Patent Grant
7058324
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an image forming apparatus such as a copying machine or a laser beam printer, and more particularly to an image forming apparatus capable of detecting a light from a surface of an image bearing member.
2. Related Background Art
In an image forming apparatus utilizing an electrophotographic image forming process, apparatus of various types are recently being proposed and commercialized.
A photosensitive member unit including a first image bearing member integrally includes a charging member 2 and a cleaning member 9 along a periphery of a drum-shaped photosensitive member 1 constituting the first image bearing member.
An exposure apparatus provided above the photosensitive member unit forms an electrostatic latent image based on image data, on the photosensitive member 1 charged to a predetermined potential by the charging member 2.
A developing apparatus 40 develops the electrostatic latent image, formed on the surface of the photosensitive member 1, with a developer thereby obtaining a developed image. In the image forming apparatus shown in
An intermediate transfer unit including a second image bearing member includes an intermediate transfer belt 105 constituting a second image bearing member and so provided as to oppose to the photosensitive member 1 in a position downstream of a contact portion with the developing apparatus 40 in the rotating direction of the photosensitive member 1. Along an internal periphery of the intermediate transfer belt 105, there are provided a first transfer member 54 (roller) and plural rollers 51, 52, 53 for supporting the belt 105. Developed images of respective colors, formed on the photosensitive member 1 constituting the first image bearing member, by the developing apparatus 4M, 4C, 4Y, 4K are transferred in succession and in superposition on the intermediate transfer belt 105 constituting the second image bearing member, whereby the belt 105 bears a multi-color image constituting a basis of a final image.
A transfer apparatus 6 is constituted of a roller-shaped elastic member, and transfers the developed image, on the intermediate transfer belt 105 constituting the second image bearing member, onto a transfer material P supplied at a predetermined timing from a sheet feeding unit 12.
A fixing apparatus 8 is constituted of pressure members 83, 84 incorporating heat sources 81, 82 and fixes the developed image, on the transfer material P, to the transfer material P under application of heat and a pressure, thereby obtaining a multi-color image.
After the transfer step to the intermediate transfer belt 105, toner remaining on the photosensitive member 1 is recovered by a cleaning member 9, while toner remaining on the intermediate transfer belt 105 is recovered by a cleaning member 10 in preparation for a next image formation.
As a multi-color image forming apparatus, in addition to the configuration shown in
In any multi-color image forming apparatus, there has been a remarkable improvement in image quality in recent years, and a higher image quality and a higher stability are desired by the user.
A higher image quality means an image output without a deterioration a color reproduction or an image texture, in comparison with an original image. On the other hand, a higher stability means to constantly reproduce a same image quality in the output image under any environment.
Parameters that may deteriorate such high image quality and stability include environmental characteristics and a deterioration in time of the photosensitive member and the developer.
The multi-color image forming apparatus often employs a control for correcting such changes in the photosensitive member and the developer. For example, the apparatus shown in
In case of executing a density detection of a test pattern on the intermediate transfer belt, a high surface glossiness is required for the intermediate transfer belt. This is because the optical detection means adopts, as a detecting principle for detecting a toner density of the test pattern formed on the intermediate transfer belt, a method of detecting a light amount reflected from the intermediate transfer belt corresponding to the toner density, namely by receiving a reflected light with light-receiving means based on a light emitting from light-emitting means, so that a higher surface glossiness is required for the intermediate transfer belt in order to measure the optical intensity of the received light and to exactly and precisely detect the toner density.
As explained above, in detecting the toner density of the test pattern formed on the intermediate transfer belt, a larger reflected light amount from the belt increases a dynamic range, thereby improving a precision of detection.
Thus, in case of executing an optical detection by measuring the optical intensity of the reflected light from the belt surface and controlling image forming conditions such as an image density control based on such detection, a limited amount of the reflected light from the belt results in an inferior detecting precision, leading to a decrease in the density whereby a high image quality cannot be maintained.
