Patent Application
20220074653
The present invention relates generally to the field of oil and gas pressure and flow regulation, and, more particularly, a hydrocarbon flow control generator system that generates electricity by capturing energy during the process of regulating pressure and flow of a hydrocarbon producing well.
During the lifetime of a hydrocarbon producing well, gases and liquids are received at variable pressures when extracted at the surface for sale. These gases and liquids are often referred to as hydrocarbons.
The hydrocarbon-producing wells can flow extremely high volumes of gas and liquids accompanied with high pressures at the surface. When a well begins to flow, the underground reservoir where the hydrocarbons are located is usually at or near its peak pressure. As the well ages and hydrocarbons are extracted, the pressure and volume decline. For example, newer wells producing shale may have initial pressures up to 11,000 psi while older wells may operate at pressures below 100 psi.
During the early life of well production, wells are often regulated or choked back to control the pressure and flow. This choking of the wells is referred to as managed pressure drawdown. The purpose of managed pressure drawdown is to ensure the high pressures do not damage downstream equipment or cause over pressure events in the pipeline system.
Managed pressure drawdown also allows for a steady volume of hydrocarbons to go to pipeline for sale. Furthermore, evidence shows that allowing a well to free flow during initial production might result in a negative impact on the hydrocarbon productivity of the well through its remaining life.
Historically, managed pressure drawdown is accomplished through the use of regulators, gate valves, or needle valves. These valves and regulators can be any type of device that controls the pressure or flow of the hydrocarbon stream and are often generally referred to as “choke valves.” The wellhead pressure gets reduced by the choke valve, which causes an increase in the gas velocity, a reduction in the temperature, and energy loss.
For example, in a conventional example of a needle and seat choke valve, an operator moves the needle closer to the seat by turning the valve. This reduces the space available for the hydrocarbons to travel. An alternative movement of the needle further from the seat creates more space for hydrocarbons to flow and allows for less pressure drop and greater volume.
The energy lost through the choke is significant and can be harvested. Industry has proposed solutions that allow expansion devices or other similar devices to be placed in line of the hydrocarbon flow allowing for the capture of energy. These expansion devices can be coupled to generators that turn gathered energy into electricity. The expansion device and generator principle is based on converting kinetic energy of the gas into useful electric energy.
As the gas flows from the high-pressure stream into the expansion device, the gas rotates the turbine of the expansion device, which, in turn, spins the generator, thereby allowing the generator to produce electricity. In order to maximize the efficiency of the generator the flow of hydrocarbons must be regulated. This is typically accomplished by a control valve or regulator prior to the expansion device. The amount of kinetic energy that can be harvested in the process is proportional to the regulated flow rate and subsequent pressure differential across the expansion device.
The short fall of this process is that the expansion device is a fixed control that has constant resistance on the hydrocarbon flow. As the pressure and flow decrease from the wellhead over the lifetime of the well, resistance applied by the expansion device does not proportionally decrease. Instead, the choke valve upstream of the expansion device must be manually adjusted. Therefore, the control of the pressure and flow of the hydrocarbons is still regulated by the choke valve. This results in a loss of energy at the choke valve. Furthermore, constant adjustment to the choke valve is required.
The present invention provides a hydrocarbon flow control generator system capable of generating electrical energy that overcomes the drawbacks of prior art.
In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a hydrocarbon flow control generator system. The system includes a pressurized hydrocarbon flow inlet, an expansion device in pressurized hydrocarbon flow communication with the pressurized hydrocarbon flow inlet, a generator connected to the expansion device, a drive system connecting the generator and the expansion device, and a gathering point at which depressurized hydrocarbon stream is delivered to an end use location.
The pressurized hydrocarbon flow inlet is configured to receive a hydrocarbon stream at high pressure. The expansion device is configured to receive the hydrocarbon stream at a high pressure from the pressurized hydrocarbon flow inlet, control and regulate the received hydrocarbon stream, and depressurize the hydrocarbon stream. The drive system is configured to transfer mechanical rotational power generated in the expansion device to the generator to drive generation of an electrical power stream by the generator for delivery thereof to an electric load. The mechanical rotation power is generated in the expansion device as a result of the depressurization of the hydrocarbon stream.
