HYDROGEN EVOLUTION ELECTRODE AND PREPARATION METHOD THEREOF

Abstract

The present disclosure provides a hydrogen evolution electrode and a preparation method thereof. The preparation method includes the following steps: providing an electrolyte including Co(NO3)2·6H2O with a Co(NO3)2 concentration of 0.005 mol L−1 to 0.015 mol L−1, MnCl2·4H2O with a MnCl2 concentration of 0.005 mol L−1 to 0.01 mol L−1, KCl with a concentration of 0.003 mol L−1 to 0.008 mol L−1, and CH3CSNH2 with a concentration of 0.04 mol L−1 to 0.06 mol L−1; adjusting the electrolyte to a pH value of 6 to 7; providing a cathode in the form of a substrate; and conducting electrolysis in a cyclic voltammetry mode, thereby preparing the electrode for hydrogen production by water electrolysis through electrochemical deposition of a Co9-xMnxS8 nanosheet catalyst on the cathode substrate, where 1≤X≤7.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to an electrode for hydrogen production by water electrolysis or a hydrogen evolution electrode.

BACKGROUND

Electrochemical catalysis-based water splitting has become an important way to produce hydrogen. Hydrogen is considered an ideal zero-carbon energy carrier for future energy infrastructures due to a much higher energy density than that of conventional coal and gasoline. Large-scale hydrogen production based on renewable energy is an important part of the energy transformation strategy. The cathodic half-reaction hydrogen reduction requires two elementary steps, the cleavage of O—H bonds and the subsequent formation of H—H bonds, including the transfer of two electrons in a whole process. However, this process requires a slow kinetic overpotential caused by proton-coupled electron transfer, leading to excessive energy consumption. Therefore, it is necessary to continuously develop new energy-saving hydrogen evolution electrodes.

SUMMARY

An objective of the present disclosure is to provide an electrode for hydrogen production by water electrolysis. The electrode has an improved electrochemical catalytic performance.

A first aspect of the present disclosure provides a preparation method of an electrode for hydrogen production by water electrolysis, including the following steps:

providing an electrolyte including Co(NO₃)₂·6H₂O with a Co(NO₃)₂ concentration of 0.005 mol L⁻¹ to 0.015 mol L⁻¹, MnCl₂·4H₂O with a MnCl₂ concentration of 0.005 mol L⁻¹ to 0.01 mol L⁻¹, KCl with a concentration of 0.003 mol L⁻¹ to 0.008 mol L⁻¹, and CH₃CSNH₂ with a concentration of 0.04 mol L⁻¹ to 0.06 mol L⁻¹;

adjusting the electrolyte to a pH value of 6 to 7;

providing a cathode in the form of a substrate; and

conducting electrolysis in a cyclic voltammetry mode, thereby preparing the electrode for hydrogen production by water electrolysis through electrochemical deposition of a Co_9-xMn_xS₈ nanosheet catalyst on the cathode substrate, where 1≤X≤7.

Further, the electrolysis is conducted in the cyclic voltammetry mode by scanning at a potential window of −1 V vs RHE to 1 V vs RHE, preferably −0.619 V vs RHE to 0.781 V vs RHE and a scan rate of 1 mV s⁻¹ to 3 mV s⁻¹, preferably 2 mV s⁻¹ with 5 to 7, preferably 6 scan segments.

Further, the electrolysis is conducted with the electrolyte at a constant temperature of 20° C. to 30° C., preferably 24° C. to 26° C. for 30 min to 40 min, preferably 35 min.

Further, the preparation method further includes providing an anode or a counter electrode that is spaced from the cathode by 2 cm to 5 cm, preferably 2.5 cm.

Further, a titanium substrate is preferably provided as the cathode.

Further, a thickness of the nanosheet in the Co_9-xMn_xS₈ catalyst nanosheet array deposited on the cathode is adjusted by controlling a molar ratio of Co and Mn in the electrolyte. For example, when Co and Mn have a molar ratio of 2:1, the nanosheet can be adjusted to an average thickness of 9 nm; when Co and Mn have a molar ratio of 1:1, the nanosheet can be adjusted to an average thickness of 30 nm; when Co and Mn have a molar ratio of 1:2, the nanosheet can be adjusted to an average thickness of 45 nm.

