Identification, characterization, and method of production of a novel microbial lipase

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention herein described relates generally to a biologically-pure culture of a newly-isolated microorganism, a novel microbial lipase produced by this microorganism and its characterization, and methodology for its production. More specifically, the invention relates to the isolation from nature of a new strain of Pseudomonas alcaligenes capable of producing a novel lipase under laboratory conditions. Characteristics of this lipase, and methods for its production, are described.
By way of background, the literature is replete with references to the use of microorganisms for the production of commercially important products. Although microscopic unicellular algae and protozoa serve as the source of some commercial products, the most common microorganisms for such purposes are certain types of bacteria and fungi. Commercial products from these microorganisms range from gaseous by-products, to antibiotics, to food additives, and various extracellular or intracellular products such as enzymes and industrial chemicals. Bacterial or fungal isolates are commonly obtained from nature, brought into axenic culture, and used as active ingredients for various degradation treatments or to produce pharmaceuticals or other desirable chemicals.
Various types of microbial enzymes have been reported in the technical and patent literature. For example, the production of proteolytic enzyme preparations from strains of Bacillus alcalophilus is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,674,643. Microbial lipases have been widely reported in the technical literature. For example, lipases have been described in representatives of the following microbial genera: Rhizopus, Fusarium, Helminthosporium, Mucor, Candida, Phycomyces, Aspergillus, Sclerotinia, Pseudomonas, Pneumococcus, Staphylococcus, Mycobacterium, Mycotorula, Chromobacterium, Achromobacterium, Brevibacterium, Corynebacterium, Alcaligenes, and Acinetobacterium. The lipases found among these microbial genera and other microorganisms are quite diverse and typically vary from one another in physical, chemical, and biological properties.
The bacterial genus Pseudomonas consists of a group of aerobic, gram negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacteria. The organism P. alcaligenes, a strain of which is the subject of this invention, is an aerobic pseudomonad which along with P. pseudoalcaligenes is included in what is known as the "Pseudomonas alcaligenes" group [Ralston-Barrett. E., N. J. Palleroni, and M. Doudoroff, Inter. J. System. Bacteriol, 26(4): 421-426 (1976)].
The patent literature is replete with disclosures relating to microbial lipolytic enzymes and their various uses. Examples of such patents and patent applications are: U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,511,753; 4,283,494; and 4,318,818; European Patent Application Nos. 0 214 761, 0 130 069, and 0 130 064; and Patent Cooperation Treaty International Publication No. WO 87/00859. Other types of bacterial enzymes, such as proteases are also disclosed in the patent literature, as illustrated by U.S. Pat. No. 3,674,643. All of these publications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
One of the major commercial uses of microbial lipases is as cleaning compositions, including detergents, to break down lipids. Although a large number of lipolytic enzymes are known in microorganisms, not all such enzymes are suitable for commercial utilization. Such factors as pH range, tolerance of emulsifiers and surfactants, temperature tolerance, storage capability and the like, are important considerations in the selection and development of a commercially useful product.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In one aspect the present invention relates to a lipase characterized by having (i) an optimum pH for activity of about 10.+-.0.5; (ii) an optimum temperature for activity of about 45.degree. to 55.degree. C.; (iii) an optimum pH for stability of about 7.0.+-.0.5; (iv) a molecular weight as measured by SDS-PAGE of about 3.0.times.10.sup.4 ; and (v) chemical stability for at least a 60 day mean half-life in the presence of a 10 percent solution of polyoxyethylene (23) lauryl ether in 25 millimolar aqueous calcium chloride.
In another aspect, the present invention relates to a method for producing the microbial lipase SD2 comprising the steps of:
(a) aerobically cultivating the microorganism P. alcaligenes strain SD2, ATCC 53877 under conditions suitable for the formation of said lipase in a nutrient culture medium containing assimilable sources of carbon, nitrogen, and inorganic minerals at a pH of about 5 to 12 and a temperature of about 5.degree. to 40.degree. C.;
(b) incubating the culture for a period sufficient to provide production of lipase, for example 18 to 24 hours; and
(c) recovering said lipase from said nutrient culture medium.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a graphic representation of the effect of pH on the enzymatic activity of a preferred lipase obtained from Psuedomonas alcaligenes strain SD2, a preferred microorganism of the invention.
