Patent Application
20110014528
The present disclosure relates to a hydrogen generation apparatus which generates a gas containing hydrogen by reforming reaction between a raw material and water, a fuel cell system and a method of shutting down the hydrogen generation apparatus.
Development of fuel cells capable of high-efficiency power generation even in a small unit and using hydrogen gas or a gas containing hydrogen as fuel is being pursued to develop the fuel cells as a power generation system for distributed energy supply sources. However, no general infrastructure for hydrogen gas or a gas containing hydrogen for fuel at power generation has been developed. There is, therefore, a need to utilize a raw material supplied from an existing infrastructure for supply of a fossil raw material such as city gas or propane gas, and to provide, in combination with a fuel cell, a hydrogen generation apparatus which generates a gas containing hydrogen by reforming reaction between the raw material and water.
The hydrogen generation apparatus typically includes ordinarily constituted by a reforming unit in which a reforming reaction between a raw material and water is caused, a converting unit in which water gas shift reaction between carbon monoxide and water vapor is caused, and a selective oxidation unit in which carbon monoxide is oxidized.
In the reaction units, catalysts suitable for the reactions are used. For example, a Ru catalyst or a Ni catalyst is used in the reforming unit, a Cu—Zn catalyst is used in the converting unit, and a Ru catalyst or the like is used in the selective oxidation unit. There is a suitable temperature in each reaction unit. In most cases, the reforming unit is used at about 650° C., the converting unit at about 200° C., and the selective oxidation unit at about 150° C.
When the operation of the hydrogen generation apparatus as described above is shut down, there is a need to purge the interior of the hydrogen generation apparatus with an inert gas in order to limit oxidation of and dew condensation on the catalysts provided in the reforming unit, the converting unit and the selective oxidation unit. However, it is not easy to keep an inert gas prepared at all times in the case where the apparatus is installed in a home. A method of using a raw material gas as an inert gas has therefore been proposed (see, for example, Patent Literature 1).
In an apparatus in Patent Literature 1, the supply of a raw material gas is stopped immediately after shutdown of the operation of a hydrogen generation apparatus; the interior of the apparatus is purged with water vapor; cooling is performed until the temperature of converting catalysts in the apparatus are reduced to predetermined temperatures; and water vapor is thereafter forced out with the raw material gas.
According to the shutdown method in Patent Literature 1, however, the reforming catalyst is exposed only to water vapor at a high temperature for a certain time period and there is, therefore, a possibility of the reforming catalyst being degraded.
A method has been disclosed in which after a stop of the supply of a raw material and water at the time of shutdown, natural cooling is performed by standing for a certain time period without supplying water vapor, and the interior of the apparatus is thereafter purged with a raw material gas (see, for example, Patent Literature 2).
With Patent Literature 2, however, there is a possibility of dew condensation occurring in the converting unit or the selective oxidation unit under some condition to cause degradation of the catalyst or a reduction in strength of the catalyst.
In view of the problems of the conventional hydrogen generation apparatus described above, an object of the present disclosure is to provide a hydrogen generation apparatus capable of limiting degradation of a catalyst due to dew condensation at the time of shutdown in comparison with the conventional hydrogen generation apparatus, a fuel cell system and a method of shutting down the hydrogen generation apparatus.
A first aspect of the present disclosure is a method of shutting down a hydrogen generation apparatus comprising a raw material supplier which supplies a raw material, a water supplier which supplies water, a reforming device having a reforming catalyst for generating a gas containing hydrogen through reforming reaction using the raw material and water, a CO reducing device having a CO reducing catalyst for reducing carbon monoxide in the gas containing hydrogen delivered from the reforming device, a combustor which supplies heat necessary for the reforming reaction to the reforming device, a first air supplier which supplies air for combustion to the combustor, and a combustion exhaust gas path formed such that the combustion exhaust gas exhausted from the combustor makes heat exchange with the reforming device and then with the CO reducing device, the method comprising:
a first step of stopping the combustion operation of the combustor; and
a second step of operating the first air supplier so that the temperature of the gas in the CO reducing device does not become equal to or lower than a dew point after shutdown of the combustion operation of the combustor and before a start of a purging operation to purge the interiors of the reforming device and the CO reducing device with a replacement gas.
A second aspect of the present disclosure is the method of shutting down a hydrogen generation apparatus according to the first aspect of the present disclosure, wherein,
in the second step, the first air supplier is intermittently operated and controlled so that the gas temperature in the CO reducing device does not become equal to or lower than the dew point.
A third aspect of the present disclosure is the method of shutting down a hydrogen generation apparatus according to the second aspect of the present disclosure, wherein,
in the second step, the first air supplier is operated when the gas temperature in the CO reducing device is equal to or lower than a first temperature higher than the dew point.
A fourth aspect of the present disclosure is the method of shutting down a hydrogen generation apparatus according to the third aspect of the present disclosure, wherein,
the operation of the first air supplier is stopped when the gas temperature in the CO reducing device becomes equal to or higher than a second temperature higher than the first temperature as a result of the operation of the first air supplier in the second step.
A fifth aspect of the present disclosure is the method of shutting down a hydrogen generation apparatus according to the third aspect of the present disclosure, wherein,
the operation of the first air supplier is stopped when the gas temperature in the CO reducing device does not become equal to or higher than a second temperature higher than the first temperature as a result of the operation of the first air supplier in the second step.
A sixth aspect of the present disclosure is the method of shutting down a hydrogen generation apparatus according to the fifth aspect of the present disclosure, wherein,
the hydrogen generation apparatus comprises a heater which heats the CO reducing device,
the heater is operated when the second temperature is not reached or exceeded in the second step.
A seventh aspect of the present disclosure is the method of shutting down a hydrogen generation apparatus according to the first aspect of the present disclosure, wherein,
in the second step, when the temperature of the reforming device is equal to or higher than a third temperature, the first air supplier is operated and controlled so that the gas temperature in the CO reducing device does not become equal to or lower than the dew point.
A eighth aspect of the present disclosure is the method of shutting down a hydrogen generation apparatus according to the seventh aspect of the present disclosure, wherein,
the hydrogen generation apparatus comprises a heater which heats the CO reducing device,
in the second step, when the temperature of the reforming device is lower than the third temperature, the heater is operated and controlled so that the gas temperature in the CO reducing device does not become equal to or lower than the dew point.
A ninth aspect of the present disclosure is the method of shutting down a hydrogen generation apparatus according to the first aspect of the present disclosure, wherein,
the hydrogen generation apparatus comprises a heater which heats the CO reducing device,
in the second step, the first air supplier is operated and the heater is operated.
A tenth aspect of the present disclosure is the method of shutting down a hydrogen generation apparatus according to the first aspect of the present disclosure, wherein,
the CO reducing device is at least one of a converting device, a CO oxidizing device, and a CO methanizer.
A eleventh aspect of the present is disclosure a method of operating a fuel cell system comprising
a hydrogen generation apparatus which comprises a raw material supplier which supplies a raw material, a water supplier which supplies water, a reforming device having a reforming catalyst for generating a gas containing hydrogen through reforming reaction using the raw material and water, a CO reducing device having a CO reducing catalyst for reducing carbon monoxide in the gas containing hydrogen delivered from the reforming device, a combustor which supplies heat necessary for the reforming reaction to the reforming device, a first air supplier which supplies air for combustion to the combustor, and a combustion exhaust gas path formed such that the combustion exhaust gas exhausted from the combustor makes heat exchange with the reforming device and then with the CO reducing device,
and a fuel cell which generates electric power by using the gas containing hydrogen supplied from the hydrogen generation apparatus,
the method comprising:
a first step of stopping the combustion operation of the combustor; and
a second step of operating the first air supplier so that the temperature of the gas in the CO reducing device does not become equal to or lower than a dew point after shutdown of the combustion operation of the combustor and before a start of a purging operation to purge the interiors of the reforming device and the CO reducing device with a replacement gas.