Further, Co and Mn in the electrolyte have a molar ratio of preferably 1:1, namely X is 4.5. In a nanogrid catalyst lattice of the bimetallic sulfide Co_9-xMn_xS₈ (x=4.5), due to the proper introduction of Mn²⁺ spin states, it helps to regulate edge sites and promote electron transfer at the boundary of a local structure. Therefore, compared with a monometallic sulfide Co₉S₈, the bimetallic sulfide has a superior specific area activity in strongly acidic and strongly alkaline media, thus showing advantages of being applied to a cathode catalyst for hydrogen production by water electrolysis.

Further, in the electrolysis, the electrolyte is preferably always kept still, without any stirring.

Further, the electrolyte is preferably controlled to a pH value of 6.5.

In the present disclosure, cyclic voltammetry scanning at a low scan rate (about 2 mV s⁻¹) can optimize kinetics during the deposition; excess Cl⁻ can coordinate with one or two precursor metal ions, changing thermodynamics during the deposition to promote the co-deposition of transition metals; adsorption of the Cl⁻ on an electrode surface can change a charge density of an electric double layer on the surface, inhibiting the growth of some crystals to affect a kinetic process of the deposition; and reduction of a mass transfer rate in the electrolyte is favorable for the formation of a Co_9-xMn_xS₈ nanosheet array with a smaller monolithic thickness, which significantly promotes a catalytic activity.

Alternatively, the electrolysis can also be conducted in a chronoamperometry mode.

A second aspect of the present disclosure provides an electrode for hydrogen production by water electrolysis prepared by the preparation method.

In the present disclosure, a uniform and regular Co_9-xMn_xS₈ nanosheet array is grown in-situ on a titanium sheet substrate by one-step cyclic voltammetry-based electrodynamic deposition, thereby obtaining a hydrogen evolution electrode with a reliable performance.

The present disclosure at least has the following characteristics:

the size and dispersion of a catalyst nanosheet are effectively controlled by controlling the scan rate of cyclic voltammetry;

in a single aqueous solvent system, controllable adjustment of the shape and size of Co_9-xMn_xS₈ nanogrids can be achieved only by adjusting a single variable such as the concentration of manganese ions; moreover, the product has a regular crystal structure, uniform distribution, and a high phase purity; and

it overcomes the limitation of high-temperature and high-pressure reaction conditions in traditional thermosynthesis, the difficulty in completely removing a reaction solvent, and the boundedness of precise control for material growth.

In conclusion, the preparation method of one-step cyclic voltammetry-based electrodynamic deposition provided by the present disclosure has a simple process, mild conditions, rapid deposition, and desirable controllability of product shape and size. The electrode has a desirable sheet dispersion, no active agent on the surface, lattice matching between an electrode material and the substrate, excellent repeatability, and a low price. Therefore, the electrode is particularly suitable as a hydrogen evolution cathode in a hydrogen production generator by water electrolysis.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a cyclic voltammetry curve recorded during deposition of a Co_9-xMn_xS₈ nanogrid (array) according to the present disclosure;

FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B are a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of a Co_9-xMn_xS₈ (x=3, with a thickness of 9 nm) nanogrid on an electrode prepared according to the present disclosure and a corresponding partially-enlarged annotation image, respectively;

FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B are a SEM image of a Co_9-xMn_xS₈ (x=4.5, with a thickness of 30 nm) nanogrid on the electrode prepared according to the present disclosure and a corresponding partially-enlarged annotation image, respectively;

FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B are a SEM image of the Co_9-xMn_xS₈ (x=6, with a thickness of 45 nm) nanogrid on the electrode prepared according to the present disclosure and a corresponding partially-enlarged annotation image, respectively;

FIG. 5 shows X-ray diffraction (XRD)-based phase analysis diagrams of the Co_9-xMn_xS₈ (x=4.5 and 6) nanogrids on the electrode prepared according to the present disclosure and pure Co₉S₈; and

FIG. 6A to FIG. 6D are hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance test comparison curves of the bimetallic sulfide Co_9-xMn_xS₈ (x=3, 4.5, and 6)-based nanogrid catalysts and the monobimetallic sulfide Co₉S₈ in strongly acidic and strongly alkaline media in Examples 1 to 3 of the present disclosure, respectively; where A and B are a linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) curve and a Tafel curve of the corresponding catalysts in a H₂-saturated 0.5 M H₂SO₄ medium, respectively; and C and D are an LSV curve and a Tafel curve of the corresponding catalysts in a H₂-saturated 1 M KOH medium, respectively.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

The present disclosure will be further described below with reference to the examples and accompanying drawings. It should be understood by those skilled in the art that the examples and accompanying drawings are only for a better understanding of the present disclosure, and are not used for any limiting purpose.