FIG. 2 is a graphic representation of the effect of temperature on the enzymatic activity of a preferred lipase of the invention produced from P. alcaligenes strain SD2, as compared to a lipase produced from P. alcaligenes strain ATCC 14909.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present inventor has now isolated a biologically-pure culture of a previously undescribed strain of Pseudomonas alcaligenes strain SD2. The organism is a natural isolate and has been deposited with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), having been assigned the accession number ATCC 53877. This novel strain SD2 was found to produce a novel lipase.
The microorganism of the invention, P. alcaligenes strain SD2 was isolated from a shower drain by direct isolation on a Tryptone-Soytone-Olive oil isolation medium. The isolation medium employed is more fully described in Table I below.
TABLE I______________________________________ Percent by Weight______________________________________Ammonium sulfate 0.5Potassium phosphate, dibasic 0.05Magnesium sulfate, heptahydrate 0.025Tryptone (Difco) 1.7Soytone (Difco) 0.3Olive oil 1.0Rhodamine B 0.001Agar 1.5______________________________________
The Rhodamine B dye in the isolation medium causes lipase-producing bacterial colonies to fluoresce an orange color when irradiated with long wavelength ultraviolet light (Kouker, G. and K.-E. Jaeger, 1987, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 53: 211-3). This fluorescence permits the easy identification of lipase-producers. Colonies so identified were purified by restreaking onto similar media. Stock cultures were maintained in Difco TSA slants.
The bacterial isolate of the invention was identified using standard taxonomic procedures from Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology (Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, 1984). The results of applicable physiological characterization tests of P. alcaligenes strain SD2 are presented in Table II and compared with characteristics of P. alcaligenes and P. pseudoalcaligenes published in Bergey's Manual.
TABLE II______________________________________Substrate Utilization of P. alcaligenesStrain SD2, P. alcaligenes, and P. pseudoalicaligenes Strain* SD2 P. alcaligenes P. pseudoalcaligenes______________________________________Fructose - - +L-aspartate + - -L-glutamate - + +D-gluconate - - dL-Histidine - d dEthanolamine - - +n-Butanol - d +Isobutanol + d -Citrate - d dBetaine - - +Glycerol - - dSorbitol - - dItaconate - - d______________________________________ Abbreviation: d (11-80 percent of strain positive); + (strain was able to utilize the indicated chemical for growth); - (strain did not utilize the chemical for growth).
Data for P. alcaligenes and P. pseudoalcaligenes are from Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology (Williams & Wilkins [Baltimore, 1984]).
Compounds utilized by all strains include: DL-lactate, succinate, fumarate, acetate, L-arginine, caprate, and L-malate.
Compounds not utilized by any strain include: D-glucose, L-arabinose, D-mannose, D-mannitol, a-L-rhamnose, D(+)-galactose, D(-)-ribose, m-inositol, L-threonine, m-tartrate, adipate, phenylacetate, nicotinate, sebacate, suberate, benzoate, and pimelate.
This table illustrates nutritional capabilities of the indicated strains and further illustrates their differences.
Several lipase-producing strains of P. pseudoalcaligenes are disclosed in International Publication No. WO 87/00859 published under the Patent Cooperation Treaty. Table III presents certain morphological and physiological characteristics of P. alcaligenes strain SD2, as compared to the characteristics of four strains of P. pseudoalcaligenes disclosed in International Publication No. WO 87/00859. Differences between the SD2 strain of the present invention and the other strains are readily apparent. For example, SD2 utilized L-asparate, while the two other Pseudomonas species did not.
TABLE III______________________________________Characteristics of P. alcaligenes Strain SD2 andSelected Lipase-Producing Strains of P. pseudoalcaligenes.(The CBS Strain Accession Numbers Correspond to ThoseReferenced in International Publication No. WAO 87/00859) Strain of Comparison Strains Invention CBS CBS CBS CBSCharacteristics SD2 467.85 468.85 471.85 473.85______________________________________Cell shape rod rod rod rod rodMotility + + + + +Spores - - - - -Gram strain - - - - -Oxidase + + + + +Anaerobic - - - - -glucoseAerobic - - - - -glucoseAerobic - - - - -maltoseAerobic - - - - -sucroseAerobic - - - - +D-xyloseArginine + + + - +dihydrolaseGelatin - - - - -hydrolysisStarch - - - - -hydrolysisNO.sub.3.sup.- .fwdarw. NO.sub.2.sup.- + + + + +NO.sub.2.sup.- .fwdarw. N.sub.2 + - - - -Citrate - + + + +UlilizationCatalase + + + + +Growth at 41.degree. C. + + + + +______________________________________
Strain SD2 of the present invention can be grown in various types of culture media under conditions suitable for growth of pseudomonads. Typically, such media contain assimilable sources of carbon, nitrogen, and various inorganic mineral nutrients. By way of illustration, P. alcaligenes strain SD2 was grown in Tryptone Medium having the formulation as shown in Table IV.
