Patent Application
20240166852
This invention relates to a method for the preparation of a hybrid nano-structured composite comprising cellulose nano-particles and metal compound nano-particles, to the nano structured-composite product obtainable by the process and uses thereof.
The production of cellulose nano-particles is known in the art. For example, Delgado-Aguilar et al in BioResources 10(3), 5345-5355 (2015) describe several processes for preparation of cellulose nanofibers from cellulose containing feedstock involving a combination of chemical pretreatment with high energy mechanical treatment. These processes use costly and non-environmentally chemicals and/or solvents, high energy consumption and complexity in several processing steps.
A known simple route to produce cellulose nano-particles uses acidic solvents (H2SO4, HCl and or SO2 in water or in organic solvents). However, the yield and the quality of the obtained cellulose nano-particles product is poor because of degradation of the cellulose into sugars and other compounds which will also reduce the applicability of the obtained product.
In WO2017/055407 it is described to dissolve cellulose in a substantially proton-free inorganic molten salt solvent medium, preferably a ZnCl2 hydrate, and precipitating the cellulose with an antisolvent to high aspect ratio nano-cellulose fibrils. However, the properties of the obtained cellulose nanocrystals are not as good as desired in terms of purity, crystallinity, chemical stability and mechanical properties of the product.
In WO2020212616 a further improved process is described for the preparation of micro- or nano crystalline cellulose from virgin cellulose comprising the contacting with a first solvent comprising 40 to 65 wt. % ZnCl2 in water whereby the amorphous cellulose phase is preferentially dissolved over the crystalline cellulose phase producing cellulose micro-particles having an XRD type I structure in a high yield and with high crystallinity and then preferably contacting the obtained product with a second solvent comprising a higher concentration than the first solvent of between 65 and 90 wt. % ZnCl2 in water to produce cellulose nano-particles having an XRD type II structure in a high yield, high crystallinity and high purity.
The production of nano-particles of a metal compound is also well known. However, the problem is to form a nano-structured composite wherein both the nano-particles of the metal compound and cellulose are mixed homogeneously on nano-scale. Nanoparticles typically have a size from about 1 to below 100 nm, preferably below 60 nm or 40 nm and most preferably even below 20 nm. For cellulose nanocrystals having a large aspect ratio this is the size range for the smaller thickness dimension, not the length dimension. A nano-structured composite is a composite where the nano-particles are homogeneously dispersed on nano-scale so most cellulose nano-particles neighbor metal compound nano-particles within the abovementioned nano-scale dimensions, which can be established by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
The direct mixing of the metal nano-particles with the nano-cellulose particles is not a complex process but may also cause damage and/or degradation of the cellulose nano-particles, costs a lot of mechanical energy, but mostly the problem is that the products are not homogeneously mixed on nanoscale.
WO2019229030A1 describes a process for the preparation of hybrid inorganic-organic materials, but this process does not result in a nano-structured composite material comprising nano-particles of metal compound and cellulose. This process comprises forming a dissolution of cellulose in an ionic liquid solvent and dispersing an inorganic material, for example alumina or silica, in the cellulose solution adding an anti-solvent to precipitate the nano-cellulose together with the dispersed inorganic material. The resulting co-precipitated inorganic particles are, as opposed to the inorganic particles of the invention, not nano-particles and the hybrid composite material is not a nano-structured composite. The alumina (Al2O3), dispersed in ZnCl2 together with NC—ZnCl2, results in alumina particles having an average size of 100 nm or more which are not nano-particles.
