PRE pressable button icon 640. The PRE pressable button icon 640 is representative of a user's ability to select a pre-heating or pre-cooling preference for a future time and future date according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The third digital screen display 650 depicted in
The SET FUTURE TIME, DATE, AND TEMP pressable button icon 654 may enable a user to select a target time and date that is some point in the future (i.e., not the present time) that the user would like the previously selected zone to be heated or cooled to a target temperature by. The user would also select a target temperature for said target date and time that the user selected. For example, if the user presses the SET FUTURE TIME, DATE, AND TEMP pressable button icon 654 at 3:00 PM on a Tuesday, they may select 74° F. as a target temperature by 5:00 PM as a target time and the next day (Wednesday) as a target date. These selections may be made from a similar parascoping digital screen as the digital screen 650 depicted by the dashed lead lines 642 leading from the PRE pressable button icon 640 to the third digital screen display 650. A user would then also select either ECO MODE 658 or QUICK MODE 660, as discussed below. A vertical ellipsis 656 represents that there could be many other pressable digital button icons on this third digital screen display 650 to fully enable utilization of or access to all functionality of the HVAC system that a thermostat is coupled to.
According to an embodiment, the primary function of selecting the PRE pressable button icon 640 is for a user to access the functionality for heating (e.g., a heat pump) or cooling a zone through either an ECO MODE 658 or a QUICK MODE 660 or some other available mode. Once a user selects both a zone or zones to heat or cool from the ZONE SELECTION pressable button icon 652 and a target time, date, and temperature for the zone or zones from the SET FUTURE TIME, DATE, AND TEMP pressable button icon 654, the user will then opt to select or be prompted to select to heat or cool the climate controlled space using either an ECO MODE 658 or a QUICK MODE 660. Both modes are defined below:
In any event, in ECO MODE, the HVAC equipment always starts operation in the lowest operating speed. This is a significant difference from commercial units. Clearly a single stage unit only has one speed and that is a high speed. However, even the latest single stage and variable speed units will always start at a higher speed if the set point temperature is a degree or specifically more than a degree lower than the inside ambient temperature, in which case the unit will start up at a much higher speed or stage and less efficient, often when this is not necessary or even desired. In addition, the calculated expected run time performed by the optimization analysis (using tabular formulations or computer models) is at least initially based on the premise that the equipment runs the entire time in the lowest operating speed. In the event that the process determines that there's not enough time to reach the target temperature in the target time, the system will adjust and increase the operating speed of the HVAC unit (this step includes the optimization analysis (using tabular formulations or computer models)). In addition, within ECO MODE, if the target temperature is reached before the target time, a signal can be sent for the HVAC unit to stop and then the control process can loop and the system continuously monitors the ΔT (temperature) and the time remaining before the target time in order to determine if and for how long the HVAC unit needs to restart and run at its lowest speed to ensure that at the target time, the zone is at the target temperature.
In yet another embodiment of the present disclosure, the user is able to select ECO MODE outside of the PRE MODE. The user interface of the thermostat thus can provide the user with a menu, as described and illustrated herein, in which the user can enter a new target temperature without entering the future time information associated with PRE MODE. In other embodiments, time related information can be entered with the ECO MODE selection. The user would simply select ECO MODE without first selecting PRE MODE and when the user takes this action, the user next enters the target temperature (this order can be reversed in that the user could first change the temperature on the user interface to the new target temperature and then select ECO MODE). When the user selects ECO MODE and enters a new target temperature, the HVAC system is configured to operate by initially starting operation in the lowest operating speed of the HVAC system (e.g., lowest compressor speed).
Since, in this embodiment (example), PRE MODE is not activated, the HVAC system begins operation immediately (in the lowest operating speed) assuming the temperature difference between the current observed temperature in the zone and the newly inputted target temperate is greater than zero.