In another embodiment of the present invention, there is a method of controlling flow of a hydrocarbon stream in a hydrocarbon flow control generator system. The hydrocarbon stream is received through a pressurized hydrocarbon flow inlet at high pressure. The received high pressure hydrocarbon stream is controlled and regulated, via a processor of controller, in an expansion device. The controlling and regulating includes depressurizing the high pressure hydrocarbon stream in the expansion device to generate mechanical rotational power. The mechanical rotational power generated in the expansion device from the depressurizing of the hydrocarbon stream is transferred to a generator via a drive system connecting the generator and the expansion device to drive generation of an electrical power stream by the generator for delivery thereof to an electric load. The depressurized hydrocarbon stream is gathered at a gathering point to be delivered to an end use location.
In yet another embodiment of the present invention, there is a method of controlling flow of a hydrocarbon stream in a hydrocarbon flow control generator system. A hydrocarbon outlet pressure of the hydrocarbon stream is controlled via a controller including a processor at an expansion device connected to a generator through a drive system. It is determined, via the controller including the processor, if the hydrocarbon outlet pressure at the expansion device must be adjusted in order to meet a predetermined set point of the hydrocarbon outlet pressure. A variable frequency drive is instructed via the controlled including the processor to control a resistive load on a generator to achieve the predetermined set point of the hydrocarbon outlet pressure via the drive system such that the controller ceases the flow of the hydrocarbon stream when it is determined that the resistive load on the generator decreases to an extent at which a maximum rotational speed of the generator is reached without achieving the predetermined set point of the hydrocarbon outlet pressure.
An advantage of the present invention is the provision of a hydrocarbon flow control generator system that enables real time adjustments to flow and or pressure of hydrocarbon flow in the field and or remotely.
Another advantage of the present invention is the provision of a hydrocarbon flow control generator system that enables predetermined changes in flow and pressure on a future timeline.
An additional advantage of the present invention is the provision of a hydrocarbon flow control generator system designed to reduce well pad visits and adjustments to instrumentation.
A further advantage of the present invention is the provision of a hydrocarbon flow control generator system including electronic components that generate electricity for sale, storage, or use.
A further advantage of the present invention is the provision of a hydrocarbon flow control generator system including electronic components is that control flow and pressure through electronic manipulation with less wear than mechanical instrumentation.
These and other advantages will become apparent from the following description of a preferred embodiment taken together with the accompanying drawings and the appended claims.
The invention may take physical form in certain parts and arrangement of parts, a preferred embodiment of which will be described in detail in the specification and illustrated in the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof, and wherein:
The present invention will now be described with reference to a hydrocarbon flow control generator (HFCG) system. However, it will be appreciated that the HFGC system of the present invention may also include additional expansion devices, generators, and other electronic devices, including, but not limited to, temperature sensing, volume sensing, moisture sensing, and electrical sensing devices.
At the outset, for ease of reference, certain terms used in this application and their meanings as used in this context are set forth. To the extent a term used herein is not defined below, it should be given the broadest definition persons in the pertinent art have given that term as reflected in at least one printed publication or issued patent. Further, the present techniques are not limited by the usage of the terms shown below, as all equivalents, synonyms, new developments, and terms or techniques that serve the same or a similar purpose are considered to be within the scope of the present claims.
“Expansion device” refers to one or more devices suitable for reducing the pressure or flow rate of a fluid or gas in a line (for example, a liquid stream, a vapor stream, or a multiphase stream containing both liquid and vapor). Unless a particular type of expansion device is specifically stated, the expansion may be performed at least partially by isenthalpic means, isentropic means, or a combination thereof.
Suitable devices for isenthalpic expansion of natural gas are known in the art and generally include, but are not limited to, manually or automatically actuated throttling devices such as, for example, control valves, Joule-Thomson (J-T) valves, venturi devices, and various other types of valves known to those having ordinary skill in the art to be applicable in such situations. Suitable devices for isentropic expansion of natural gas are known in the art. Generally, they include equipment such as expansion devices or turbo expansion devices that extract or derive work from such expansion.
Suitable devices for isentropic expansion of liquid streams are known in the art. Generally, they include equipment such as expansion devices, hydraulic expansion devices, expansion devices, or turbo expansion devices that extract or derive work from such expansion.
An example of a combination of both isentropic means and isenthalpic means may be a Joule-Thomson (J-T) valve and a turbo expansion device in parallel, which provides the capability of using the J-T valve alone, the turbo expansion device alone, or the J-T valve and the turbo expansion device in combination simultaneously. Isenthalpic or isentropic expansion can be conducted in the all-liquid phase, all-vapor phase, or mixed phases, and can be conducted to facilitate a phase change from a vapor stream or liquid stream to a multiphase stream (a stream having both vapor and liquid phases).
