Patent Application
20170265293
This invention relates generally to linear accelerators for providing electron beams or x-ray beams, and particularly to such linear accelerators including a standing wave section, and a traveling wave section in collinear relationship with the standing wave section.
Linear Accelerators (also called “LINACS”) are widely used for a variety of tasks in a broad range of applications, including industrial applications such as Non-Destructive Testing (NDT), Security Inspection (SI), Radiotherapy (RT), electron beam processing—sterilization, and polymer curing, for example. Both accelerated electron beams, and Bremsstrahlung X-ray beams (collectively called “radiation beams” (RB)) generated by such electron beams striking a conversion target at the end of an accelerating channel, are used for various tasks. The type of RB selected is typically determined by the specific application and its requirements. In many applications, the requirements include energy variation and dose rate variation of the RB, including broad RB energy variation, for example, from 0.5 MeV to a maximum energy, which typically does not exceed 10 MeV due to neutron production and activation problems. However, in some known cases, it can reach as high as 12 MeV, 15 MeV, 20 MeV, or even higher energies. Those familiar with the art are well aware that a LINAC is a sophisticated tool that does not always run efficiently, or does not perform at all over such a broad RB operating energy range.
A LINAC includes a plurality of cavities, which gradually increase in length in the direction of the electron beam propagation to keep the particles in the right accelerating phase while their velocity increases. Once electron velocity reaches nearly the speed of light, the period of the structure and the shape of the accelerating cells usually remain the same until the end of the accelerator.
The front irregular section of the LINAC where electron velocities change substantially (from about 20% to 95% of the speed of light), and where the electrons are grouped together as a stream of bunches of electrons, is typically called the “buncher”. The buncher is responsible for forming the relativistic electron beam, which then enters the regular periodic part of the LINAC structure, called the “accelerator”, where the velocity of the electrons does not change substantially, while they reach higher energies above 1 MeV, and up to the N×10 MeV range or higher (where N is an integer 1, 2, . . . N).
An important parameter used for defining efficiency of the buncher is called “capture”, which presents a percentage of the particles captured by the accelerating fields, and synchronously accelerated to the required energy with respect to a total number of particles injected into the structure. Capture is very sensitive to the accelerating field distribution in the buncher. While one attempts regulating output energy of the produced RB by varying input RF power into the LINAC, the structure of the fields in the buncher change, and the electron beam current in the accelerating channel may reduce substantially due to degradation of capture in the buncher, thereby reducing intensity of the produced RB.
The same may be true for regulating the RB energy via switching of the injected electron beam pulse current without optimizing power and field distribution along the linear accelerator. The optimization is especially important for the magnetron-driven LINACS, which represent most of the commercial markets, and even more so, for the higher frequency LINACS (designed to operate with an X-band power source, for example) where lack of the input RF power generated by the best commercially available X-band magnetrons for a given task exists in most, if not all cases (so-called “power hungry” mode of operation).
A traditional SW LINAC has been described in multiple references, and is presented schematically in
The LINAC of
The single RF cavity of the Input RF Coupler (4) is also part of the LINAC RF structure. In the case of the SW LINAC, this Input RF coupler (4) can be positioned virtually anywhere along the LINAC, but usually, it is placed somewhere after the SW Buncher (5) and before the SW Accelerator Section (23). In the LINAC of
An Electron Beam (10) is formed in an Electron Gun (11), which can operate in a range of high voltages N×(1, 2, 3 . . . 100) kV, forming an electron beam (10) of necessary small diameter so as to enter the LINAC RF structure. The Electron Beam (10) gains energy while propagating through the RF fields of the LINAC cavities (5) and (23), and after it exits the RF accelerating structure, the Electron Beam (10) is extracted outside the vacuum envelope through a vacuum-tight thin foil for electron beam applications, or it strikes a heavy metal target to generate bremsstrahlung (X-rays) if this is the requirement for the output RB (12).