An object of the present invention is to provide an image forming apparatus capable of improving a precision of detection of a toner density, thereby forming an image of a high quality.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an image forming apparatus including an image bearing member for bearing a toner image, optical detection means having light-emitting means and light-receiving means, wherein the image bearing member has a first glossiness in a first direction and a second glossiness in a second direction lower than the first glossiness, a light emitted from the light-emitting means is reflected by the image bearing member and is received by the light-receiving means, and an optical direction from the light-emitting means to the light-receiving means is substantially same as the first direction of the image bearing member.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an image forming apparatus including a belt for bearing a toner image, and optical detection means having light-emitting means and light-receiving means, wherein the belt at a manufacture thereof is drawn from a mold, a light emitted from the light-emitting means is reflected by the image bearing member and is received by the light-receiving means, and an optical direction from the light-emitting means to the light-receiving means is substantially same as a drawing direction of the belt.
Still other objects of the invention will become fully apparent from a following description.
In the following, an image forming apparatus constituting an embodiment of the present invention will be explained with reference to accompanying drawings.
Following description will be made with reference to a schematic cross-sectional view in
The multi-color image forming apparatus shown in
In the following, the multi-color image forming apparatus of the present invention will be explained on configurations of various parts thereof and functions thereof along image forming steps.
As a first image bearing member, an electrophotographic photosensitive member 1 of rotary drum-shape (hereinafter called “photosensitive drum 1”) is provided in a main body of the apparatus. A surface of the photosensitive drum 1 is uniformly charged to a predetermined potential by a charging apparatus 2. The uniformly charged photosensitive drum 1 is subjected to an irradiation by a laser light L emitted from an exposure apparatus 3 based on an image signal, whereby an electrostatic latent image based on the image signal is formed on the photosensitive drum 1.
When the electrostatic latent image formed on the periphery of the photosensitive drum 1 passes at a predetermined timing, by a rotation of the photosensitive drum 1, a developing device 4Y (hereinafter called “developing cartridge 4Y”) positioned at a predetermined gap to the photosensitive drum 1, the developing cartridge 4Y is given a bias for enabling a development of the electrostatic latent image with a desired amount of developer (toner), whereby the electrostatic latent image is rendered visible (developed) as a developed image (toner image) by the developing cartridge 4Y.
A visible toner image on the photosensitive drum 1 is transferred onto a surface of the intermediate transfer member 5 constituting a second image bearing member which is in contact by a predetermined contact width with the photosensitive drum 1 and which moves, in such contact portion, in a direction same as that of the photosensitive drum 1 (namely overall rotating directions being mutually opposite) and with a speed approximately same as that of the photosensitive drum 1, under an application of a transfer bias to a primary transfer member 54 provided inside the intermediate transfer member 5.
The above-explained step is executed similarly for the developing cartridges 4M, 4C and 4K of other colors, whereby, after a completion of all the steps, unfixed toner images constituted of yellow, magenta, cyan and black toners are formed in superposition on the intermediate transfer member 5. The developing apparatus (developing unit) 4 rotates in a direction indicated by an arrow 4a.
In synchronization with a timing when the unfixed toner image on the intermediate transfer member 5 approaches a secondary transfer member 6, a transfer material P constituting a recording material is fed by a feed roller 7 and is conveyed to a contact portion between the intermediate transfer member 5 and the secondary transfer member 6. In passing the contact portion, a predetermined bias is applied to the secondary transfer member 6 whereby the unfixed toner image on the intermediate transfer member 5 is transferred onto the transfer material P.
The transfer material P bearing the transferred unfixed toner image is conveyed to a fixing apparatus 8 and is subjected to a heat and a pressure therein whereby a fixing to the transfer material P is achieved to complete formation of a desired multi-color image.
Toner remaining on the photosensitive drum 1 after the transfer step to the intermediate transfer member 5 is cleaned by a cleaning member 9 for the photosensitive drum 1, whereby it is prepared for a next image forming process.
Also toner remaining on the intermediate transfer member 5 after the toner image transfer step to the transfer material P by the secondary transfer member 6 is cleaned by a cleaning apparatus 10 which is brought into contact with the intermediate transfer belt 5 by unrepresented biasing means at a predetermined timing, whereby the intermediate transfer member is prepared for a next image forming process.
The intermediate transfer member 5 is an endless-shaped seamless belt based on an acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) resin of a thickness of 80 μgm, a peripheral length of 440 mm and a width of 245 mm. The belt is adjusted to a volumic resistance of 108 to 1010 Ω·cm by molding with a dispersion of a conductive material as an electrical resistance regulating agent.