TABLE IV______________________________________Culture Medium Percent by Weight______________________________________Ammonium sulfate 0.5Potassium phosphate, dibasic 0.05Magnesium sulfate, heptahydrate 0.025Tryptone (Difco) 2.0BRIJ .RTM. 58 1.0 mM______________________________________
The lipase of the invention is found in culture media, preferably liquid media, containing P. alcaligenes strain SD2. Quantities of this enzyme can be obtained by culturing P. alcaligenes strain SD2 in liquid culture and under culture conditions suitable for growth of organisms of this type. For example, an actively growing aliquot of P. alcaligenes strain SD2 is suitably used as an innoculum and introduced into Erlenmeyer flasks containing Tryptone medium (C.F. Table IV). Cultures are incubated with shaking for about 16 to 18 hours at a temperature of about 30.degree. C. Following this culture growth period, the bacterial cells are removed by centrifugation or filtration or other suitable techniques. The lipase which is found in the resultant clarified culture liquor is then generally concentrated prior to use. Several methods may be used to concentrate this enzyme, including ultrafiltration as discussed in Example 1.
It is desirable that lipases intended for commercial utilization be stable in the presence of various surfactants commonly found in cleaning product formulation. Advantageously, the lipase of P. alcaligenes strain SD2 was found to be functional in the presence of commercial surfactants such as dodecylbenzene sulfonate and fatty alcohol ethoxylates. In addition, the inclusion of the non-ionic surfactants, such as BRIJ.RTM. 58 [polyoxyethylene (20) cetyl ether] or BRIJ 35 [polyoxyethylene (23) lauryl ether] in liquid growth medium containing P. alcaligenes strain SD2 at a 1-10 mM concentration, preferably 1 mM, increased the yield of the lipase by a factor of two-fold or more in contrast to control cultures without this surfactant.
Regarding the stability of the lipase produced by P. alcaligenes strain SD2, this enzyme loses activity during storage at a rate that is directly proportional to temperature. For example, during accelerated aging tests conducted at a temperature of 37.degree. C. and a pH of 7.0, the lipase of the invention demonstrated a half-life of about 5 days in the absence of surfactants. The addition of calcium, in the form of CaCl.sub.2, stabilized the SD2 lipase and increased its half-life to over 80 days at suitable CaCl.sub.2 concentrations. The concentration of CaCl.sub.2 required to enhance such enzyme longevity is related to the particular lipase formulation. For example, in simple buffered enzyme solutions lacking surfactants, where the buffer is, for example, 50 mM BES [N, N-bis (2-hydroxyethyl)-2-amino-ethanesulfonic acid] at pH 7.0, the addition of 5 mM CaCl.sub.2, preferably 10 mM, is sufficient. The optimum concentration of CaCl.sub.2 in the presence of preferred surfactants is about 25 mM or more. In formulations of the lipase of P. alcaligenes strain SD2, various surfactants can be used in view of this lipase's stability in the presence of surfactants as illustrated in Table VI below. Examples of preferred surfactants include the nonionic surfactant BRIJ.RTM. 35 [polyoxyethylene (23) lauryl ether] and the anionic surfactant SANDOPON.RTM. DTC gel. Preferred nonionic surfactants are those having a hydrophobic end containing 12-16 carbon units, and a polyoxyethylene chain size of about 20-23 ethylene oxide units. In general, anionic surfactants of the carboxylated type are preferred and are most compatible with the novel lipase of P. alcaligenes strain SD2.
The following examples further serve to illustrate the invention, but are not intended to be limitative thereof.
EXAMPLE 1
Preparation of Lipase From Pseudomonas alcaligenes Strain SD2
The microorganism of the invention, P. alcaligenes SD2, was conveniently grown in the culture medium previously presented in Table IV.
