Patent Application
20240308915
This non-provisional application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(a) on Patent Application No. 2023-040228 filed in Japan on Mar. 15, 2023, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
This invention relates to a hydraulic composition suited for layer modeling by 3D printing and a method of manufacturing 3D objects.
The 3D printing is an additive manufacturing technology of depositing layers in conformity with a cross-sectional shape on the basis of 3D data until a 3D object is completed. The 3D printing is generally divided into four categories. Known are a binder jetting process (jetting a liquid binder onto a powder bed and selectively solidifying), a directed energy deposition process (controlling a heat generation position and selectively melting and bonding a material), a material jetting process (jetting droplets of a material and selectively depositing and solidifying), and a material extrusion process (extruding a flowing material through a nozzle and solidifying).
When a cement based material is used in 3D printing, the material extrusion process is adequate among others. The material used in this process must meet extrudability through the nozzle and self-support after lamination (free-standing laminate and minimal deformation of a lower layer section of a multilayer structure). Since these properties are contradictory, it is difficult for the material to meet both the properties.
For solving the problem, Patent Document 1 (JP-A 2020-105023) specifies the relationship of the contents of a cellulose based thickener and fumed silica, thereby meeting both extrudability and self-support after lamination.
In Patent Document 1, the viscosity of a 1 wt % aqueous solution of cellulose based thickener is specified at every shear rate. However, a hydraulic composition containing fumed silica is highly thixotropic, which fails to take advantage of the properties of the cellulose based thickener. Then some of the desired effects are not obtained, for example, discharge throttling.
An object of the invention is to provide a hydraulic composition suitable for 3D printing of the material extrusion process, meeting extrudability through the nozzle, self-support after lamination (free-standing laminate and minimal deformation of a lower layer section of a multilayer structure), and water retention, and a method of manufacturing a three-dimensional object using the hydraulic composition.
The inventors have found that a hydraulic composition comprising a water-soluble hydroxyalkyl alkyl cellulose providing a specific aqueous solution viscosity, a polyacrylamide having a specific anionization degree and providing a specific aqueous solution viscosity, cement, water, and short fibers has advantages including nozzle extrudability, minimal deformation of a lower layer section of a laminate, and water retention and is thus suitable for 3D printing.
In one aspect, the invention provides a hydraulic composition for 3D printing, comprising at least (A) a water-soluble hydroxyalkyl alkyl cellulose, (B) a polyacrylamide, (C) cement, (D) water, and (E) short fibers. A 2 wt % aqueous solution of the water-soluble hydroxyalkyl alkyl cellulose (A) has a viscosity of 2,000 to 6,000 mPa·s at 20° C. The polyacrylamide (B) has an anionization degree of 6 to 40 mol %, and a 0.5 wt % aqueous solution of the polyacrylamide (B) in a 4 wt % aqueous solution of sodium chloride has a viscosity of 10 to 300 mPa·s at 25° C.
In a preferred embodiment, the water-soluble hydroxyalkyl alkyl cellulose (A) and the polyacrylamide (B) are present in a weight ratio (A)/(B) of 80/20 to 99.9/0.1.
In a preferred embodiment, the water-soluble hydroxyalkyl alkyl cellulose (A) is present in an amount of 0.1 to 0.6 part by weight per 100 parts by weight of the cement (C).
In a preferred embodiment, the short fibers (E) are present in an amount of 0.1 to 3 parts by volume per 100 parts by volume of the hydraulic composition. The short fibers (E) are selected from the group consisting of polypropylene, polyethylene, vinylon, acrylic, aramide, glass, basalt, steel, and carbon fibers and mixtures thereof.
The hydraulic composition may further comprise a fine aggregate.
In another aspect, the invention provides a method of manufacturing a three-dimensional object comprising the steps of pumping the hydraulic composition defined herein to a nozzle, and depositing the hydraulic composition layer by layer while traversing the nozzle.
The hydraulic composition of the invention has advantages including nozzle extrudability, self-support after lamination (free-standing laminate, minimal deformation of a lower layer section of a laminate), and water retention. It is a cement-based material suitable for 3D printing by the material extrusion process.