One-Step Preparation of a Co_9-xMn_xS₈ (x=3) Nanosheet Array Grid-Typed Hydrogen Evolution Electrode by Cyclic Voltammetry Slow Electrodynamics Deposition

Example 1

(1) A substrate Ti sheet was pretreated, cut to 1 cm²×2 cm², placed in 18% dilute hydrochloric acid to conduct an ultrasonic treatment for 20 min, ultrasonically cleaned with absolute ethanol and deionized water for 20 min, and then dried in a stream of nitrogen.

(2) A standard three-electrode system of an electrochemical workstation (CHI660D) was used, with a graphite sheet (2 cm²×2 cm²), a silver/silver chloride (3 M KCl) electrode, and the Ti sheet as a counter electrode, a reference electrode, and a working electrode, respectively; a distance between the substrate Ti sheet and the counter electrode was controlled at 2.5 cm, and an infiltration area was kept at 1 cm²×1 cm².

(3) A deposition electrolyte was configured, and an electrolytic cell was provided with a mixed solution containing 0.01 mol L⁻¹ of Co(NO₃)₂, 0.005 mol L⁻¹ of MnCl₂, 0.0503 mol L⁻¹ of CH₃CSNH₂, and 0.005 mol L⁻¹ of KCl, at a constant temperature of 25° C. with a pH value adjusted to 6.5 with sodium hydroxide, and the electrolyte remained still throughout the deposition.

(4) Under a one-step cyclic voltammetry electrodynamic deposition mode, the electrochemical deposition was conducted at a potential window of −1.2 V vs Ag/AgCl to 0.2 V vs Ag/AgCl and a scan rate of 2 mV s⁻¹ with 6 scan segments for 35 min, and a Co_9-xMn_xS₈ (x=3) nanogrid was deposited on the Ti substrate to form a uniform black film.

(5) The deposited electrode film was rinsed with deionized water for 3 min, and placed in magnetically-stirring deionized water to remove residual electrolyte on an electrode surface by vortex, and then dried in a vacuum drying box for 10 h to obtain a final product. The Co_9-xMn_xS₈ (x=3) nanosheet array was uniformly and vertically distributed on the Ti substrate (forming the electrode) to constitute a grid structure, where the nanosheet had an average thickness of 9 nm and an average pore size of 240 nm.

(6) The dried electrode was placed in 0.5 M H₂SO₄ and 1 M KOH media separately, to conduct subsequent electrochemical tests of the cathodic HER by water electrolysis.

Example 2

(1) A substrate Ti sheet was pretreated, cut to 1 cm²×2 cm², placed in 18% dilute hydrochloric acid to conduct an ultrasonic treatment for 20 min, ultrasonically cleaned with absolute ethanol and deionized water for 20 min, and then dried in a stream of nitrogen.

(2) A standard three-electrode system of an electrochemical workstation (CHI660D) was used, with a graphite sheet (2 cm²×2 cm²), a silver/silver chloride (3 M KCl) electrode, and the Ti sheet as a counter electrode, a reference electrode, and a working electrode, respectively; a distance between the substrate Ti sheet and the counter electrode was controlled at 2.5 cm, and an infiltration area was kept at 1 cm²×1 cm².

(3) A deposition electrolyte was configured, and an electrolytic cell was provided with a mixed solution containing 0.0075 mol L⁻¹ of Co(NO₃)₂, 0.0075 mol L⁻¹ of MnCl₂, 0.0503 mol L⁻¹ of CH₃CSNH₂, and 0.005 mol L⁻¹ of KCl, at a constant temperature of 25° C. with a pH value adjusted to 6.5, and the electrolyte remained still throughout the deposition.