In ECO MODE, the goal is for the HVAC system to reach the newly inputted target temperature while operating in the lowest operating speed of the HVAC system. However, in some extreme operating conditions, such as when a difference Δ1 between an ambient temperature (Ta) in each selected HVAC zone and the set point (target) temperature (Tsp) for each selected HVAC zone is too great, then the HVAC system can be configured to have an override feature in which the operating speed of the HVAC is increased to a speed greater than the lowest operating speed. For example, in ECO MODE, the processor uses tabular formulations or computer models to determine the override operating speed of the HVAC system. Even when the HVAC system is instructed to change from the lowest operating speed to the override operating speed, the HVAC system will then, at a later time, be instructed to revert back to the lowest operating speed since the goal of ECO MODE is to run substantially or exclusively in the lowest operating speed. The processor can be configured such that it initially runs in the lowest operating speed at least for a predetermined period of time, such as 30 minutes or some other programmed time period, in order for the system to monitor the HVAC system's progress in reaching the set point (target) temperature (Tsp). Based on this measured data (i.e., the amount of increase or decrease of the temperature in the zone over the predetermined period of time), the processor uses tabular formulations or computer models to determine if an override of the ECO MODE is required and if so, the override operating speed of the HVAC system as well as a projected override time period (the amount of time that the system is projected to run at the override operating speed before reverting back the lowest operating speed). In addition, the processor continues to monitor the measured temperature in the selected zone and compares it relative to the set point (target) temperature (Tsp) during operation to allow any other operating speed adjustments to be made.
In other words, the results obtained by the HVAC system over the initial predetermined time period at which the HVAC system runs at the lowest operating speed (e.g., lowest compressor speed) are compared to a stored threshold value, such as, a rate of cooling which can be a ratio of the temperature change (cooling or heating) over the predetermined period of time (e.g., 15 or 30 minutes or other selected time period).
This process can thus be a continuous looping process in that if over the predetermined time period, insufficient cooling has occurred (e.g., as measured by the ratio of the temperature change (cooling or heating) over the predetermined period of time), then the processor will instruct the operating speed to increase one stage. For example, if the operating speed has already been increased to the second stage and insufficient cooling is realized over the predetermined time period (e.g., a 15 or 30 minute time period or other set time period), then the processor will instruct the operating speed to increase to the third stage. This process can continue until the rate of cooling is within a target range. Once the set point (target) temperature (Tsp) is reached, the processor will instruct the operating speed to remain or move to the lowest operating speed. The process can repeat in that if the measured temperature deviates at least one degree (or some other defined interval) from the set point (target) temperature (Tsp) after the set point (target) temperature (Tsp) is reached, then the processor instructs the operating speed to increase one stage (e.g., from the lowest operating speed to the second lowest operating speed, etc.). It will be appreciated that if running at the second lowest operating speed does not result in the temperature dropping back to the set point (target) temperature (Tsp), then the processor can instruct the HVAC system to operate in the next highest operating speed (e.g., third lowest operating speed). The programmed logic of the ECO MODE is thus to reach the set point (target) temperature (Tsp) by running the HVAC system in the lowest operating (operating) speed and then maintain the set point (target) temperature (Tsp) by running in the lowest operating speed. Of course, as described, if the processor determines that the lowest operating speed will not be reached within a reasonable time period (programmed time), then an override routine can be implemented as described herein to ensure that the set point (target) temperature (Tsp) is reached without a reasonable amount of time.
In addition, as described herein, the rate of temperature change is calculated over the predetermined period of time (i.e., measured ambient temperature at beginning of the predetermined period of time vs. measured ambient temperature at end of the predetermined period of time) (which can be expressed as ° F./min). The system can also be configured such that the calculated rate of temperature change is compared to a predetermined threshold. For example, one exemplary predetermined threshold can be at least 0.5° F. change over 30 minutes. It will be understood that this rate of change is merely exemplary and others are equally possible such as at least 1° F. change over 30 minutes or some other programmed value.
This acceptable rate of temperature change can be programmed at the initial time of installation of the thermostat. For example, as during the initial set up, the user can enter the acceptable rate of temperature change for ECO MODE of operation. The user will use the user interface to enter this information. For example, the acceptability of the rate of temperature change can also be expressed in terms of the amount of time required to reach the set point (target) temperature at the measured rate of temperature change. For example, if the difference between the measured ambient temperature and the set point (target) temperature is 3 degrees and the measured rate of temperature change is 1° F. change over 30 minutes, then it will take 1.5 hours to reach the set point (target) temperature. The user can program the acceptable amount of time to reach the set point (target) temperature. For example, the user can input that 3 hours is an acceptable time period to reach the set point (target) temperature. As described herein, an override feature is provided and can be used in this scenario in the event that the projected amount of time required to teach the set point (target) temperature is greater than the acceptable inputted time period. For example, if the acceptable inputted time period is 1 hour but the projected amount of time required to teach the set point (target) temperature (i.e., the amount of time required to reach the set point (target) temperature at the measured rate of temperature change) is greater than 1 hr, then an override operation is performed.