One embodiment of the invention is a hydraulic composition for 3D printing, comprising at least (A) a water-soluble hydroxyalkyl alkyl cellulose, (B) a polyacrylamide, (C) cement, (D) water, and (E) short fibers. A 2 wt % aqueous solution of the water-soluble hydroxyalkyl alkyl cellulose (A) has a viscosity of 2,000 to 6,000 mPa·s at 20° C. The polyacrylamide (B) has an anionization degree of 6 to 40 mol %. A 0.5 wt % aqueous solution of the polyacrylamide (B) in a 4 wt % aqueous solution of sodium chloride has a viscosity of 10 to 300 mPa·s at 25° C.
As used herein, the term “composition comprising at least components (A) to (E)” refers to a composition containing (A) to (E) as essential components. Namely, the hydraulic composition for 3D printing is a composition containing (A) a water-soluble hydroxyalkyl alkyl cellulose, (B) a polyacrylamide, (C) cement, (D) water, and (E) short fibers as essential components.
Component (A) is a water-soluble hydroxyalkyl alkyl cellulose, which is preferably hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) and/or hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose (HEMC).
From the aspect of meeting both nozzle extrudability and self-support after lamination, a 2 wt % aqueous solution of the water-soluble hydroxyalkyl alkyl cellulose should have a viscosity at 20° C. of 2,000 to 6,000 mPa·s, preferably 2,500 to 5,500 mPa·s, more preferably 2,500 to 5,300 mPa·s, even more preferably 2,500 to 5,000 mPa·s. The viscosity at 20° C. of a 2 wt % aqueous solution of the water-soluble hydroxyalkyl alkyl cellulose may be measured by a Brookfield viscometer.
From the aspect of meeting both nozzle extrudability and self-support after lamination, the water-soluble hydroxyalkyl alkyl cellulose should preferably have a degree of substitution (DS) of alkoxy groups of 1.0 to 2.0, more preferably 1.2 to 1.95, even more preferably 1.3 to 1.92. From the aspect of solubility in summer season, the water-soluble hydroxyalkyl alkyl cellulose should preferably have a molar substitution (MS) of hydroxyalkoxy groups of 0.05 to 0.6, more preferably 0.1 to 0.5, even more preferably 0.1 to 0.4.
The DS (degree of substitution) of alkoxy groups for the water-soluble hydroxyalkyl alkyl cellulose is the average number of alkoxy groups attached to the anhydroglucose unit of cellulose. The MS (molar substitution) of hydroxyalkoxy groups for the water-soluble hydroxyalkyl alkyl cellulose is the average number of moles of hydroxyalkoxy groups per mole of anhydroglucose unit of cellulose. The DS of alkoxy and the MS of hydroxyalkoxy of the water-soluble hydroxyalkyl alkyl cellulose may be determined from conversion of the values measured by the analysis of DS of hypromellose (hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose) prescribed in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia, 18th Edition.
For the water-soluble hydroxyalkyl alkyl cellulose, a suitable combination of the viscosity at 20° C. of a 2 wt % aqueous solution, the DS of alkoxy, and the MS of hydroxyalkoxy is:
From the aspect of imparting water retention to the hydraulic composition, the amount of the water-soluble hydroxyalkyl alkyl cellulose (A) added is preferably 0.1 to 0.6 part by weight, more preferably 0.15 to 0.57 part by weight, even more preferably 0.2 to 0.55 part by weight per 100 parts by weight of the cement (C).
Component (B) is a polyacrylamide. From the aspect of meeting both nozzle extrudability and self-support after lamination, the polyacrylamide has an anionization degree of 6 to 40 mol %, preferably 7 to 40 mol %, more preferably 8 to 40 mol %, even more preferably 8 to 39 mol %. As used herein, the “anionization degree” refers to a molar percent anion modification of the amide group of polyacrylamide which can be measured by the colloidal titration method.
From the aspect of meeting both nozzle extrudability and self-support after lamination, a 0.5 wt % aqueous solution of the polyacrylamide in a 4 wt % aqueous solution of sodium chloride (that is, an aqueous solution obtained by dissolving the polyacrylamide in a 4 wt % aqueous solution of sodium chloride to a concentration of 0.5 wt %) has a viscosity at 25° C. of 10 to 300 mPa·s, preferably 15 to 290 mPa·s, more preferably 20 to 280 mPa·s, even more preferably 25 to 270 mPa·s. The viscosity at 25° C. of a 0.5 wt % aqueous solution of the polyacrylamide may be measured by a Brookfield viscometer.
