Patent Grant
11731103
The present invention relates to hydrogen sulfide adsorbent in biogas and biogas purification system using the same.
Fossil fuels are currently the world's primary energy source, yet they are finite resources. The burning of fossil fuels is responsible for emissions of greenhouse gases, such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur, and nitrogen oxides. Those greenhouse gases contribute to global warming. Therefore, many studies have been made on clean energy resources as an alternative solution to the fossil fuels. Among the various sources that have been explored, biogas utilizing organic waste resources has attracted wide attention.
To convert biogas into high value-added products, such as synthetic oil, electric power and methane, gasification is achieved by reacting biomass with oxygen and/or steam under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions to obtain a syngas (synthetic gas H2/CO). The syngas is burned in gas engines or used in the Fischer-Tropsch process for conversion. Yet the biogas using organic waste resources contains impurities (H2S, NH3, H2O). In the presence of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), nickel (Ni) catalysts used in the reforming process and iron (Fe) and cobalt (Co) catalysts in the Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) process are poisoned and deteriorated in performance. To prevent poisoning and deterioration of the catalysts by H2S, the H2S concentration needs to be maintained at a level of 10 ppb or less. For this, exploring high-grade purification techniques for removal of H2S in biogas is essential.
General H2S removal methods can be categorized into adsorption using solid adsorbents, such as zeolite, iron oxide powder and impregnated activated carbons; Claus process; amine-based absorption; ammonia-based absorption; alkali-salt-based absorption; microorganism/enzyme-based process; and liquid catalyst-based oxidation-reduction. These conventional methods have disadvantages that they involve large-scaled equipment, deterioration of adsorption/absorption capacity, and long removal time, and even result in failure to reduce the H2S concentration in the biogas to a level of 10 ppb or below.
Korea Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2014-0044807 discloses a method and system for separation and purification of methane from biogas that involves feeding biogas to a scrubber or an adsorption unit to remove the biogas of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and treating non-methane organic compounds in the liquid/gas phase. Yet the method is ineffective in performing high-grade removal of H2S in the biogas and requires additional large-capacity facilities. Therefore, there is a demand for biogas purification methods for removing H2S to the maximum degree with small-scale equipment.
To solve the problems with the prior art, it is an object of the present invention to provide an adsorbent containing a metal oxide for adsorption of hydrogen sulfide in a biogas.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a biogas purification system using the adsorbent.
The above objects of the invention are not intended as a definition of the limits of the invention. The above and other objects and features of the invention will become apparent for those skilled in the art from the following description of embodiments.
In one aspect of the present invention to achieve the aforementioned objects, there is provided an adsorbent for adsorption of hydrogen sulfide in a biogas, the adsorbent including a metal oxide, an additive, and a binder.
The metal oxide may include any one metal oxide selected from the group consisting of ZnO, Fe2O3, CoO, CuO, NiO2, Ni2O3, NiO, ZrO2, V2O5, MoO3, WO3, TiO2, Cr2O3, Ag2O, MnO3, Mn2O3, Al2O3, Na2O, Li2O, Rh2O3, RhO2, K2O, PdO, LiCoO2 and combinations thereof.
The additive may include any one substance selected from the group consisting of active carbon, boehmite, zeolite, clay, alumina (Al2O3), silica (SiO2), and combinations thereof.
The binder may include any one substance selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), bentonite, methyl cellulose, carbohydrate, carboxylic methyl cellulose, and combinations thereof.
The adsorbent may have the shape of a pellet.
The biogas may include 20 to 50 vol % of methane (CH4), 5 to 30 vol % of carbon dioxide (CO2), and 5 to 30,000 ppm of hydrogen sulfide (H2S).
The adsorbent may have a H2S adsorption capacity from 25 mg H2S/g to 60 mg H2S/g.
In another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a biogas purification system that uses the adsorbent, the system including: a biogas generator for producing a biogas comprising methane (CH4) and an acid gas; and a biogas purifier for using the adsorbent to remove hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from the acid gas of the produced biogas.
In further another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a biogas purification system that uses the adsorbent, the system including: a biogas generator for producing a biogas comprising methane (CH4) and an acid gas; a first biogas purifier for using an absorbent to separate the methane and the acid gas in the produced biogas and feeding the separated acid gas to a second biogas purifier; the second biogas purifier for using the adsorbent to remove hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from the acid gas supplied from the first biogas purifier and discharging carbon dioxide (CO2); and a reformer for using the methane discharged from the first biogas purifier and the carbon dioxide discharged from the second biogas purifier to produce a syngas. The absorbent includes a tertiary amine represented by the following Chemical Formula 1; a primary or secondary amine; and a solvent.
In the chemical formula 1, R1 is linear or branched C1-C5 alkyl or linear or branched C2-C5 alkenyl; and R2 and R3 are independently linear or branched C1-C10 alkyl having a terminal thereof unsubstituted or substituted with a hydroxyl group, or linear or branched C2-C10 alkenyl having a terminal thereof unsubstituted or substituted with a hydroxyl group. At least either one of the R2 and R3 is linear or branched C1-C10 alkyl having a terminal thereof substituted with a hydroxyl group, or linear or branched C2-C10 alkenyl having a terminal thereof substituted with a hydroxyl group.
In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the adsorbent for adsorption of hydrogen sulfide in a biogas includes a metal oxide, an additive, and a binder at the same time, by which it can adsorb the hydrogen sulfide in the biogas with high adsorption efficiency.