A primary transfer member 54 is provided in a position opposed to the photosensitive member 1, across the intermediate transfer belt 5, constituting the intermediate transfer member. The primary transfer member 54 is a roller for applying a transfer bias necessary for transferring the toner image on the photosensitive drum 1 onto the intermediate transfer belt 5.
The primary transfer member 54 is a roller-shaped member constituted of a foamed elastic member (with a metal core of a diameter of 6 mm) of an external diameter of 14 mm of which a volumic resistivitiy is adjusted to 105 to 109 Ω·cm, and is given a bias of 0.2 to 4 kV at the transfer of the toner image from the photosensitive drum 1 to the intermediate transfer belt 5. The elastic layer has an ASKER-C hardness (JIS-A) of 20 to 40°.
The secondary transfer member 6 is provided in a position opposed, across the intermediate transfer belt 5, to a roller 53 supporting the intermediate transfer belt 5, and supports the transfer material P in cooperation with the intermediate transfer belt 5. The secondary transfer member 6 is a roller for applying a transfer bias necessary for transferring the color toner image, formed on the surface of the intermediate transfer belt 5, onto the transfer material P.
The secondary transfer member 6, like the primary transfer member 54, is a roller-shaped member constituted of a foamed elastic member (with a metal core of a diameter of 6 mm) of an external diameter of 18 mm of which a volumic resistivitiy is adjusted to 105 to 109 Ω·cm, and is given a bias of 0.2 to 4 kV at the transfer of the toner image from the intermediate transfer belt 5 to the transfer material P. The elastic layer has an ASKER-C hardness (JIS-A) of 20 to 40°. Rollers 51, 52 are tension rollers for supporting the belt 5 under a tension. Thus, the rollers 51, 52 and 53 constitute support rollers for supporting the belt.
The fixing apparatus 8 is constituted of a pair rollers 83, 84 of an external diameter of 40 mm formed by silicone rubber, which are heat controlled at 180° C. by heaters 81, 82 provided inside the rollers.
In order to stably maintain an image formation of a high image quality even in the presence of a variation in the photosensitive member or the developer by environmental parameters or by the lapse of time, the image forming apparatus of the present embodiment executes a control of forming a predetermined developed image (test pattern) for density detection on the image bearing member, then detecting a density of such image and correcting a charging condition, an exposing condition or a developing condition according to the result of such detection. In the present embodiment, the test pattern is formed on the intermediate transfer member 5 constituting the second image bearing member.
In the following there will be explained a correction control by such density detection.
In a predetermined position opposed to the intermediate transfer member 5, optical detection means (optical sensor) 11, to be explained later in more details, is provided for such correction control, and the main body of the image forming apparatus is provided with control means 60 (adjustment means for image forming conditions) including means for optimizing image forming conditions.
Also at the density detection of a toner image formed on the intermediate transfer member 5, an electrostatic latent image for density detection, constituting a reference latent image for density correction, is formed on the photosensitive drum 1, outside an image forming area on the photosensitive drum 1, by an irradiation of optical information based on a predetermined signal generated by electrostatic latent image forming means for density detection in a control unit (control means 60) of the main body of the apparatus, and such electrostatic latent image for density detection is rendered visible by the developing apparatus 40 to form a density detecting developed image of a predetermined image (predetermined test pattern), for example a stripe-shaped toner image.
Such density detecting developed image (density detecting toner image) on the photosensitive drum 1 is transferred onto the intermediate transfer member 5. The optical sensor 11 opposed to the intermediate transfer member 5 detects an image formation state, on the intermediate transfer member 5, of the test pattern formed by the developing apparatus 40 outside the image forming area of the photosensitive drum 1, namely an image density representing a toner amount constituting the test pattern.
Based on a result of image density detection of the test pattern by the optical sensor 11, the control means 60 in the image forming apparatus regulates an image forming condition such as a charging condition, an exposing condition, a developing condition etc. on the photosensitive drum 1.
In the optical sensor 11, the light-emitting means 11 and the light-receiving means 12 have a sensitivity in a wavelength (about 960 nm) in the infrared region, and an optical reflectance of the intermediate transfer belt 5 means a reflectance in the infrared region.
In the following, an optical direction of the optical detection means relating to a feature of the present invention means a direction formed by the light-emitting means 111 and the light-receiving means 112, and also means a direction from the light-emitting means 111 to the light-receiving means 112.
