Patent Application
20220396365
The subject matter disclosed herein generally relates to turbine engines and, more particularly, to hybrid electric engine power distribution.
A hybrid electric gas turbine engine (or simply “hybrid electric engine”) can use electricity and/or liquid fuel (e.g., jet fuel) to provide thrust to an aircraft. Hybrid electric engines can selectively use electricity or fuel or both, depending, for example, on a flight stage, environmental conditions, and other concerns. For example, during times that require significant thrust (e.g., take off, climb, etc.), it may be more efficient to use liquid fuel to power the hybrid electric engine. However, at other times that require less thrust (e.g., taxi, cruise, descent, etc.), it may be more efficient to use electricity to power the hybrid electric engine. At other times, such as during transients when thrust is rapidly increased, it may be advantageous to use both fuel and electricity to generate shaft-torque or thrust.
According to an embodiment, a method is provided that includes monitoring a hybrid electric turbine engine of an aircraft, the hybrid electric turbine engine comprising a high speed spool electric machine associated with a high speed spool and a low speed spool electric machine associated with a low speed spool. The method further includes redetermining that an electric machine is a failed electric machine, the failed electric machine being an electric machine on another hybrid electric turbine engine of the aircraft. The method further includes, responsive to detecting the failed electric machine, distributing power from one or more of the first electric machine or the second electric machine to a spool associated with another hybrid electric turbine engine of the aircraft.
In addition to one or more of the features described above or below, or as an alternative, further embodiments may include that the monitoring comprises monitoring multiple hybrid electric turbine engines of the aircraft by one or more hybrid electric controllers, wherein each of the multiple hybrid electric turbine engines comprises a high speed spool electric machine associated with a high speed spool and a low speed spool electric machine associated with a low speed spool.
In addition to one or more of the features described above or below, or as an alternative, further embodiments may include that distributing the power further includes: responsive to the failed electric machine being the high speed spool electric machine, distributing power from the low speed spool electric machine of the same hybrid electric turbine engine.
In addition to one or more of the features described above or below, or as an alternative, further embodiments may include that distributing the power further includes: responsive to the failed electric machine being the high speed spool electric machine, distributing power from a low speed spool electric machine of another hybrid electric turbine engine.
In addition to one or more of the features described above or below, or as an alternative, further embodiments may include that distributing the power further includes: responsive to the failed electric machine being the high speed spool electric machine, distributing power from the low speed spool electric machine of the same hybrid electric turbine engine and from a low speed spool electric machine of another hybrid electric turbine engine.
In addition to one or more of the features described above or below, or as an alternative, further embodiments may include that distributing the power further includes: responsive to the failed electric machine being the high speed spool electric machine, distributing power from the low speed spool electric machine of same hybrid electric turbine engine and from a low speed spool electric machine and a high speed spool electric machine of another hybrid electric turbine engine.
In addition to one or more of the features described above or below, or as an alternative, further embodiments may include that distributing the power further includes: responsive to the failed electric machine being the low speed spool electric machine, distributing power from the high speed spool electric machine of the same hybrid electric turbine engine.
In addition to one or more of the features described above or below, or as an alternative, further embodiments may include that distributing the power further includes: responsive to the failed electric machine being the low speed spool electric machine, distributing power from a low the speed spool electric machine of another hybrid electric turbine engine.
In addition to one or more of the features described above or below, or as an alternative, further embodiments may include that distributing the power further includes: responsive to the failed electric machine being the low speed spool electric machine, distributing power from the high speed spool electric machine of the same hybrid electric turbine engine and from a low speed spool electric machine of another hybrid electric turbine engine.
In addition to one or more of the features described above or below, or as an alternative, further embodiments may include that distributing the power further includes: responsive to the failed electric machine being one of the low speed spool electric machines, distributing power from high speed spool electric machine of same hybrid electric turbine engine and from high speed spool electric machine of another of the multiple hybrid electric turbine engines.
