Patent Application
20210270261
The present disclosure generally relates a hydraulic fracturing system and, more specifically, to a system and method for detecting a pump failure of a hydraulic fracturing machine.
Hydraulic fracturing or “fracking” is a means for extracting oil and gas from rock, typically to supplement a horizontal drilling operation. In operation, high pressure fracturing fluid, which may include granular materials such as sand and other agents, is used to produce fractures or cracks in rock far below the Earth's surface, stimulating the flow of oil and gas through the rock. The hydraulic fracturing rig or “frac rig” used to inject the fracturing fluid typically includes, among other components, an engine, transmission, driveshaft and hydraulic pump. The pump is used to pressurize and inject the fracturing fluid, and typically includes several components that may be subject to high working pressures.
An overall health and performance of the pump relies on the health of its individual components. As a result of the abrasive and sometimes corrosive nature of the fracturing fluid and the high pressures at which the pump is operated, individual pump components can wear down, causing the pump to malfunction or even fail. The malfunction or failure of the pump can also cause a malfunction and/or a failure of the entire hydraulic fracturing rig.
In order to maintain the life of the pump, and in turn the hydraulic fracturing rig, the health and performance of the pump components should be monitored regularly. In an example health monitoring system disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2015/0356521, utilizes pressure and temperature sensors to predict future reliability of equipment in the field of oil and gas exploration and production. More specifically, the system uses a controller to determine the current operating conditions of oil field equipment. The current operating conditions are determined from sensors and parameters that are known (or believed) to correlate to proper operation of the unit of equipment. The system collects data for determining condition values through various sensors, such as temperature and pressure sensors.
Such systems, however, collect data infrequently and rely on a single type of sensor, resulting in inaccurate or delayed detection of pump failure. There is consequently a need for a high speed engine control module capable of determining, in real time, accurate, early detection of pump component failure through analysis of data transmitted by multiple types of sensors, including vibration sensors, oil quality or oil debris sensors, temperature sensors, and others.
In one aspect of the present disclosure, a hydraulic fracturing machine with pump failure detection system is disclosed. The hydraulic fracturing machine includes a hydraulic fracturing pump having a power end and a fluid end, the power end including a plurality of roller bearings, and the fluid end having a flow of fluid. The hydraulic fracturing machine also includes a particle sensor coupled to the power end and configured to transmit particle information regarding a quantity of particles in the fluid, and a temperature sensor coupled to the power end and configured to transmit temperature information regarding a temperature of the fluid. The hydraulic fracturing machine also includes a vibration sensor coupled to the power end and configured to transmit vibration information regarding a vibration of each. of the plurality of roller bearings. Finally, the hydraulic fracturing machine also includes an electronic control module configured to analyze the particle information, the temperature information and the vibration information, and to calculate a failure warning level based on the analysis.
In another aspect of the present disclosure, a failure detection system for a hydraulic pump including a lubrication system includes a particle sensor operatively disposed in the lubrication system. The particle sensor is configured to monitor and transmit particle data including a quantity of particles in a lubricant flowing through the lubrication system. The failure detection system also includes an inlet temperature sensor operatively disposed in an inlet valve of the lubrication system, and an outlet temperature sensor operatively disposed in an outlet valve of the lubrication system. Each of the inlet temperature sensor and the outlet temperature sensor is configured to monitor and transmit temperature data including a temperature of the lubricant.
The failure detection system further includes a plurality of vibration sensors coupled to a power end of the hydraulic pump and configured to monitor and transmit vibration data, including an acceleration of each of a plurality of roller bearings. Finally, the failure detection system includes an electronic control module in operative communication with the particle sensor, the temperature sensor, and the plurality of vibration sensors. The electronic control module is coupled to the power end of the hydraulic pump and is configured to receive the particle data transmitted by the particle sensor, determine a quantity of particles in the lubricant based on the received particle data, trigger a quality warning if the quantity of particles exceeds a predetermined threshold particle value, receive the temperature data transmitted by the inlet temperature sensor and the outlet temperature sensor, calculate a difference value between the temperature data received from the inlet temperature sensor and the temperature data received from the outlet temperature sensor, trigger a temperature warning if the difference value exceeds a predetermined threshold temperature value, receive vibration data transmitted by the plurality of vibration sensors, trigger a vibration warning if, after performing vibration based detection calculations on the vibration data, a threshold vibration value is exceeded, calculate a failure warning level of the hydraulic pump based on the quality warning, the temperature warning and the vibration warning, and transmit the failure warning level to an operator of the hydraulic pump.