In addition, the expression predetermined range of the respective temperature set point is used herein and refers to an acceptable tolerance of the respective temperature set point. For example, the predetermined range of the respective temperature set point can be a 0.5° F. tolerance or 0.25° F. or other value. Thus, when the acceptable tolerance is 0.5° F., the measured ambient temperature will be considered to be equal to the temperature set point when it is within 0.5° F. of the temperature set point.
As mentioned previously, even more efficient are variable stage HVAC systems. Variable speed, or multi-stage, systems are the most efficient and advanced systems on the market. When you set a temperature on your thermostat, a multi-stage or variable speed system takes into account the indoor and outdoor temperatures, the indoor and outdoor humidity levels. Variable speed systems can operate anywhere from 25 percent capacity to 100 percent capacity to meet your temperature needs. Variable speed systems reach and maintain your home's desired temperature within half a degree, and because they can operate at lower speeds, they consume less power, which makes them the least expensive to operate over time.
In addition, variable HVAC systems run much longer “on” cycles than single-stage units, which cycle on and off more frequently. This also contributes to increased efficiency because single-stage HVAC systems draw excess electricity each time they must restart after cycling off. Fewer “off” cycles and restarts means reduced energy consumption. More continuous operation at lower output results in increased interior comfort. Temperature spikes in living spaces often occur during the “off” cycles of standard one-stage compressors. Because multi-stage units operate longer time and at much lower speeds than single stage units, temperature variability minimized, and climate control is more consistent.
Multi-stage, variable speed and heat pump HVAC systems can adjust their operating speeds as the operating time progresses and the temperature drops in the room. For example, the processor, based on measured data and using the optimization analysis, can adjust the operating speed from about 100% to 20% of operating speed as the measured temperature approaches the target temperature.
This operating mode is in contrast with ECO MODE which involves the HVAC system or heat pump running at its lowest speed whenever possible and for as long as necessary so long as this protracted heating or cooling progression enables the zone to be heated or cooled to a user-specified target temperature by a target time and date.
TURBO MODE-TURBO MODE entails an HVAC system (single stage, multi-stage or variable speed) or heat pump running at its highest (maximum) operating speed (e.g., 100% output) until the target temperature is reached. While not shown in the drawings, it will be appreciated that the user can select TURBO MODE in the same manner in which ECO MODE and QUICK MODE are selected. In other words, the user can be provided a pull down menu or otherwise is presented with icons that can be selected on a touchscreen. For example, TURBO MODE can be listed in
One example of the difference between operation of ECO MODE and QUICK MODE is as follows. First, consider an application of ECO MODE according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. An HVAC system-controlled zone such as the interior of a three-bedroom family house may currently be 80° F. at noon on a Tuesday. A user uses an embodiment of the system disclosed herein to select the entire home as the zone for cooling. Then, the user selects Thursday at 5:00 PM for the zone to be cooled or heated to 74° F. If the user selects “ECO MODE” as the method for cooling the zone, then the processor coupled to a thermostat regulating the temperature of the zone and HVAC system resources will calculate-via an optimization analysis—the latest time the HVAC system can start running to achieve the target temperature of 74° F. by Thursday at 5:00 PM. This will involve constantly monitoring a difference in temperature ΔT between the current zone temperature and the target zone temperature and calculating a time that the processor must allocate HVAC resources to begin either heating or cooling the zone to reach the target temperature by the target date and time using the HVAC system (including a heat pump) running at its lowest operating speed. This may, for example, lead to a determination that the HVAC system must start cooling the zone 10 hours before the target time and date of Thursday at 5:00 PM in order to reach the target temperature while operating in the lowest operating speed. However, sensors coupled to the thermostat processor are constantly monitoring for updates to the ΔT—the difference between the target zone temperature and the current zone temperature. If changes in ambient temperature occur, the thermostat processor may override the commands sent to the HVAC system and increase or decrease the speed of the A/C or heat pump enough to reach the target temperature by the target date and time or the processor can determine that the start time needs to be adjusted to a sooner time to ensure that the unit can run at its lowest operating speed. This might also entail shutting down the HVAC system if conditions change and the target temperature is reached before the target time. In any event, the HVAC system continues to monitor the observed temperature and the time to the target time to instruct operation of the HVAC system to ensure that when the target time arrives, the zone(s) are at the target temperature.