In addition to one or more of the features described above or below, or as an alternative, further embodiments may include detecting that one of the multiple hybrid electric turbine engines is shut down, and distributing second power to the one of the multiple hybrid electric turbine engines that is shut down from at least one other electric machine from at least one of the multiple hybrid electric turbine engines that is not shut down.
In addition to one or more of the features described above or below, or as an alternative, further embodiments may include that the one of the multiple hybrid electric turbine engines that is shut down uses the second power from at least one other electric machine of another of the multiple hybrid electric turbine engines that is not shut down to feed a fan of the one of the multiple hybrid electric turbine engines that is shut down.
In addition to one or more of the features described above or below, or as an alternative, further embodiments may include that the one of the multiple hybrid electric turbine engines that is shut down uses the second power from at least one other electric machine of another of the multiple hybrid electric turbine engines that is not shut down to restart the one of the multiple hybrid electric turbine engines that is shut down.
In addition to one or more of the features described above or below, or as an alternative, further embodiments may include that the second power from at least one other electric machine of another of the multiple hybrid electric turbine engines that is not shut down is used instead of power from an air turbine starter.
In addition to one or more of the features described above or below, or as an alternative, further embodiments may include that the detecting the failed electric machine is performed by a controller associated with the aircraft.
According to an embodiment, a system is provided that includes a first hybrid electric engine comprising a first electric machine associated with a first shaft and a second electric machine associated with a second shaft. The system further includes a second hybrid electric engine comprising a third electric machine associated with a third shaft and a fourth electric machine associated with a fourth shaft. The system further includes a controller. The controller can identify a failed electric machine, the failed electric machine being one of the first electric machine, the second electric machine, the third electric machine, or the fourth electric machine. The controller can further cause power to be distributed from at least one of the first electric machine, the second electric machine, the third electric machine, or the fourth electric machine other than the failed electric machine to another of the first electric machine, the second electric machine, the third electric machine and the fourth electric machine other than the failed electric machine.
In addition to one or more of the features described above or below, or as an alternative, further embodiments may include a bus to transmit data and received data among the controller, the first electric machine, the second electric machine, the third electric machine, and the fourth electric machine.
In addition to one or more of the features described above or below, or as an alternative, further embodiments may include that the controller is further configured to perform an engine restart on at least one of the first hybrid electric engine or the second hybrid electric engine responsive to detecting that the respective first hybrid electric engine or the second hybrid electric engine has experienced a shutdown.
According to an embodiment, a controller is provided that includes processing circuitry. The processing circuitry can monitor multiple hybrid electric turbine engines of an aircraft, each of the multiple hybrid electric turbine engines including a first electric machine associated with a high speed spool and a second electric machine associated with a low speed spool. The processing circuitry can further detect a failed electric machine, the failed electric machine being one of the first electric machine or the second electric machine associated with one of the multiple hybrid electric turbine engines. The processing circuitry can further, responsive to detecting the failed electric machine, distribute power from at least one other electric machine of the multiple hybrid electric turbine engines to a spool associated with another electric machine other than the failed electric machine.
In addition to one or more of the features described above or below, or as an alternative, further embodiments may include that to distribute the power further includes: responsive to the failed electric machine being one of the high speed spool electric machines, distributing power from the low speed spool electric machine of the same hybrid electric turbine engine.
In addition to one or more of the features described above or below, or as an alternative, further embodiments may include that to distribute the power further includes responsive to the failed electric machine being one of the high speed spool electric machines, distributing power from the low speed spool electric machine of another of the multiple hybrid electric turbine engines.
In addition to one or more of the features described above or below, or as an alternative, further embodiments may include that to distribute the power further includes responsive to the failed electric machine being one of the high speed spool electric machines, distributing power from the low speed spool electric machine of the same hybrid electric turbine engine and from the low speed spool electric machine of another of the multiple hybrid electric turbine engines.
In addition to one or more of the features described above or below, or as an alternative, further embodiments may include that to distribute the power further includes responsive to the failed electric machine being one of the high speed spool electric machines, distributing power from the low speed spool electric machine of same hybrid electric turbine engine and from the low speed spool electric machine and the high speed spool electric machine of another of the multiple hybrid electric turbine engines.