“Expansion-type cooling” refers to cooling that occurs when the pressure of a gas, liquid, or two-phase system is decreased by passage through a pressure reduction means. In one embodiment, the expansion means is a Joule-Thompson expansion valve. In another embodiment, the expansion means is a hydraulic or gas expansion device, such as a turbo-expansion device.
As used herein, a “heat exchange unit” includes any one type or combination of similar or different types of equipment known in the art for facilitating heat transfer. Thus, a heat exchange unit may be a single piece of equipment, or it may comprise equipment contained in a plurality of equipment pieces. Conversely, multiple heat exchange units may be contained in a single piece of equipment, for example, a cooling box containing multiple heat exchangers.
The term “gas” is used interchangeably with “vapor,” and is defined as a substance or mixture of substances in the gaseous state as distinguished from the liquid or solid state. Likewise, the term “liquid” means a substance or mixture of substances in the liquid state as distinguished from the gas or solid state.
A “hydrocarbon” is an organic compound that primarily includes the elements hydrogen and carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen, metals, or any number of other elements may be present in small amounts. As used herein, hydrocarbons generally refer to components found in raw natural gas, such as CH4, C2 H2, C2 H4, C2 H6, C3 isomers, C4 isomers, benzene, and the like.
The term “natural gas” refers to a multi-component gas obtained from a hydrocarbon well (associated gas). The composition and pressure of natural gas can vary significantly. A typical natural gas stream contains methane (C1) as a significant component. Raw natural gas may often contain ethane (C2), higher molecular weight hydrocarbons, one or more acid gases (such as carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, carbonyl sulfide, carbon disulfide, and mercaptans), and minor amounts of contaminants such as water, nitrogen, iron sulfide, wax, and crude oil.
“Pressure” is the force exerted per unit area by the gas on the walls of the volume. “Atmospheric pressure” refers to the local pressure of the air. “Absolute pressure” refers to the sum of the atmospheric pressure (14.7 psia at standard conditions) plus the gage pressure (psig). “Gauge pressure” refers to the pressure measured by a gauge, which indicates only the pressure exceeding the local atmospheric pressure. The term “vapor pressure” has the usual thermodynamic meaning. For a pure component in an enclosed system at a given pressure, the component vapor pressure is essentially equal to the total pressure in the system.
“Substantial” when used in reference to a quantity or amount of a material, or a specific characteristic thereof, refers to an amount that is sufficient to provide an effect that the material or characteristic was intended to provide. The exact degree of deviation allowable may depend, in some cases, on the specific context.
Referring now to the drawings wherein the showing are for the purposes of illustrating embodiments of the invention only and not for the purposes of limiting same,
In one example, the hydrocarbon stream, especially in the case of a raw gas feed, may then be sent through a treatment process 104 that may remove contaminants, water, heavier hydrocarbons (such as ethane, ethylene, C3 isomers, and higher carbon compounds), and other impurities from the raw gas feed, thereby resulting in production of a treated hydrocarbon stream. The methods used to remove contaminants may include filtration, dehydration, liquid separation or any other method know to those ordinary skill in the art.
The treated hydrocarbon stream flows from the treatment process 104 to the expansion device 110 through inlet sensors 108. The inlet sensors 108 may sense various attributes of the treated hydrocarbon stream, such as, but not limited to, pressure, flow rate, or temperature.
After passing through the inlet sensors 108, the treated hydrocarbon stream is controlled and regulated in an expansion device 110, which is in pressurized flow communication with all the upstream components, including the pressurized hydrocarbon flow inlet 102. The highly pressurized hydrocarbon stream is expanded and depressurized within the expansion device 110 prior to exiting the expansion device 110. The expansion device 110 may be any device known to those having ordinary skill in the art as being able to receive the treated hydrocarbon stream at high pressure, depressurize the hydrocarbon stream therewithin, and exit the expansion device at a lower pressure, such as, but not limited to, an expander or a turbine.
After exiting the expansion device 110, a portion of or the entire expanded, depressurized hydrocarbon stream may be fed directly to and received by a heat exchanger 114 to be passed therethrough for providing expansion-type cooling to a cooling fluid that may carry heat from the heat-generating elements of the HFGC system 100. These elements include the expansion device 110 and the generator 122, which will be further described in detail below.