In yet another aspect of the present disclosure, a method of detecting a failure of a hydraulic pump is disclosed. The method includes monitoring discharge pressure signals of a fluid flowing through the hydraulic pump, monitoring pump speed signals of the hydraulic pump, monitoring temperature signals of the fluid, monitoring fluid quality signals of the fluid, and monitoring vibration signals of a power end of the hydraulic pump. The method further includes analyzing the temperature signals to determine a temperature value, and analyzing the fluid quality signal to determine a fluid quality value. The method includes performing vibration based detection calculations on the vibration signals, the pump speed signals and the discharge pressure signals to determine a vibration value, triggering a temperature warning if the temperature value exceeds a predetermined temperature threshold, and triggering a fluid quality warning if the fluid quality value exceeds a predetermined quality threshold. Finally, the method includes calculating a failure warning level based on the vibration value, the temperature warning and the fluid quality warning, and displaying the failure warning level to an operator of the hydraulic pump.
Other features and aspects of this disclosure will be apparent from the following description and the accompanying drawings.
Reference will now he made in detail to specific embodiments or features, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, corresponding or similar reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or corresponding parts.
The detailed description of exemplary embodiments of the disclosure herein makes reference to the accompanying drawings and figures, which show the exemplary embodiments by way of illustration only. While these exemplary embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the disclosure, it should be understood that other embodiments may be realized and that logical and mechanical changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. It will be apparent to a person skilled in the pertinent art that this disclosure can also be employed in a variety of other applications. Thus, the detailed description herein is presented for purposes of illustration only and not of limitation. For example, the steps recited in any of the method or process descriptions may be executed in any order and are not limited to the order presented.
For the sake of brevity, conventional data networking, application development and other functional aspects of the systems (and the user operating components of the systems) may not be described in detail herein. It should be noted that many alternative or additional functional relationships or physical connections may be present in a practical system.
The fracking machine 10 may include an internal combustion engine 12, such as a diesel-burning compression ignition engine. However, other types of prime movers may be used, including gasoline-burning spark ignition engines, gas-burning turbines, and the like. The engine 12 may be operatively coupled via drive train components 14 (e.g a crankshaft, transmission, and driveshaft) to a hydraulic pump 20, which may be used to pump fracking fluid to a wellhead at a high pressure. To cool the internal combustion engine 12, the fracking machine 10 may include a radiator 16 that circulates coolant to and from the engine, thereby transferring any generated heat to the environment. The components of the tracking machine 10 may be disposed on a mobile trailer 18 supported by a plurality of ground engaging mechanisms 22. In the illustrated embodiment, the trailer 18 is equipped with a plurality of wheels, and may be coupled to a truck or other towing vehicle (not shown) that may enable the tracking machine 10 to be moved within a fracking site or to a different location entirely. In other embodiments, however, the tracking machine 10 may remain stationary.
Referring now to
The fluid end 26 may be configured to receive the low-pressure fracking fluid via an inlet manifold 38 disposed generally beneath the pumping unit 34. More specifically, a fluid rail 40 may have an inlet port 42 that may be attached to a hose or other piping and configured to receive the fracking fluid. A plurality of inlet lines 44 lead the tracking fluid to the pumping chambers 36. In response to a forward stroke of a plunger 48 coupled to a pony rod 50 driven by the power end 24 of the hydraulic pump 20, the fracking fluid may then be pumped through one or more discharge outlets 46 disposed on top of the pumping unit. In the illustrated embodiment, the plunger 48 is one of five plungers, with each plunger corresponding to, and interfacing with, one of five pumping chambers. Accordingly, the quantity of plungers may depend on the size of the pump 20 (i.e. three cylinder, five cylinder, etc.). The discharge outlet 46 may connect to high-pressure fluid lines or pipes that direct the pressurized fracking fluid to the wellhead. It should be appreciated that, in other embodiments, different configurations for receiving and discharging fracking fluid to and from the pumping unit 34, including a varying number or position of the discharge outlets 46, are contemplated.
With continued reference to
During operation of the pump 20, friction generated between sliding and rolling surfaces can generate heat or retard movement of various pump components. As such, a power end lubrication system 28 may be used to circulate a lubrication fluid to lubricate and cool certain components of the power end 24. These components may include rolling and sliding surfaces (i.e. sliding bearing surfaces, roller bearing surfaces, and meshed gear tooth surfaces), as well as bearing components themselves. The lubrication fluid used in the lubrication system 28 may be any suitable lubricant, including, for example, oil based lubricants, and may be circulated through the power end 24 of the pump 20. For example, lubrication fluid may be used to lubricate sliding surfaces associated with each pony rod 50, which reciprocate back and forth with respect to the fluid end 26 of the pump 20. As a further example, lubricant fluid may also be circulated through a plurality of crankshaft inlets 78. The lubrication fluid supplied to the crankshaft 56 via the inlets 78 may be delivered at a high pressure, enabling the lubrication fluid to flow between sliding surfaces associated with the crankshaft. The lubrication fluid may also be circulated through a plurality of lubrication conduits (not shown), including, for example, roller bearing conduits, and bypass conduits to provide lubrication fluid to the roller bearings 58. The lubrication conduits may be made of any suitable material, such as rigid pipe or flexible hoses and may include one or more manifolds through which the lubrication fluid flows.