According to the present disclosure, a hydrogen generation apparatus, a fuel cell system and a method of shutting down the hydrogen generation-apparatus are provided that can suppress degradation of a catalyst due to dew condensation at the time of shutdown.
Embodiments of the present disclosure will be described with reference to the drawings.
A hydrogen generation apparatus and the configuration of a fuel cell system having the hydrogen generation apparatus in Embodiment 1 of the present disclosure will first be described.
The configuration of the hydrogen generation apparatus 1 surrounded by the dotted line in
The hydrogen generation apparatus 1 is provided with a hydrogen generator 8 which generates the gas containing hydrogen from the raw material and water vapor. The hydrogen generator 8 is provided with a combustor 2 which generates heat for progress in reforming reaction. As a combustible gas acting as a heating source in the combustor 2, the raw material passed through the hydrogen generator 8, anode off gas expelled from the anode of the fuel cell 100, or the like is used.
A water supplier 3 which is a pump for supplying water to the hydrogen generator 8 and a raw material supplier 4 which supplies the raw material are provided on the hydrogen generation apparatus 1. The raw material supplier 4 is a booster pump for adjusting the flow rate by controlling, for example, input current pulses or input electric power. The water supplier 3 is a pump having a flow rate adjustment function, as in the case of the raw material supplier 4.
A gas infrastructure path 6 is used as a raw material supply source. A desulfurizer 5 filled with a desulfurizing agent is connected to the gas infrastructure path 6 through a connection portion 7 and is connected to the raw material supplier 4. A hydrogen gas supply path 9 for supplying the fuel cell 100 with the gas containing hydrogen generated by the hydrogen generator 8 is also provided. Further, an anode off gas supply path 10 for supplying the combustor 2 with the gas containing hydrogen not consumed in the fuel cell 100 is provided. Also, a three-way valve 11 is provided at an intermediate position in the hydrogen gas supply path 9, and a bypass path 12 which connects the three-way valve 11 and the anode off gas supply path 10 by bypassing the fuel cell 100 is provided. Also, an oxidizer gas supplier 110 which supplies air as an oxidizer gas to the fuel cell 100 is provided.
The construction of the hydrogen generator 8 will be described.
The hydrogen generator 8 is tubular and has the combustor 2 which is a burner for supplying reaction heat necessary for reforming reaction, and three annular spaces formed by a plurality of cylinders disposed concentrically on a combustion space 17 above the combustor 2. The three annular spaces are a first annular space 18 formed on the outer side of the combustion space 17, a second annular space 19 formed on the outer side of the first annular space 18 and a third annular space 29 formed on the inner side of the first annular space.
An igniter 21 serving as an ignition source for the combustor 2, a flame rod 22 for sensing the state of combustion in the combustor 2 and a first air supplier 20 for supplying the combustor 2 with air for combustion are also provided.
The first air supplier 20 is constituted by a fan for example.
The first annular space 18 is formed so that the width of a lower annular space therein is larger than that of an upper annular space therein. The lower annular space is filled with a Ni-based reforming catalyst to form the reforming device 14. The second annular space 19 is formed so that the width of an upper annular space therein is larger than that of a lower annular space therein. The upper annular space is filled with a Cu—Zn-based converting catalyst to form the converting device 15.
The raw material supplier 4 and an upper portion of the annular space 18 are connected to each other. The first annular space 18 and the second annular space 19 are connected to each other through their lower portions. The hydrogen gas supply path 9 is connected to an upper portion of the second annular space 19. That is, the raw material supplied from the raw material supplier 4 moves downward from above through the first annular space 18 by passing through the reforming device 14, thereafter moves upward from below through the second annular space 19 by passing through the converting device 15, and is discharged from the hydrogen generator 8 to be supplied to the fuel cell 100 through the hydrogen gas supply path 9 (see, dotted line arrows in
The combustor 2 is disposed so that flame goes out downward therefrom. Combustion exhaust gas produced by combustion in the combustor 2 moves downward through the combustion space 17 in a combustion cylinder 28, is discharged from the downstream end of the combustion cylinder 28 and then turned backward, moves upward through the third annular space between the combustion cylinder 28 and a wall 17a, and is discharged to the outside of the hydrogen generator 8 through an exhaust port 27 (see solid line arrows in the figure). The third annular space corresponds to a combustion exhaust gas path 29. Heat contained in the combustion exhaust gas is transferred to the reforming device 14 and the converting device 15 through the wall 17a to heat the reforming device 14 and the converting device 15, thereby causing reactions therein.
A first temperature sensor 24 and a second temperature sensor 25 are respectively provided on the reforming device 14 and the converting device 15 to sense the catalyst temperatures in the reforming device 14 and the converting device 15. As each temperature sensor, a thermocouple, a thermistor or the like is used. The first temperature sensor 24 is disposed outside the reforming device 14 and in the vicinity of the outlet of the reforming device 14. The second temperature sensor 25 is disposed in the converting device 15.
An operation controller 13 is provided to which detection values from the flame rod 22, the first temperature sensor 24 and the second temperature sensor 25 are input, and which controls functioning of components including the raw material supplier 4, the water supplier 3, the first air supplier 20, the three-way valve 11 and the igniter 21 (see
Functioning of the hydrogen generation apparatus and the fuel cell system having the hydrogen generation apparatus in Embodiment 1 will now be described.
Startup and operational functioning of the hydrogen generation apparatus and the fuel cell system having the hydrogen generation apparatus in Embodiment 1 will first be described.
When the hydrogen generation apparatus 1 is started from a shut-down state, the raw material is supplied from the raw material supplier 4 to the hydrogen generator 8 at a command from the operation controller 13. At this time, the three-way valve 11 is at a selected position on the bypass path 12 side. Accordingly, the raw material discharged from the hydrogen generator 8 is supplied to the combustor 2 via the bypass path 12. The raw material used as a fuel is ignited in the combustor 2 to start heating. After determining on the basis of temperature information obtained from the first temperature sensor 24 and the second temperature sensor 25 that a state in which dew condensation does not occur on each of catalyst layers in the reforming device 14 and the converting device 15 has been established, the water supplier 3 is operated to supply water to the hydrogen generator 8 to start reforming reaction between the water and the raw material.
In the present Embodiment 1, city gas (13A) having methane as a main constituent is used as the raw material. Water is supplied at such a rate that about 3 mols of water vapor exists with respect to 1 mol of carbon atoms in the average molecular formula of the supplied city gas (about 3 in terms of steam carbon ratio (S/C)).
The reforming device 14 and the converting device 15 are warmed and reforming reaction and converting reaction progress. When the concentration of carbon monoxide in the gas containing hydrogen is reduced to such a concentration that power generation in the fuel cell can be continued, the three-way valve 11 is changed to the fuel cell 100 side to supply the gas containing hydrogen from the hydrogen gas supply path 9 to the fuel cell 100. The temperature of the reforming device 14 at the time of power generation is about 650° C., and the temperature of the converting device 15 is about 150 to 200° C.