Farooq e.a. in the International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 154, (2020) 1050-1073, describes hybrid composites comprising cellulose nano-particles modified with metal nano-particles, in particular Zinc-oxide nanoparticles. Farooq describes in Chapter 2 of the review article several preparation processes to produce cellulose nano-particles involving alkaline-acid treatment of cellulose biomass or enzymatic pretreatment or pretreatment with ionic liquids followed by hydrolysis and high-pressure homogenization or mechanical treatment to produce cellulosic nano-particles. Farooq also describes in Chapter 3 of the review article various processes for the preparation of metallic nano-particles wherein different morphologies are obtained in different known ways. It is described to produce Zinc-oxide nano-particles for example by a non-hydrolytic (solution) process using zinc acetate dehydrate. Farooq then also describes in Chapter 3.3 a variety of different ways to prepare the hybrid composite material including simple mixing of the cellulose nano-particles in aqueous suspension with metal oxide nano-particles without using any external reducing agent, mixing cellulose nano-particles with metal nano-particles together with reducing agent or surface modifying of the cellulose nano-particles and adding metal-oxide nanoparticles. The preparation processes all start from an aqueous suspension of cellulose nano-particles.
Ma et al. in Cellulose (2016) 23: 3703-3715 describe a process for the preparation of ZnO-cellulose nanocomposites comprising mixing a cellulose—Zinc-chloride (ZnCl2) aqueous solutions with a cellulose NaOH/urea aqueous solution in a colloid mill at room temperature. The cellulose is completely dissolved in 65 wt % ZnCl2 solution at 80° C. and also the cellulose in the NaOH/urea aqueous solution is completely dissolved. On mixing of the solutions aggregated large ZnO grains are formed by reaction of ZnCl2 with hydroxide in the presence of the dissolved cellulose in amount between 0.5 wt % and 2 wt %. The presence of cellulose during ZnO precipitation is to prevent growth and agglomeration of ZnO particles. The reaction mixture is milled in a colloid mill to nano-size grains and the generated ZnO-cellulose nanocomposite was calcined at 575° C. to produce the Nano-ZnO particles. XRD measurement showed no cellulose crystallinity peaks, which indicates that in the resulting product after calcination no nano-cellulose crystals are present. A disadvantage of the process is that it involves high energy milling step, which is more complicated and costly but, more importantly, would result in degradation and discoloration of any cellulose that would be present. The resulting nanocomposites is referred to as ZnO-cellulose but only comprise ZnO nanoparticles and but no nano-cellulose crystals. The product has yellow-orange emission bands. The resulting nano-particles are not suitable as white pigment replacement.
Ruszala et al., IJCEA, vol. 6, no. 5, October 2015, 331-340 describes various alternative materials for replacing TiO2 as a white pigment in paints and describes in part V.A.1 also ZnO but not ZnO nanoparticles. It is described that lack of stability and low refractive index results in ZnO is not used much in paints. Ruszala does not describe cellulose nanoparticles nor cellulose-ZnO hybrid nanoparticles.
A disadvantage of the described processes for the production of the hybrid composite is that they are complex, involving several process steps and consuming expensive chemicals and therefore are economically and environmentally less attractive.
It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a process for the preparation of a hybrid composite comprising metal nano-particles and cellulose nano-particles that is less complicated and results in a very homogeneous hybrid nano-structured composite material wherein metal nano-particles and cellulose nano-particles are homogeneously mixed on nano-scale. The process of the invention preferably has at least one of the advantages of fewer process steps, less expensive chemicals, lower processing cost, lower energy consumption and lower environmental impact.
According to the invention at least one of the mentioned disadvantages have been overcome by providing process for preparing a hybrid nano-structured composite material comprising cellulose nano-particles and metal compound nano-particles comprising the steps of:
In another aspect the invention relates to the hybrid nano-structured composite material comprising metal nano-particles and cellulose nano-particles obtainable by the process of the invention having improved homogeneity and improved properties in use.
Yet another aspect of the invention relates to the use of the hybrid nano-structured composite material in food packaging, biopharmaceuticals, biomedical, cosmetics and electronics applications, for example in solar cells, flexible displays, ultracapacitors etc. where nano-particles of metal compounds comprising metals like Li, Mn, Ti, Zn, Ru and others are combined with nano-cellulose paper, foils, sheets, tapes etc.