Referring briefly to
Monitoring the health of the power end 24 of the pump 20 is essential to maintaining optimal performance and preventing premature failure of the pump. Extreme vibrations, caused by unknown defects in the roller bearings 58, shown in
To monitor, regulate, and coordinate operation of various components of the tracking machine 10, including the pump 20, the engine 12, the drive train components 14, and others, as shown in
The ECM 70 may be connected to a memory, a display, an input device, a communication interface, and other data structures and devices (not shown). The memory may include a random access memory (“RAM”), a read only memory (“ROM”), and/or another type of dynamic or static storage device e.g., a flash, magnetic, or optical memory) that stores information and/or instructions for use by the example components, including the information and/or instructions used by the ECM 70 (as explained in further detail below). Additionally, or alternatively, the memory may include non-transitory computer-readable medium or memory, such as a disc drive, flash drive, optical memory, read-only memory (ROM), or the like. The memory may store the information and/or the instructions in one or more data structures, such as one or more databases, tables, lists, trees, etc. As will be described in more detail below, the ECM may be configured to receive signals from the plurality of sensors associated with the pump 20 in order to determine a level of failure of the power end 24 of the pump.
Referring now to
The vibration sensors 80 may be configured to monitor the vibrations generated by the roller bearings 58. For example, each vibration sensor 80 may measure an acceleration of each of the six roller bearings 58 over time. If, for example, during the monitoring, a shock pulse is measured at one or more of the roller bearings 58 at specific time intervals, then it may be determined that a defect exists in the er bearing that generated the shock pulse. Each vibration sensor 80a-f may be any type of sensor configured to monitor the roller bearings 58, such as, but not limited to proximity switches, accelerometers or any other appropriate sensor. The vibration data measured by each vibration sensor 80 may be transmitted to the ECM 70 for analysis, as will be described in greater detail below.
Referring now to
The power end 24 of the pump 20 may further include a plurality of temperature sensors. While a pair of temperature sensors 68 are illustrated in
In operation, the present disclosure finds utility in various industrial applications, such as, but not limited to, in transportation, mining, construction, industrial, earthmoving, agricultural, and forestry machines and equipment. For example, the present disclosure may be applied to (racking machines, hauling machines, dump trucks, mining vehicles, on-highway vehicles, off-highway vehicles, trains, earth-moving vehicles, agricultural equipment, material handling equipment, and/or the like. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to monitoring the health of the power end 24 of the hydraulic pump 20 to prevent failure of the hydraulic pump 20 and its components.
A series of steps 100 involved in monitoring the health of the power end 24 of the hydraulic pump 20 is illustrated in a flowchart format in
The data received by the ECM 70 during the monitoring and analyzing step 102 includes data gathered by the lubrication fluid quality sensor 66. More specifically, the lubrication fluid quality sensor 66 may determine the presence of particles, may subsequently measure a quantity of particles in the flow of the lubrication fluid, may determine a size of each of the particles in the flow of the lubrication fluid, and may transmit this data (collectively referred to hereinafter as “lubrication fluid quality data”) to the ECM 70. The lubrication fluid quality sensor 66 may detect the presence of particles, measure the quantity of particles and/or determine a size of the particles independently of the ECM 70, and subsequently transmit, to the ECM 70, the quantity of the particles, the size of each of the particles, and/or the like. In other implementations, the ECM 70 may cause the lubrication fluid quality sensor 66 to count the quantity of particles and/or determine a size of the particles.
The ECM 70 may then analyze the lubrication fluid quality data, and determine a quality of the lubrication fluid. More specifically, the lubrication fluid quality data may be compared to a predetermined threshold of acceptable quantity and size of particles, as well as to a predetermined threshold slope or rate of increase. The predetermined threshold may be stored in the memory associated with the ECM. If the lubrication fluid quality data indicates a particle count or size above the predetermined threshold and/or an increase in quantity of particles over a short period of time, then the pump 20 may be operating under a possibility of impeding failure. Consequently, a lubrication fluid quality warning may be triggered.