In addition to one or more of the features described above or below, or as an alternative, further embodiments may include that to distribute the power further includes: distributing power to the failed electric machine from one or more of the high speed spool electric machines, alone or together.
The following descriptions should not be considered limiting in any way. With reference to the accompanying drawings, like elements are numbered alike:
A detailed description of one or more embodiments of the disclosed apparatus, system, and method are presented herein by way of exemplification and not limitation with reference to the Figures.
The exemplary engine 20 generally includes a low speed spool 30 and a high speed spool 32 mounted for rotation about an engine central longitudinal axis A relative to an engine static structure 36 via several bearing systems 38. It should be understood that various bearing systems 38 at various locations may alternatively or additionally be provided, and the location of bearing systems 38 may be varied as appropriate to the application.
The low speed spool 30 generally includes an inner shaft 40 that interconnects a fan 42, a low pressure compressor 44 and a low pressure turbine 46. The inner shaft 40 is connected to the fan 42 through a speed change mechanism, which in exemplary gas turbine engine 20 is illustrated as a geared architecture 48 to drive the fan 42 at a lower speed than the low speed spool 30. The high speed spool 32 includes an outer shaft 50 that interconnects a high pressure compressor 52 and high pressure turbine 54. A combustor 56 is arranged in exemplary gas turbine 20 between the high pressure compressor 52 and the high pressure turbine 54. An engine static structure 36 is arranged generally between the high pressure turbine 54 and the low pressure turbine 46. The engine static structure 36 further supports bearing systems 38 in the turbine section 28. The inner shaft 40 and the outer shaft 50 are concentric and rotate via bearing systems 38 about the engine central longitudinal axis A which is collinear with their longitudinal axes.
The core airflow is compressed by the low pressure compressor 44 then the high pressure compressor 52, mixed and burned with fuel in the combustor 56, then expanded over the high pressure turbine 54 and low pressure turbine 46. The turbines 46, 54 rotationally drive the respective low speed spool 30 and high speed spool 32 in response to the expansion. It will be appreciated that each of the positions of the fan section 22, compressor section 24, combustor section 26, turbine section 28, and fan drive gear system 48 may be varied. For example, gear system 48 may be located aft of combustor section 26 or even aft of turbine section 28, and fan section 22 may be positioned forward or aft of the location of gear system 48.
The engine 20 in one example is a high-bypass geared aircraft engine. In a further example, the engine 20 bypass ratio is greater than about six (6), with an example embodiment being greater than about ten (10), the geared architecture 48 is an epicyclic gear train, such as a planetary gear system or other gear system, with a gear reduction ratio of greater than about 2.3 and the low pressure turbine 46 has a pressure ratio that is greater than about five. In one disclosed embodiment, the engine 20 bypass ratio is greater than about ten (10:1), the fan diameter is significantly larger than that of the low pressure compressor 44, and the low pressure turbine 46 has a pressure ratio that is greater than about five 5:1. Low pressure turbine 46 pressure ratio is pressure measured prior to inlet of low pressure turbine 46 as related to the pressure at the outlet of the low pressure turbine 46 prior to an exhaust nozzle. The geared architecture 48 may be an epicycle gear train, such as a planetary gear system or other gear system, with a gear reduction ratio of greater than about 2.3:1. It should be understood, however, that the above parameters are only exemplary of one embodiment of a geared architecture engine and that the present disclosure is applicable to other gas turbine engines including direct drive turbofans.
A significant amount of thrust is provided by the bypass flow B due to the high bypass ratio. The fan section 22 of the engine 20 is designed for a particular flight condition—typically cruise at about 0.8 Mach and about 35,000 feet (10,688 meters). The flight condition of 0.8 Mach and 35,000 ft (10,688 meters), with the engine at its best fuel consumption—also known as “bucket cruise Thrust Specific Fuel Consumption (‘TSFC’)”—is the industry standard parameter of lbm of fuel being burned divided by lbf of thrust the engine produces at that minimum point. “Low fan pressure ratio” is the pressure ratio across the fan blade alone, without a Fan Exit Guide Vane (“FEGV”) system. The low fan pressure ratio as disclosed herein according to one non-limiting embodiment is less than about 1.45. “Low corrected fan tip speed” is the actual fan tip speed in ft/sec divided by an industry standard temperature correction of [(Tram ° R)/(518.7° R)]0.5. The “Low corrected fan tip speed” as disclosed herein according to one non-limiting embodiment is less than about 1150 ft/second (350.5 m/sec).