(4) Under a one-step cyclic voltammetry electrodynamic deposition mode, the electrochemical deposition was conducted at a potential window of −1.2 V vs Ag/AgCl to 0.2 V vs Ag/AgCl and a scan rate of 2 mV s⁻¹ with 6 scan segments for 35 min, and a Co_9-xMn_xS₈ (x=4.5) nanogrid was deposited on the Ti substrate to form a uniform black film.

(5) The deposited electrode film was rinsed with deionized water for 3 min, and placed in magnetically-stirring deionized water to remove residual electrolyte on an electrode surface by vortex, and then dried in a vacuum drying box for 10 h to obtain a final product. The Co_9-xMn_xS₈ (x=4.5) nanosheet array was uniformly and vertically distributed on the Ti substrate to constitute a grid structure, the nanosheet had an average thickness of 30 nm and an average pore size of 280 nm.

(6) The dried electrode was placed in 0.5 M H₂SO₄ and 1 M KOH media separately, to conduct subsequent electrochemical tests of the cathodic HER by water electrolysis.

Example 3

(1) A substrate Ti sheet was pretreated, cut to 1 cm²×2 cm², placed in 18% dilute hydrochloric acid to conduct an ultrasonic treatment for 20 min, ultrasonically cleaned with absolute ethanol and deionized water for 20 min, and then dried in a stream of nitrogen.

(2) A standard three-electrode system of an electrochemical workstation (CHI660D) was used, with a graphite sheet (2 cm²×2 cm²), a silver/silver chloride (3 M KCl) electrode, and the Ti sheet as a counter electrode, a reference electrode, and a working electrode, respectively; a distance between the substrate Ti sheet and the counter electrode was controlled at 2.5 cm, and an infiltration area was kept at 1 cm²×1 cm².

(3) A deposition electrolyte was configured, and an electrolytic cell was provided with a mixed solution containing 0.01 mol L⁻¹ of Co(NO₃)₂, 0.005 mol L⁻¹ of MnCl₂, 0.0503 mol L⁻¹ of CH₃CSNH₂, and 0.005 mol L⁻¹ of KCl, at a constant temperature of 25° C. with a pH value adjusted to 6.5, and the electrolyte remained still throughout the deposition.

(4) Under a one-step cyclic voltammetry electrodynamic deposition mode, the electrochemical deposition was conducted at a potential window of −1.2 V vs Ag/AgCl to 0.2 V vs Ag/AgCl and a scan rate of 2 mV s⁻¹ with 6 scan segments for 35 min, and a Co_9-xMn_xS₈ (x=6) nanogrid was deposited on the Ti substrate to form a uniform black film.

(5) The deposited electrode film was rinsed with deionized water for 3 min, and placed in magnetically-stirring deionized water to remove residual electrolyte on an electrode surface by vortex, and then dried in a vacuum drying box for 10 h to obtain a final product. The Co_9-xMn_xS₈ (x=6) nanosheet array was uniformly and vertically distributed on the Ti substrate to constitute a grid structure, the nanosheet had an average thickness of 45 nm and an average pore size of 560 nm.

(6) The dried electrode was placed in 0.5 M H₂SO₄ and 1 M KOH media separately, to conduct subsequent electrochemical tests of the cathodic HER by water electrolysis.

One-Step Preparation of a Co_9-xMn_xS₈ (x=4.5) Nanosheet Array Grid-Typed Hydrogen Evolution Electrode by Cyclic Voltammetry Rapid Electrodynamics Deposition

Comparative Example 4

(1) A substrate Ti sheet was pretreated, cut to 1 cm²×2 cm², placed in 18% dilute hydrochloric acid to conduct an ultrasonic treatment for 20 min, ultrasonically cleaned with absolute ethanol and deionized water for 20 min, and then dried in a stream of nitrogen.

(2) A standard three-electrode system of an electrochemical workstation (CHI660D) was used, with a graphite sheet (2 cm²×2 cm²), a silver/silver chloride (3 M KCl) electrode, and the Ti sheet as a counter electrode, a reference electrode, and a working electrode, respectively; a distance between the substrate Ti sheet and the counter electrode was controlled at 2.5 cm, and an infiltration area was kept at 1 cm²×1 cm².