Further, the biogas purification system using the adsorbent involves an excellent process for converting a biogas into clean energy fuel and relatively low operating costs, so it is very beneficial in the aspect of economy.
The above effects of the invention are not intended as a definition of the limits of the invention, but they may be understood to include all the effects derivable from the configuration of the present invention specified in the following detailed description and claims of the present invention.
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in further detail with reference to examples. It will be obvious to those skilled in the art that these examples are illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.
The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing an embodiment only and is not intended to be limiting of an exemplary embodiment. As used herein, the singular forms are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising” and “includes” and/or “including” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated components but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other components.
In a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided an adsorbent for adsorption of hydrogen sulfide in a biogas, the adsorbent including a metal oxide, an additive, and a binder.
Hereinafter, a detailed description will be given as to the adsorbent for adsorption of hydrogen sulfide in a biogas according to the first aspect of the present invention.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the adsorbent may include a metal oxide, an additive, or a binder and have advantages of displaying selectivity to particular substances, specific surface area, durability and formability that can be maintained at certain high levels even after long-term uses. That is, the adsorbent may have a high adsorption capacity for hydrogen sulfide by including all the substances mentioned above.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the metal oxide may include any one metal oxide selected from the group consisting of ZnO, Fe2O3, CoO, CuO, NiO2, Ni2O3, NiO, ZrO2, V2O5, MoO3, WO3, TiO2, Cr2O3, Ag2O, MnO3, Mn2O3, Al2O3, Na2O, Li2O, Rh2O3, RhO2, K2O, PdO, LiCoO2 and combinations thereof. The additive may include any one substance selected from the group consisting of active carbon, boehmite, zeolite, clay, alumina (Al2O3), silica (SiO2), and combinations thereof. The binder may include any one substance selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), bentonite, methyl cellulose, carbohydrate, carboxylic methyl cellulose, and combinations thereof.
In an embodiment of the present invention, in order to implement the composition and shape of the adsorbents favorable to adsorption, the adsorbent may be formed from the metal oxide, the additive and the binder through the steps of mixing, kneading, extrusion, drying, and plastic forming, and it may be provided in the form of a pellet. That is, the present invention infers the conditions for the addition of a binder and the plastic forming process in view of the formation of an adsorbent optimized for H2S adsorption. The adsorbent molded in the form of a pellet, specifically in the shape of a continuous cylinder, has a high H2S adsorption capacity, which is demonstrated in the examples of the present invention as stated below. The adsorbent thus prepared may have a H2S adsorption capacity from 25 mg H2S/g to 60 mg H2S/g.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the proper content of the additive may vary depending on the type of the metal oxide. When the metal oxide is ZnO, for example, the proper content of the additive may be 7.5 to 15 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the adsorbent. When the metal oxide is Fe2O3, the proper content of the additive may be 10 to 20 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the adsorbent. When the metal oxide is CuO, the proper content of the additive may be 20 to 90 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the adsorbent. In the case of the metal oxide being CuO, more specifically, the additive may be active carbon and/or boehmite. When the boehmite is used alone, the content of the boehmite may be 80 to 90 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the adsorbent. When the additive is a mixture of active carbon and boehmite, the content of the active carbon may be 20 to 33 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the adsorbent, and the content of the boehmite may be 34 to 60 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the adsorbent. In other words, the adsorbent can display high hydrogen sulfide adsorption capacity by selecting a proper mixing ratio (w/w) of the metal oxide to the additive depending on the types of the metal oxide and the additive.
The adsorbent may be a mixture of two metal oxides only. For example, the adsorbent may be a mixture of CoO and ZnO, in which case the mixing ratio (w/w) of CoO to ZnO may be 1:0.1 to 3; or CoO may be used alone.
Most preferably, the adsorbent may be a mixture of metal oxides that includes CuO, ZnO, and Al2O3. In this case, the content of CuO may be 30 to 80 parts by weight, preferably 45 to 80 parts by weight, and more preferably 60 to 80 parts by weight, with respect to 100 parts by weight of the mixture. That is, the H2S adsorption capacity of the adsorbent may increase with an increase in the content of CuO in the composition of the metal oxide. When the metal oxide is a mixture of CuO, ZnO and Al2O3, the additive may be boehmite and the binder may be polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). In this case, the content of the metal oxide mixture may be 5 to 95 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the adsorbent, and the content of the additive may be 5 to 95 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the adsorbent. Namely, the H2S adsorption capacity of the adsorbent can be high when the content of the metal oxide mixture is in the above-defined range. The adsorbent including the mixture of CuO, ZnO and Al2O3, for example, may have a H2S adsorption capacity ranging from 35 mg H2S/g to 60 mg H2S/g.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the biogas may include methane (CH4) and an acid gas. The acid gas may include any one gas selected from the group consisting of carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and combinations thereof. More specifically, the biogas may include 20 to 50 vol % of methane (CH4), 5 to 30 vol % of carbon dioxide (CO2), 5 to 30,000 ppm of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and other gases.
In a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a biogas purification system that uses the adsorbent of the first aspect of the present invention, the system including: a biogas generator for producing a biogas comprising methane (CH4) and an acid gas; and a biogas purifier for using the adsorbent to remove hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from the acid gas of the produced biogas.