In one non-limiting embodiment, the motor 182 may be configured to provide power assist to the high speed spool 32. Alternatively, the motor 182 may be part of a different configuration or system configured to only provide power assist to the high speed spool 32 in order to expand an in-flight re-start envelope. In yet another example, the motor 182 may be configured to provide power assist to the low speed spool 30. For example, in an alternative embodiment, the motor 182 may be operatively coupled to the low speed spool 30 via accessory gearbox 184 in order to provide additional thrust to the engine 20. According to one or more examples, each of the low speed spool 30 and the high speed spool 32 can have a dedicated motor (e.g., the motor 182) operatively coupled thereto via a dedicated gearbox (e.g., the gearbox 184).
According to an embodiment, the power source 180 and the motor 182 are under the full authority of a full authority digital engine control (FADEC) 156, which controls the power source and the engine. The FADEC 156 is an example of a controller that can include a processing system 160, a memory system 162, and an input/output interface 164. The processing system 160 can include any type or combination of central processing unit (CPU), including one or more of: a microprocessor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a microcontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), or the like. Thus, the FADEC 156 can be said to include processing circuitry. The memory system 162 can store data and instructions that are executed by the processing system 160. In embodiments, the memory system 162 may include random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), or other electronic, optical, magnetic, or any other computer readable medium onto which is stored data and algorithms in a non-transitory form. The input/output interface 164 is configured to collect sensor data from the one or more system sensors and interface with various components and subsystems, such as components of motor drive electronics, rectifier electronics, an energy storage management system, an integrated fuel control unit, actuators, and/or other components of the hybrid electric propulsion system 100. The FADEC 156 provides a means for controlling hybrid electric system control effectors 168 based on a power transfer control 166 that is dynamically updated during operation of the hybrid electric propulsion system 100. The means for controlling the hybrid electric system control effectors 168 can be otherwise subdivided, distributed, or combined with other control elements.
The FADEC 156 can also include various operational controls, such as a power transfer control that controls hybrid electric system control effectors. The power transfer control 166 can apply control laws and access/update models to determine how to control and transfer power to and from the hybrid electric system control effectors 168. For example, sensed and/or derived parameters related to speed, flow rate, pressure ratios, temperature, thrust, and the like can be used to establish operational schedules and transition limits to maintain efficient operation of the gas turbine engine 20.
Additionally or alternatively, the hybrid electric propulsion system 100 can include a hybrid electric controller 210, which may be integrated into or separate from the FADEC 156. The hybrid electric controller 210 is communicatively coupled to the power source 180, the motor 182, and/or any other suitable components. The features and functionality of the hybrid electric controller 210 are described in more detail herein with respect to
As shown in
An aircraft can selectively power a hybrid electric engine, such as the hybrid electric gas turbine engine 100 of
The gas turbine engine 20 can be coupled to an aircraft, as shown in FIG. 2, where the aircraft can include multiple instances of the gas turbine engine 20, which can be a hybrid electric turbine engine. Particularly, aircraft can be equipped with two or more hybrid electric turbine engines to provide thrust. Some gas turbine engines, such as hybrid electric gas turbine engines, are equipped with one or more electric machines to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy or vice versa. Two-spool hybrid electric engines can be configured with two electric machines: a first electric machine associated with the low speed spool and a second electric machine associated with the high speed spool. In the event of a failure of one of the electric machines, it may be desirable to distribute electricity from one of the other electric machines to a spool associated with the failed electric machine.