In yet another aspect of the invention relates to the use metal nano-particles or the use of cellulose nano-particles or most preferably the use of the hybrid nano-structured composite material of the invention as a white base pigment, for example but not limited to paint, coatings, adhesives, sealants, inks, plastics, but also in cosmetics such as toothpaste or in food products. The mentioned use relates in particular to replace Titanium compounds such as Titanium dioxide (TiO2) as white pigment in the mentioned applications. It is known that nano-cellulose is white and also that ZnO itself is white, but it was surprisingly found that the hybrid nano-structured composite material of the invention is even whiter than the constituting nano-particles themselves, probably because ZnO is so well dispersed in the nano-cellulose.
The features and advantages of the invention will be appreciated upon reference to the following drawings, in which:
The following is a description of certain embodiments of the invention, given by way of example only and with reference to the drawings. Referring to Example A in
The cellulose particles obtained in this first step can be cellulose particles having XRD type I structure or XRD type II structure. However, it is preferred that the cellulose particles obtained are delaminated cellulose nano-particles having XRD type II structure before the metal precipitation reactant is added as this results in nano-cellulose with a higher aspect ratio and a hybrid composite wherein the cellulose—and metal compound nano-particles are more homogeneously mixed on nano-scale.
In a preferred embodiment, the cellulose particles obtained in a first step are cellulose particles having XRD type I structure which are converted in a separate second step to cellulose nano-particles having XRD type II structure. This second cellulose dissolution step is preferably before addition of the metal precipitation reactant as explained above.
Then a precipitation reactant is added to the obtained cellulose solution NCd-M1-S to convert at least part of the molten metal salt solvent M1-S to an insoluble metal compound M1-X that precipitates as nano-particles in the molten metal salt. In the embodiment shown in
The addition of the metal precipitation reactant may also reduce the solvent quality of the molten salt solvent. It was observed that on addition of the precipitation reactant the cellulose nano-particles NCd start to form a cloudy gel with the precipitated metal compound precipitate M1-OH (Zn(OH)2 in Example A1) and only after adding anti-solvent a clear phase separation occurs between the NCd-M1-OH co-gel and the molten salt solvent.
In a next step an anti-solvent C (H2O in Example A and A1) is added reducing the solvent power of the molten metal salt and precipitating the cellulose nano-particles NCs together with the M1-OH nano-particles (preferably . The precipitate is then separated to obtain the solid hybrid composite product NCs—Zn(OH)2. This separation step may involve filtering and/or centrifuging and may comprise one or more washing and/or drying steps. The process comprises steps a)-d) as successive steps without intermediate steps to reduce particle size. In particular, the process does not comprise, and does not need to comprise, milling, grinding, ultra-sonic treatment steps to reduce particle size.
Preferably the process also comprises a recycling step to regenerate the molten metal salt solvent M1-S, which involves a step of concentrating the diluted molten salt for re-use in the first step. The anti-solvent preferably is water as it allows regeneration of the metal salt solvent M1-S from the separated diluted solvent simply by evaporation of water to the concentration of the molten salt desired in the cellulose dissolution step.
Examples A and A1 in
Herein first a solid virgin cellulose (containing feed) Cs is contacted with a molten metal salt solvent M1-S to produce a solution of cellulose nano-particles, preferably of XRD type II, in the molten metal salt NCd-M1-S in the same way as described above for Example A. Then anti-solvent C, preferably water, is added to produce a precipitate nano-cellulose NCs having a size typically below 200 nm to which metals M1-S (preferably ZnCl2) are attached in molecular form.
In a next step, a metal precipitation reactant is added to convert the molten metal salt solvent M1-S to a metal compound M1-X precipitating as nano-particles onto the precipitated nano-cellulose particles forming a very homogeneous hybrid composite of the metal compound and cellulose nanoparticles. In Example B and B1 the metal precipitation reactant is KHCO3 and the hybrid composite comprises cellulose nano-particles NCs and nano-particles of the modified metal compound M1HCO3; preferably a hybrid composite NCs—Zn(HCO3)2 as shown in Example B1.