In some cases, an optional external Magnetic System (13) (such as a focusing solenoid or a permanent periodic magnet (PPM) system) is used, which may also include steering coils, bending magnets, etc. for correction of beam positioning inside the LINAC, or at its exit via Electron Beam Window or Conversion Target (12). Use of an external focusing system is undesirable because it increases complexity, power consumption, and consequently increases the cost of the LINAC system. In SW LINAC systems, use of a Magnetic System (13) can be avoided, but in TW LINACS, it is necessary in most cases, especially for the Buncher portion of a LINAC. We are not showing a TW LINAC diagram since the effects of power regulation are quite similar, and in the case of broad energy regulation, these effects are devastating to electron beam quality, just as in a SW LINAC.
To regulate energy in such a single RF feed from RF Source (1) and single SW Accelerator section (23) LINAC, field amplitude in the LINAC RF structure must be changed due to beam loading, or due to input power regulation. Analysis of the LINAC performance (in the absence of an external magnetic focusing field produced by a solenoid or a periodic permanent magnet (PPM) focusing system) is shown in the graph of
Due to a common deficit of RF power, the LINACS are usually designed for near maximum optimal output energy, where the dose rate is at its maximum defined by a well-known empirical ratio as follows:
P=70×I×Wn, (1)
where:
P is the Bremsstrahlung dose rate at 1 meter from a heavy metal conversion target, in R/min;
I is the average electron beam current striking the target, in mA;
W is the electron beam energy, in MeV; and
n is a parameter that varies with energy (in several MeV range it is approximately 2.7).
For LINACS using an electron beam in a broad energy range, it is important to increase capture and efficiency at lower energy, thereby increasing accelerated beam current and electron beam dose rate of the RB. In the cases where LINACS are equipped with a conversion target so as to produce bremsstrahlung, the conversion dose rate is proportional to current, and nearly to a cube of energy. Consequently, lower energy operation of the LINAC at higher beam current becomes even more important. As we have already stated, efficient operation at lower energy is difficult to achieve, if a LINAC is designed for providing a beam at maximum energy at a given beam current to obtain the best RB output.
In the literature, one can find a variety of ways proposed by authors skilled in the art to configure LINACS such that they operate better when energy is regulated, both in a “fast” and “slow” mode of changing the beam energy.
One of the first hybrid LINACS has been proposed in patent SU 1374454 A1, where a disadvantage remains in that the SW buncher is a section of disk loaded waveguide, and it is not as efficient as other structures. In addition, regulation of energy is hardly possible with high efficiency, due to change of the fields along all single accelerating structures while regulating power or beam current.
An original and efficient power regulation scheme is proposed in patent SU 1119599, where a several section TW LINAC is powered in a reversed sequence, increasing effective utilization of RF power along the LINAC. A disadvantage of this approach is that a TW section is not efficient at low fields, and at low electron beam velocities in the buncher section.
In U.S. Pat. No. 2,920,228 a LINAC with two TW sections, and a parallel RF feed is described. This arrangement has a disadvantage in that the acceleration efficiency is low due to having a TW accelerating structure, and due to the high complexity of the arrangement.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,070,726 describes a TW LINAC with two TW sections, and a prebuncher. The TW sections are powered in series, and contain a phase shifter and a power adjustment RF circuit. This TW LINAC has a complex circuit, and it does not achieve maximum efficiency of acceleration.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,118,653 proposes a TW buncher section cooperative with an SW accelerating section so as to increase the accelerating gradients in the second section. In this configuration, bunching of the beam is performed in a lower shunt impedance structure, which does not allow the LINAC to operate efficiently, and usually, an external focusing coil is required around the first section to achieve the required performance.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,286,192 describes a method of regulating energy using shorts in the side cavities of the SW structure. Some disadvantages of this method are that the mechanical adjustments are done in the accelerator vacuum envelope, and the energy range is narrow.