In this case, the dew point of the mixture gas of the raw material and water vapor at the inlet of the reforming device 14 is about 93° C., and the gas dew point at the outlet of the reforming device 14 is about 68° C. The dew point of the gas at the outlet of the converting device 15 is about 61° C.
Then, in the fuel cell 100, power generation is performed by using air supplied from the oxidizer gas supplier 110 and the gas containing hydrogen.
A method of shutting down the operation of the hydrogen generation apparatus and the fuel cell system having the hydrogen generation apparatus in Embodiment 1 of the present disclosure will be described.
At a shutdown command to shut down the operation of the fuel cell system, the oxidizer gas supplier 110 is shut down and the operation of the hydrogen generation apparatus 1 is also shut down.
The outline of the method of shutting down the operation of the hydrogen generation apparatus 1 will be described. By stopping the supply of the raw material and water, the combustion in the combustor 2 is also stopped and the temperature of the catalyst layers in the reforming device 14 and the converting device 15 in the hydrogen generator 8 are reduced. After the temperature of the catalyst layers have been reduced to set temperatures, the raw material is supplied to the hydrogen generation apparatus 1 to replace with the raw material the gas containing hydrogen staying in the gas paths in the hydrogen generation apparatus 1.
Specific functioning in the present embodiment resides in functioning of the operation controller 13 at the time of apparatus shutdown according to the shutdown method described below. The three-way valve 11 is opened on the fuel cell 100 side to perform replacement with the raw material gas in the fuel cell 100 as well.
First, in step 1, the operation controller 13 stops the functioning of the combustor 2, the water supplier 3 and the raw material supplier 4 at a shutdown command. This step of shutting down the combustor 2 corresponds to an example of the first step in the present. At the time of shutdown commanding, a detected temperature TK sensed by the first temperature sensor 24 is, for example, about 650° C., while a detected temperature TH sensed by the second temperature sensor 25 is, for example, about 150° C.
Next, in step 2, determination is made as to whether the detected temperature TK is higher than a temperature T1 set in advance. The temperature T1 is a temperature at which the raw material supplier 4 is made to function to replace the gas containing hydrogen with the raw material, and at which precipitation of carbon from the raw material when the raw material is caused to flow through the reforming device 14 is limited. The temperature T1 is an example of the predetermined temperature T1 in the present disclosure. For example, if the reforming catalyst is a Ni catalyst, the temperature T1 can be set to about 150 to 350° C.
After commanding shutdown, the temperature of the reforming device 14 decreases continuously from 650° C. Accordingly, the control proceeds to step 3 before the detected temperature TK reaches the temperature T1 after commanding shutdown. When the detected temperature TK reaches the temperature T1, the control proceeds to step 8 and the raw material supplier 4 functions to perform raw material purge. This step 8 corresponds to an example of the third step.
If in step 2, if the detected temperature TK is higher than the temperature T1, the control proceeds to step 3 to determine whether or not the detected temperature TK is equal to or higher than a reference temperature T3 set in advance. The reference temperature T3 is set to a temperature higher than the temperature T1. For example, the reference temperature T3 can be set to 400° C. The reference temperature T3 will be again described with respect to steps 5 and 6. The reference temperature T3 corresponds to an example of the third temperature in the present disclosure.
Since the temperature of the reforming device 14 decreases from 650° C., the control proceeds to step 4 if the detected temperature TK is equal to or higher than T3, and determines whether or not the detected temperature TH sensed by the second temperature sensor 25 is equal to or lower than a first reference temperature T2 set in advance. The first reference temperature T2 corresponds to an example of the first temperature in the present disclosure. The first reference temperature T2 is set to a temperature at which dew condensation does not occur, and which is at least higher than the dew point of the gas in the converting device 15. Preferably, a temperature at which water vapor does not condense is considered as the first reference temperature T2. The first reference temperature T2 may be set to 80 to 150° C.
If in step 4 the detected temperature TH dropping naturally is equal to or lower than T2, the control proceeds to step 5 to start functioning of the first air supplier 20. This is because in such a situation where the detected temperature TH is equal to or lower than the first reference temperature T2, a probability of the temperature of the converting catalyst becoming lower than the gas dew point before the detected temperature TK reaches the temperature T1 is assumable. In step 5, therefore, the first air supplier 20 is made to function to apply heat from the reforming device 14 to the converting device 15, as described below.
Air supplied downward from the first air supplier 20 moves from below to above as indicated by arrow A. That is, the air moves through the above-described combustion exhaust gas path 29. The air absorbs heat from the reforming device 14 in a lower section of the path to increase its temperature (see arrow B). The air having the increased temperature moves upward and gives heat to the converting device 15 (see arrow C). As described above, heat from the reforming device 14 is transferred to the converting device 15 through the medium of air supplied from the first air supplier 20, thus enabling limiting of the reduction in temperature of the converting device 15.
Referring again to
After shutdown of the first air supplier 20 in step 7, a return to step 2 is again made to repeat the same steps as those described above. The detected temperature TK only decreases from the temperature 650° C. at the time of shutdown command, as mentioned above. Therefore, once the detected temperature TK becomes lower than the reference temperature T3, it does not again become higher than T3. For this reason, if it is determined in step 3 or 6 that the detected temperature TK is lower than T3, steps 2 and 3 are repeated. That is, the first air supplier 20 is not made to function until the detected temperature TK reaches the temperature T1.
If in step 4 the detected temperature TH is higher than the first reference temperature T2, the control returns to the second step by assuming that there is still no risk of dew condensation.
Thus, a process is realized in which after shutdown command in step 1 and before starting raw material purge in step 8, steps 2 to 7 are repeated as required to make the first air supplier function so that the temperature of the gas in the CO reducing device is not equal to or lower than the dew point. This group of steps corresponds to an example of the second step in the present disclosure.
In the shutdown method in the present Embodiment 1, as described above, the first air supplier 20 is made to function so that dew condensation does not occur in the converting device 15 before the temperature of the reforming device 14 reaches the temperature at which purge with the raw material is performed, and heat is transferred from the reforming device 14 at a comparatively high temperature to the converting device 15 by using air as a heat-transfer medium to keep the converting device 15 warm.
Also, since steps 5 and 7 are ordinarily repeated as described above, functioning of the first air supplier 20 is intermittently performed.
An example of the hydrogen generation apparatus 1 in the present Embodiment 1 will be described. In this example, the hydrogen generation apparatus 1 was evaluated in a single state without being incorporated in the fuel cell system.
Functions to shut down the hydrogen generation apparatus 1 were performed by preparing a program with the temperature T1 set to 320° C., the first reference temperature T2 and the second reference temperature T4 set to 120° C. and the reference temperature T3 set to 400° C. in the control flow of the shutdown method for the hydrogen generation apparatus 1 in
In Comparative Example 1, shutdown functions were performed by preparing a program without using the control flow of the shutdown method described in the present Embodiment 1, such that raw material purge by means of the raw material supplier 4 was executed in Example 1 when the detected temperature TK became equal to or lower than 320° C. after shutting down the combustor 2, the water supplier 3 and the raw material supplier 4 at the shutdown command.
As described above, the shutdown method for the hydrogen generation apparatus 1 in the present Embodiment 1 was recognized as advantageous in terms of limiting of dew condensation.