For the polyacrylamide, a suitable combination of the anionization degree and the viscosity at 25° C. of a 0.5 wt % aqueous solution is anionization degree: 6 to 40 mol % and aqueous solution viscosity: 10 to 300 mPa·s; preferably anionization degree: 7 to 40 mol % and aqueous solution viscosity: 15 to 290 mPa·s; more preferably anionization degree: 8 to 40 mol % and aqueous solution viscosity: 20 to 280 mPa·s; even more preferably anionization degree: 8 to 39 mol % and aqueous solution viscosity: 25 to 270 mPa·s.
From the aspect of meeting both nozzle extrudability and self-support after lamination, the amount of the polyacrylamide (B) added is preferably 0.001 to 0.12 part by weight, more preferably 0.003 to 0.1 part by weight, even more preferably 0.005 to 0.08 part by weight per 100 parts by weight of the cement (C).
From the aspect of meeting both nozzle extrudability and self-support after lamination, the water-soluble hydroxyalkyl alkyl cellulose (A) and the polyacrylamide (B) are preferably present in the hydraulic composition in a weight ratio (A)/(B) of from 80/20 to 99.9/0.1, more preferably from 83/17 to 99.5/0.5, even more preferably from 85/15 to 99/1.
Examples of the cement (C) include various types of cement such as ordinary Portland cement, high-early-strength Portland cement, moderate-heat Portland cement, blast-furnace slag cement, silica cement, fly-ash cement, alumina cement, and ultra-high-early-strength Portland cement.
Tap water and seawater may be used as the water (D), with tap water being preferred in consideration of salt attack.
The amount of water added is preferably 25 to 70 parts by weight, more preferably 28 to 67 parts by weight, even more preferably 30 to 65 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the cement.
From the aspect of meeting both nozzle extrudability and self-support after lamination, the amount of water used is preferably 15 to 70% by weight, more preferably 16 to 65% by weight, even more preferably 17 to 60% by weight based on the weight of the cement or when a fine aggregate is added, the total weight of the cement and the fine aggregate.
Component (E) is short fibers, which may be organic or inorganic. Suitable organic fibers include polypropylene, polyethylene, vinylon, acrylic and aramide fibers. Suitable inorganic fibers include glass, basalt, steel, and carbon fibers.
The short fibers are preferably selected from the group consisting of polypropylene, polyethylene, vinylon, acrylic, aramide, glass, basalt, steel, carbon fibers, and mixtures thereof. Inter alia, polypropylene, polyethylene, and vinylon fibers are preferred. Any of commercially available short fibers used in fiber-reinforced concrete may also be used.
From the aspects of reinforcement and nozzle extrudability, the short fibers (E) preferably have an average fiber length of 1 to 20 mm, more preferably 3 to 18 mm, even more preferably 5 to 15 mm.
The short fibers preferably have a fineness or linear mass density of 0.1 to 1,000 decitex (dtex), more preferably 1 to 100 dtex. The short fibers are preferably of linear shape.
From the aspects of reinforcement and nozzle extrudability, the amount of the short fibers (E) added is preferably 0.1 to 3 parts by volume, more preferably 0.13 to 2 parts by volume, even more preferably 0.15 to 1.5 parts by volume per 100 parts by volume of the hydraulic composition. The amount (parts by volume) of short fibers is calculated by dividing the weight by the density.
In the hydraulic composition, a defoamer may be used for controlling the amount of bubbles carried over by the water-soluble hydroxyalkyl alkyl cellulose. Examples of the defoamer include oxyalkylene, silicone, alcohol, mineral oil, fatty acid, and fatty acid ester based agents.