Chinese Patent No. CN202019491U discloses a side-coupled SW accelerator that adjusts the electron beam energy by adjusting the accelerating gradient of each of two segments of accelerating tubes. However, this approach too has disadvantages in that the accelerator has a large width, the microware feeding system is complex, and it cannot provide electron beams of low energy (≦1 MeV).
US 20140185775 A1 patent describes a two section standing wave electron LINAC with continuously adjustable energy for medical imaging and other medical applications, as an alternative to X-ray tubes. The disadvantages of this arrangement include that two SW sections are used with a parallel input circuit, and the LINAC is very sensitive to beam loading, so both sections need to be tuned with high precision to match the resonant frequencies for a maximum energy gain operation, and the LINAC may not produce maximum possible dose rate in broad range of its parameters.
U.S. Pat. No. 8,942,351 B2 patent describes a TW LINAC with electron beam energy regulation using switching electron beam current, and therefore setting different beam current loading points in the LINAC. This approach has several disadvantages, the first being similar to the one illustrated in
A combination of a hybrid linear accelerator (LINAC) including collinear standing wave (SW) and traveling wave (TW) sections with an energy and dose switching method, or a combination of various energy switching methods is used for optimization of the output beam energy and dose rate at various energy values. In particular, a combination of the hybrid SW and TW sections, connected via RF waveguides in parallel or in series, in direct or a reverse sequence with a gas-filled, a ferrite, or any other RF switch (for example, the one used in radar circuit designs; some are commercially available) can be used in a transmitting waveguide to redirect and redistribute RF power between sections of the LINAC and/or change phase shift between these sections. The invention provides electron beams or x-rays in a broad range of energy and dose “slowly”, when time of the variation is substantially greater than pulse length and/or pulse repetition period, or “fast”, i.e., within times comparable to the latter, including variation within a pulse, fast pulse-to-pulse energy and dose switching (collectively called “fast switching”) with high or substantially increased efficiency in this broad range of beam parameters, while keeping the switch outside linear accelerator vacuum envelope.
The invention provides a hybrid SW+TW LINAC having superior energy regulation, the hybrid SW+TW LINAC including an novel reversed RF power distribution in its preferred embodiment, which substantially improves RF power utilization, thereby eliminating need for an output RF load, ensuring broad electron beam energy regulation operating in a broad range of input RF power, thereby efficiently running at a variety of input electron beam current intensities at high efficiency. This LINAC may be equipped with a fast and/or slow phase shifter and/or power regulator combination of phase shifter, combined with current regulation, but operating much more efficiently than known LINACS. The hybrid LINAC of the invention permits efficient operation without an external magnetic field, thereby avoiding use of a power-consuming solenoid and its power supply, consequently reducing cost of production, operation, and maintenance of the broad RB regulated LINAC. In addition, presence of the SW section permits Automatic Frequency Control (AFC) of the magnetron in a traditional more simple and highly stable way, using forward and reflected resonant signals from the SW section (unlike when using only a TW section in the LINAC, which is more broad band).
The present invention utilizes a hybrid LINAC arrangement usually including two LINAC sections (while more separate sections can be used for further optimization). Preferably, the two LINAC sections are respectively an SW buncher and a TW accelerator (SW+TW). The invention in its preferred embodiment is a hybrid, SW+TW LINAC with various power input RF circuits, which can include “slow” and/or “fast” phase shifters and/or power regulators, for example, with a “reversed” RF power feeding sequence shown in
The hybrid LINAC of the invention can be used for vehicle screening and various cargo screening for security and trade manifest verification (collectively called Security Inspection, abbreviated as SI), non-destructive testing (NDT), and radiotherapy (RT), primarily, but it can be used in some other applications, such as electron beam irradiation of objects of various thicknesses and shapes, such as for curing of composites and electron beam sterilization, for example.