In a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided a biogas purification system that uses the adsorbent of the first aspect of the present invention, the system including: a biogas generator for producing a biogas comprising methane (CH4) and an acid gas; a first biogas purifier for using an absorbent to separate the methane and the acid gas in the produced biogas and feeding the separated acid gas to a second biogas purifier; the second biogas purifier for using the adsorbent of the first aspect of the present invention to remove hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from the acid gas supplied from the first biogas purifier and discharging carbon dioxide (CO2); and a reformer for using the methane discharged from the first biogas purifier and the carbon dioxide discharged from the second biogas purifier to produce a syngas. The absorbent includes a tertiary amine represented by the following Chemical Formula 1; a primary or secondary amine; and a solvent.
In the chemical formula 1, R1 is linear or branched C1-C5 alkyl or linear or branched C2-C5 alkenyl; and R2 and R3 are independently linear or branched C1-C10 alkyl having a terminal thereof unsubstituted or substituted with a hydroxyl group, or linear or branched C2-C10 alkenyl having a terminal thereof unsubstituted or substituted with a hydroxyl group. At least either one of the R2 and R3 is linear or branched C1-C10 alkyl having a terminal thereof substituted with a hydroxyl group, or linear or branched C2-C10 alkenyl having a terminal thereof substituted with a hydroxyl group.
Hereinafter, a detailed description will be given as to the biogas purification system according to the second and third aspects of the present invention with reference to
In an embodiment of the present invention, the biogas purification system may purify a biogas produced by the biogas generator. The biogas generator may produce a biogas in an anaerobic digestion bath for producing methane from organic waste resources. The biogas produced in the anaerobic digestion bath includes impurities like acid gas, such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide, in addition to methane. The biogas purification system of the present invention may be a system for high-grade purification of the acid gas in the biogas, particularly hydrogen sulfide. The biogas normally produced in the anaerobic digestion bath consists of 25 to 50% carbon dioxide, 50 to 75% methane, 0 to 0.5% hydrogen sulfide, 0.05% ammonia, and 1 to 5% water vapor. Yet, the present invention improves the anaerobic digestion bath in order to achieve high-grade purification of hydrogen sulfide, so the biogas generator may produce a biogas containing 10 to 70 wt % of methane, 1 to 30 wt % of carbon dioxide, and 5 to 30,000 ppm of hydrogen sulfide, preferably 100 ppm of hydrogen sulfide. In an embodiment of the present invention, the substrate used in the anaerobic digestion bath may be subjected to pre-treatment of hydrogen sulfide using the symbiotic relationship between sulfur-reducing bacteria and acid fermenters according to the H2S removal technique. Due to the sulfur-reducing bacteria having fast growth rate and high affinity to the substrate, sulfates are reduced to hydrogen sulfide in the pre-treatment reaction bath dominated by the sulfur-reducing bacteria. For obtaining a stably desulfurized biogas, removal of hydrogen sulfide is necessary prior to producing the biogas in the anaerobic digestion bath. The biogas produced in the anaerobic digestion bath may be fed to a first biogas purifier 10.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the first biogas purifier 10 is for separating methane and other acid gas in the biogas. That is, the first biogas purifier 10 may involve a process of using a liquid absorbent to remove acid gas, such as hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide, other than methane, and include an absorption tower 101 and a regeneration tower 102. In the first biogas purifier 10, the absorption tower 101 chemically absorbs hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide contained in the biogas and discharges methane, and the regeneration tower 102 receives an absorbent solution impregnated with the hydrogen sulfide and the carbon dioxide and regenerates the absorbent. The isolated methane is discharged to the top of the absorption tower 101 and fed to a reformer 30. The absorption tower 101 is an apparatus for absorbing carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide with a liquid absorbent. For example, while being sprayed from the top of the absorption tower, the liquid absorbent can absorb the acid gas such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide from the biogas fed to the bottom of the absorption tower.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the absorbent may include a tertiary amine represented by the chemical formula 1. The tertiary amine may form a direct chemical bonding to the hydrogen sulfide or carbon dioxide in the acid gas to absorb the hydrogen sulfide or carbon dioxide. Preferably, in the chemical formula 1, R1 may be linear C1-C3 alkyl or linear C2-C3 alkenyl; and R2 and R3 may be independently linear or branched C1-C5 alkyl having a terminal thereof unsubstituted or substituted with a hydroxyl group, or linear or branched C2-C5 alkenyl having a terminal thereof unsubstituted or substituted with a hydroxyl group. More preferably, in the chemical formula 1, R1 may be linear C1-C3 alkyl; and R2 and R3 may be independently linear or branched C1-C5 alkyl having a terminal thereof unsubstituted or substituted with a hydroxyl group. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the tertiary amine represented by the chemical formula 1 may be methyl diethanolamine (MDEA).