Exemplary oxyalkylene based defoamers include polyoxyalkylenes such as (poly)oxyethylene (poly)oxypropylene adducts; (poly)oxyalkylene alkyl ethers such as diethylene glycol heptyl ether, polyoxyethylene oleyl ether, polyoxypropylene butyl ether, polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene 2-ethylhexyl ether, and oxyethylene oxypropylene adducts of higher alcohols of 8 or more carbon atoms or secondary alcohols of 12 to 14 carbon atoms; (poly)oxyalkylene (alkyl) aryl ethers such as polyoxypropylene phenyl ether and polyoxyethylene nonyl phenyl ether; acetylene ethers obtained from addition polymerization of alkylene oxide to acetylene alcohol such as 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decyne-4,7-diol, 2,5-dimethyl-3-hexyne-2,5-diol, and 3-methyl-1-butyn-3-ol; (poly)oxyalkylene fatty acid esters such as diethylene glycol oleic acid ester, diethylene glycol lauric acid ester, and ethylene glycol distearic acid ester; (poly)oxyalkylene sorbitan fatty acid esters such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolauric acid ester and polyoxyethylene sorbitan trioleic acid ester; (poly)oxylalkylene alkyl (aryl) ether sulfuric acid ester salts such as polyoxypropylene methyl ether sodium sulfate and polyoxyethylene dodecyl phenol ether sodium sulfate; (poly)oxyalkylene alkyl phosphoric acid esters such as (poly)oxyethylene stearyl phosphoric acid ester; (poly)oxyalkylene alkyl amines such as polyoxyethylene lauryl amine; and polyoxyalkylene amides.
Exemplary silicone based defoamers include dimethylsilicone oils, silicone pastes, silicone emulsions, organo-modified polysiloxanes (polyorganosiloxanes such as dimethylpolysiloxane), and fluorosilicone oils.
Exemplary alcohol based defoamers include octyl alcohol, 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, hexadecyl alcohol, acetylene alcohol, and glycols.
Exemplary mineral oil based defoamers include kerosene and liquid paraffins.
Exemplary fatty acid based defoamers include oleic acid, stearic acid, and alkylene oxide adducts thereof.
Exemplary fatty acid ester based defoamers include glycerin monoricinoleate, alkenyl succinic acid derivatives, sorbitol monolaurate, sorbitol trioleate, and natural wax.
Inter alia, oxyalkylene based defoamers are preferred in view of defoaming ability.
For the purpose of preventing the bubbles entrained during preparation of the hydraulic composition from degrading the self-support after lamination and in view of the strength of the hydraulic composition, the amount of the defoamer added is preferably 1 to 30 parts by weight, more preferably 3 to 29 parts by weight, even more preferably 5 to 28 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the water-soluble hydroxyalkyl alkyl cellulose (A), or preferably 1 to 38% by weight, more preferably 3 to 36% by weight, even more preferably 5 to 35% by weight based on the total weight of the water-soluble hydroxyalkyl alkyl cellulose (A) and the polyacrylamide (B).
To the hydraulic composition, a fine aggregate may be added. Examples of the fine aggregate include river sand, pit sand, sea sand, land sand, and silica sand as used in the preparation of fresh concrete and as plastering fine aggregate. The particle size of the fine aggregate is preferably 0.075 to 5 mm, more preferably 0.075 to 2 mm, even more preferably 0.075 to 1 mm.
The amount of the fine aggregate added is preferably 15 to 85 parts by weight, more preferably 20 to 80 parts by weight, even more preferably 25 to 75 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the cement and fine aggregate combined.
Part of the fine aggregate may be replaced by an inorganic or organic extender. Suitable inorganic extenders include fly ash, blast furnace slag, talc, calcium carbonate, fumed silica, powdered marble or powdered lime, pearlite, and Shirasu balloons. Suitable organic extenders include ground forms of expanded styrene beads and expanded ethylene vinyl alcohol. The inorganic or organic extender having a particle size of up to 5 mm is commonly used and preferred herein.
For the purpose of further improving nozzle extrudability and self-support after lamination, a water-soluble polymer other than the above-mentioned ones may be added. Suitable water-soluble polymers include synthetic polymers such as polyethylene glycol and polyvinyl alcohol, and naturally occurring high-molecular-weight substances such as pectin, gelatin, casein, diutan gum, Wellan gum, xanthan gum, gellan gum, locust bean gum, and guar gum. The amount of the water-soluble polymer added is preferably 0.01 to 1.0 part by weight, more preferably 0.05 to 0.8 part by weight, even more preferably 0.1 to 0.6 part by weight per 100 parts by weight of the cement.
To the hydraulic composition, any of well-known water-reducing agents, set retarders, set accelerators, expanding agents, and shrinkage reducing agents may be added, if necessary, as long as the benefits of the invention are not impaired.