Now there will be explained a concept of detecting the toner density of a test pattern T by the optical detection means 11.
In the optical detection means 11 of normal reflection type, a reflected light amount corresponding to the test pattern T from the belt 5 bearing the test pattern T is correlated with a toner density.
As explained in the foregoing, the optical detection means 11 of normal reflection type detects a reflected light from the belt 5 bearing the test pattern T, so that a received light amount decreases with an increase in the toner density of the test pattern T, resulting in an increase in a covering rate of the belt surface, whereby a relationship higher at the left-hand side (or lower at the right-hand side) in a chart indicating the reflected light amount in the ordinate and the toner density in the abscissa as shown in
It is therefore very important to maintain a larger light reception amount in a so-called initial state where the test pattern T is not formed on the belt 5. A larger light reception amount allows to secure a larger range of variation (dynamic range) of the light reception amount vis-à-vis the toner density, thereby improving the precision of detection. On the other hand, in case of a lower belt glossiness as indicated by a broken line in
Therefore, in case of employing an optical detection element of normal reflection type, constituted of light-emitting means 111 and light-receiving means 112 as the optical detection means, it is desired that the intermediate transfer belt 5 has a higher surface glossiness.
On the other hand, for producing the intermediate transfer belt 5, there can be utilized a method of supplying a resinous material between a pair of pressing rolls to obtain a sheet with regulated thickness and width, and adjoining such sheet to obtain a cylindrical belt. In such rolling method, an anisotropy in glossiness depending on the rolling direction can be arbitrarily adjusted in direction by an adjoining position of such cylindrical belt.
However, in consideration of facts that such method requires an adjoining step and an image formation cannot be executed at the adjoining part of such belt, a following producing method is more productive and enables an efficient image formation.
In order to improve the productivity, the intermediate transfer belt 5, constituting the second image bearing member, is produced by a continuous drawing in a cylindrical form from a mold in a production apparatus controlled at a constant thickness, thereby obtaining a belt in a state shown in
In such operation, since an orientation of a crystalline structure constituting the intermediate transfer belt 5 is controlled at the drawing direction, there is generated a difference in glossiness, resulting from a difference in the orientation of the crystalline structure, between a moving direction of the intermediate transfer belt 5 in the image forming apparatus and a direction crossing thereto, namely an anisotropy in the glossiness of the intermediate transfer belt 5. Because the belt 5 has a cylindrical shape, the moving direction of the intermediate transfer belt 5 in the image forming apparatus means a circumferential direction thereof, and the crossing direction means an axial direction of the cylindrical shape.
Glossiness of the belt in the direction a and the direction b were measured, as shown in
As a result, the glossiness was 50% in the direction a and 40% in the direction b, each as an average value of several locations. Thus, the glossiness in the first direction is higher than that in the second direction. The glossiness used herein is represented by a percentage of a light reception amount of the light-receiving means 112, 212 with respect to a light emission amount emitted from the light-emitting means 111, 211.
In case of a detection in the direction a, the optical direction from the light-emitting means 111 to the light-receiving means 112 is substantially same as a direction of orientation 5a of the crystalline structure of the belt 5, so that the light emitted from the light-emitting means 111 reaches the light-receiving means 112 without much random reflection by the orientation 5a of the crystalline structure, so that the light-receiving means 112 receives a relatively large light amount. On the other hand, in case of a detection in the direction b, the optical direction from the light-emitting means 111 to the light-receiving means 112 is substantially perpendicular to the direction of orientation 5a of the crystalline structure of the belt 5, so that the light emitted from the light-emitting means 111 is randomly reflected by the orientation 5a of the crystalline structure, so that the light-receiving means 112 receives a relatively small light amount.
In case of placing the optical direction of the optical detection means of normal reflection type in the direction a or the direction b on such belt, the precision of detection of the toner density of the test pattern T formed on the intermediate transfer belt 5 was higher, as explained in the foregoing, when the light-emitting means 111 and the light-receiving means 112 were aligned along the direction a with a higher glossiness of the belt, namely along the direction perpendicular to the moving direction of the belt 5.