In an embodiment of the present invention, the absorbent for absorption of an acid gas in a biogas may further include a primary amine or a secondary amine in addition to the tertiary amine of the chemical formula 1. The primary or secondary amine may function to increase the acid gas absorption rate of the absorbent. Specifically, the primary or secondary amine may include any one amine selected from the group consisting of AMP (2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol), TEPA(tetraethylenepentamine), DETA(diethylenetriamine), APA(bis(3-aminopropyl)amine), DAB(1,4-diaminobutane), DBA(dibutylamine), AB(2-amino-1-butanol), AP(5-amino-1-pentanol), PED(N-propylethylenediamine), DEP(1-dimethylamino-2-propanol), PA(1-proanamine), DPA(N-propyl-proanamine), BA(1-butanamine), IBA(2-methyl-1-propanamine), SBA(2-butanamine), PZ(piperazine), 1,2-dimethylpropylamine, 3-methyl-2-butanamine, hexylamine, allylamine, diallylamine, 3-methoxy propylamine, 3-ethoxyl propylamine, 3-propoxypropylamine, 3-isopropoxy propylamine, 3-butoxyl propylamine, 3-decyloxypropylamine, 3-lauryloxy propylamine, dimethylamino ethylamine, ethylaminoethylamine, 1,2-diaminopropane, 1,3-diamino propane, N,N-diethyl-1,3-propanediamine, dibutylamino propylamine, bis-(3-aminopropyl) ether, 1,2-diaminobutane, 1,4-diaminobutane, and combinations thereof.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the content of the primary or secondary amine may be 5 to 50 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the tertiary amine. Preferably, it may be 5 to 30 parts by weight, and more preferably 8 to 15 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the tertiary amine. In an embodiment of the present invention, the mixing ratio (w/w) of the tertiary amine to the primary or secondary amine may be 1:9. If the content of the primary or secondary amine is less than 5 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the tertiary amine, then the absorption rate for the acid gas in the biogas deteriorates due to the relatively low content of the primary or secondary amine used as an additive. If the content of the primary or secondary amine is greater than 50 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the tertiary amine, then the absorption rate for the acid gas in the biogas declines due to the relatively low content of the tertiary amine used as a chief chemical constituent of the absorbent. That is, by mixing the primary or secondary amine with the tertiary amine at a proper weight ratio in the above-defined range, the absorbent of the present invention can show high levels of absorption rate and absorption efficiency for the acid gas in the biogas.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the content of the tertiary amine may be 1 to 85 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the absorbent. Preferably, it may be 3 to 65 parts by weight, and more preferably 4 to 55 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the absorbent. In an embodiment of the present invention, the content of the tertiary amine may be 40 wt % with respect to the total weight of the absorbent. If the content of the tertiary amine is less than 1 part by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the absorbent, then the absorption efficiency for the acid gas in the biogas deteriorates due to the relatively low content of the tertiary amine. If the content of the tertiary amine is greater than 85 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the absorbent, then the viscosity of the absorbent is so high as to reduce the transfer of substances between the acid gas and the absorbent and thus to deteriorate the absorption efficiency. It also reduces heat transfer in a heat exchanger and inhibits an efficient use of heat, thereby increasing energy consumption.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the solvent is not specifically limited; but preferably, it may be water. The content of the solvent may be 10 to 99 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the absorbent. In an embodiment of the present invention, the content of the solvent may be about 95 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the absorbent.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the biogas may include methane (CH4) and an acid gas. The acid gas may include any one gas selected from the group consisting of carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), sulfur dioxide (SO2), sulfur trioxide (SO3), carbonyl sulfide (COS), carbon disulfide (CS2), mercaptan (RSH), and combinations thereof. More specifically, the biogas may include 20 to 50 vol % of methane (CH4), 5 to 30 vol % of carbon dioxide (CO2), 5 to 30,000 ppm of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and other gases.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the absorbent may have a cyclic capacity for carbon dioxide in the range from 0.05 molCO2/molamine to 0.07 molCO2/molamine, and a cyclic capacity for hydrogen sulfide in the range from 0.2×10−4 molH2S/molamine to 1.5×10−4 molH2S/molamine. The term “cyclic capacity” refers to the difference between the values of rich loading and lean loading. The rich loading means absorption equilibrium at the completion of the acid gas absorption, and the lean loading means regeneration equilibrium at the completion of the acid gas absorption. In other words, the higher value of the rich loading and the lower value of the lean loading indicate the higher absorption efficiency of the absorbent for the acid gas.
Therefore, the higher value of the cyclic capacity, that is, the greater difference between the values of rich loading and lean loading renders the absorbent having the higher absorption efficiency. More specifically, the absorbent may have a CO2 rich loading value of 0.05 to 0.08 molCO2/molamine and a CO2 lean loading value of 0.001 to 0.02 molCO2/molamine. Further, the absorbent may have a H2S rich loading value from 0.5×10−4 molH2S/molamine to 2.0×10−4 molH2S/molamine, and a H2S lean loading value from 0.25×10−4 molH2S/molamine to 0.75×10−4 molH2S/molamine. On the other hand, the absorbent may have high absorption and regeneration rates for the acid gas. More specifically, the absorbent may have an absorption rate for carbon dioxide in the range from 0.25×10−3 molCO2/min to 1.25×10−3 molCO2/min, preferably from 0.5×10−3 molCO2/min to 1.25×10−3 molCO2/min. Further, the absorbent may have a regeneration rate for carbon dioxide in the range from 0.1×10−3 molCO2/min to 1.0×10−3 molCO2/min, preferably from 0.25×10−3 molCO2/min to 1.0×10−3 molCO2/min. Further, the absorbent may have an absorption rate for hydrogen sulfide in the range from 0.5×10−6 molH2S/min to 1.5×10−6 molH2S/min, preferably from 0.75×10−6 molH2S/min to 1.5×10−6 molH2S/min. Further, the absorbent may have a regeneration rate for hydrogen sulfide in the range from 0.25×10−6 molH2S/min to 2.0×10−6 molH2S/min, preferably from 1.0×10−6 molH2S/min to 2.0×10−6 molH2S/min.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the absorbent impregnated with hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide in the absorption tower 101 is fed to the regeneration tower 102 to release the hydrogen sulfide and the carbon dioxide. Removed of the hydrogen sulfide and the carbon dioxide, the absorbent is captured, regenerated, and fed back to the absorption tower 101 for a recycle. The bottom of the regeneration tower 102 is connected to a re-boiler to receive hot steam, which is for use in the regeneration of the absorbent impregnated with carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide while the absorbent is entering the regeneration tower 102. The regenerated absorbent is fed back to the absorption tower 101. The treated gas including the hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide released from the absorbent in the regeneration tower 102 is fed to a second biogas purifier 20.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the second biogas purifier 20 may include an adsorption tower 201. The treated gas is supplied for an adsorbent equipped in a fixed-bed reactor of the adsorption tower 201 and gets removed of hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide, which carbon dioxide is discharged. The adsorbent may include a metal oxide, an additive, or a binder and have advantages of displaying selectivity to particular substances, specific surface area, durability and formability that can be maintained at certain high levels even after long-term uses.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the metal oxide may include any one substance selected from the group consisting of ZnO, Fe2O3, CoO, CuO, NiO2, Ni2O3, NiO, ZrO2, V2O5, MoO3, WO3, TiO2, Cr203, Ag2O, MnO3, Mn2O3, Al2O3, Na2O, Li2O, Rh2O3, RhO2, K2O, PdO, LiCoO2, and combinations thereof. The additive may include any one substance selected from the group consisting of active carbon, boehmite, zeolite, clay, alumina (Al2O3), silica (SiO2), and combinations thereof. The binder may include any one substance selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), bentonite, methyl cellulose, carbohydrate, carboxylic methyl cellulose, and combinations thereof.