The catalysts in the present disclosure are not necessarily limited to those used in the present embodiment. For example, a Ru-based catalyst may be used as a reforming catalyst. However, cooling conditions vary with respect to kinds of catalyst. For example, a Ru catalyst as a reforming catalyst is widely adopted particularly in hydrogen generation apparatuses for fuel cells in home use because of, for example, its good usability relating to its low liability to receive carbon precipitation, but it is high in cost. On the other hand, the Ni catalyst used in the present Embodiment 1 can be obtained at a low cost but it is liable to receive carbon precipitation in comparison with the Ru catalyst and therefore necessitates reducing the temperature at which purge (replacement) in the apparatus using the raw material can be performed in comparison with the Ru catalyst. The upper limit temperature at which purge can be performed, varying with respect to kinds of catalyst, is about 400 to 500° C. on the Ru catalyst and is about 300 to 400° C. on the Ni catalyst.
The catalysts in the reaction sections in the hydrogen generation apparatus are different in the temperatures of use and the amounts of use depending on the configuration of the apparatus. The temperature at which dew condensation occurs also varies. Therefore, different conditions of cooling during shutdown result. Thus, the conditions of cooling in the reforming device and the converting device vary with respect to kinds of catalyst, and the conditions of reduction in temperature vary depending on the configuration of the apparatus. For this reason, suitable reference values T1 to T4 selected on an apparatus-by-apparatus basis are employed to enable limiting of degradation of the converting catalyst due to dew condensation.
While in the present Embodiment 1 the reference temperature T3 is set to 400° C., higher than the temperature T1 320° C., the temperatures T3 and T1 may alternatively be set equal to each other. In the above-described embodiment, control of the first air supplier 20 is not performed when the detected temperature TK is lower than the reference temperature T3. However, if setting of T3=T1 is made, control of the first air supplier 20 is performed depending on the temperature of the converting device 15 before the detected temperature TK reaches the temperature T1.
In the present Embodiment 1, raw material purge is performed by making the raw material supplier 4 function when the detected value from the first temperature sensor 24, i.e., the detected temperature TK, decreases to the temperature T1. However, if the decreasing change in temperature of the reforming device 14 with respect to time is obtained in advance, the first temperature sensor 24 may be removed and the raw material supplier 4 may be made to function after a lapse of a predetermined time period from the time when the combustor 2 is shut down. This predetermined time period is the time period from the time when the combustor 2 is shut down to the time when the temperature of the reforming device 14 reaches the temperature suitable for raw material purge. Details of this procedure will be described below.
In the present Embodiment 1, the second reference temperature T4 higher than the first reference value T2 is set to provide a hysteresis for improvement in controllability. However, the temperatures T4 and T2 may alternatively be set equal to each other, as described above.
Further, a combination of these settings may be made to perform control during the predetermined time period after the shutdown command and before the execution of raw material purge so that the first air supplier 20 is made to function when the detected temperature TH becomes equal to or lower than the first reference temperature T2, and is shut down when the detected temperature TH becomes higher than the first reference temperature T2.
In the present Embodiment 1, the temperatures are directly sensed by using the first temperature sensor 24 and the second temperature sensor 25. This temperature sensing is not necessarily required. Each temperature can be detected by utilizing a physical variable having a correlation with the temperature without such a temperature sensor.
For example, the temperature can be indirectly grasped by utilizing the lapse of time from the time when the combustor 2 is shut down.
That is, data is taken under various conditions. For example, it is assumed that the time taken to reduce the temperature of the converting device 15 to the first reference temperature T2 under a standard environmental condition is experimentally found to be 20 minutes from the time when the shutdown is made (see
Also, data is assumed to be taken which indicates that the temperature of the converting device 15 reaches the second reference temperature T4 after a lapse of 3 minutes from a start of functioning of the first air supplier 20 made after the above-described decrease in temperature. Various data items are also assumed to be thereafter taken according to such timing that dew condensation is avoided, while shutting down the first air supplier 20.
Further, under this condition, data is assumed to be taken which indicates that the temperature of the reforming device 14 decreases to the temperature T1 after a lapse of 72 minutes from the shutdown. As a result, it is understood that raw material purge may be started after a lapse of 72 minutes from shutdown.
Thus, if the decreasing changes in temperature of the reforming device 14 and the converting device 15 with respect to time are measured in advance under various conditions, the first temperature sensor 24 and the second temperature sensor 25 may be removed and control may be performed so as to make the first air supplier 20 function by predetermined timing such that dew condensation does not occur in the converting device 15 before raw material purge is performed. In short, only limiting the reduction in temperature of the converting device 15 so as to prevent dew condensation in the converting device 15 before the temperature of the reforming device 14 at which raw material purge can be performed is reached may suffice.
“The gas temperature in the CO reducing device is equal to or lower than the dew point”, “the gas temperature in the CO reducing device is equal to or lower than the first temperature”, “the gas temperature in the CO reducing device is equal to or higher than the second temperature” and “the temperature of the reforming device is equal to or higher than the third temperature” in the present disclosure are defined as conditions including both a case where the gas temperature in the CO reducing device directly detected is “equal to or lower than the dew point”, “equal to or lower than the first temperature”, “equal to or higher than the second temperature” or “equal to or higher than the third temperature” and a case where the gas temperature in the CO reducing device indirectly detected is “equal to or lower than the dew point”, “equal to or lower than the first temperature”, “equal to or higher than the second temperature” or “equal to or higher than the third temperature”.
Such a method not using the temperature sensors can also be applied to other embodiments described below.
A hydrogen generation apparatus and a fuel cell system having the hydrogen generation apparatus in Embodiment 2 of the present disclosure will be described below. The hydrogen generation apparatus and the fuel cell system having the hydrogen generation apparatus in the present Embodiment 2 have basically the same configuration as that in Embodiment 1. However, the configuration in the present Embodiment 2 differs from that in Embodiment 1 in that a first heater for heating the converting device 15 is provided in the hydrogen generation apparatus. Description will therefore be made mainly of this point of difference. In the present Embodiment 2, the same components as those in Embodiment 1 are indicated by the same reference characters.
The method of shutting down the operation of the hydrogen generation apparatus and the fuel cell system having the hydrogen generation apparatus in the present Embodiment 2 will be described. Operational functioning other than that in the shutdown method is the same as that in Embodiment 1, and the description for it will not be repeated.
In the control flow shown in
Steps 1 and 2 in the control flow shown in
If the detected temperature TH is equal to or lower than the first reference temperature T2, the operation controller 42 sets the first heater 30 in an on-state in step 22. If the detected temperature TH is higher than the first reference temperature T2, the operation controller 42 sets the first heater 30 in an off-state in step 23. The control then proceeds to step 2 again. A mode may be adopted in which a step of maintaining the first heater 30 in the on-state until the detected temperature becomes equal to or higher than the reference temperature T4 is performed in place of the above-described step 23.
The detected temperature TK changes only in a decreasing direction after the shutdown command and does not become high, as also described in the description of Embodiment 1. Therefore, if in step 3 or 6 the detected temperature TK is lower than the reference temperature T3, steps 2 and 3 are repeated.
That is, on-off control of the first heater 30 is performed after the detected temperature TK has become lower than the reference temperature T3 and before the detected temperature TK reaches the temperature T1.
In Embodiment 1, the converting catalyst is naturally cooled after the detected temperature TK has become lower than the reference temperature T3 and before the detected temperature TK reaches the temperature T1. In the present Embodiment 2, the converting catalyst is heated by the heater and, therefore, the effect of limiting the occurrence of dew condensation can be increased relative to that of the hydrogen generation apparatus in Embodiment 1.