Foregoing results confirmed, in a multi-color image forming apparatus in which an image bearing member for bearing a test pattern has an anisotropy in the surface glossiness and in case the optical detection means for detecting the toner density of the test pattern on such image bearing member is an optical sensor of normal reflection type, that the precision of detection of the toner density could be improved by matching the optical direction of such sensor with a direction with a higher surface glossiness of the image bearing member.
Therefore, in the present embodiment, the optical direction c of the optical detection means 11 is made substantially same as a direction perpendicular to the moving direction of the belt 5 (namely axial direction d of the tension roller 52).
In this manner, the present embodiment can improve the precision of detection of the test patterns thereby enabling formation image formation with a high image quality.
The tension roller 52 has a higher precision of the external shape in order to stabilize conveying of the intermediate transfer belt 5. Therefore, a positional precision of the optical detection means 11 relative to the tension roller 52 can be further improved by providing the optical detection means 11 in a position opposed to the optical detection means 11.
As a result of such opposed positioning to the tension roller 52, there can also be improved a positional precision to the intermediate transfer belt 5 supported by the tension roller 52, thereby reducing a fluctuation in the precision of toner density detection, resulting from a positional factor.
Also since the optical direction c of the optical detection means coincides with the direction of higher glossiness of the belt, namely with the axial direction d of the tension roller 52 in this case, there can also be obtained an advantage that the positional precision relative to the intermediate transfer belt 5 becomes equal to the positional precision in the axial direction of the tension roller 52.
As explained in the foregoing, in an image forming apparatus employing an intermediate transfer belt having an anisotropy in the surface glossiness, in case of detecting the toner density of the test pattern formed on the intermediate transfer belt by optical detection means, it is rendered possible to most efficiently receive the reflected light from the belt by positioning the direction of the higher surface glossiness of the intermediate transfer belt so as to coincide with the optical direction of the optical detection means and by positioning the optical detection means so as to be opposed to the intermediate transfer belt, and the positional precision of the belt and the optical detection means is improved by positioning the tension roller and the optical detection means in the mutually opposed relationship, whereby it is rendered possible to improve the precision of detection of the toner density in the test pattern formed on the intermediate transfer belt. Also the opposed positioning of the tension roller of the intermediate transfer belt and the optical detection means can provide a certain effect even in case a direction showing a higher surface glossiness of the intermediate transfer belt is in another direction (for example in the moving direction of the belt) as long as it coincides with the optical direction of the optical detection means, but a particularly excellent effect can be obtained in case the optical direction of the optical detection means, the direction of higher surface glossiness and the axial direction of the tension roller are same.
The present embodiment has been explained in a case where the intermediate transfer belt constituting the second image bearing member is formed by an ABS resin, but the present invention is naturally not limited to the ABS resin and can provide a similar effect on a belt of any material, showing an anisotropy in the surface glossiness.
In the following, there will be explained another embodiment of the present invention. This embodiment shows an effect of the present invention on optical detection means, which is used for a purpose other than the density detection means explained in the foregoing embodiment.
The optical detection means in the present embodiment constitutes a part of control means for controlling timings of image formations of respective colors, and, as in the optical detection means explained in the foregoing embodiment, executes a detection and a control according to a change in a reflected light amount from an intermediate transfer belt constituting the second image bearing member.
More specifically, the optical detection means in the present embodiment serves as control means for synchronizing timings of image formations of respective colors, in such a manner that images of respective colors are formed in a proper position on the intermediate transfer belt.
Optical detection means 411 of the present embodiment has a configuration similar to that of the optical detection means 11 of the foregoing embodiment as shown in
In the present embodiment, at an end of the intermediate transfer belt 5 in a direction crossing the moving direction thereof, there is provided, as shown in
In the present embodiment, the marking M is required to have characteristics not reflecting, as far as possible, an irradiating light emitted from the optical detection means 411. Physical properties meeting such characteristics are a black color and a surface glossiness within a range of 0 to 10%. A black color provides a spectral reflectance in the infrared region not exceeding 10%. Also a surface glossiness within a range of 0 to 10% can be securely realized by roughing the surface of the marking M.
In case the entire intermediate transfer belt 5 has a black color, the marking M can naturally be realized by roughing the surface thereof.