A general aspect of the invention is a Hybrid LINAC with high beam efficiency and broad energy regulation for security inspection, non-destructive testing, radiotherapy, and electron beam irradiation of objects. The Hybrid LINAC includes: an electron gun configured to provide an input beam of electrons; a standing wave linear accelerator section (SW Buncher) configured to receive the input beam of electrons and accelerate the electrons, the SW Buncher including an SW Input RF Coupler, the SW Buncher providing an intermediate beam of accelerated electrons; a traveling wave linear accelerator section (TW accelerator) configured to receive the intermediate beam of accelerated electrons, and to further increase the momentum and energy of the accelerated electrons, the TW accelerator including a TW Input RF Coupler and a TW Output RF Coupler, the TW accelerator providing an output beam of electrons; a drift space configured to provide RF decoupling between the SW buncher and the TW accelerator, while also permitting transit of the intermediate beam of accelerated electrons from the SW buncher to the TW accelerator; an RF source configured to provide RF energy to the TW accelerator via a first RF Transmitting Waveguide and the TW Input RF Coupler; and a second RF Transmitting Waveguide including at least one of: a Switch, a Phase Shifter, and a Power Adjuster, the second RF Transmitting Waveguide being cooperative with both the TW Output RF Coupler and the SW Input RF Coupler, the second RF Transmitting Waveguide allowing the SW Buncher to serve as an adjustable resonant load so as to provide broad energy regulation of the output beam of electrons, the second RF Transmitting Waveguide also enabling the SW Buncher to be fed with RF power remaining after attenuation in the TW accelerator so as to provide high beam efficiency of the output beam of electrons.
In some embodiments, the standing wave linear accelerator section (SW Buncher) is cooperative with a first external magnetic system.
In some embodiments, the traveling wave linear accelerator section (TW accelerator) is cooperative with a second external magnetic system.
In some embodiments, the first RF Transmitting Waveguide includes a High Power Circulator so as to prevent reflected RF power from propagating back to the RF source.
In some embodiments, the second RF Transmitting Waveguide includes a Low Power Circulator so as to prevent reflected RF power from propagating back to the TW accelerator.
In some embodiments, broad energy regulation of the output beam of electrons provides energy regulation from 0.5 MeV to maximum LINAC energy.
In some embodiments, the Hybrid LINAC further includes at least one of: an electron beam window and a conversion target for producing Bremsstrahlung radiation.
Another general aspect of the invention is a Hybrid LINAC with high beam efficiency and broad energy regulation for security inspection, non-destructive testing, radiotherapy, and electron beam irradiation of objects. This Hybrid LINAC includes: an electron gun configured to provide an input beam of electrons; a standing wave linear accelerator section (SW Buncher) configured to receive the input beam of electrons and accelerate the electrons, the SW Buncher including an SW Input RF Coupler, the SW Buncher providing an intermediate beam of accelerated electrons; a traveling wave linear accelerator section (TW accelerator) configured to receive the intermediate beam of accelerated electrons, and to further increase the momentum and energy of the accelerated electrons, the TW accelerator including a TW Input RF Coupler and a TW Output RF Coupler, the TW accelerator providing an output beam of electrons; a drift space configured to provide RF decoupling between the SW buncher and the TW accelerator, while also permitting transit of the intermediate beam of accelerated electrons from the SW buncher to the TW accelerator; an RF Splitter configured to receive RF energy, and to bifurcate the RF energy; an RF source configured to provide RF energy to the RF splitter via a first RF Transmitting Waveguide, the RF Splitter providing a first portion of the bifurcated RF energy to the SW Buncher via a second RF Transmitting Waveguide and the SW Input RF Coupler, the second RF Transmitting Waveguide also enabling the SW Buncher to be fed with RF power not used by the TW Accelerator so as to provide high beam efficiency of the output beam of electrons; and at least one of a Switch, a Phase Shifter, and a Power Adjuster, cooperative with both the the RF Splitter and the TW Input RF Coupler via a third RF Transmitting Waveguide, the at least one of a Switch, a Phase Shifter, and a Power Adjuster being capable of redistributing RF power between the SW Buncher and the TW Acellerator, and/or changing phase relationship between the SW Buncher and the TW Acellerator, thereby allowing the TW Accelerator to serve as an adjustable resonant load so as to provide broad energy regulation of the output beam of electrons.