Next, consider an application of QUICK MODE. If all of the parameters are the same as those specified by the user in the example above (zone, target temperature, target time, target date), but the user selects QUICK MODE instead of ECO MODE, then the processor coupled to a thermostat regulating the temperature of the zone and HVAC system resources will again calculate—via an optimization analysis—the latest time the HVAC system can start running to achieve the target temperature of 74° F. by Thursday at 5:00 PM while also considering the substantially faster cooling or heating capacity of the HVAC or heat pumps running at elevated speeds. This may, for example, lead to a determination that the HVAC system must start cooling the zone only 1 hour before the target time and date of Thursday at 5:00 PM since the initial operating speed may be calculated by the processor to be at 80% output with an incremental stepping down of the operating speed to 20% (it will thus be appreciated that in QUICK MODE, a variable or multi-stage HVAC system will operate in an efficient manner and will typically not operated for lengthy time periods at the higher operating speeds (higher stages). This is in contrast to the ECO MODE example where the HVAC system may have started cooling the space by beginning to run 5 hours prior to the target time and date in order to reach the user-specified target temperature by the target date and time while running at lowest possible speeds (ECO MODE).
According to an embodiment of the disclosure, only HVAC systems, either multi-stage or variable speed A/Cs or heat pumps possess the capacity for a user to specify one of either an ECO MODE or QUICK MODE to reach a target temperature by a target time and target date as specified by a user and certainly no chance to be more efficient, be quieter, reduce air flow and/or wear and tear. Single speed HVAC systems inherently would not possess the capacity for a user to specify a preference between two modes, because a single speed HVAC system can only run at one speed by nature of its more simplistic design and functionality (and thus, lack an ECO MODE).
Manual Thermostat User Interface with Digital Display and Analog Buttons (
According to another embodiment, the thermostat 300 may contain a manual hardware user interface 350 as displayed in
It will also be appreciated that the thermostat can include a mode switch that when moved (e.g., slid) allows the user to select from the various operating modes, such as cooling, heating, etc. One of the operating modes available can be a custom operating mode (targeted time operating mode) that allows, as mentioned, the user to select one or more zones that will be under control and subject to the custom operating mode instructions (inputs) described herein. Once the mode has been changed to the custom operating mode, the user then enters the input with the other buttons described above.
According to yet another embodiment, a thermostat user interface may take the form of a user mobile device 500 application 510 user interface 502, as depicted in
As previously mentioned with respect to
If no change is indicated at flow-control stage 920, the thermostat controller maintains the current temperature setting until an interrupt 960 is eventually received. An interrupt 960 can take the form of a user input for a current or future change in temperature. An interrupt 960 can also be a change in ambient temperature settings that leads to a required change in HVAC resource utilization to maintain a current temperature setting. If an interrupt requiring immediate resource allocation is received at flow-control stage 960, then the thermostat controller determines the necessary resource allocation to reach the direct setting requirement and instructs HVAC resources to begin operating until the thermostat setting is reached. The flow control process then proceeds back to the data gathering stage at flow-control stage 910.
A climate-controlled environment subject to control from the present disclosure is positioned at flow-control stage 930 when a thermostat change is indicated by a user. This triggers flow-control stage 950 wherein an optimization analysis 802 is performed by a thermostat controller (processor 800) that determines an optimal HVAC resource allocation to achieve a user's target temperature set point 932 by the user's target time set point 934 and target date set point 936. Once determined, the thermostat controller (processor 800) allocates HVAC resources according to the optimization analysis calculation 802 and then proceeds to wait until another interrupt 960 is received.