In an embodiment of the present invention, in order to implement the composition and shape of the adsorbents favorable to adsorption, the adsorbent may be formed from the metal oxide, the additive and the binder through the steps of mixing, kneading, extrusion, drying, and plastic forming, and it may be provided in the form of a pellet. That is, the present invention infers the conditions for the addition of a binder and the plastic forming process in view of the formation of an adsorbent optimized for H2S adsorption. The adsorbent molded in the form of a pellet, specifically in the shape of a continuous cylinder, has a high H2S adsorption capacity, which is demonstrated in the examples of the present invention as stated below. The adsorbent thus prepared may have a H2S adsorption capacity from 25 mg H2S/g to 60 mg H2S/g. The CO2-rich gas that is removed of hydrogen sulfide in the second biogas purifier 20 may be fed to the reformer 30.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the reformer 30 may produce a syngas using the methane discharged from the first biogas purifier 10 and the carbon dioxide discharged from the second biogas purifier 20. For example, the syngas may be prepared by steam reforming of methane (SRM) and carbon dioxide reforming of methane (CDR). The SRM method involves a reaction between methane and steam to form carbon monoxide and hydrogen (CH4+H2O→CO+3H2, ΔH°=206 kJ/mol) under the pressure of 1 to 40 atm, with a temperature of 700 to 850° C. and a space velocity of 3,000 to 6,000 hr−1. The carbon dioxide reforming of methane (CDR) method reacts methane and carbon dioxide to form carbon monoxide and hydrogen (CH4+CO2→2CO+2H2, ΔH°=247 kJ/mol) under the pressure of 1 to 10 atm with a temperature of 700 to 850° C. The syngas thus obtained may be used as it is or converted into value-added chemicals through a Fisher-Tropsch (F-T) reactor. The Fisher-Tropsch (F-T) process involves a conversion of the syngas into synthetic fuel and consists of the four chemical reactions given as follows, which reactions take place in the presence of iron or cobalt catalysts under the pressure of 10 to 30 atm with a temperature of 200 to 350° C. In the present invention, methane and carbon dioxide are produced from the biogas removed of hydrogen sulfide through high-grade purification, so the performance deterioration of the catalyst used in the F-T reactions can be avoided.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the process for converting biogas into syngas through the first and second biogas purifiers 10 and 20 in the biogas purification system may separate methane taking up about 70% of the biogas in the first biogas purifier 10 and remove hydrogen sulfide only from a small amount of the treated gas through the adsorption tower 201 of the second biogas purifier 20, resulting in achieving a high level of H2S removal and extending the size and life cycle of the process.
In a fourth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a biogas purification method for production of a clean energy fuel, which method may include: producing a biogas in an anaerobic digestion bath; feeding the biogas to a first biogas purifier 10 to separate an acid gas including hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide from the biogas with a liquid absorbent and discharge methane and the acid gas; feeding the acid gas discharged from the first biogas purifier 10 to a second biogas purifier 20 to remove hydrogen sulfide from the acid gas with an adsorbent; and converting the methane discharged from the first biogas purifier 10 and the carbon dioxide from the second biogas purifier 20 into a syngas in a reformer 30. The first biogas purifier 10 may include an absorption tower 101 for absorbing the acid gas with an absorbent, and a regeneration tower 102 for regenerating the absorbent impregnated with the acid gas. The absorbent may include a tertiary amine and a primary or secondary amine. The adsorbent may include a metal oxide, an additive, and a binder. The composition of the biogas, the absorbent and the adsorbent may have the same specifications as stated above. Yet, the method may further include feeding the syngas produced in the reformer 30 to a Fisher-Tropsch (F-T) reactor to convert the syngas into a fuel and chemical compounds. The biogas purification method of the present invention removes the biogas of hydrogen sulfide to a high degree to maintain the content of hydrogen sulfide in the biogas not more than 10 ppb, which consequently prevents performance deterioration of the catalysts used under necessary in the F-T reactions through reforming, so it may be effective in production of value-added compounds.