In the case of the present Embodiment 2, the first heater 30 may be turned on when the first air supplier 20 is made to function in step 5, although this turning-on is not shown in
In such a case, step 7 includes turning off the first heater 30 as well as stopping functioning of the first air supplier 20.
An example of the hydrogen generation apparatus 40 in the present Embodiment 2 will be described. In this example, the hydrogen generation apparatus 40 was evaluated in a single state without being incorporated in the fuel cell system.
Functions to shut down the hydrogen generation apparatus 40 were performed by preparing a program with the temperature T1 set to 280° C., the first reference temperature T2 and the second reference temperature T4 each set to 120° C. and the reference temperature T3 set to 400° C. in the control flow of the shutdown method for the hydrogen generation apparatus 40 in
The detected temperature TH increases even after functioning of the first heater 30. This is an overshoot due to low heater response.
When the detected temperature of the first temperature sensor 24 became equal to 280° C., the detected temperature of the second temperature sensor 25 was 121° C. Even after repeating startup and shutdown 100 times, no reductions in strength and no reductions in activity of the catalysts were recognized. Thus, the shutdown method for the hydrogen generation apparatus in the present Embodiment capable of limiting dew condensation by means of the combination of warm-keeping functioning based on supply of air and warm-keeping functioning with the heater was recognized as advantageous.
The power consumption in Example 2 was 105.2 Wh: combustion fan functioning (6 W×52 min) plus first heater functioning (200 W×30 min).
In Comparative Example 2, functions to shut down the hydrogen generation apparatus were performed by using a control flow formed by removing steps 4 to 7 in the control flow shown in
The first heater 30 functioned intermittently from a time 20 minutes after shutdown to a time 50 minutes after shutdown and from a time 100 minutes after shutdown to a time 130 minutes after shutdown on the basis of the flow of steps 2, 3, and 21 to 23. When the detected temperature of the first temperature sensor 24 became equal to 300° C., the detected temperature of the second temperature sensor 25 was 128° C. Even after repeating startup and shutdown 100 times, no reductions in strength and no reductions in activity of the catalysts were recognized. It was thereby understood that dew condensation was limited by warm-keeping with the heater.
The power consumption in Comparative Example 2 was 200 W. It can be understood that shutdown can be performed while limiting dew condensation with less energy in Example 2. That is, as shown in Example 2, heat from the reforming device 14 is utilized, though partially, in place of heat from the heater to limit the reduction in temperature of the converting device 15, thus reducing the power consumption.
The embodiment has been described only with respect to use of the first heater 30 at the time of operation shutdown. However, the first heater 30 may be operated at the time of startup or during ordinary operation for the purpose of increasing the temperature of the converting catalyst.
A hydrogen generation apparatus and a fuel cell system having the hydrogen generation apparatus in Embodiment 3 of the present disclosure will be described below. The hydrogen generation apparatus and the fuel cell system having the hydrogen generation apparatus in the present Embodiment 3 have basically the same configuration as that in Embodiment 1. However, the configuration in the present Embodiment 3 differs from that in Embodiment 1 in that a CO oxidizing device is provided in the hydrogen generation apparatus. Description will therefore be made mainly of this point of difference. In the present Embodiment 3, the same components as those in Embodiment 1 are indicated by the same reference characters.
As shown in
The method of shutting down the operation of the hydrogen generation apparatus and the fuel cell system having the hydrogen generation apparatus in the present Embodiment 3 will be described. Operational functioning other than that in the shutdown method is the same as that in Embodiment 1, and the description for it will not be repeated.
In the control flow in the present Embodiment 3, as shown in
More specifically, if in step 3 the detected temperature TK is equal to or higher than T3, the control proceeds to step 34. In step 34, determination is made as to whether or not the detected temperature TH is equal to or lower than the first reference temperature T2 or whether or not the detected temperature TS is equal to or lower than a first reference temperature T5. The first reference temperature T5 is a temperature at which dew condensation does not occur in the CO oxidizing device 16. The first reference temperature T5 is set at least higher than the dew point of the gas in the CO oxidizing device 16. The first reference temperature T5 is an example of the first temperature in the present disclosure set with respect to the gas temperature in the CO oxidizing device 16. The first reference temperature T5 may be set, for example, to the same temperature 120° C. as the first reference temperature T2.
In short, if it is determined in step 34 that at least one of the temperature of the converting device 15 and the CO oxidizing device 16 is lower than the reference temperature, the control proceeds to step S5 to cause the first air supplier 20 start functioning. By the functioning of the air supplier 20, heat from the reforming device 14 is transferred to the converting device 15 and to the CO oxidizing device 16 through the medium of air, thereby limiting the reductions in the temperatures of the converting device 15 and the CO oxidizing device 16.
The control then proceeds to step 36 to stop functioning of the first air supplier 20 if the detected temperature TK is lower than the reference temperature T3, or if the detected temperature TH is equal to or higher than the second reference temperature T4 and the detected temperature TS is equal to or higher than a second reference temperature T6.
In this step 36, the first air supplier 20 is shut down if the temperature of the reforming device 14 becomes lower than the temperature T3 at which a sufficiently large influence cannot be exerted on the temperatures of the converting device 15 and the CO oxidizing device 16, as in the case of Embodiment 1. Further, if each of the detected temperature TH and the detected temperature TS becomes equal to or higher than the second reference temperature, functioning of the first air supplier 20 is also stopped by assuming that there is no risk of dew condensation. The second reference temperature T6 is an example of the predetermined temperature T6 in the present disclosure set with respect to the gas temperature in the CO oxidizing device 16. The second reference temperature T6 is set equal to or higher than the first reference temperature T5. The second reference temperature T6 may be set equal to the first reference temperature T5. With the setting to the same temperature as the first reference temperature T5, however, there is a possibility of frequently turning on/off the first air supplier 20. Therefore, the second reference temperature T6 is set to a temperature higher than the first reference temperature T5 so as to provide a hysteresis for the purpose of improving the controllability. That is, it is preferable to set the second reference temperature T6 to such a temperature that turning on/off of the first air supplier 20 is not frequently performed. For example, the second reference temperature T6 may be set to a temperature higher by 5 to 10° C. than the first reference temperature T5.
Thus, in the method of shutting down the hydrogen generation apparatus in the present Embodiment 3, functioning of the first air supplier 20 is controlled by considering the temperature of the CO oxidizing device as well, in contrast to Embodiment 1.
An example of the hydrogen generation apparatus 50 in the present Embodiment 3 will be described. In this example, the hydrogen generation apparatus 50 was evaluated in a single state without being incorporated in the fuel cell system.
In Example 3, an experiment was made by using the hydrogen generation apparatus 50 having the configuration described in the above-described embodiment.
Functions to shut down the hydrogen generation apparatus 50 were performed by preparing a program with the temperature T1 set to 320° C., the first reference temperature T2, the second reference temperature T4, the first reference temperature T5 and the second reference temperature T6 set to 120° C. and the reference temperature T3 set to 400° C. in the control flow of the shutdown method for the hydrogen generation apparatus 50 in
The first air supplier 20 intermittently executed functioning from a time 13 minutes after shutdown to a time 73 minutes after shutdown on the basis of the flow from step S2 to step S7. When the detected temperature TK became equal to 320° C., the detected temperature TS was 103° C. Even after repeating startup and shutdown 100 times, no reductions in strength and no reductions in activity were recognized. The shutdown method enabling prevention of dew condensation was thus recognized as advantageous.