A 50 mL starter culture of P. alcaligenes SD2 in a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask was grown for about 16 hours at a temperature of 30.degree. C. at 175 rpm on a gyratory shaker. This starter culture was then used to inoculate 8 liters of culture medium which was in turn placed in 4 and 6 L fluted Erlenmeyer flasks such that no individual flask contained more than 25 percent flask capacity as liquid. The culture flasks thus prepared were incubated for 24 hours at a temperature of 30.degree. C. with gyratory shaking at 150 rpm.
Following the culture period, the lipase of the invention is harvested and concentrated by first removing the bacterial cells from the 8 liters of liquid culture by tangential flow filtration using Pharmacia 10.sup.6 (NMWC) Omega membrane cassettes. The resultant cell-free filtrate was then concentrated by tangential flow ultrafiltration using Pharmacia 30,000 (NMWC) Omega membrane cassettes. Thereafter, the concentrate was diafiltered at 3.degree. C. with about 10 volumes of 50 mM BES, pH 7.0, supplemented with 10 mM CaCl.sub.2 in order to eliminate all low molecular weight contaminants (those with molecular weights less than or equal to 30,000), and to change the lipase solvent to one with buffer and stabilizing CaCl.sub.2. The yields of enzyme from three separate batch cultures are presented in Table V.
TABLE V______________________________________Yields of Lipase Produced by Culturesof P. alcaligenes Strain SD2Batch No. Unit/mL.sup.(1) Total Units______________________________________20 39.15 10,57121 34.69 7,84022 37.41 6,172______________________________________ .sup.(1) 1 Unit is the amount of lipase production from olive oil 1 uequivalent fatty acid per minute at 37.degree. C. at pH 10.
EXAMPLE 2
Determination of Characteristics of the Lipase P. alcaligenes Strain SD2: Molecular Weight, and the Effects of Temperature and pH on Lipolytic Activity
Quantities of the lipase of P. alcaligenes strain SD2 were obtained by culturing of the organism in the medium of Table IV, removing the bacterial cells by filtration, concentrating the enzyme by ultrafiltration as already described. Lipolytic activity was assayed using the following standard composition: (i) 2.5 mL substrate [10 percent (w/v) olive oil in 10 percent (w/v) gum arabic]; (ii) 2.0 mL buffer [1.0M CHES (2[N-cyclohexylamino]-ethane sulfonic acid), pH 10.0]; (iii) enzyme; and (iv) distilled water added to a final volume of 6.0 mL. Enzymatic assays were conducted at a temperature of 37.degree. C. The fatty acids formed during the hydrolytic enzymatic reaction were extracted with an organic solvent and titrated following the procedure described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,283,494.
A quantity of the lipase of the invention was used to determine its molecular weight. The molecular weight of the lipase of P. alcaligenes was found to be about 30,000 using sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and comparing the retention time of the lipase with molecular weight calibration standards.
Using the standard procedure for determination of lipolytic activity as described above, the effects of pH as well as temperature on the activity of the lipase of the invention were determined. Results of these experiments are presented in FIGS. 1 and 2.
FIG. 1 shows the effect of pH on activity of the P. alcaligenes strain SD2 lipase. It can be seen that this lipase is active in the pH range from less than pH 6.0 to over pH 11.0, and has an optimum pH of 10.0 (c.f. FIG. 1). FIG. 2 shows the effect of temperature on activity of the P. alcaligenes strain SD2 lipase. Results of these experiments show that the lipase of the invention is active from a temperature of less than 25.degree. C. to over 50.degree. C. and has a preferred temperature for optimum activity of about 50.degree. C. (c.f. FIG. 2).
EXAMPLE 3
Comparison of Characteristics of the Lipase of P. alcaligenes Strain SD2 With Other Selected Lipases
The lipase of P. alcaligenes was contrasted with lipases known to be produced by the type strain of Pseudomonas alcaligenes (American Type Culture Collection No. 14909), the Alcaligenes sp. of U.S. Pat. No. 4,283,494 (American Type Culture Collection No. 31372) and the Novo Lipolase.TM.. Samples of these enzymes were obtained by culturing the respective source organisms and extracting the enzyme from the culture media as described in Example 2 above. Stability of these enzymes in the surfactants BRIJ.RTM. 35 and SANDOPAN.RTM. DTC was determined. In addition to the determination of surfactant stability, the following characteristics of the four microbial lipase were evaluated: optimum pH of for enzymatic activity; optimum pH for enzyme stability; optimum temperature for enzymatic activity; and molecular weight. Results of this comparison and associated experiments are presented in Table VI.