After passing through the heat exchanger 114 and on the way to a gathering point 118, outlet sensors 116 may process pressure, flow rate, temperature and other attributes of the depressurized hydrocarbon stream. The gathering point 118 is a point at which the depressurized hydrocarbon stream may be delivered to an end use location, such as a pipeline. The gathering point 118 may be a holding vessel or may be a direct passageway to a pipeline.
A generator 122 is connected to the expansion device 110 through a drive system 120. The pressurized hydrocarbon stream is depressurized in the expansion device 110 to generate mechanical power that causes the drive system 120 to rotate. This mechanical/rotational power from the rotating drive system 120 subsequently drives rotation of the generator 122 to generate electrical power. As previously noted, the depressurized hydrocarbon stream may then be discharged from the expansion device 110 to a heat exchanger 114.
In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, the drive system 120 may involve housing the expansion device 110 and generator 122 in a common casing, known in the refrigeration industry as semi-hermetic construction. As is well known, semi-hermetic construction is a technique that is employed with compressors (particularly for refrigeration) in which the motor (or generator 122) and compressor (or expansion device 110) share common pressure housing. Since the generator 122 and expansion device 110 are directly coupled via the drive system 120 that does not pass through the atmosphere, shaft seals are typically not needed. Thus, there are typically no rotating seals to leak, nor moving belts, pulleys or gears to generate static or sparks. For flammable gases in particular, this type of construction method obviates the need for a shaft seal and external moving parts.
The drive system 120 in
As illustrated in
In this way, the HFGC system's expander-generator system acts as an eddy brake or a similar mechanism known by one having ordinary skill in the art, in which the expansion device 110 provides mechanical energy to the generator 122 in the form of torque and speed. In this case, the expansion device 110 is capturing the kinetic energy due to the hydrocarbon pressure drop. The two-part system turns at a fixed speed relation depending on the torque provided by the expansion device 110 and the torque the generator 122 absorbs.
The term “torque load” refers to the amount of torque the generator 122 absorbs from the expansion device 110. Torque load can be variable. The torque supplied by the expansion device 110 and the torque load are not always at equilibrium in the system. If the torque supplied by the expansion device 110 is in excess of the torque load, the speed of the system will increase until either an equilibrium point is reached, or a system failure occurs. As the speed of the system becomes high enough, the generator 122 begins to generate electricity and absorbs the torque produced by the expansion device 110, and torque load increases. There is at least one equilibrium point at which the torque output of the expansion device 110 matches the torque load, whereupon the system ceases acceleration, and a steady speed is maintained. When the torque load is negative, the generator 122 acts as a motor and supplies torque in the direction of the expansion device 110 via rotation of the drive system 120.
The speed of the system can be manipulated by altering the relationship between the generator's 122 torque requirements and its speed. When the torque requirements are altered, the expander/generator equilibrium is changed, and the system moves to a new speed. The manipulation of the generator's 122 torque/speed characteristics can be done by utilizing a changeable load or by changing the excitation magnitude/frequency of the generator 122. When using a changeable load, the load can be made to draw more or less current from the generator 122. This will increase or decrease the torque load of the generator 122. When changing the excitation magnitude/frequency of the generator 122, the characteristics of the power supplied to the load is changed. The excitation magnitude/frequency sets the strength of the magnetic field in the generator 122 and, thus, the voltage output at a particular RPM. Furthermore, the change in frequency and voltage of the excitation produce different torque load characteristics of the generator 122.
The VFD 124 is configured to control rotation of the generator 122, the drive system 120, and expansion device 110. As an example using a changeable load provided by the VFD 124, a DC generator may be used to supply a resistive load. The pressure drop across the expansion device 110 produces a mechanical power output. This mechanical power is converted by the generator 122 into electrical power. The electrical power is fed to the VFD 124 where it is dissipated to the electric load 126 or other power draw. If the pressure after the expansion device 110 needs to decrease, the expansion device 110 is required to put more restriction on the flow of the hydrocarbon stream by slowing in rotation. In order to slow the rotation of the expansion device 110, the torque load of the generator 122 is increased through the VFD 124. This also increases the power output of the generator 122. The generator 122 torque load may be increased by increasing the output current supplied to the VFD 124. This may be accomplished by a decrease in the resistance of the load on the generator 122 using a DC-DC converter. More current flows through the lower resistance and causes the torque load of the generator 122 to be immediately increased, thereby causing the torque of the system to fall out of equilibrium. The torque of the expansion device 110 becomes lower than the torque load of the generator 124. The speed of the expansion device 110 decreases to meet equilibrium, and, as such, the torque of the expansion device 110 changes according to its torque speed characteristics.