At various times throughout a flight, each engine has times it is adding extra power into its respective high speed spool using its respective high speed spool electric machine. At times, this extra power is obtained from the electric machine of the engine's low speed spool, for example as it extracts power from the low speed spool during an engine deceleration event. However, if the low speed spool's electric machine fails, it may be desirable to transfer power from another electric machine (from that engine or from another engine) as supplemental power. For example, if the low speed spool electric machine fails on a first engine, instead of using battery power, excess power from a second engine's low speed spool electric machine can be utilized. Similarly, if the high speed spool electric machine fails on the first engine when it is desirable to extract high-speed spool power, excess power from the first engine's low speed spool electric machine and/or excess power from another engine's low or high speed spool electric machine can be utilized. This can reduce the size and weight of one or more generators on an aircraft, due to reduced power margin built into each unit specifically to handle failure modes. In addition, if an engine shuts down, electric power from an electric machine of another engine can be used to feed a fan on the failed engine (e.g., the engine that is shut down). As another example, if an engine shuts down, electric power from another engine can be used for the purpose of spooling up for relight (restart) as an alternative (or assist) to a windmilling relight.
Each of the engines 220, 221 includes a high speed spool and a low speed spool as described in
According to one or more embodiments described herein, the engines 220, 221 are hybrid electric engines that can be powered by jet fuel and/or electricity. For example, each of the engines 220, 221 includes multiple electric machines that can 1) provide power to the engines 220, 221 and/or 2) can extract power to generate electricity to be used or stored in one or more batteries, which can be later used by the electric machines to provide power to the engines 220, 221 or to another device.
In
The aircraft 200 can also include the hybrid electric controller 210, which can control which of the electric machines are operating at a particular time. The hybrid electric controller 210 can also direct electricity from one of the electric machines to another of the spools, such that power can be transferred electrically from one spool to another. The hybrid electric controller 210 can also direct electricity from one of the electric machines to another of the engines, such as upon a failure of one of the other electric machines. It should be appreciated that the hybrid electric controller 210 can be mounted within or on the aircraft 200, mounted on or in one or more of the engines 220, 221 (e.g., on a fan case of one or more of the engines 220, 221), or mounted/installed at another suitable location.
In examples, the hybrid electric controller 210 is a full authority digital controller that includes processing circuitry 212 and a memory system 214 configured to store a plurality of configuration items, where at least one of the configuration items includes a sequence of the computer executable instructions for execution by the processing circuitry 212. Other types of configuration items can include data, such as trim constants, configurable data, and/or fault data. Examples of computer executable instructions can include boot software, operating system software, and/or application software. The executable instructions may be stored or organized in any manner and at any level of abstraction, such as in connection with controlling and/or monitoring operation of the gas turbine engines 220, 221 and their associated electric machines. The processing circuitry 212 can be any type or combination of central processing unit (CPU), including one or more of: a microprocessor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a microcontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), or the like. Also, in embodiments, the memory system 214 may include volatile memory, such as random access memory (RAM), and non-volatile memory, such as Flash memory, read only memory (ROM), and/or other electronic, optical, magnetic, or any other computer readable medium onto which is stored data and algorithms in a non-transitory form.
The controller monitors the engines 220, 221 to detect a failed electric machine. Responsive to detecting the failed electric machine, the controller can cause power to be distributed from one or more other, non-failed electric machines to a spool that was receiving power from the failed electric machine. For example, if the low speed spool electric machine 242 was supplying power to the high speed spool 230 (via the high speed spool electric machine 240) and fails, power from the other low speed spool electric machine 243 can be transferred (distributed) to power the high speed spool 230. As another example, if the low speed spool electric machine 243 fails, power from the other low speed spool electric machine 242 can be transferred (distributed) to power the high speed spool 231.
As yet another example, if the high speed spool electric machine 241 is supplying a load (such as a low speed spool electric machine or other aircraft or engine load) and fails, power from the other high speed spool electric machine 240 can be transferred (distributed) to power the load (e.g., low speed spool 233). As another example, if the high speed spool electric machine 240 fails, power from the other high speed spool electric machine 241 can be transferred (distributed) to power the low speed spool 232.