In one embodiment, the thermostat's processor and firmware can include and/or function as a power management controller or module that controls the components of the HVAC system. For case of illustration the power management controller is not separately shown in the figures. The purpose of the power management controller can be to: (1) communicate to the user via the user interface; (2) monitor safety functions and initiate appropriate responses; (3) maximize the operational efficiency of the HVAC system by optimizing the speeds of the various components of the unit according to ambient conditions and user input; (4) regulate the speed of the condenser fans to control the condenser temperature thereby obtaining the best compromise between increased fan motor power consumption and increased compressor motor power; (5) regulate the speed of the evaporator fan proportionate to the temperature differential between the user temperature set point and the actual ambient temperature and the target time; and/or (6) regulate the speed of the compressor motor to maintain the desired evaporator temperature. The power management controller carries out its function by being operationally connected to the user interface (which, as mentioned, includes a display and one or more inputs), a plurality of sensors, and the operational components of the HVAC system. The plurality of sensor detects a variety of parameters and can include the ambient temperature (within the one or more HVAC zones) detected by a temperature sensor, and the humidity of the one or more HVAC zones by using a humidity sensor.
As to the operational components of the HVAC system, the power management controller can run the motor that drives the compressor; the circulation blowers that blow the temperature-controlled air into one or more designated HVAC zones and/or heaters for the heating system. Conventional control techniques and protocol can be used to control the speed of the motors.
In one embodiment, the user interface is polled for the user preference settings, such as the mode of operation and the desired set point temperature Tsp. Also, the ambient temperature Ta is read from the temperature sensor.
For efficient operation of the HVAC components in either the cooling or heating mode, a calculation is made in which a difference Δ between the ambient temperature Ta and the set point temperature Tsp is determined. Then, the circulation blowers at the evaporator are commanded to a speed proportionate to the difference Δ. The determination of an appropriate operating speed for the blowers at the evaporator based on a given Δ can be based on any one of a number of methods known in the art such as tabular formulations or computer models. In accordance with the present system, if the difference Δ between the ambient temperature Ta and the set point temperature Tsp is greater than 0 prior to the inputted target time, the power management controller (thermostat controller) sends control signals to the HVAC components to begin the cooling or heating.
In another aspect, the thermostat processor/power management controller takes into account a difference Δ between the current time TimeC and the set target time Timest is determined. The determination of an appropriate operating speed for the HVAC unit. for a given temperature Δ and time Δ can be based on any one of a number of methods known in the art such as tabular formulations or computer models. In addition, the initial start time of the HVAC equipment prior to the set target time will also depend on the difference Δ between the current time TimeC and the set target time Timest is determined and accordingly, the determination of the initial start time for the blowers at the evaporator for a given temperature Δ and time Δ can be based on any one of a number of methods known in the art such as tabular formulations or computer models. Often compressors serve the purpose of running at various stages or varying speeds, and a blower speed and/or operating speed is directed by and follows the compressor speed. The compressor stage or specific speed dictates the cooling capability, and the blower and other components adjust accordingly.
It will be appreciated that one of the inputs to the thermostat processor and/or the power management controller/module is the identification of the HVAC being compared to the thermostat controller. The thermostat, including the customized programming described herein, will operate differently depending on the type of HVAC being used. For example, for single-stage HVAC that operates at one level (compressor (operating) speed), the power management controller/module only can instruct operation at this single stage. Thus, the thermostat controller (processor 800) will calculate an initial start time prior to the set target time in order to achieve the desired heating or cooling within the target zone(s) before the set target time. This initial start time will be influenced on the type of HVAC equipment being used, since single-stage HVAC equipment operate at 100% operating speed, 100% compressor speed and 100% of other speeds, thus, would require less time to cool a space given operation at 100%. In contrast, if the HVAC equipment is a variable speed or multi-stage HVAC equipment, then operation is different since the power management controller/module will under most circumstances begin operation at the lowest operating speed. The power management controller/module will thus calculate an initial start time of the HVAC equipment operating at the lowest operating speed. If there is not sufficient time to reach the set temperature at the set time the controller will start the unit at a higher stage or speed. After the initial start time, the power management controller/module will continue to monitor the difference Δ between the ambient temperature Ta and the set point temperature Tsp and if the zone is not being heated or cooled quick enough, then the power management controller/module will instruct (send a control signal) to the HVAC equipment to operate at a higher operating speed (e.g., a higher compression speed). For example, it can instruct that the HVAC operating speed be increased to the second output. The control feedback loop continues in that the power management controller/module will monitor the heating or cooling process on this increased speed and determine whether another speed increase is required in order to ensure that the target zone is cooled or heated to the set point temperature.