Examples C and C1 in
The invention relates to a method for the preparation of a hybrid nano-structured composite comprising cellulose nano-particles and metal compound nano-particles, to the nano structured-composite product obtainable by the process and to uses thereof. The method comprises the steps of contacting virgin cellulose with a molten metal salt solvent M1-S and dissoluting the virgin cellulose, optionally exchanging at least part of metal ions M1 with metal ions M2 and converting at least part of the metal ions M1 and/or optional M2 to metal compound nano-particles, precipitating the cellulose nano-particles and isolating the co-precipitated cellulose- and metal compound nano-particles.
The metal compound can be precipitated before or after precipitation of the cellulose nanoparticles. In a preferred embodiment the metal compound particles are precipitated after precipitation of the cellulose nano-particles. When the cellulose nano-particles are precipitated a sort of gel-like precipitate is formed in which the amount of metal ions M1 of the molten salt metal compound is high. Preferably the amount of M1 metal in the precipitate is reduced, preferably by filtering and washing, to an amount needed in view of the desired amount of metal compound nanoparticles on the cellulose nanoparticles followed by precipitating the metal compound nanoparticles M1-X on the nanocellulose. If in view of the envisaged use of the hybrid composite a different metal M2 is desired in the metal compound, a metal M2 ion can be added to the molten salt and precipitating together with or instead of the metal M compound. Preferably however, the metal ion M2 is not present in the molten salt and the cellulose is precipitated first, followed by separating the molten M1 metal salt solvent from the precipitated nano-cellulose for recycling and re-use in the first step and then contacting the precipitated nano-cellulose, which still is wetted with the molten metal M1 salt solvent, with a metal M2 salt in one or more steps to exchange the metal M1 of the molten salt solvent with metal M2 followed by precipitating the metal M2 compound nanoparticles, optionally washing followed by drying.
The method according to the invention comprises as a first step a) the contacting virgin cellulose with a molten metal salt solvent M1-S comprising metal ions M1 and dissoluting the virgin cellulose. The molten metal salt M1-S preferably is a Zinc halogenide, more preferably Zinc-Chloride, Zinc-Bromide or hydrates thereof, and even more preferably ZnCl2·4H2O. The advantage of molten metal salt ZnCl2 hydrate, preferably ZnCl2·4H2O is that cellulose is well dissolved with little degradation and depolymerisation of the cellulose is reduced, in particular in the molten salt that is proton-free and preferably comprises a proton scavenger.
In one embodiment the molten metal M1 salt solvent comprises a metal cation M2 other than the metal M1 of the molten salt solvent, preferably comprising a ZnCl2 molten metal salt solvent and a M2 metal chloride, wherein the metal cation M2 preferably is one or more chosen from the group of Li, Mn, Ti, Zn, Nd, Cd, Ag and Ru, most preferably TiCl2, MnCl2, LiCl2 and wherein preferably the amount of M2 metal is less than 20%, preferably less than 10 or 5 mole % of the amount of M1.
The cellulose XRD type II nano-particles nano-particles can be prepared in a process as described in WO2017/055407. However, a preferred process to prepare cellulose XRD type II nano-particles is described in WO2020212616. In this preferred embodiment the method of the invention comprises in step a) contacting virgin cellulose with a first solvent, characterized in that the first solvent is an aqueous solution comprising 40-65 wt. % ZnCl2 in water, whereby in step b) the amorphous cellulose phase is preferentially dissolved over the crystalline cellulose phase, c) optionally separating the obtained crystalline cellulose having an XRD type I structure. Cellulose having an XRD type II structure is then prepared in step d) comprising contacting the optionally separated crystalline cellulose having an XRD type I structure with a second solvent comprising a higher concentration than the first solvent of between 65 and 90 wt. % ZnCl2 in water, wherein the second solvent and preferably also the first solvent is free of proton acid and preferably comprise a proton scavenger. In this process crystalline cellulose nano-particles having an XRD type II structure can be obtained in a high yield, high crystallinity and high purity (i.e. low amount of saccharide oligomers or -monomers and degradation products thereof). It is preferred that in this method the temperature in step a) and b) and preferably also of step d) is below 80° C., preferably below 70, 60 or even 50° C. It is possible to carry out the process at room temperature. Lower temperature presents milder conditions and increasing preference for dissolving only the amorphous phase but also increase the time needed to completion. Typically, higher concentration of ZnCl2 is preferably combined with lower temperatures or visa-versa, lower concentration of ZnCl2 can be combined with higher temperatures. Alternatively, it may be preferred that contacting step A is done at higher temperatures, for example between 50 and 80° C. followed by quenching after a pre-determined optimum contacting time to prevent further dissolution of the crystalline cellulose. Quenching means quickly lowering the temperature and/ or quick dilution with water.