These and other examples are possible, as are various combinations of how power can be distributed from one or more other electric machines to a spool that was receiving power from a failed electric machine. In the case of additional engines (e.g., 3 engines, 4 engines, etc.), similar power distribution between the engines is possible.
Referring now to
At block 302, the hybrid electric controller 210 monitors multiple gas turbine engines (e.g., the engines 220, 221) of the aircraft. As shown in
At block 304, the hybrid electric controller 210 determines that one of the electric machines (e.g., one of the high speed spool electric machine 240, the low speed spool electric machine 242, the high speed spool electric machine 241, or the low speed spool electric machine 243) experiences a failure. A failure can be any type of event that occurs that causes the electric machine to stop or reduce generating electrical power from its associated spool.
At block 306, the hybrid electric controller 210, responsive to detecting the failed electric machine at block 304, distributes power from another electric machine to a spool associated with another hybrid electric turbine engine of the aircraft. Various combinations of power distribution from one or more non-failed electric machines to another spool are possible as described herein. The following are some examples, but other examples are also possible.
In one or more embodiments, the hybrid electric controller 210 can determine what mode the electric machine was operating upon the occurrence of the failure. A typical operation is not extraction of power from both spools but rather extraction of power from the low spool and supply power to the high spool. There can be excess power from the low spool for other loads. There can also be power augmentation to the low spool to increase thrust. If the failed electric machine was operating in a power extracting mode to supply power elsewhere in that engine or on the aircraft, another electric machine (e.g., the low speed electric machine) on the other engine can be activated to supply that load. On the other hand, if the failed electric machine was operating in a power augmenting mode, the FADEC 156 may take action to stabilize combustion, which may include slowing down the engine or reducing the power extraction from that engine. In that case, more power may be supplied from the other engine.
Particularly, distributing the power can be performed in different ways. For example, responsive to the failed electric machine being one of the low speed spool electric machines, power is distributed from the low speed spool electric machine of another of the multiple hybrid electric turbine engines. As another example, responsive to the failed electric machine being one of the high speed spool electric machines, power is distributed from the high speed spool electric machine of another of the multiple hybrid electric turbine engines. As another example, responsive to the failed electric machine being one of the low speed spool electric machines, power is distributed from the low speed spool electric machine and the high speed spool electric machine of another of the multiple hybrid electric turbine engines.
Additional examples are also possible. For example, responsive to the failed electric machine being one of the low speed spool electric machines, power is distributed from multiple low speed spool electric machines of the other multiple hybrid electric turbine engines. As another example, responsive to the failed electric machine being one of the low speed spool electric machines, power is distributed from the high speed spool electric machine of the same hybrid electric turbine engine and from multiple low speed spool electric machines of the other multiple hybrid electric turbine engines.
While the above description has described the flow process of
An advantage of one or more embodiments described herein includes the ability to reduce the size and weight of one or more generators on an aircraft due to reduced power margin built into each unit specifically to handle failure modes. Another advantage of one or more embodiments is that if an engine shuts down, electric power from an electric machine of another engine can be used to feed a fan on the failed engine (i.e., the engine that is shut down) in a case where it is desired to reduce windmill drag.
Another advantage of one or more embodiments is that if an engine shuts down, electric power from another engine can be used for the purpose of spooling up for relight (restart) of the shutdown engine as an alternative (or assist) to a windmilling relight. For example, one or more of the electric machines (e.g., the high speed spool electric machine 240, the low speed spool electric machine 242, the high speed spool electric machine 241, the low speed spool electric machine 243, etc.) can assist with performing an engine start or restart on the ground or at altitude. In this way, one or more of the electric machines takes the place of an air turbine starter (ATS), which can reduce weight and complexity.
The term “about” is intended to include the degree of error associated with measurement of the particular quantity based upon the equipment available at the time of filing the application.
The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the present disclosure. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, element components, and/or groups thereof.
While the present disclosure has been described with reference to an exemplary embodiment or embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the present disclosure without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the present disclosure not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed as the best mode contemplated for carrying out this present disclosure, but that the present disclosure will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the claims.