Hereinafter, a detailed description will be given as to the examples of the present invention in order for those skilled in the art to embody the present invention with ease. Many modifications and variations are possible, and the embodiments of the present invention disclosed herein are not construed to limit the scope of the invention.
1. Materials
The selected absorbent used an additive based on MDEA(99%, Sigma-Aldrich). All materials were used without further purification. Examples of the additive include: PZ (Sigma-Aldrich), AMP (99%, Sigma-Aldrich), TEPA (Sigma-Aldrich), DETA (Sigma-Aldrich), 1-dimethylamino-2-propanol (≥99%, Sigma-Aldrich), bis(3-aminopropyl)amine (98%, Sigma-Aldrich), 2-amino-1-butanol (97%, Sigma-Aldrich), 5-amino-1-pentanol (>95%, TCI), N-12 amines of propylethylenediamine (99%, Sigma-Aldrich), 1,4-diaminobutane (99%, Sigma-Aldrich), and dibutylamine (≥99.5%, Sigma-Aldrich). The gas used in the experiment was CO2 (99.9%), N2 (99.9%) and H2S (100 ppm+N2 balance); all gas was purchased from Korea Nano Gas. The silicon oil used for the control of absorption and regeneration temperatures was XIAMETER PMX-200 Dow Corning.
2. Experimental Analysis
The absorption and regeneration device used in the experiment is shown in
3. Gas Analysis
After the absorption and regeneration experiment, the gas was consistently sent to analysis equipment at a flow rate of ±100 mL/min using a sampling pump. After the rest of the treatment, the gas was vented. In order to maintain the overall composition of the gas and the atmospheric pressure constant in the reactor, the inlet and outlet openings of the vacuum pump was connected to control the valve, and a defined amount of the gas was sent to the analysis equipment. For gas analysis, an Agilent 7890A GC (Gas Chromatography) pulsed flame photometric detector and a thermal conductivity detector were used. For CO2, N2 and CH4 analysis, Supelco Analytical Porapak N column was used. For H2S analysis, J&W GS-GasPro column 30 m×0.32 mm×7 in. was used. Analytik Jena total organic carbon was used for the CO2 liquid phase analysis.
3-1. CO2 and H2S Absorption
The experimental conditions in this experimental example were conducted to compare the absorption and regeneration capacities of MDEA-based additives. When the amine absorbent absorbed the acid gas at 25, 35, and 45° C. intervals, the absorption loading value at 25° C. was highest. The biogas production temperature is normally in the range from 35° C. to 42° C., so it was set to 35° C. Setting the concentration of the absorbent is of great importance. The concentration of H2S used in the experiment was in a ppm range, which was a small amount in relation to the CO2 concentration. At a high concentration of the absorbent, the absorption capacity of CO2 was comparable, but the trend of H2S was hard to confirm. With the H2S gas having a very high solubility to water, the absorption capacity for H2S gas alone was very high. Therefore, a low concentration (5 wt. %) of amine was used to confirm the pronounced trend of simultaneous absorption and regeneration of CO2 and H2S under the same conditions. The total concentration of the amine absorbent composition was fixed at 5 wt. %, and the concentration for each constituent component was set as MDEA 4.5 wt. %+additive 0.5 wt. %. Under the defined experimental conditions of absorption, the reactor pressure was maintained at atmospheric pressure; the gas concentration was given as CO2 (15 vol. %)+N2 balance; and the gas flow rate was 200 mL/min. When using a mixed gas, the gas concentration was given as CO2 (30 vol. %)+N2 balance; CO2 (30 vol. %)+CH4 (70 vol. %) at 100 mL/min; H2S (100 ppm)+N2 balance at 100 mL/min; or CO2 (15 vol. %)+H2S (50 ppm) at 200 mL/min. The gas was injected using a stainless steel gas muffler for miscibility of the gas flowing into the reactor. The amine solution was maintained at 500 rpm to fix the temperature in the reactor. The treated gas after absorption was analyzed by GC.
If V is calculated by substituting 1 atm, T ° C.=(273.15+T) K, and 1 mol from the ideal gas state equation PV=nRT,
V=nRT/P=1(mol)×0.08206(amt·L/mol·K)×(273.15+T)K/latm=22.4L(at0° C.) [Equation 1]
CO2outlet gas×(1 mol/22.4 L)=CO2 mol
3-2. CO2 and H2S Desorption
In general, the biogas production temperature is from 35 to 42° C., so it was set at 35° C. based on the biogas production temperature. The regeneration temperature was set to 80° C. using an absorbent in the absorption equilibrium state, where absorption was completed. In the regeneration experiment, N2 (170 mL/min) was injected to correct the concentration of CO2 (15 vol. %). The regeneration of the MDEA+additive absorbent at 80° C. was compared. The complete regeneration of the MDEA 5 wt % amine absorbent with CO2 was conducted at 105° C., and four temperature-dependent experiments were performed at 80, 90, 95, and 105° C.
4. Cyclic Capacity Measurement
The selected one of the MDEA-based additives was an absorbent having excellent absorption and regeneration capability in simultaneous absorption of CO2 and H2S. At the completion of the absorption, the absorption equilibrium is called “rich loading” and the regeneration equilibrium is called “lean loading”. The difference between the rich loading and lean loading values is referred to as “cyclic capacity” (Refer to Equation 2). The cyclic capacity was used to confirm the absorption and regeneration capacities of the absorbent.