The method according to the invention comprises as step b) adding a precipitation reactant B to convert at least part of the metal ions M1 of the molten metal salt solvent M1-S to metal compound nano-particles M1-X or exchanging at least part of metal ions M1 with metal ions M2 by contacting with a solution of a salt comprising metal ions M2 and precipitating metal compound M2-X nano-particles directly or by adding a precipitation reactant B.
The precipitation reactant B preferably is a base anion X, preferably comprising a hydroxy, carbonate or carboxylate, forming a nano-particle precipitate M1-X with metal M1 and/or M2-X with metal M2. The precipitation reactant B is preferably added as a salt comprising the base anion and hydrogen or a group IA metal cation, preferably sodium or potassium. The precipitation reactant B is chosen from the group of NaOH, KOH, KHCO3, a formiate or acetate salt. The metal compound nanoparticles formed are for example nano-particles of M1-OH, M1-HCO3, M1-HCOO− or M1-CH3COO.
In another embodiment the precipitation reactant B comprises a metal ion M2 other than metal M1 or the metal M1 is exchanged with metal M2 to form a precipitate of metal M2-X, wherein the metal cation M2 is preferably one or more chosen from the group of Li, Mn, Ti, Nd, Cd, Ag and Ru.
The method according to the invention comprises as step c) adding an anti-solvent and precipitating the cellulose nano-particles before, during or after step b). Preferably, the anti-solvent C is water, a ketone or alcohol, preferably water added in an amount to reduce the salt concentration of the molten salt, preferably the ZnCl2 concentration, to between 10 and 30 wt. %, preferably between 15 and 25 wt. %. In step d) the obtained co-precipitated cellulose-and metal compound nano-particles are isolated, preferably by filtration and/or centrifugation, optionally washed and dried to obtain the hybrid nano-structured composite material.
It is noted that WO2019229030A1 describes coprecipitation of cellulose with pre-dispersed inorganic particles. This is different from the process of the invention wherein the metal of the molten metal salt is converted to form nano-particles on the nano-cellulose crystals which, as opposed to the prior art, achieves inorganic compound particles having significantly lower size of below 70, preferably below 50, more preferably below 30 and most preferably even below 20 nm. Another drawback of WO2019229030A1 is that it will only work with certain metal-oxides that allow to be dispersed in the molten salt solvent ZnCl2. This is for instance not possible for oxides of ‘heavier’ metals like ZnO, NdO, Rare-Earth oxides etc.
In one embodiment of the method of the invention in step b) precipitation reactant B is added to convert at least part of the metal ions M1 to a nano-particles of metal compound M1-X followed by adding anti-solvent C in step c) to precipitate the cellulose nano-particles in the presence of the nano-particles of metal compound M1-X, optionally followed by one or more steps of filtration, washing and drying.
In one embodiment of the method of the invention step a) is followed by step c) and then by step b) comprising adding anti-solvent C to the cellulose solution obtained in step a) forming a gel of precipitated cellulose nano-particles, optionally followed by separating the gel and washing to reduce the concentration of the metal salt of the molten salt solvent, followed by addition of precipitation reactant B in step b) to convert at least part of the metal ions M1 to a nano-particles of metal compound M1-X in the presence of the cellulose nano-particles.