Suitable water-reducing agents include polycarboxylic acid agents such as polycarboxylic acid ether, complexes of polycarboxylic acid ether with crosslinked polymers, complexes of polycarboxylic acid ether with oriented polymers, complexes of polycarboxylic acid ether with highly modified polymers, polyether carboxylic acid polymers, maleic acid copolymers, maleate copolymers, maleic acid derivative copolymers, carboxy-containing polyethers, polycarboxylic acid group-containing multiple polymers having a terminal sulfone group, polycarboxylic acid-based graft copolymers, polycarboxylic acid compounds, and polycarboxylic acid ether based polymers; melamine based agents such as melamine sulfonic acid formalin condensates, melamine sulfonic acid salt condensates, melamine sulfonic acid salt polyol condensates; and lignin based agents such as lignin sulfonic acid salts and derivatives thereof. In view of water-reducing effect, fluidity and flow maintenance, polycarboxylic acid based water reducing agents are preferred. The amount of the water-reducing agent added is preferably 0.1 to 5 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the cement (C).
Suitable set retarders include oxycarboxylic acids such as gluconic acid, citric acid, and glucoheptonic acid, and inorganic salts thereof with sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and ammonium, saccharides such as glucose, fructose, galactose, saccharose, xylose, arabinose, ribose, oligosaccharide and dextran; and boric acid. The amount of the set retarder added is preferably 0.005 to 10 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the cement (C).
The set accelerators are generally divided into inorganic compounds and organic compounds. Suitable inorganic compounds include chlorides such as calcium chloride and potassium chloride, nitrites such as sodium nitrite and calcium nitrite, nitrates such as sodium nitrate and calcium nitrate, sulfates such as calcium sulfate, sodium sulfate and alum, thiocyanates such as sodium thiocyanate, hydroxides such as sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide, carbonates such as calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate and lithium carbonate, sodium silicate, aluminum hydroxide, and alumina species such as aluminum oxide. Suitable organic compounds include amines such as diethanolamine and triethanolamine, calcium salts of organic acids such as calcium formate and calcium acetate, and maleic anhydride. The amount of the set accelerator added is preferably 0.005 to 10 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the cement (C).
Suitable expanding agents include ettringite based expanding agents, lime based expanding agents, and ettringite-lime composite expanding agents. The amount of the expanding agent added is preferably 0.5 to 30 parts by weight, more preferably 1 to 30 parts by weight, even more preferably 3 to 25 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the cement (C).
Suitable shrinkage reducing agents include lower and higher alcohol alkylene oxide adducts, glycol ether derivatives, and polyether derivatives. The amount of the shrinkage reducing agent added is preferably 0.1 to 0.5 part by weight, more preferably 0.15 to 0.45 part by weight, even more preferably 0.2 to 0.4 part by weight per 100 parts by weight of the cement (C).
The hydraulic composition is typically prepared by admitting all components including the water-soluble hydroxyalkyl alkyl cellulose (A), the polyacrylamide (B), the cement (C), water (D), the short fibers (E) and optionally, fine aggregate all at once, and mixing them. Alternatively, the hydraulic composition is prepared by previously mixing the cement (C) with the water-soluble hydroxyalkyl alkyl cellulose (A), the polyacrylamide (B), and the short fibers (E), admitting the mixture or the mixer and fine aggregate into a mixer, admitting water (D), and mixing them. For mixing, a mixer complying with JIS R 5201 such as a commercial mortar mixer may be used.
The hydraulic composition defined above exhibits satisfactory extrudability through the nozzle, self-support after lamination (free-standing laminate and minimal deformation of a lower layer section of a multilayer structure), and water retention. It is thus suitable for additive manufacturing, especially 3D printing of the material extrusion process,
Another embodiment of the invention is a method of manufacturing a three-dimensional object comprising the steps of pumping the hydraulic composition to a nozzle, and depositing the hydraulic composition layer by layer while traversing the nozzle.
The method of manufacturing a three-dimensional object is preferably carried out by a 3D printer system comprising a tank for storing the hydraulic composition, a conduit connected to the tank for flowing the composition, a pump for pumping the composition from the tank through the conduit, a nozzle connected to the conduit for discharging the composition, a movement for traversing the nozzle, and means for controlling the pump and the movement. There may also be used an integral hopper-pump unit in which the tank for storing the hydraulic composition is integrated with the pump for pumping the composition.