Cyclic capacity=rich loading(molgas/molamine)−lean loading(molgas/molamine) [Equation 2]
5. Chemical Reactions
The chemical absorption and separation reactions for CO2, H2S, and CH4 using amine-based absorbents in the biogas absorption and regeneration process are shown in the following equations. When CO2 is absorbed into the aqueous solution in the secondary amine absorbent, the main reactions take place as given in the following reaction formulas, where R is alkyl and R′ is H for a primary amine and alkyl for a secondary amine.
The reaction between the tertiary amine-absorbent and CO2 can be expressed as follows; it follows the Reaction Formula 9 without forming a carbamate, and MDEA in the tertiary amine is as given in the Reaction Formula 10.
R3N+CO2+H2O↔R3NH++HCO3− [Reaction Formula 9]
R2NCH3+CO2+H2O↔R2N+HCH3+HCO3− [Reaction Formula 10]
AMP is a sterically hindered amine, reacts with CO2 by the same reaction mechanism of the primary amine. For AMPs used as additives, they are expected to have the faster absorption rates than tertiary amines. PZ injected as an additive may react with the intermediate product, R′(NHCOO)2, generated by reacting with CO2 as in the Reaction Formula 11 to rapidly react and regenerate as in the Reaction Formula 12, where R is (CH3)2CCH2OH and R′ is (CH2)4.
R′(NH)2+2CO2→R′(NHCOO)2 [Reaction Formula 11]
R′(NHCOO)2+2RNH2↔R′(NH)2+2RNH2COO [Reaction Formula 12]
Therefore, it can be predicted that the addition of PZ accelerates the reaction and regeneration according to the Reaction Formulas 11 and 12. As described above, the effect of the interaction that can occur when MDEA is added to AMP through the reaction of amine-amine can be predicted as follows:
R2NCH3+CO2↔R2CH3NCOO [Reaction Formula 13]
R2CH3NCOO+RNH2↔R2NCH3+RNHCOO− [Reaction Formula 14]
In the absorption of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) with the aqueous solution of primary and secondary amine-absorbents, the hydrogen sulfide (H2S) dissociates as shown in the Reaction Formulas 15 and 16, where the main reaction is given as shown in the Reaction Formula 17.
H2S↔H++HS− [Reaction Formula 15]
HS−↔H++S− [Reaction Formula 16]
RR′NH+H2S↔RR′NH2++HS− [Reaction Formula 17]
Even in the tertiary amine-absorbent aqueous solution, the hydrogen sulfide (H2S) participates in the reaction as follow:
R3N+H2S↔R3NH++HS− [Reaction Formula 18]
6. Gas Selectivity
The selectivity coefficient tends to have a higher selectivity of the amine solvent for H2S in the liquid phase than the H2S/CO2 content in the gas phase. Selectivity coefficients are based on H2S selectivity. The value of the selectivity coefficient is equal to the ratio of H2S/CO2 in the liquid phase to H2S/CO2 in the gas phase.
The selectivity factor has no limit, and x is the mole fraction of component I in the liquid bulk.
7. Results and Discussion
7-1. Absorption and Regeneration of Single Gas and Mixed Gas
In order to evaluate CO2 absorption and regeneration capacities of bio byproduct gas, a single gas of acidic CO2 and a mixed gas of CO2+H2S were independently absorbed and regenerated five times with an MDEA 5 wt % absorbent. A blended absorbent using additives was very reactive to increase the absorption capacity. Simultaneous absorption and regeneration of the single gas of CO2 and the mixed gas of CO2+H2S were confirmed.
The MDEA 5 wt % absorbent was used to confirm the analytical results of CO2 (15 vol %) and H2S (50 ppm)+N2 balance gas. The same trends were observed for the mixed gas of CO2+H2S and for the single gas of CO2.
7-2. Mixed Gas Absorption and Regeneration in MDEA
Simultaneous absorption and regeneration experiments were carried out five times using a mixed gas of CO2 (15 vol %), H2S (50 ppm), CH4 (35 vol %), and N2 balance gas using MDEA 5 wt % absorbent.
7-3. Mixed gas Absorption and Regeneration in MDEA+PZ
Five times of absorption and regeneration experiments were carried out using N2 balance gas to compare the continuous absorption and regeneration for CO2 and H2S with MDEA 5 wt % and for CO2 (15 vol %), H2S (50 ppm) and CH4 (35 vol %) with MDEA 4.5 wt %/PZ 0.5 wt %.
As for desorption rate, it was important how easy desorption from the loading amine was. In order to confirm the regeneration performance depending on the absorption temperature, as shown in
As shown in
7-4. Absorption and Regeneration Using Mixed Gas of MDEA+Additive
What follows are the results of the absorption and regeneration experiments for CO2 (15 vol %) and H2S (50 ppm) using a blended absorbent of MDEA 4.5 wt %+additive 0.5 wt % varied with 12 different additives. A comparison of absorption and regeneration rates was also made, which was an important factor reflecting the reactivity of each amine system or blend.
(1) CO2 Absorption and Desorption
Simultaneous absorption was performed for a mixed gas of CO2 (15 vol %) and H2S (50 ppm) using a blended absorbent of MDEA+additive.
(2) H2S Absorption and Desorption
Simultaneous absorption was performed using a mixed gas of CO2 (15 vol %) and H2S (50 ppm) and blended absorbents of MDEA+additive.