In a specific embodiment of this method, the molten metal salt solvent preferably is ZnCl2·4H2O and the precipitation reactant B is a hydroxide base, preferably added as sodium hydroxide, resulting in a hybrid composite of cellulose- and Zinc-hydroxide nanoparticles. Optionally the obtained hybrid composite is then treated to convert Zinc-hydroxide nanoparticles to Zinc-oxide nano-particles, preferably by drying at elevated temperatures between 70 and 350° C., preferably between 80 and 300° C., even more preferably between 80 and 280° C.
In an alternative embodiment of the method of the invention step a) is followed by step c) wherein anti-solvent C is adding to the cellulose solution obtained in step a) forming a gel of precipitated cellulose nano-particles, optionally followed by separating the gel and washing to reduce the concentration of the metal salt of the molten salt solvent, followed by step b) wherein at least part of metal ions M1 are exchanged with metal ions M2 by contacting the solution with a solution of a salt comprising metal ions M2, together with or followed addition of precipitation reactant B, forming precipitate of metal compound nano-particles M2-X.
The precipitation reactant B and the antisolvent C can be added separately as described above but can also be added together in a single combined step c) and d). Alternatively, a single compound is added that acts both as precipitation reactant B and as antisolvent C to simultaneously precipitate both the metal compound nano-particles and the cellulose nanoparticles. For example, the precipitation reactant B converts the metal M1 of the molten salt into a precipitate and thereby influences the solubility of the dissoluted cellulose to such extent that the cellulose precipitates. If precipitation reactant B is added as a solution of a salt, for example NaOH, in water, both the metal hydroxide compound and cellulose can precipitate.
The method according to the invention optionally comprises as step e) converting the metal compound in the hybrid nano-structured composite material into another metal compound. This can be done for example by thermal decomposition, ion-exchange, reduction or oxidation. Preferably, the metal compound in the hybrid nano-structured composite comprises a hydroxide, carbonate or carboxylate or combinations thereof, preferably carbonate hydroxide compounds, which are optionally converted to metal oxide by thermal decomposition, preferably under vacuum.
Optionally interlinking agents are added in the method to link with the cellulose nanoparticles, which are preferably chosen from the groups of glycerol, citric acid, acetate or chitosan and preferably are organometal compounds of exchange metal M2, preferably M2-acetate or -citrate and which interlinking agents are preferably added in step b) or c).
The invention also relates to hybrid nano-structured composite comprising cellulose nano-particles and metal compound nano-particles obtainable by the process according to the invention, preferably comprising 2-20 wt % metal compound relative to the total dry weight of the nano-structured composite. The hybrid nano-structured composite preferably comprises cellulose nano-particles having X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) type II structure that preferably have an aspect ratio AR of at least 5, preferably at least 10, preferably having a smallest size below 60, preferably below 40 and more preferably below 30 nm and comprising metal compound nano-particles having an average particle size below 80, preferably below 60 and more preferably below 40 nm and wherein the cellulose and metal compound nano-particles are homogeneously mixed on nano-scale. Preferred hybrid nano-structured composites of the invention comprise as metal compound Zinc-chloride, -hydroxide, -oxide or -carbonate, Lanthanum-chloride, -hydroxide, -oxide or -carbonate or lithium-acetate.
The invention also relates to the use of the hybrid nano-structured composite of the invention for energy generation, in electronic devices, as a pigment and/or a pigment support, as a whitener or filler in food or personal care products, as anti-bacterial compound, in anti-bacterial clothing, in the flexible and optically transparent paper, foil, tape or cloth.
The nano-cellulose based hybrid nanomaterials have huge potential applications in food packaging, biopharmaceuticals, biomedical, cosmetics and electronics. The hybrid composite combines the properties of functional metallic materials with nano-cellulose and can be used as a base material or building block in several applications. For example, the hybrid composites are used in certain electronic devices as for instance in solar cells, flexible displays, ultracapacitors etc. where metals like Li, Mn, Ti, Zn, Ru and others are combined with nano-cellulose paper, foils, sheets, tapes etc. The hybrid nanocomposite containing cellulose- and zinc-oxide nano-particles have excellent mechanical, UV barrier, and antibacterial properties.