In Comparative Example 3, shutdown functions were performed by preparing a program without using the control flow of the shutdown method described in the present Embodiment 3, such that the reforming device 14, the converting device 15 and the CO oxidizing device 16 were naturally cooled after shutting down the combustor 2, the water supplier 3 and the raw material supplier 4 at the shutdown command, and raw material purge was executed by making the raw material supplier 4 function when the detected temperature TK became equal to 320° C.
As described above, the shutdown method for the hydrogen generation apparatus 50 in the present Embodiment 3 was recognized as advantageous in terms of limiting of dew condensation.
In the above-described Embodiments 1 and 2, in contrast to the present Embodiment 3, the CO oxidizing device 16 is not provided. The reason for not providing the CO oxidizing device 16 is that in some cases the concentration required of carbon monoxide in the gas containing hydrogen produced in the hydrogen generation apparatus 1 is not so low, depending on the performance of the fuel cell. In such a case, it is not necessarily required that the CO oxidizing device 16 be provided in the hydrogen generation apparatus 1. More specifically, in a case where the hydrogen generation apparatus 1 is used by being connected to a solid-oxide fuel cell, a phosphoric acid fuel cell or the like having high CO resistance, it is not necessary to provide the CO oxidizing device 16. On the other hand, the CO oxidizing device 16 is provided in the hydrogen generation apparatus 50 in the present Embodiment 3, enabling use of a fuel cell having lower resistance to carbon monoxide (CO) in comparison with the fuel cell 100 used in Embodiment 1. In a case where the CO concentration is reduced by methanization instead of oxidation, a CO methanizing device is provided in place of the CO oxidizing device. In this case, there is no need to supply air for oxidation and, hence, no need to provide the second air supplier 23 or the like.
The above-described converting device and CO oxidizing device or CO methanizing device correspond to an example of the CO reducing device in the present disclosure.
The temperature T1, the first reference temperature T2, the reference temperature T3, the second reference temperature T4, the first reference temperature T5 and the second reference temperature T6 set in the above-described shutdown flow may be determined according to the characteristics of the catalysts used in the reforming device 14, the converting device 15 and the CO oxidizing device 16 and the water vapor condensation temperature, and are not limited to the values described in the present embodiment. For example, from consideration of carbon precipitation from the raw material gas on the reforming catalyst, it is preferable that the temperature T1 be a temperature at which carbon precipitation from the raw material gas is limited. With respect to the Ni catalyst, such a temperature is about 150 to 350° C. As the first reference temperature T2 and the first reference temperature T5, a temperature at which water vapor does not condense is preferably considered. Such a temperature is 80 to 150° C.
With the configuration of the hydrogen generation apparatus 50 in the present Embodiment 3, there is a risk of dew condensation occurring faster in the CO oxidizing device 16 than in the converting device 15 at the time of shutdown, for example, as shown by the data on Example 3, because the temperature of the CO oxidizing device 16 during operation is ordinarily lower than that of the converting device 15. On the other hand, at the time of supply of the raw material, the converting device 15 is at about 150° C., as described in Example 3. It is understood that the temperature at which caution against dew condensation should be exercised is not reached at the time of supply of the raw material. Therefore, control of the first air supplier 20 may be performed by considering only the reduction in temperature of the CO oxidizing device 16 detected with the third temperature sensor 26. In such a case, the second temperature sensor 25 may be removed.
Functioning of the first air supplier 20 may be controlled by sensing only the temperature of the CO oxidizing device 16 in the above-described way. In some instances, however, the temperature on the downstream side of the converting device 15 and the temperature on the upstream side of the CO oxidizing device 16 are considerably close to each other, depending on the configuration of the hydrogen generator. Therefore, control of the first air supplier 20 by sensing both the temperature of the converting device 15 and the CO oxidizing device 16 as in the present Embodiment 3 is more preferable.
In the above-described example, the reference temperatures for the converting device 15 and the CO oxidizing device 16 are set equal to each other. However, the reference temperatures may alternatively be set different from each other according to the gas dew points therein.
Also, the first temperature sensor 24 and the second temperature sensor 25 may be removed and the first air supplier 20 may be made to function on the basis of a lapse of time after shutdown of the combustor 2, as described above in Embodiment 1.
In the present Embodiment 3, the second reference temperature T6 higher than the first reference temperature T5 is set to provide a hysteresis for the purpose of improving the controllability. However, the temperatures T6 and T5 may alternatively be set equal to each other. The first reference temperature T2 and the second reference temperature T4 may be set in the same way.
Further, a combination of these settings may be made to perform control after the shutdown command and before the execution of raw material purge so that the first air supplier 20 is made to function when the detected temperature TH becomes equal to or lower than the first reference temperature T2 or the detected temperature TS becomes equal to or lower than the first reference temperature T5, and is shut down when the detected temperature TH becomes higher than the first reference temperature T2 and the detected temperature TS becomes equal to or higher than the first reference temperature T5.
Also, if the decreasing changes in temperature of the reforming device 14, the converting device 15 and the CO oxidizing device 16 with respect to time are measured in advance, the first temperature sensor 24, the second temperature sensor 25 and the third temperature sensor 26 may be removed and control may be performed so as to make the first air supplier 20 function by predetermined timing such that dew condensation does not occur in the converting device 15 and in the CO oxidizing device 16 before raw material purge is performed. In short, only limiting the reduction in temperature of the converting device 15 so as to prevent dew condensation in the converting device 15 and in the CO oxidizing device 16 before the temperature of the reforming device 14 at which raw material purge can be performed is reached may suffice.
In the present Embodiment 3, functioning of the first air supplier 20 is stopped if the condition in step 36 is satisfied after a start of functioning of the first air supplier 20. The first air supplier 20 may alternatively be made to continue functioning without being shut down before raw material purge is performed. From the viewpoint of energy saving, however, it is more preferable to shut down the first air supplier 20 after the temperature of the converting device 15 has increased.
A hydrogen generation apparatus and a fuel cell system having the hydrogen generation apparatus in Embodiment 4 of the present disclosure will be described below. The fuel cell system in the present Embodiment 4 have basically the same configuration as that in Embodiment 3. However, the configuration in the present Embodiment 4 differs from that in Embodiment 3 in that a first heater for heating the converting device 15 and a second heater for heating the CO oxidizing device 16 are provided in the hydrogen generation apparatus. Description will therefore be made mainly of this point of difference. In the present Embodiment 4, the same components as those in Embodiment 3 are indicated by the same reference characters.
The method of shutting down the operation of the hydrogen generation apparatus and the fuel cell system having the hydrogen generation apparatus in the present Embodiment 4 will be described. Operational functioning other than that in the shutdown method is the same as that in Embodiment 3, and the description for it will not be repeated.
As shown in
If in step 41 the detected temperature TH is equal to or lower than the first reference temperature T2, the control proceeds to step 42 and the operation controller 62 sets the first heater 30 in the on-state. If the detected temperature TH is higher than the first reference temperature T2, the control proceeds to step 43 and the operation controller 62 sets the first heater 30 in the off-state.
Subsequently, in step 44, determination is made as to whether or not the detected temperature TS is lower than the first reference temperature T5.
If the detected temperature TS is equal to lower than the first reference temperature T5, the control proceeds to step 45 and the operation controller 62 sets the second heater 31 in the on-state. If the detected temperature TS is higher than the first reference temperature T5, the control proceeds to step 46 and the operation controller 62 sets the second heater 31 in the off-state.