Examples and Comparative Examples are shown below for illustrating the invention although the invention is not limited thereto. The viscosity of a 2 wt % aqueous solution of a water-soluble hydroxyalkyl alkyl cellulose, referred to as “2% solution viscosity,” is measured at 20° C. by a Brookfield rotational viscometer. The anionization degree of a polyacrylamide is measured by the colloidal titration method. The viscosity of a 0.5 wt % aqueous solution of a polyacrylamide in a 4 wt % aqueous solution of sodium chloride, referred to as “0.5% solution viscosity,” is measured at 25° C. by a Brookfield rotational viscometer.
A hydraulic composition was prepared using a mortar mixer according to JIS R 5201. The materials and amounts are shown in Table 3. First, CE, PA, short fibers and defoamer were premixed with cement. The cement and silica sand were admitted into the mortar mixer and mixed for 60 seconds by low speed agitation (rotary motion 140 rpm, planetary motion 60 rpm). Then water was added to the mixture, whereupon mixing was continued for 180 seconds by low speed agitation (rotary motion 140 rpm, planetary motion 60 rpm). The material temperature was adjusted so that the finished composition was at a temperature of 20±3° C.
The hydraulic composition was discharged through a nozzle under the pumping conditions shown below. A sample was rated “Good” for uniform discharge, and “Poor” when undischarged because of clogging in the hose or nozzle.
Mohno pump model 2NVL15 (Heishin Ltd.) which is an integral hopper-pump unit was used. The outlet port of the pump was connected to a hose (inner diameter 38 mm, length 0.5 m). A nozzle having an opening (height 15 mm, width 30 mm) was connected to the distal end of the hose. A mechanism for discharging the hydraulic composition in parallelepiped shape was constructed in this way. The nozzle was secured with its opening directed horizontal. The hydraulic composition was discharged or extruded at a discharge rate of 0.5 L/min. The thus shaped parallelepiped object of the hydraulic composition was carried over by a belt conveyor at a speed synchronous with the discharge rate. The pump was operated at a frequency of 6 Hz.
(2) Self-Support after Lamination
Under the above pumping conditions, two objects of length 500 mm, a single-layer object (as extrusion molded) and a three-layer object (single-layer objects as extrusion molded are stacked to a three-layer laminate) were manufactured. For each of the single-layer and three-layer objects after 24 hours from the manufacture, the transverse width of the first layer was measured at longitudinally 150 mm, 250 mm and 350 mm apart positions by a caliper. An average of widths at three positions was calculated, from which a percent deformation was computed according to the following formula (1). A sample with a deformation of 6% or less was judged excellent in self-support after lamination.
Deformation (%)=[(width of 1st layer of 3-layer object)−(width of 1-layer object)]/(width of 1−layer object)×100 (1)
A water retention test was carried out according to the tile-bonding mortar testing method (A.2.3) of JIS A 6916, Attachment A. A water retention of 75% or higher was regarded sufficient to inhibit water separation.
The test results are shown in Table 4.
As seen from the above results, Examples 1 to 15 using CE having a 2% solution viscosity at 20° C. of 2,000 to 6,000 mPa·s and PA having an anionization degree of 6 to 40 mol % and a 0.5% solution viscosity at 25° C. of 10 to 300 mPa·s show excellent pumping extrudability and meet the standards of self-support after lamination (deformation of a lower layer section of a laminate) and water retention.
Comparative Example 1 using CE having a 2% solution viscosity of less than 2,000 mPa·s encountered clogging of the hose due to the shortage of lubricity of mortar and failed to meet the standard of water retention. Comparative Example 2 using CE having a 2% solution viscosity in excess of 6,000 mPa·s experienced considerable deformation by its own weight due to excessively viscous mortar and failed to meet the standard of self-support after lamination (deformation of a lower layer section of a laminate).
Comparative Example 3 using PA having an anionization degree of less than 6 mol % and Comparative Example 5 using PA having a 0.5% solution viscosity of less than 10 mPa·s show a considerable deformation of a lower layer section due to a poor coagulating effect. Comparative Example 4 using PA having an anionization degree in excess of 40 mol % and Comparative Example 6 using PA having a 0.5% solution viscosity in excess of 300 mPa·s encountered clogging of the hose due to an intense coagulating effect of PA.
Japanese Patent Application No. 2023-040228 is incorporated herein by reference. Although some preferred embodiments have been described, many modifications and variations may be made thereto in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described without departing from the scope of the appended claims.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2023-040228 | Mar 2023 | JP | national |