In a particular aspect, the invention relates to the use of hybrid nano-structured composite wherein the metal compound is zinc-oxide or of cellulose nano-particles or of Zinc-oxide nano-particles or combinations thereof for replacing titanium-oxide as white pigment in food or personal care products or in paints, coatings and plastic articles.
The invention also relates to the use of the hybrid nano-structured composite of the invention in the catalytic conversion of cellulose into a performance chemical, preferably into an alcohol, a sugar or an acid, wherein the acid preferably is acetic or lactic acid. The metal compound in the hybrid nano-structured composite preferably is one or more chosen from the group of ZnO, BaO, PbO, SnO, FeO, CaO, MgO and Al2O3. More preferably the one or more metal compounds comprise ZnO. For example, a nano-structured hybrid composite comprising nanocellulose and 10-20 wt % of ZnO can be heated at a temperature between 150 and 300° C. whereby the cellulose of the nanocellulose is converted into at least 25 wt % lactic acid relative to the weight of the nano-structured hybrid composite. An advantage of this method is that the ZnO nano-particle is very well distributed on nano-scale in the cellulose feedstock, which reduces mass transfer restrictions and time and lead to higher yields at higher selectivity.
The cellulose products obtained in the experiments are characterised using XRD. XRD measurements according to the method described by: Z. Man, N. Muhammand, A. Sarwono, M. A. Bustam, M. Vignesh Kumar, S. Rafiq in J. Polym. Environ 19 (2011) 726-731: Preparation of cellulose nanocrystals using an Ionic liquid. The crystal type I or II was identified by peak positions, which are for type I on 2θ of 22.6° (the reflection) and for type II on 2θ of 20° and 22° (the and reflection). Before XRD measurement the product samples were dried by vacuum drying at room temperature.
The product crystallinity (mentioned in the above document as crystallinity index) was determined using Segal's formula: Crl=(l002−lam)/l002 wherein l002 is the overall intensity of the peak at 2θ of 22.6° for type I or 22° for type II cellulose and lam is the intensity of the baseline at 2θ about 18°.
The cellulose crystal size was determined from the measured XRD using the Scherrer's equation:
wherein β is the crystallite sizes, λ is the wavelength of incident X-rays, T is the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the XRD peaks, θ is the diffraction angles corresponding to the planes.
Soluble (poly-)sugars were measured based on mass balance % of (poly-)sugars=1−Mpreccel/Mincel wherein Mpreccel is the weight of dry micro- or nano-cellulose obtained in the experiment and Mincel is the weight of dry cellulose placed in the reactor. The term (poly-) sugars implies sugars and poly-sugars such as oligomer sugars. The drying of the obtained cellulose product is done according to the NREL lab procedure, convection oven drying for biomass is performed at 45° C. for 24 h-48 h with regular (typically every 3 h) check of the weight until the dry biomass weight does not change more than 1 wt. % in one hour.
The aspect ratio and crystal size of the nano-cellulose can be analysed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) or transmission electron microscope.
The cellulose base material in all the below described experiments is cotton linter Micro Crystalline Cellulose (MCC) ex-Sigma C6288. XRD characterization shows ±80% of XRD-I type. ZnCl2 and ZnO were also received from Sigma.
The first solvent was prepared by adding 0.5 g ZnO powder to 100 g aqueous solution of 60 wt. % ZnCl2 in water, the mixture was kept under stirring (120 rpm/min) at room temperature overnight. Remaining unreacted ZnO solids were removed from the solution by filtration. The resulting 100 g solvent was mixed with 5 g of the cotton liner cellulose under stirring (480 rpm/min) and kept under stirring for 30 min at room temperature. The obtained cellulose type I crystals C—I were separated from the solution by filtration over a glass filter, washed 8 times with deionized water to remove ZnCl2 and dried in vacuum at room temperature.