The software that operates the power management controller/module can also be configured to override and not start at the lowest operating speed at the initial start time if the calculated temperature Δ and time Δ is such that operation at the lowest operating speed at the initial start time will be insufficient as determined in view of tabular formulations or computer models. As mentioned, the outputs (control signals) of the power management controller/module can be based on calculated outputs based on tabular formulations or computer models.
It will also be appreciated that the power management controller/module can be configured such that as the ambient temperature Ta nears the set point temperature Tsp, the power management controller/module reduces the operating speeds and compressor stage or speed proportionately based on the temperature Δ.
Thus, the power management controller/module, that is broadly part of the thermostat controller (processor 800 and stored firmware), is configured to determine: the initial start time for the HVAC system and a run time while operating as close as possible to the most efficient operation determined by temperature Δ and time Δ. In any event, the power management controller/module is configured to ensure that at the set target time Timest, the selected target zone or zones is at the inputted set point temperature Tsp.
Referring, now to
Continuing with reference to
Continuing with reference to the example process flow shown in
At step 714, a determination is made whether the target time is within a predetermined range of the current time and the temperature difference is greater than 0. If so, then the process branches to step 716 and the climate control device transmits the HVAC system operations control signal to the HVAC system, wherein the HVAC system uses the HVAC system operations control signal to cause a temperature change in the respective zone in the HVAC system.
Continuing with reference to the example process flow shown in
Additional examples below illustrate the distinction between current thermostat control technology and benefits realized by some embodiments of the present disclosure. Table 1 below displays how incumbent thermostat control technologies would operate to achieve target temperature settings that a user inputs. In this example, an occupant leaves their climate-controlled environment (e.g., an apartment) at 8:00 AM and plans to return at 5:00 PM. The current outside temperature at 8:00 AM is 75° Fahrenheit. The high temperature for the day is 85° Fahrenheit at 3:30 PM. The occupant's desired temperature while home is 72° Fahrenheit, so the dwelling needs to be 72° Fahrenheit at 8:00 AM and then again at 5:00 PM, and the timer is set at 3:30 PM for all 3 units. The columns to the right of the labels “Single Stage Unit,” “5-Stage (Multi-stage) Unit,” and “Variable Speed Unit” represent different types of H “run speeds,” which is another way of describing cooling capacity.
The single stage unit row above represents earlier generations of cooling technology, but still the most popular. The multi-stage and variable speed unit rows represent more recent generations of cooling technology. This example underscores that newer generation technology (multi-stage and variable speed) is more efficient than older generation technology (single stage). The older generation single-stage units can only run at either a maximum run speed or they turn off. However, even current newer generation units often run at or very near their maximum run speeds to incrementally adjust the temperature within a climate-controlled environment (e.g., for a change of 2-4° Fahrenheit or similar). When a user needs only a 1-2° Fahrenheit change in temperature, even the newer generation units will still run at a higher operating speeds. The present disclosure addresses and improves upon this deficiency.
Table 2 below displays how thermostat control technologies according to some embodiments of the present disclosure would operate to achieve the same desired user target temperature settings as described in the Table 1 example. To reiterate, the current outside temperature at 8:00 a.m. is 75° Fahrenheit. The high temperature for the day is 85° Fahrenheit at 3:30 p.m. The occupant's desired temperature while home is 72° Fahrenheit, so the dwelling needs to be 72° Fahrenheit at 8:00 AM and then again at 5:00 PM. The columns to the right of the labels “5-Stage (Multi-stage) Unit” and “Variable Speed Unit” represent run speeds. Note the distinction in the time that each unit starts running relative to the Table 1 use case example that is merely exemplary of one possible environment and HVAC operation.