Additional data received by the ECM 70 during the monitoring and analyzing step 102 includes data gathered by the lubrication fluid temperature sensors 68. More specifically, the inlet valve sensor 68a may measure a temperature of the lubrication fluid flowing through the inlet valve 74, and the outlet valve sensor 68b may measure a temperature of the lubrication fluid flowing through the outlet valve 76. The lubrication fluid temperature sensors 68 may transmit this data (collectively referred to hereinafter as “lubrication fluid temperature data”) to the ECM 70.
The ECM 70 may then analyze the lubrication fluid temperature data by first calculating a difference between the lubrication fluid temperature at the inlet valve 74 and the outlet valve 76. The calculated difference may then be compared to a predetermined threshold of allowable temperature difference that may be stored in the memory associated with the ECM. Generally, if the lubrication fluid temperature data indicates a temperature difference in the lubrication fluid greater than 50° C., then the pump 20 may be operating under a possibility of impeding failure. However, the predetermined threshold may vary according to site parameters, the type of lubrication fluid used, operating conditions, and other variables. In other embodiments, for example, the predetermined threshold may be as low as 1° C. or as high as 100° C. Regardless, if the lubrication fluid temperature data indicates a temperature difference in the lubrication fluid greater than the predetermined threshold of allowable temperature difference, then a lubrication fluid temperature warning may be triggered.
Further data received by the ECM 70 during the monitoring and analyzing step 102 includes data gathered by the plurality of vibration sensors 80. More specifically, the vibration sensors 80 may determine a vibration, or acceleration of the roller bearings 58, and may transmit this data (collectively referred to hereinafter as “acceleration data”) to the ECM 70. The vibration sensors may measure the acceleration or vibrations of the roller bearings 58 independently of the ECM 70, and subsequently transmit, to the ECM 70, the acceleration data, and/or the like, in other implementations, the ECM 70 may cause the vibration sensors 80 to determine the acceleration directly.
The ECM 70 may analyze the acceleration data along with the speed of the pump 20 (hereinafter, “pump speed”) and the discharge pressure of the fracking fluid in order to determine a vibration level. However, in order to accurately determine a vibration level, the pump speed and discharge pressure must be analyzed to ensure their values indicate normal operation. For example, if the pump speed and discharge pressure values are abnormal, then the calculation of vibration level could be inaccurate. As such, if either the pump speed or discharge pressure is abnormal (step 104), the operator of the fracking machine 10 is notified and instructed to perform a diagnostic to determine the cause of the abnormal data readings (step 106). Once the pump speed and discharge pressure are determined to be in a normal range, the pump speed, fracking fluid discharge pressure and acceleration data are compared together with various failure models. The failure models may be stored in the memory associated with the ECM 70. The ECM 70 may perform vibration based detection calculations on the acceleration data. For example, the ECM 70 may perform root mean square (RMS) calculations, skewness calculations, or any other vibration signal based analysis at a fault frequency of the roller bearings 58 with filter or envelope technology applied. With the vibration based calculations performed, the ECM 70 may be configured to analyze the calculations with the pump speed and discharge pressure in order to determine a vibration level. If, for example, based on the vibration based detection calculations, it is determined that the pump 20 is operating normally, without a possibility of impending failure, a vibration level of “Normal” may be assigned. If, for example, based on the RMS calculations, it is determined that the pump 20 is operating abnormally, with a possibility of impending failure, a vibration level of 1, 2 or 3 may be assigned based on the severity of the vibrations.
Once the vibration data, the lubrication fluid quality data and the lubrication fluid temperature data have each been analyzed, the ECM 70 then determines an overall pump failure warning level based on the analyzed data. At a decision block 110, the ECM 70 may examine whether, during analysis of the vibration data (block 102), the vibration level was determined to be “Normal.” If the vibration level was determined to be within the normal range, then at the next decision blocks 112 and 114, the ECM 70 examines whether the lubrication fluid temperature warning or the lubrication fluid quality warning was triggered during analysis. If neither the lubrication fluid temperature warning nor the lubrication fluid quality warning were triggered, then the pump 20 is determined to be operating normally, and the ECM will continue to monitor analyze the data related to the health of the fracking machine 10 (block 102). In other embodiments, when the vibration level, oil quality and temperature are all considered to be “normal” (i.e., no vibration level set, and no oil quality or temperature warnings triggered), the ECM 70 may transmit, to a display of an operator of the fracking machine 10, a “No Warning” status, along with an instruction to take no abnormal actions in operating the fracking machine. After displaying the status to the operator, the ECM 70 may then return to monitoring and analyzing the data related to the health of the fracking machine 10 (block 102).