7-5. Absorption and Regeneration Rates for CO2 and H2S Using MDEA+Additive
(1) CO2 Absorption and Desorption Rates Using Mixed Gas
The absorption rate and the regeneration rate are important in regards to contact time and energy, as well as the loading capacity of the additive-specific absorbent of which the primary absorbent is MDEA.
The regeneration rate of the absorbent is an important factor for the regenerative heat energy. This is because the lean loading from the continuous circulation process is recycled to the absorption tower.
(2) H2S Absorption and Desorption Rate Using Mixed Gas
The simultaneous absorption and regeneration rate of H2S in the mixed gas was compared for each additive.
8. Conclusions
Simultaneous absorption of CO2 and H2S was carried out using MDEA blended with 12 different additives. As an alternative to commercial adsorbents of MDEA/PZ mixture, optimal absorbents with excellent loading values were selected from a comparison of measurements of regeneration efficiency, absorption rate, and regeneration rate using low energy.
4.5 wt % of MDEA was mixed with 0.5 wt % of additives. MDEA/TEPA and MDEA/DETA had high loading values because of the large number of amino groups, but MDEA/APA-mixed absorbents having three amine groups showed excellent performance in terms of the simultaneous absorption capacity for CO2 and H2S. This study confirmed from the continuous experiments that the MDEA/APA was superior as an alternative absorbent in the CO2 absorption and regeneration capacity and can be reused as an absorbent excellent in absorption and regeneration of H2S and CO2.
1. Experiment Method
In order to perform high-grade H2S treatment with adsorbents of the present invention, metal oxides (ZnO, Fe2O3, CuO, etc.) and a binder (AC, boehmite, PVA) were used as basic materials to prepare adsorbents for separation of H2S in a biogas. For an H2S removal in the biogas using a fixed-bed reactor, an adsorbent easy to place in the reactor was prepared. The adsorbent was prepared in the cylinder form as shown in
An apparatus for adsorbent performance evaluation was constructed with a fixed-bed reactor, a reactor control, and an analyzer, as shown in
2. Experimental Results
The H2S adsorption capacity of the pelleted adsorbents according to the present invention was determined using three calculation methods (Chem. Eng. Journal, 304, p399-407, 2016)
2-1. ZnO-Based Adsorbents
2-2. Fe203-Based Adsorbents
The H2S adsorbents containing Fe2O3 in combination with AC were measured in regards to the H2S adsorption capacity as a function of the AC content (10%, 25%, 40%). The measurement results are presented in
2-3. Co—Zn-Based Adsorbents
The H2S adsorbents containing metal oxides of CoO and ZnO according to the present invention were measured in regards to the H2S adsorption capacity. The measurement results are presented in
2-4. CuO-Based Adsorbents
The H2S adsorbents of the present invention based on metal oxide of CuO were measured in regards to the H2S adsorption capacity. The measurement results are presented in the graph of
2-5: Comparative Evaluation of Adsorption Capacity of Pelleted H2S Adsorbents
The results of comparative evaluation on the adsorption capacity of the afore-mentioned pelleted adsorbents are presented in
2-6. CuO—ZnO—Al2O3-Based Adsorbents
The H2S adsorbents of the present invention based on a mixture of metal oxides of CuO, ZnO and Al2O3 were measured in regards to the H2S adsorption capacity. The measurement results are presented in
In terms of the H2S adsorption capacity, the adsorbents of the groups 2-3 and 2-4 were compared with publicly known adsorbents. The results are presented in
2-7. Economic Analysis of H2S Adsorbents
An economic analysis of the adsorbents of the present invent ion and the publicly known adsorbents as listed in Table 1 was carried out, and the results are presented in
3-1. Analysis of Absorption Process
According to an ASPEN simulation with the absorbents of Example 1, the absorption process resulted in removing 99.99% of H2S (conc. 100 ppm) in biogas and reducing the H2S concentration to 10 ppm (Refer to
In a case-specific simulation of H2S separation for purification of a biogas, as given in Table 2, MDEA+PZ had an L/C ratio of 6.13; whereas MDEA+APA had a lower L/G ratio of 5.73, which accounted for a higher process efficiency.
The absorbents of the present invention had a higher H2S separation efficiency than the conventional absorbents for removal of H2S from a biogas. This implicitly shows that the absorbents of the present invention can be used as a biogas purification technology for producing the final product, clean energy fuels.
3-2. Analysis of Adsorption Process
H2S breakthrough curves were used to calculate the size of the adsorbents and the process adopted in the removal of H2S from the biogas in a fixed-bed reactor with adsorbents of Example 2 of the present invention. Size calculation was conducted separately for two of the adsorbents exploited in the analysis of the adsorption process: the ZnO+AC adsorbent (breakthrough time: 2.2 hr) in case I and the CuO+boehmite adsorbent (breakthrough time: 10.5 hr) in case II. The amount of the consumed adsorbents and the size of the H2S adsorption process in a two-step demonstration process were calculated based on the biogas produced from anaerobic fermentation of food waste (150 kg food waste/day). The results are presented in
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10-2019-0076963 | Jun 2019 | KR | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/KR2020/004196 | 3/27/2020 | WO |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2020/262805 | 12/30/2020 | WO | A |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 2287714 | Sep 1995 | GB |
| 1020140044807 | Apr 2014 | KR |
| 101451910 | Oct 2014 | KR |
| 10-1870134 | Jun 2018 | KR |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20210402368 A1 | Dec 2021 | US |