The detected temperature TK does not become high after the shutdown command. Therefore, once the detected temperature TK becomes lower than the reference temperature T3 in step 3 or 6, the loop of steps 2, 3, and 41 to 46 is repeated until the detected temperature TK reaches the temperature T1, thus performing temperature control with the heaters and more reliably limiting the occurrence of dew condensation in the converting device 15 and the CO oxidizing device 16.
An example of the hydrogen generation apparatus 60 in the present Embodiment 4 will be described. In this example, the hydrogen generation apparatus 60 was evaluated in a single state without being incorporated in the fuel cell system.
Functions to shut down the hydrogen generation apparatus 60 were performed by preparing a program with the temperature T1 set to 280° C., the first reference temperature T2, the second reference temperature T4, the first reference temperature T5 and the second reference temperature T6 each set to 120° C. and the reference temperature T3 set to 400° C. in the control flow of the shutdown method for the hydrogen generation apparatus 60 in
The first air supplier 20 intermittently executed functioning from a time 13 minutes after shutdown to a time 73 minutes after shutdown on the basis of the flow of steps 2, 3, 34, 5, 36, and 7. The first heater 30 did not function. The second heater 31 functioned intermittently for 33 minutes from a time 90 minutes after shutdown to a time 123 minutes after shutdown on the basis of steps 2, 3, 51, 52, and 53.
As a result, when the detected temperature TK became equal to 300° C., the detected temperature TS was 119° C. Even after repeating startup and shutdown 100 times, no reductions in strength and no reductions in activity of the catalysts were recognized. Thus, the shutdown method for the hydrogen generation apparatus in the present embodiment capable of limiting dew condensation by means of the combination of warm-keeping functioning based on supply of air and warm-keeping functioning with the heaters was recognized as advantageous.
The power consumption in Example 4 was 50 Wh: combustion fan functioning (6 W×60 min) plus second heater 31 functioning (80 W×33 min).
In Comparative Example 4, functions to shut down the hydrogen generation apparatus were performed by using a control flow formed by removing steps 34, 5, 36, and 7 in the control flow shown in
The first heater 30 did not function based on steps 2, 3, and 41 to 46. The second heater 31 functioned for 30 minutes from a time 13 minutes after shutdown to a time 43 minutes after shutdown and for 33 minutes from a time 89 minutes after shutdown to a time 122 minutes after shutdown, a total of 66 minutes. When the detected temperature TK became equal to 300° C., the detected temperature TS was 119° C. Even after repeating startup and shutdown 100 times, no reductions in strength and no reductions in activity of the catalysts were recognized. It was thereby understood that dew condensation was limited by warm-keeping with the heaters.
The power consumption in Comparative Example 4 was 88 Wh. It can be understood that shutdown can be performed while limiting dew condensation with less energy in Example 4. That is, as shown in Example 4, heat from the reforming device 14 is utilized, though partially, in place of heat from the heaters to limit the reductions in the temperatures of the converting device 15 and the CO oxidizing device 16, thus reducing the power consumption.
In Example 4, with respect to the converting device 15, the temperature at which dew condensation occurs was not reached, even though the first heater 30 was not turned on. If it is known in advance that at the time of supply of the raw material the temperature of the converting device 15 does not reach the temperature at which caution against dew condensation should be exercised, the provision of the first heater 30 is not required.
A hydrogen generation apparatus and a fuel cell system having the hydrogen generation apparatus in Embodiment 5 have basically the same configuration as that of the hydrogen generation apparatus and the fuel cell system having the hydrogen generation apparatus in Embodiment 4. However, the configuration in Embodiment 5 differs from that in Embodiment 4 in that the first heater 30 and the second heater 31 are connected in series. That is, while in Embodiment 4 the first heater 30 and the second heater 31 can be individually on-off controlled, the corresponding heaters in the present Embodiment 5 are controllable only in such a way as to be controlled simultaneously with each other. Description will therefore be made mainly of this point of difference. In the present Embodiment 5, the same components as those in Embodiment 4 are indicated by the same reference characters.
In contrast to the hydrogen generator 61 in Embodiment 4, the hydrogen generator 71 provided in the hydrogen generation apparatus 70 has a double-use heater 73 formed of a first heater and a second heater connected in series. Also, an operation controller 72 which controls the double-use heater 73 is provided in place of the operation controller 62 in Embodiment 4 that controls the first heater 30 and the second heater 31 separately from each other.
The method of shutting down the operation of the hydrogen generation apparatus and the fuel cell system having the hydrogen generation apparatus in the present Embodiment 5 will be described. Operational functioning other than that in the shutdown method is the same as that in Embodiment 4, and the description for it will not be repeated.
As shown in
If the detected temperature TH is equal to or lower than the first reference temperature T2 or the detected temperature TS is equal to or lower than the first reference temperature T5, the operation controller 72 sets the double-use heater 73 in the on-state. If the detected temperature TH is higher than the first reference temperature T2 and the detected temperature TS is higher than the first reference temperature T5, the operation controller 72 sets the double-use heater 73 in the off-state. That is, control is performed so as to prevent dew condensation by setting the double-use heater 73 in the on-state when at least one of the temperatures of the converting device 15 and the CO oxidizing device 16 becomes smaller than the first reference temperature.
After the shutdown command, the detected temperature TK does not rise but only decreases. Therefore, once the detected temperature TK becomes lower than the reference temperature T3 in step 3 or 6, the loop of steps 2, 3, and 51 to 53 is repeated until the detected temperature TK reaches the temperature T1, thus performing temperature control with the double-use heater 73.
An example of the hydrogen generation apparatus 70 in the present Embodiment 5 will be described. In this example, the hydrogen generation apparatus 70 was evaluated in a single state without being incorporated in the fuel cell system.
Functions for shutting down the hydrogen generation apparatus 70 were performed by preparing a program with the temperature T1 set to 300° C., the first reference temperature T2, the second reference temperature T4, the first reference temperature T5 and the second reference temperature T6 each set to 115° C. and the reference temperature T3 set to 400° C. in the control flow of the shutdown method for the hydrogen generation apparatus 70 in
The first air supplier 20 functioned intermittently from a time 13 minutes after shutdown to a time 73 minutes after shutdown on the basis of the flow of steps 2, 3, 34, 5, 36, and 7. The double-use heater formed of the first heater 30 and the second heater 31 connected in series functioned intermittently for 32 minutes from a time 90 minutes after shutdown to a time 122 minutes after shutdown on the basis of steps 2, 3, and 41 to 46.
As a result, when the detected temperature TK became equal to 300° C., the detected temperature. TS was 118° C. Even after repeating startup and shutdown 100 times, no reductions in strength and no reductions in activity of the catalysts were recognized. Thus, the shutdown method for the hydrogen generation apparatus in the present embodiment capable of limiting dew condensation by means of the combination of warm-keeping functioning based on supply of air and warm-keeping functioning with the heater was recognized as advantageous.
The power consumption in Example 5 was 166 Wh: combustion fan functioning (6 W×60 min) plus double-use heater 73 functioning (300 W×32 min).
In Comparative Example 5, functions for shutting down the hydrogen generation apparatus were performed by using a control flow formed by removing steps 34, 5, 36, and 7 in the control flow shown in
As a result, when the detected temperature from the first temperature sensor 24 became equal to 300° C., the detected temperature from the third temperature sensor 26 was 118° C. Even after repeating startup and shutdown 100 times, no reductions in strength and no reductions in activity of the catalysts were recognized. It was thereby understood that dew condensation was limited by warm-keeping with the heater.