TABLE VI__________________________________________________________________________Lipase Characteristics Strain ATCC ATCCCharacteristic SD2 14909.sup.(1) 31371.sup.(2) NOVO Lipolase .TM.__________________________________________________________________________pH optimum (activity) 10 10 9 11pH optimum (stability) 7 -- -- --Temperature .degree.C. 45-55 45-55 40-48 30-40optimum (activity)Molecular Weight 3.0 .times. 10.sup.4 8.8 .times. 10.sup.4 30-40 .times. 10.sup.4 --Surfactant Stability(mean half-life in days):BRIJ .RTM. 35, 10%.sup.(3) 60 5 -- 11SANDOPAN .RTM. DTC 28 5 -- 1120%.sup.(3)__________________________________________________________________________ .sup.(1) Pseudomonas alcaligenes type strain .sup.(2) Alcaligenes sp. (ref. U.S. Pat. No. 4,283,494) .sup.(3) 25 mM CaCl.sub.2 added as stabilizer
It can be seen that the lipase of invention produced by P. alcaligenes strain SD2 is novel and differentiable from other known lipases. The SD2 lipase differs from the NOVO Lipolase.TM. and the lipase of Alcaligenes sp. (ATCC No. 31371) with respect to optimum pH for activity, optimum temperature for activity, surfactant stability, and molecular weight (with respect to ATCC No. 31372; the molecular weight of NOVO Lipolase.TM. is not known). The lipase of P. alcaligenes strain SD2 is comparable to the lipases of the P. alcaligenes type strain (ATCC No. 14909) with respect to all characteristics evaluated with the notable exception of surfactant stability. The lipase of the invention produced by P. alcaligenes strain SD2 shows exceptionally good stability in certain surfactants tested. The stability of the SD2 lipase in surfactants is unique among the microbial lipases tested.
EXAMPLE 4
Comparison of Characteristics of the Lipase of P. alcaligenes Strain SD2 With a Lipase of Kokusho et al
A comparison was made between characteristics of a lipase as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,283,494 (to Kokusho et al) as compared to the results obtained for the same characteristics measured for the SD2 lipase of the present invention. Measurements for each characteristic were made following the procedures of the Kokusho et al '494 patent, except that the assay protocol for the SD2 lipase employed the buffer described in Example 2 hereinabove and the molecular weight was determined by sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The results for four characteristics, as compared to the respective results reported in the Kokusho et al '494 patent, are provided in Table VII below.
TABLE VII______________________________________Comparison of SD2 Lipase Characteristics vs Kokusho et alCharacteristics SD2 Kokusho______________________________________pH optimum (activity) 10.0 +- 0.5 9.0 +- 0.5Molecular weight 30 .times. 10.sup.3 34 .times. 10.sup.4 -37 .times. 10.sup.4Activity relative toOlive Oil (100% standard)Castor Oil: 130 85Tricaproin: 80 52______________________________________
The results for the comparison of the characteristics presented in Table VII above show that the SD2 lipase of the present invention is distinctly different from the lipase of Kokusho et al, and the lipolytic activity of the SD2 lipase is improved relative to the lipolytic activity reported for the Kokusho et al lipase.

Number	Name	Date
3511753	Prave et al.	May 1970
3674643	Aunstrup et al.	Jul 1972
4283494	Kokusho et al.	Aug 1981
4318818	Letton et al.	Apr 1982

Number	Date	Country
0130064	Jan 1985	EPX
0214761	Mar 1987	EPX
8700859	Feb 1987	WOX

Identification, characterization, and method of production of a novel microbial lipase

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Ralston-Barrett, E., N. J. Palleroni and M. Doudoroff, Inter, J. System. Bacteriol, 26(4): 421-426 (1976).
ATCC Catalogue of Bacteria and Phages (17th Ed) 1989, p. 170.
Watanabe, N. et al., (1977) Agril. Biol Chem, 41(8), 1353-1358.