In some embodiments, the standing wave linear accelerator section (SW Buncher) is cooperative with a first external magnetic system.
In some embodiments, the traveling wave linear accelerator section (TW accelerator) is cooperative with a second external magnetic system.
In some embodiments, the first RF Transmitting Waveguide includes a High Power Circulator so as to prevent reflected RF power from propagating back to the RF source.
In some embodiments, the Hybrid LINAC further includes: a Matched RF Load, cooperative with the TW Output RF Coupler, matched so as to absorb RF power remaining after acceleration in the TW Accelerator.
In some embodiments, broad energy regulation of the output beam of electrons provides energy regulation from 0.5 MeV to maximum LINAC energy.
In some embodiments, the Hybrid LINAC further includes at least one of: an electron beam window and a conversion target for producing Bremsstrahlung radiation.
Another general aspect of the invention is a Hybrid LINAC with high beam efficiency and broad energy regulation for security inspection, non-destructive testing, radiotherapy, and electron beam irradiation of objects, where the Hybrid LINAC includes: an electron gun configured to provide an input beam of electrons; a standing wave linear accelerator section (SW Buncher) configured to receive the input beam of electrons and accelerate the electrons, the SW Buncher providing an intermediate beam of accelerated electrons; a traveling wave linear accelerator section (TW accelerator) configured to receive the intermediate beam of accelerated electrons, and to further increase the momentum and energy of the accelerated electrons, the TW accelerator including a TW Output RF Coupler, the TW accelerator providing an output beam of electrons; a Hybrid RF Coupler configured to provide RF coupling between the SW buncher and the TW accelerator, while also permitting transit of the intermediate beam of accelerated electrons from the SW buncher to the TW accelerator; an RF source configured to provide RF energy to both the SW Buncher and the TW accelerator via an RF Transmitting Waveguide cooperative with the Hybrid RF Coupler; and a Matched RF Load cooperative with at least one of a Switch, a Phase Shifter, and a Power Adjuster, the Matched RF Load also being cooperative with the TW Output RF Coupler, the Matched RF Load being matched so as to absorb RF power remaining after acceleration in the TW Accelerator in accordance with the at least one of the Switch, the Phase Shifter, and the Power Adjuster, thereby allowing the TW Acellerator to serve as an adjustable resonant load so as to provide broad energy regulation of the output beam of electrons, and so as to provide high beam efficiency of the output beam of electrons.
In some embodiments, the standing wave linear accelerator section (SW Buncher) is cooperative with a first external magnetic system.
In some embodiments, the traveling wave linear accelerator section (TW accelerator) is cooperative with a second external magnetic system.
In some embodiments, the first RF Transmitting Waveguide includes a High Power Circulator so as to prevent reflected RF power from propagating back to the RF source.
In some embodiments, broad energy regulation of the output beam of electrons provides energy regulation from 0.5 MeV to maximum LINAC energy.
In some embodiments, the Hybrid LINAC further includes at least one of: an electron beam window and a conversion target for producing Bremsstrahlung radiation.