By providing the intermediate transfer belt 5 with such marking M and irradiating it with a light from the light-emitting means of the optical detection means 411, the reflected light is received sufficiently in a non-marking portion but is decreased in a blackened/surface-roughed marking portion, as shown in
At a timing t1 when the light reception amount of the optical detection means 411 is decreased and becomes lower than a preset threshold value Th, the optical detection means 411 can judge a passing of a marking M, namely a passing of an image forming area, whereby a timing of image formation can be detected.
Also in order to stably maintain a base state B having a large light reception amount, the optical direction of the optical detection means 411 is aligned with a direction of a higher glossiness of the intermediate transfer belt 5 whereby it is rendered possible to realize a larger light reception amount even for a same belt and to improve a control precision of the timing of image formation.
More specifically, by matching the direction of higher glossiness of the intermediate transfer belt 5 and the optical direction of the optical detection means 411, it is rendered possible to increase a change in the light amount (dynamic amount) when a marking M of the intermediate transfer belt 5 is passed, whereby a freedom for setting the threshold value Th for judging whether the marking M has passed is further increased and, as a result, the timing of image formation can be detected more securely and precisely. In the present embodiment, the optical direction of the optical detection means 411 is made substantially same as the orienting direction of the crystalline structure of the belt 5, whereby the optical detection means 411 can be set in a direction capable of detecting the glossiness of the belt 5 at a relatively high level.
Also explained in the foregoing, also in the optical detection means for controlling the timing of image formation, it is possible to improve the ability for detecting the timing of image formation by matching the optical direction of the optical detection means and the direction of higher glossiness of the intermediate transfer belt, thereby achieving a precise control.
Also in the present embodiment, as explained in the foregoing embodiment, it is possible to improve the positional precision of the belt and the optical detection means by positioning the tension roller and the optical detection means in an opposed relationship.
The intermediate transfer belt is required to be satisfactory in a releasing property for the developer, a durability, a conveyability and a stability in manufacture. Polyimide (PI) is suitable as a material satisfying these propereties, and enables formation of a high-quality image in more stable manner, by the application of the present invention.
However, a low cost is difficult to realize with PI because of a high material cost. Therefore, a resinous material employable as the intermediate transfer belt despite of inexpensiveness can be, for example, polycarbonate (PC), polyester, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), PES alloy, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) etc.
However, PVdF or ABS, which is employed in the foregoing embodiments, is inferior to PI in the optical reflectance, which is about half in PVdF and ABS of that in PI.
Therefore, the present invention is particularly effective in case of employing, in the intermediate transfer belt, a material such as PVdF or ABS, which is more inexpensive but has a lower optical reflectance than PI.
A dimension, a material, a shape, a relative position etc. of a component of the image forming apparatus are not to limit the range of the present invention to such description unless otherwise specified.
The belt in the foregoing embodiments is an intermediate transfer belt, but the present invention is also applicable to an image forming apparatus as shown in
As explained in the foregoing, the image forming apparatus of the present invention is provided with an image bearing member for forming a developed image thereon, and optical detection means including light-emitting means for irradiating the surface of the image bearing member with a light and light-receiving means for receiving the light emitted from the light-emitting means and reflected by the surface of the image bearing member thereby detecting an optical intensity of the reflected light received by the light-receiving means, wherein the image bearing member is a belt having an anisotropy in a surface glossiness and an optical direction formed by the light-emitting means and the light-receiving means coincides with a direction of a higher surface glossiness of the surface of the image bearing member. Thus, utilizing the optical characteristics, namely the anisotropy in the glossiness, of the resinous belt resulting from the manufacturing method, the optical direction of the optical detection means is matched with the direction of the higher glossiness, thereby improving the precision of density detection of the developed image on the image bearing member by the optical detection means or improving the precision of detecting the position of a marking for adjusting the timing of image formation. It is thus rendered possible to constantly form a high-quality image stably even in the presence of an environmental change or a change in time of the photosensitive member or the developer, and to utilize a low-cost belt with a relatively low glossiness.
The present invention has been explained by embodiments thereof, but the present invention is not limited by such embodiments and is subject to any and all modifications within the technical concept of the present invention.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2002-348355 | Nov 2002 | JP | national |
| 2003-393072 | Nov 2003 | JP | national |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5256621 | Yasuda et al. | Oct 1993 | A |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 2002351269 | Dec 2002 | JP |
| 2003107922 | Apr 2003 | JP |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20040161253 A1 | Aug 2004 | US |