The power consumption in Comparative Example 5 was 330 Wh. It can be understood that shutdown can be performed while limiting dew condensation with less energy in Example 5. That is, as shown in Example 5, heat from the reforming device 14 is utilized, though partially, in place of heat from the heater to limit the reductions in the temperatures of the converting device 15 and the CO oxidizing device 16, thus reducing the power consumption.
In each of the above-described Embodiments 2, 4, and 5, there is a possibility of the heater being in the on-state at the time of raw material purge. A step of setting the heater in the off-state may therefore be provided before raw material purge. Also, the first air supplier 20 functions in each of the above-described Embodiments 2, 4, and 5. However, a case is possible in which only the heater is in the on-state while the first air supplier 20 is not functioning, depending on charges in temperature reductions in the reaction units with respect to time.
In the hydrogen generation apparatuses in Embodiments 1 to 5 described above, time control of the first air supplier 20 may be performed so that the first air supplier 20 is stopped if the second reference temperature T4 or the second reference temperature T6 is not reached even after a lapse of time Ht from a start of supply of air by the first air supplier 20 has exceeded a predetermined reference time H1. This is because in a case where the reference temperature is not reached even after a lapse of the reference time H1, it may be supposed that a malfunction in some portion of the hydrogen generation apparatus, e.g., a malfunction of the first air supplier 20 has occurred.
The hydrogen generation apparatus 1 may be shut down after performing raw material purge after shutdown of the first air supplier 20.
Also, the above-described time control of the first air supplier 20 may be incorporated in the operation shutdown control flow described in Embodiment 2 with reference to
Also in this case, the hydrogen generation apparatus 40 may be shutdown after performing raw material purge after shutdown of the first air supplier 20, as described above with reference to
Further, as shown in
More specifically, after making abnormality notification and shutting down the first air supplier 20 in step S63, the control proceeds to step 71. In step 71, determination is made as to whether or not the detected temperature TK is higher than the temperature T1. If the detected temperature TK is higher than the temperature T1, the control proceeds to step 73. If the detected temperature TH is equal to or lower than the first reference temperature T2, the operation controller 42 sets the first heater 30 in the on-state in step 74. If the detected temperature TH is higher than the first reference temperature TH the operation controller 42 sets the first heater 30 in the off-state in step 75. The control then returns to step 71.
That is, control is performed by using the first heater 30 so as to prevent the temperature of the converting device 15 from becoming so low that dew condensation occurs before the detected temperature TK reaches T1. When the detected temperature TK reaches T1, the control proceeds to step 72 to perform raw material purge and shut down the hydrogen generation apparatus 40.
Also, the above-described time control of the first air supplier 20 may be incorporated in the operation shutdown control flow described in Embodiment 4 with reference to
Also in this case, the hydrogen generation apparatus 60 may be shutdown after performing raw material purge after shutdown of the first air supplier 20, as described above with reference to
Further, as shown in
More specifically, abnormality notification and shutdown of the first air supplier 20 are performed in step 63. In step 81 after step 74 or step 75 described with reference to
That is, control is performed by using the heaters so as to prevent the temperatures of the converting device 15 and the CO oxidizing device 16 from becoming so low that dew condensation occurs before the detected temperature TK reaches T1. When the detected temperature TK reaches T1, the control proceeds to step 72 to perform raw material purge and shut down the hydrogen generation apparatus 60.
In a case where the double-use heater 73 such as described in Embodiment 5 is provided, control may be performed so that the converting device 15 and the CO oxidizing device 16 are warmed with the double-use heater 73 after the timer count Ht has exceeded the reference time H1 to shut down the first air supplier 20 and before the detected temperature TK decreases to T1.
In the steps 71 to 75 and steps 81 to 83 in the shutdown sequences shown in
Shutdown functions in another example of the hydrogen generation apparatus will be described on the basis of the flow shown in
That is, while the control in
That is, while abnormality notification to a user is made, the first air supplier 20 is not shut down. Instead, the control proceeds to step 71 and on-off control of the first heater 30 is performed as in the flow shown in
However, if in step 73 the detected temperature TH is higher than the reference temperature T2, functioning of the first heater 30 is stopped, functioning of the air supplier 20 is also stopped, and the control returns to step 2.
Thus, if the temperature of the converting device 15 is not increased even when the first air supplier 20 is made to function, it is possible to limit dew condensation by means of the first heater 30 while the functioning is continued.
Embodiments 1 to 6 have been described by assuming use of the fuel cell 100 as a destination to which the gases containing hydrogen produced by the hydrogen generation apparatuses 1, 40, 50, 60, and 70 are supplied. However, the fuel cell 100 is not exclusively used. Other destinations where the gas containing hydrogen is to be used are conceivable.
As a combustion gas to be combusted in the combustor 2, the gas containing hydrogen generated by the hydrogen generation apparatus 1, the hydrogen off-gas expelled from the anode of the fuel cell 100 (i.e., the gas containing hydrogen left unused at the supply destination) or the like is used in the above-described embodiments. Such fuels are fed into the combustor 2 through the anode off gas supply path 10. An arrangement may alternatively adopted in which a raw material directly supplied from the gas infrastructure line 6 is used for combustion.
In Embodiments 1 to 6, the reforming device 14, the converting device 15 and the CO oxidizing device 16 are provided in one casing. However, the reforming device 14, the converting device 15 and the CO oxidizing device 16 may alternatively be provided in separate casings. For example, a configuration may be adopted in which, as shown in
In
In Embodiments 1 to 6 described above, the first air supplier that supplies air serving as a medium for transferring heat from the reforming device 14 to the converting device 15 or the CO oxidizing device 16 is included in the first air supplier 20 that supplies air for combustion in the combustor 2. However, an arrangement may be adopted in which an air supplier different from an air supplier for supplying air for combustion is separately provided as the first air supplier. In short, it is sufficient to enable causing air to flow so as to supply heat from the reforming device 14 to the converting device 15 or the CO oxidizing device 16.
In the method of shutting down the above-described hydrogen generation apparatus of the present disclosure, a first step of shutting down the combustor and a second step of operating the first air supplier so that the temperature of a gas in the CO reducing device does not become equal to or lower than the dew point after shutdown of the combustor and before a start of a purging operation to purge the interiors of the reforming device and the CO reducing device with a replacement gas may be realized by utilizing a program on a computer.
Further, the above-described program may be used by being recorded on a recording medium processable by the computer.
One utilizing form of the above program may be an aspect of being recorded on a recording medium, ROM and the like are included, which can be read by a computer, and operating with collaborating with the computer.
One utilizing form of the above program may be an aspect of being transmitted inside a transmission medium, transmission media such as the Internet, light, radio waves, and acoustic waves and the like are included, being read by a computer, and operating with collaborating with the computer.
The computer described above is not limited to pure hardware such as a CPU and may be arranged to include firmware, an OS and, furthermore, peripheral devices.
Moreover, as described above, configurations of the present disclosure may either be realized through software or through hardware.
A hydrogen generation apparatus and a method of shutting down the hydrogen generation apparatus according to the present disclosure have an effect that limiting degradation of a catalyst due to dew condensation at the time of shutdown is capable, and are useful in a fuel cell system or the like.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2009-009119 | Jan 2009 | JP | national |
This application is a U.S. national phase application of PCT International Patent Application No. PCT/JP2010/000256 filed Jan. 19, 2010, claiming the benefit of priority of Japanese Patent Application No. 2009-009119 filed Jan. 19, 2009, all of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2010/000256 | 1/19/2010 | WO | 00 | 9/17/2010 |