(3) A deposition electrolyte was configured, and an electrolytic cell was provided with a mixed solution containing 0.0075 mol L⁻¹ of Co(NO₃)₂, 0.0075 mol L⁻¹ of MnCl₂, 0.0503 mol L⁻¹ of CH₃CSNH₂, and 0.005 mol L⁻¹ of KCl, at a constant temperature of 25° C. with a pH value adjusted to 6.5, and the electrolyte remained still throughout the deposition.

(4) Under a one-step cyclic voltammetry electrodynamic deposition mode, the electrochemical deposition was conducted at a potential window of −1.2 V vs Ag/AgCl to 0.2 V vs Ag/AgCl and a scan rate of 8 mV s⁻¹ with 6 scan segments for 9 min, and a Co_9-xMn_xS₈ (x=4.5) nanogrid was deposited on the Ti substrate to form a uniform black film.

(5) The deposited electrode film was rinsed with deionized water for 3 min, and placed in magnetically-stirring deionized water to remove residual electrolyte on an electrode surface by vortex, and then dried in a vacuum drying box for 10 h to obtain a final product, where the Co_9-xMn_xS₈ (x=4.5) nanosheets were non-uniformly distributed on the Ti substrate to form a grid structure.

(6) The dried electrode was placed in 0.5 M H₂SO₄ and 1 M KOH media separately, to conduct subsequent electrochemical tests of the cathodic HER by water electrolysis.

Preparation of a Co_9-xMn_xS₈ (x=4.5) Nanosheet Array Grid-Typed Hydrogen Evolution Electrode by Chronoamperometry Deposition

Example 5

(1) A substrate Ti sheet was pretreated, cut to 1 cm²×2 cm², placed in 18% dilute hydrochloric acid to conduct an ultrasonic treatment for 20 min, ultrasonically cleaned with absolute ethanol and deionized water for 20 min, and then dried in a stream of nitrogen.

(2) A standard three-electrode system of an electrochemical workstation (CHI660D) was used, with a graphite sheet (2 cm²×2 cm²), a silver/silver chloride (3 M KCl) electrode, and the Ti sheet as a counter electrode, a reference electrode, and a working electrode, respectively; a distance between the substrate Ti sheet and the counter electrode was controlled at 2.5 cm, and an infiltration area was kept at 1 cm²×1 cm².

(3) A deposition electrolyte was configured, and an electrolytic cell was provided with a mixed solution containing 0.0075 mol L⁻¹ of Co(NO₃)₂, 0.0075 mol L⁻¹ of MnCl₂, 0.0503 mol L⁻¹ of CH₃CSNH₂, and 0.005 mol L⁻¹ of KCl, at a constant temperature of 25° C. with a pH value adjusted to 6.5, and the electrolyte remained still throughout the deposition.

(4) Under a one-step chronoamperogalvanic deposition mode, the electrochemical deposition was conducted at a constant potential of −0.6 V vs Ag/AgCl for 10 min, and a Co_9-xMn_xS₈ (x=4.5) nanogrid was deposited on the Ti substrate to form a uniform black film.

(5) The deposited electrode film was rinsed with deionized water for 3 min, and placed in magnetically-stirring deionized water to remove residual electrolyte on an electrode surface by vortex, and then dried in a vacuum drying box for 10 h to obtain a final product.

(6) The dried electrode was placed in 0.5 M H₂SO₄ and 1 M KOH media separately, to conduct subsequent electrochemical tests of the cathodic HER by water electrolysis.

