Patent Application
20220228713
This application is based upon and claims the benefit of priority from British Patent Application No. GB 2100662.2, filed on Jan. 19, 2021, the entire contents of which are herein incorporated by reference.
The present disclosure relates to storage of gaseous hydrogen, particularly for use in transport applications, including aeronautical applications.
The use of gaseous hydrogen as a fuel is of increasing interest in transport applications, including aeronautical applications, due an absence of CO2 generation at the point of use. However, storage of gaseous hydrogen in a storage tank presents several technical challenges, one of which is the management of hydrogen which leaks from the tank. Leakage of gaseous hydrogen from hydrogen storage tanks is common, due to the very small size of the hydrogen molecule (120 pm). Loss of hydrogen by leakage wastes fuel, presents an explosion risk, particularly where a tank is located in a enclosed area, and may also lead to degradation of metallic parts by embrittlement.
According to an example, a hydrogen storage tank has a composite laminate wall, a hydrogen-porous layer in contact with the outer surface of the composite laminate wall and a hydrogen-non-porous layer in contact with the outer surface of the hydrogen-porous layer, the hydrogen-non-porous layer having an output port for venting hydrogen which passes through the composite laminate wall and the hydrogen-porous layer from the interior of the tank. The hydrogen storage tank allows gaseous hydrogen which leaks from the tank to be collected, thus avoiding potential explosion and/or embrittlement of metal parts. Collected hydrogen may be used, for example in a fuel cell or gas turbine engine, rather than simply being wasted. The hydrogen-non-porous layer is non-porous to hydrogen which leaks through the composite laminate wall of the tank.
The hydrogen-porous layer may comprise open-cell foam or may consist of an open-cell foam layer. Alternatively, the hydrogen-porous layer may be a layer of fibrous material.
The hydrogen-non-porous layer may be layer of rubber-based or polymeric material or alternatively a closed-cell foam layer.
Preferably the hydrogen-non-porous layer is separable from the hydrogen-porous layer and replaceable.
The hydrogen-non-porous layer is preferably permanently mechanically deformable so that a history of impacts experienced by the tank may be recorded over time; such a history gives an indication of the likely current structural condition of the tank.
The tank may be generally cylindrical and may comprise a plurality of impact-protecting ribs on the exterior of the tank, the ribs extending azimuthally and/or longitudinally with respect to the central longitudinal axis of the tank. The ribs may be integral with the hydrogen-non-porous layer, or applied to it. The ribs provide the tank with impact protection.
According to another example, apparatus comprises a hydrogen storage tank as described above and a measuring system for measuring the flow rate of hydrogen passing through the output port of the hydrogen storage tank. The flow rate and/or its rate of change may be used to infer the structural condition of the tank.
According to a further example, apparatus comprises a hydrogen storage tank as described above, a hydrogen-fueled fuel cell or a hydrogen-fueled gas turbine engine and a conveying system arranged to convey hydrogen from the output port of the tank to the fuel cell or gas turbine engine. The apparatus provides for hydrogen which leaks from the hydrogen storage tank to be used in the fuel cell or gas turbine engine rather than simply wasted. A measuring system may be provided for measuring the flow rate of hydrogen within the conveying system. The apparatus may comprise a compressor arranged to increase the pressure of hydrogen within the conveying system prior to its delivery to the fuel cell or gas turbine engine.
According to a further example, an aircraft comprises apparatus as described above.
Examples are described below with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
Referring to
The conduit 109 may be connected by a conveying system to a second hydrogen storage tank for collection of hydrogen which has leaked from storage volume 120 of the tank 100. Alternatively, the conveying system may transfer hydrogen which has leaked from the tank 100 to a PEM fuel cell or a hydrogen-burning gas turbine engine. The conveying system may include a flow meter for measuring the rate at which hydrogen leaks from the tank 100. Where the conveying means is arranged to transport hydrogen from the conduit 109 to a fuel-cell or gas turbine engine, a compressor may be used increase the pressure of the hydrogen prior to its input to the fuel-cell or gas turbine engine. Measurements over time of the flow rate of hydrogen leaking from the internal storage volume 120 of the tank 100 through the output port 108 may be used to detect degradation of the composite laminate wall 114, for example by micro-cracking or de-lamination. A high rate of leakage compared to the rate of leakage when the tank 100 is first brought into service, or a sudden increase in the rate of leakage, may indicate imminent failure of the tank 100, allowing for its timely replacement.
The hydrogen storage tank 100 is a so-called ‘Type IV’ tank due to the presence of the polymer liner 112, however in a variant tank the liner 112 may be omitted so that the variant tank is a so-called ‘Type V’ tank.
The hydrogen-porous layer 110 may be an open-cell foam layer or may comprise open-cell foam. Preferably the layer 104 is permanently mechanically deformable, allowing impacts experienced by the tank 100 to be recorded. The mechanical integrity of the tank 100 may be inferred at least in part from a history of impacts experienced by the tank 100. Alternatively, the hydrogen-porous layer 110 may be a layer of fibrous material.
The hydrogen-non-porous layer 104 may be a flexible rubber-based or polymeric layer, since the layer 104 is only required to contain leaked hydrogen at approximately atmospheric pressure rather than at the pressure within the internal storage volume 120 of the tank 100. The hydrogen-non-porous layer 104 may alternatively be a layer of closed-cell foam material.
The hydrogen-non-porous layer 104 may be separable from the hydrogen-porous layer 110 and replaceable since it is the outer layer of the tank 100. The layer 104 can be tested to ensure its gas-tightness by applying a small positive pressure to the port 108 and monitoring its decay over time.
In other variants of the second example tank, azimuthal and/or longitudinal ribs may be applied to the outer surface of the hydrogen-non-porous layer rather than being formed integrally with it.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2100662.2 | Jan 2021 | GB | national |