In the example above, a 5-stage (multi-stage) unit thermostat controller incorporates concepts from an embodiment of the present disclosure. This includes performing an optimization analysis (see
Applying the same optimization analysis principles, the variable speed unit in Table 2 above starts to run at 2:30 PM at 10% of maximum speed-instead of 3:30 PM at 90% of maximum speed as in the example in Table 1. This reduced cooling utilization output over a longer period of time is a benefit of optimizing the run time and run speed based on an occupant's desired temperature and time settings as well as ambient factors like outside temperature and cooling technology resources.
It will be appreciated that the examples in the Tables are only exemplary and are not limiting of the scope and operation characteristics of the HVAC systems and control systems disclosed herein.
Additional features of the disclosed device are set forth in the following points.
It is recognized that various forms of computing devices can be used and provided in accordance with the present disclosure, including server computers, personal computers, tablet computers, laptop computers, mobile computing devices (e.g., smartphones), or other suitable device that is configured to access one or more data communication networks and can communicate over the network to the various machines that are configured to send and receive content, data, as well as instructions. Content and data provided via one or more computing devices can include information in a variety of forms, including, as non-limiting examples, text, audio, images, and video, and can include embedded information such as links to other resources on the network, metadata, and/or machine executable instructions. Each computing device can be of conventional construction and may be configured to provide different content and services to other devices, such as mobile computing devices, one or more of the server computing devices. Devices can comprise the same machine or can be spread across several machines in large scale implementations, as understood by persons having ordinary skill in the art. In relevant part, each computer server has one or more processors, a computer-readable memory that stores code that configures the processor to perform at least one function, and a communication port for connecting to the network. The code can comprise one or more programs, libraries, functions or routines which, for purposes of this specification, can be described in terms of a plurality of modules, residing in a representative code/instructions storage, that implement different parts of the process described herein.
Further, computer programs (also referred to herein, generally, as computer control logic or computer readable program code), such as imaging software, can be stored in a main and/or secondary memory and implemented by one or more processors (controllers, or the like (e.g., thermostat controller)) to cause the one or more processors to perform the functions of the disclosure as described herein. In this document, the terms “memory.” “machine readable medium,” “computer program medium” and “computer usable medium” are used to generally refer to media such as a random access memory (RAM); a read only memory (ROM); a removable storage unit (e.g., a magnetic or optical disc, flash memory device, or the like); a hard disk; or the like. It should be understood that, for mobile computing devices (e.g., tablet), computer programs such as imaging software can be in the form of an app executed on the mobile computing device. One or more specially configured computing devices and/or processors can execute algorithms that include artificial intelligence and/or machine learning, to optimize the operation of the HVAC system.
The methods described herein may be performed in whole or in part by software or firmware in machine readable form on a tangible (e.g., non-transitory) storage medium. For example, the software or firmware may be in the form of a computer program including computer program code adapted to perform some of the steps of any of the methods described herein when the program is run on a computer or suitable hardware device (e.g., FPGA), and where the computer program may be embodied on a computer readable medium. Examples of tangible storage media include computer storage devices having computer-readable media such as disks, thumb drives, flash memory, and the like, and do not include propagated signals. Propagated signals may be present in a tangible storage media, but propagated signals by themselves are not examples of tangible storage media. The software can be suitable for execution on a parallel processor or a serial processor such that the method steps may be carried out in any suitable order, or simultaneously.
It is to be further understood that like or similar numerals in the drawings represent like or similar elements through the several figures, and that not all components or steps described and illustrated with reference to the figures are required for all embodiments or arrangements.
The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the disclosure. As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It is further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising.” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.
Terms of orientation are used herein merely for purposes of convention and referencing and are not to be construed as limiting. However, it is recognized these terms could be used with reference to a viewer. Accordingly, no limitations are implied or to be inferred. In addition, the use of ordinal numbers (e.g., first, second, third) is for distinction and not counting. For example, the use of “third” does not imply there is a corresponding “first” or “second.” Also, the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. The use of “including,” “comprising,” “having,” “containing,” “involving.” and variations thereof herein, is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items.
The subject matter described above is provided by way of illustration only and should not be construed as limiting. Various modifications and changes can be made to the subject matter described herein without following the example embodiments and applications illustrated and described, and without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention encompassed by the present disclosure, which is defined by the set of recitations in the following claims and by structures and functions or steps which are equivalent to these recitations.