FIG. 1 showed a cyclic voltammetry curve recorded during cyclic voltammetry electrodynamic deposition of a Co_9-xMn_xS₈ nanogrid prepared at a room temperature. FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B, FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B, as well as FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B were SEM images of the Co_9-xMn_xS₈ nanogrids on the electrodes prepared in Examples 1 to 3 and the corresponding partially-enlarged annotation images, respectively. By adjusting a content of manganese ions in the reaction system, three Co_9-xMn_xS₈ nanogrids with different compositions and sizes were prepared, each with a complete crystal structure and uniform morphology. FIG. 5 showed XRD-based phase analysis diagrams of Co_9-xMn_xS₈ (x=4.5 and 6) nanogrids on the electrodes prepared in Examples 2 and 3 and pure Co₉S₈. The Co_9-xMn_xS₈ nanogrid had a diffraction peak that was completely consistent with a standard diffraction peak of the Co₉S₈ (JCPDS 02-1459), and exhibited a slight low-angle shift, which was caused by the introduction of manganese ions into the lattice. In the present disclosure, 2θ diffraction angles of the representative sample Co_9-xMn_xS₈ (x=4.5) were 35.3°, 38.6°, 40.3°, 53.1°, 63.0°, 70.7°, and 76.1°, respectively, corresponding to (400), (331), (420), (531), (622), (642), and (800) planes of the Co₉S₈. FIG. 6 showed a comparison of LSV and Tafel curves of the Co_9-xMn_xS₈ (x=3, 4.5, and 6) nanogrid-based hydrogen evolution electrodes on the electrodes prepared in Examples 1 to 3 and the pure Co₉S₈-based electrode, respectively. In the range of a hydrogen evolution potential, the Co_9-xMn_xS₈ (x=4.5)-based hydrogen evolution electrode had lower onset potential and overpotential, and greater current density compared with those of the Co₉S₈-based electrode, indicating that manganese ions could significantly promote a hydrogen evolution catalytic performance of the host materials.

Claims

1. A preparation method of an electrode for hydrogen production by water electrolysis, comprising the following steps: providing an electrolyte comprising Co(NO3)2·6H2O with a Co(NO3)2 concentration of 0.005 mol L−1 to 0.015 mol L−1, MnCl2·4H2O with a MnCl2 concentration of 0.005 mol L−1 to 0.01 mol L−1, KCl with a concentration of 0.003 mol L−1 to 0.008 mol L−1, and CH3CSNH2 with a concentration of 0.04 mol L−1 to 0.06 mol L−1;adjusting the electrolyte to a pH value of 6 to 7;providing a cathode in a substrate form; andconducting electrolysis in a cyclic voltammetry mode, thereby preparing the electrode for hydrogen production by water electrolysis through electrochemical deposition of a Co9-xMnxS8 nanosheet catalyst on the cathode substrate, wherein 1≤X≤7.

2. The preparation method according to claim 1, wherein the electrolysis is conducted in the cyclic voltammetry mode by scanning at a potential window of −1 V vs RHE to 1 V vs RHE and a scan rate of 1 mV s−1 to 3 mV s−1 with 5 to 7 scan segments.

3. The preparation method according to claim 1, wherein the electrolysis is conducted with the electrolyte at a constant temperature of 20° C. to 30° C. for 30 min to 40 min.

4. The preparation method according to claim 1, further comprising providing an anode that is spaced from the cathode by 2 cm to 5 cm.

5. The production method according to claim 1, wherein a titanium substrate is provided as the cathode.

6. The preparation method according to claim 1, wherein a thickness of the Co9-xMnxS8 nanosheet is adjusted by controlling a molar ratio of Co and Mn in the electrolyte.

7. The preparation method according to claim 6, wherein Co and Mn in the electrolyte have a molar ratio of 1:1, namely X is 4.5.

8. An electrode for hydrogen production by water electrolysis, prepared by the preparation method according to claim 1.

9. The electrode for hydrogen production by water electrolysis according to claim 8, wherein the electrolysis is conducted in the cyclic voltammetry mode by scanning at a potential window of −1 V vs RHE to 1 V vs RHE and a scan rate of 1 mV s−1 to 3 mV s−1 with 5 to 7 scan segments.

10. The electrode for hydrogen production by water electrolysis according to claim 8, wherein the electrolysis is conducted with the electrolyte at a constant temperature of 20° C. to 30° C. for 30 min to 40 min.

11. The electrode for hydrogen production by water electrolysis according to claim 8, further comprising providing an anode that is spaced from the cathode by 2 cm to 5 cm.

12. The electrode for hydrogen production by water electrolysis according to claim 8, wherein a titanium substrate is provided as the cathode.

13. The electrode for hydrogen production by water electrolysis according to claim 8, wherein a thickness of the Co9-xMnxS8 nanosheet is adjusted by controlling a molar ratio of Co and Mn in the electrolyte.

14. The electrode for hydrogen production by water electrolysis according to claim 13, wherein Co and Mn in the electrolyte have a molar ratio of 1:1, namely X is 4.5.