The highly crystalline cellulose type I crystals C—I were subsequently contacted with a second solvent. The second solvent is a molten metal salt solvent prepared by mixing 0.5 g ZnO powder (as proton scavenger) with 100 g aqueous solution of 70 to 75 wt % ZnCl2 and kept under stirring at room temperature overnight. Remaining ZnO solids were removed from the solvent by filtration. 100 g of the second solvent was mixed with 5 g of the cellulose type I crystals C—I and stirred for 30 min at room temperature till the solution became clear.
225 g deionized water was added under stirring to the solution to decrease ZnCl2 concentration to 20 wt. % to precipitate the cellulose from the second solution. The sample was kept under stirring for 20 min to allow the cellulose nanocrystals to precipitate. The precipitation causes the solution to gel. The gel precipitate is filtered. The cellulose to ZnCl2 ratio in the gel precipitate is 1:10 based on dry solids weight.
The gel comprises high crystallinity high purity nano-cellulose having XRD type II (NC-II). XRD measurement of a dried sample of this precipitate shows that the cellulose XRD type I obtained in the first dissolution step is converted in the second step to nano cellulose XRD type II having an XRD crystallinity above 80% and less than 5 wt. % saccharide monomers or oligomers formed.
The gel precipitate is washed with water at Troom=25° C. for 2 times with a gel-to-fresh water volume ratio 1:8 until the product has a ZnCl2 content of about 10 wt % (cellulose to ZnCl2 10:1 based on dry solids). The resulting product is referred to as product 1-A.
An amount of 100 gr of this product 1-A is then mixed at temperature T=25° C. with 0.1 gr NaOH producing a cloudy gel-like solution which after filtration results in a wet precipitate comprising a mixture of precipitated nano-cellulose type II crystals and precipitated zinc-hydroxide NC-II/Zn(OH)2. The amount of Zn(OH)2 in the hybrid composite can be optimized by using an excess of NaOH to ensure complete Zn(OH)2 precipitation, followed by washing out residual NaOH. The solid co-precipitate NC-II/Zn(OH)2 is separated and washed twice with water (precipitate to water volume ratio 1:8) to remove NaCl. The precipitate sample is thereafter dried at 80° C.
In the above described preferred embodiment of Example 1 the nano-cellulose obtained have a high crystallinity and high purity and they degrade at higher temperature. It was found that high crystallinity high purity cellulose nanocrystals in dry state have excellent thermal stability and resist degradation at temperatures even above 200° C. This advantageous property can be used to thermally convert hybrid nano-structured composite of the invention at elevated temperatures. The precipitate sample NC—Zn(OH)2 obtained in Example 1 is heated at 200° C. to convert Zn(OH)2 into ZnO. The final dry weight ratio cellulose to ZnO is 10:0.75 as determined with DTA and XRF.
An amount of 100 g of the NC-II/ZnCl2 product 1-A is contacted with a 1000 ml solution of LaCl3 (comprising 2 gr LaCl3 in 1000 ml water) whereby the La exchanges the Zn forming a hybrid composition NC-II/LaCl3 with relative amounts cellulose:LaCl3:ZnCl2 10:1:0.1.
The product obtained in example B-1 is washed with NaOH to form La(OH)3 which is converted by dehydration at T=200° C. under vacuum to La2O3 producing a NC-II/La2O3 hybrid composite.
Nano-cellulose NC was produced separately as described in example 1 and instead of adding Na—OH metal precipitation reactant, the NC nano-crystals were washed, filtered and dried. ZnO nanoparticles were commercially obtained. The whiteness of the hybrid nano-structured composite material NC-II/ZnO of Example 2 was compared with the pure cellulose nanocrystals, ZnO nano-particles and white paper. It appeared that the NC-II/ZnO of Example 2 was whiter than the constituents as shown in the Table below.
A nano-structured hybrid composite comprising nanocellulose and 10 wt % of ZnO was heated to 150-300° C. whereby the cellulose was converted into 25 wt % lactic acid relative to the weight of the nano-structured hybrid composite.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 21160301.4 | Mar 2021 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2022/054891 | 2/25/2022 | WO |