The generator 122 is not limited to operation with a VFD 124. In another embodiment, the expansion device 110 is operated in a fixed speed mode where the generator 122 is directly connected to the electric load 126. This may be useful for maintaining operation in case of a failure of the VFD 124.
The heat exchange fluid loop 132 is shown in
The electrical generation and control of the HFGC system 100 is shown in
Any number of technologies may be used in the various sensors 108 & 116, as would be known in the art. For example, the pressure transmitters may include strain gauge and thin film technologies, among others. The temperature transmitters may include thermocouples, resistance temperature detectors, and the like. The flow transmitters may include orifice meters, mass flow meters, and the like. The vibration transmitters may include an accelerometer, a velocimeter, or a proximity probe, among others.
The controller 130 may include any number of different unit control systems or computers, including, for example, a distributed control system (DCS), a direct digital controller (DDC), a programmable logic controller (PLC), and any number of similar units. In an embodiment, the controller 130 is contained within a plant wide DCS. Appropriate DCS units may be any known to those having ordinary skill in the art to be able to provide the necessary control to the system. The controller 130 includes at least one processor including at least one processor element, which may be contained in any primary or subsidiary element thereof. Such processing elements may include the above-referenced unit control systems or computers, but are not limited thereto and may further include an array of logic gates, a plurality of slave controllers, an arithmetic logic unit, a digital signal processor, a microcomputer, a programmable logic controller, a field programmable gate array, a programmable logic array, a microprocessor, or any other device or combination of devices known to one having ordinary skill in the art to be capable of responding to and executing instructions in a defined manner to achieve a desired result.
As shown in
The method begins prior to block 202 with the plant system at steady state. At block 202, a set point 132 tells the controller 130 to increase hydrocarbon outlet pressure within the system. At block 206, the controller 130 receives the outlet pressure value from the outlet sensor 116 and determines if the outlet pressure at the expansion device 110 must be changed in order to meet the desired set point 132.
If it is determined that the outlet pressure at the expansion device 110 does not meet the desired set point 132, the outlet pressure at the expansion device 110 must be adjusted. In order to adjust the outlet pressure at the expansion device 110, at block 210, the controller 130 may decrease resistive load on the generator 122 through the VFD 124 by instructing the VFD 124 to do so via control outputs. This will speed up the rotational speed of the expansion device 110 and generator 122. In turn, the new rotational speed of the expansion device 110 will allow more hydrocarbon to pass through with less pressure drop.
If the outlet pressure at the expansion device 110 meets the desired set point 132, it is determined at block 208 that the system is in steady state operations. The controller 130 holds the rotational speed and returns to steady state.
After block 210, at block 212, the controller 130 receives the outlet pressure value from the outlet sensor 116 and again determines if the outlet pressure at the expansion device 110 must be changed in order to meet the desired set point 132. As was the case at block 206, at block 212, if the outlet pressure at the expansion device 110 meets the desired set point 132, it is determined at block 214 that the system is in steady state operations. The controller 130 holds the rotational speed and returns to steady state.
However, if, at block 212, it is again determined that the outlet pressure at the expansion device 110 does not meet the desired set point 132, it is then determined at block 216 if the maximum speed constraint has been reached as a result of the decreased resistance on the generator 124. More specifically, the controller 130 of the HFGC system 100 will continue to adjust the rotational speed until the desired outlet pressure has been released. This is evidenced by the loop illustrated in
While the adjustment parameter illustrated in
In another embodiment, in certain situations, the controller 130 may be programmed to isolate the HFGC system 100 and bypass it completely. Alternatively, the controller 130 may inhibit a raw gas feed from entering the pressurized hydrocarbon flow inlet 102. For example, the controller 130 may close a main valve at the feed source or a valve between the feed source and the pressurized hydrocarbon flow inlet 102 until the problem is resolved. The controller 130 may also emit other audible or visual alarms.
The present techniques are not limited to the configurations discussed above. While the present techniques may be susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, the exemplary embodiments discussed above have been shown only by way of example. However, it should again be understood that the techniques are not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments disclosed herein. Indeed, the present techniques include all alternatives, modifications, and equivalents falling within the true spirit and scope of the appended claims.