For a fuller understanding of the invention, reference is made to the following Detailed Description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
In an embodiment of the present invention shown in
The RF Couplers (19, 18, 7) are configured to match impedance of the external and internal RF circuit so as to minimize power reflections at the operating RF frequency while running at nominal energy and beam current values. The High Power Circulator (3) prevents reflected power from propagating back to the RF source (1). Therefore, most or all of the RF power from the RF Power Source (1) enters the TW Input RF Coupler (18), propagates within the TW LINAC Section (6), thereby forming an accelerating TW field distribution, and is also transferred to the electron beam. The remaining power, which exits through TW Output RF Coupler (7) is transmitted into the SW Buncher (5) through the RF Transmitting Waveguide (2), connecting Switch and/or Phase Shifter and/or Power adjuster (16) and optional Low Power Circulator (17) (installed after the propagating power has become much lower than right after the magnetron due to some reflections, attenuation in the TW LINAC, and power consumed by the electron beam), then entering the SW Buncher (5) through the SW Input RF coupler (19).
Thus, the Hybrid LINAC of the invention is divided into two parts—the Standing Wave (SW) Buncher (5) and the Traveling Wave (TW) Accelerating Section (6), with Reverse Feeding Sequence (RFS) via the RF Transmitting Waveguide (2), Switch and/or Phase Shifter, and/or Power Adjuster (16) and the optional Low Power Circulator (17), such that the SW Buncher (5) is fed with RF power remaining after attenuation and e-beam acceleration in the TW section (6), thereby increasing the efficiency of the LINAC.
The Magnetic System (13), such as an external focusing solenoid or a permanent periodic magnet (PPM) system, is optional. The Magnet System (13) is preferably omitted, because including it increases complexity, power consumption, and consequently increases the cost of the LINAC system. Simulations of several specific examples demonstrated that use of an external focusing system (13) will improve current transmission by only 20% or similar percentage, while adequate characteristics of electron beam can be achieved without the use of such a system (13).
Electron beam energy and other output characteristics are regulated by means of changing phase and/or power by the Switch and/or Phase Shifter and/or Power Adjuster (16) installed in the RF Transmitting Waveguide (2) between the TW Output RF Coupler (7) and the SW Output RF Coupler (19), which may include at least one of: a switch, a fast and/or slow phase shifter, and a power regulator (16). Use of a Power Adjuster may be combined with regulation of beam current and/or input power so as to optimize the ouput RB characteristics. The electron beam current and the RF power can be optimally adjusted for each desired set of operating parameters. Along the RF Transmitting Waveguide (2), after the Switch and/or Phase Shifter and/or Power Adjuster (16) there may be an optional Low Power Circulator (17) installed, which is not critical to system operation, but may improve its performance, in certain aspects.
This combination of the SW and TW sections exploits several advantages of both. For example, the main operational frequency of the LINAC is largely defined by the SW buncher (5), while the TW section (6) is more broadband and is easily tuned to the required resonance frequency of the SW buncher (5). Therefore, the Automatic Frequency Control (AFC) is based on the SW buncher section (5), which is common for the SW LINACS, and it is a straightforward, proven configuration, while if it is only based on the TW section, the AFC is much more complex so as to ensure steady operation of the LINAC. The SW buncher section (5) permits effective RF focusing of the electron beam while reaching the relativistic speed, and further acceleration in the TW section (6) can also be done without any external magnetic system, as we described earlier.
Exploring a design example at 9300 MHz, using a PM-1110X X-band magnetron manufactured by L-3, the design parameters for a 60 cm long hybrid RF structure have shown to be superior to the existing non-hybrid configurations with similar characteristics, delivering a steady beam at energy in broad energy range of 1 MeV to 7 MeV, with a maximum output dose rate of 1100 R/min at 1 m, which corresponds to over 1700 R/min @ 80 cm, while delivering a substantial dose rate at low energy, estimated in tens of R/min at 1 m. Such a compact LINAC system with record high radiation beam characteristics can find its applications useful in many fields, such as Non-Destructive Testing (NDT), Security Screening (SI), Radiation Therapy (RT), etc.
Referring to
In the embodiment of
With reference to
Other modifications and implementations will occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and the scope of the invention as claimed. Accordingly, the above description is not intended to limit the invention, except as indicated in the following claims.