If, however, at decision blocks 112 and 114, the ECM 70 determines that at least one of the lubrication fluid temperature warning or the lubrication fluid quality warning was triggered during analysis, then a failure “Warning Level 1” (block 124) status may be set by the ECM. The ECM 70 may then transmit, to the operator display (not shown), the failure “Warning Level 1” status, along with an instruction to the operator of the fracking machine 10 to closely monitor pump performance statistics including pump speed, discharge pressure, and other data (block 126). After transmitting the instructions to the operator display, the ECM 70 may return to monitoring and analyzing the data related to the health of the fracking machine 10 (block 102).
At a decision block 118, the ECM 70 may examine whether, during analysis of the vibration data (block 102), the vibration warning “Level 1” or “Level 2” were triggered. If either of these warning levels were triggered, then at the next decision blocks 120 and 122, the ECM 70 examines whether the lubrication fluid temperature warning or the lubrication fluid quality warning was also triggered during analysis. If neither the lubrication fluid temperature warning nor the lubrication fluid quality warning were triggered (i.e., the fluid temperature and lubrication fluid quality were determined to be “normal”), then the pump 20 is determined to be operating at a failure “Warning Level 1” status (block 124). The ECM 70 may then transmit the failure “Warning Level 1” status o the operator display along with an instruction to the operator to closely monitor pump 20 performance include g pump speed, discharge pressure, and other data (block 126).
If, however, at decision blocks 120 and 122, the ECM 70 determines that at least one of the lubrication fluid temperature warning or the lubrication fluid quality warning was triggered during analysis, then a failure “Warning Level 2” (block 134) status is set by the ECM. The ECM 70 may then transmit the “Warning Level 2” status to the operator display, along with an instruction to the operator of the fracking machine 10 to immediately inspect the roller bearings 58 and the gearboxes 52, 54 (block 136). After transmitting these instructions to the operator display, the ECM 70 may return to monitoring and analyzing the data related to the health of the fracking machine 10 (block 102).
Finally, at a decision block 128, the ECM 70 examines whether, during analysis of the vibration data, the vibration warning “Level 3” was triggered. If this warning level was triggered, then at the next decision blocks 130 and 132, the ECM 70 examines whether the lubrication fluid temperature warning or the lubrication fluid quality warning was also triggered during analysis. If neither the lubrication fluid temperature warning nor the lubrication fluid quality warning were triggered, then the pump 20 is determined to be operating at a failure “Warning Level 2” status (block 134). The ECM 70 may then transmit the failure “Warning Level 2” status to the operator display along with an instruction to the operator of the fracking machine 10 to immediately inspect the roller bearings 58 and the gearboxes 52, 54 (block 136). After transmitting these instructions, the ECM 70 may return to monitoring and analyzing the data related to the health of the fracking machine 10 (block 102).
If, however, at decision blocks 130 and 132, the ECM 70 determines that at least one of the lubrication fluid temperature warning or the lubrication fluid quality warning was triggered during analysis, then a failure “Warning Level 3” (block 138) status is set by the ECM. The ECM 70 then transmits, the failure “Warning Level 3” status to the operator display, along with an instruction to the operator of the fracking machine 10 to immediately shut down the pump 20, as catastrophic failure is imminent (block 140). After transmitting these instructions to the operator display, the ECM 70 may return to monitoring and analyzing the data related to the health of the fracking machine 10 (block 102).
While a series of steps and operations have been described herein, those skilled in the art will recognize that these steps and operations may be re-arranged, replaced, or eliminated, without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure as set forth in the claims.
With implementation of the present disclosure, operators of pumps may be alerted of a possible failure of a component in the pump before a catastrophic failure occurs. With early indication of a possible failure, operators of a given pump may conveniently plan to perform shutdown, replacement, maintenance, overhaul, and/or other service routines on the pump in a timely manner with little or no obstruction to an ongoing procedure in a jobsite (i.e., a wellbore). Moreover, upon detection of a possible failure, operators may conveniently perform the necessary actions, as the present disclosure is configured to additionally provide a manner of taking corrective actions to prevent failure. Furthermore, with implementation of the present disclosure, time and effort previously incurred with maintenance of pumps may be offset, saving costs to operators of pumps.
While aspects of the present disclosure have been particularly shown and described with reference to the embodiments above, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various additional embodiments may be contemplated by the modification of the disclosed machines, systems and assemblies without departing from the scope of what is disclosed. Such embodiments should be understood to fall within the scope of the present disclosure as determined based upon the claims and any equivalents thereof.
