Patent Grant
8774694
This patent application is based on and claims priority pursuant to 35 U.S.C. §119 to Japanese Patent Application No. 2010-164024, filed on Jul. 21, 2010, in the Japanese Patent Office, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
This disclosure relates to an image forming apparatus such as a copier, a facsimile machine, and a printer, in which a toner is fixed on a recording medium by application of heat.
Image forming apparatuses, such as copiers, facsimiles, and printers, which form toner images on recording media, are widely used. In such an image forming apparatus, toner is heated and softened to be fixed on a recording medium. To reliably fix the toner on the recording medium, the toner is required to soften sufficiently. Because the toner needs a large amount of heat to sufficiently soften, a large amount of electric power is consumed, which runs counter to recent trends toward greater energy conservation. The proportion of electric power consumed during fixing toner on recording media to total electric power consumed by an image forming apparatus is relatively high. Therefore, it is desirable that electric power consumption be reduced as much as possible. Accordingly, there have been various attempts to reliably fix toner on recording media using less power.
For example, Japanese Patent No. 4224076 (JP-4224076-B) proposes applying a fixing liquid to a toner image on a recording medium to soften and/or swell toner. Such a technique meets energy conservation because no heat is required. In addition, JP-4354164-B also proposes a technique requiring no heating which applies a fixing liquid to a toner image on an intermediate transfer member so that the toner image is transformed into an adhesive film and the film-shaped toner image is fixed on a recording medium by its adhesiveness.
However, for the above-described techniques, the toner image may be disturbed upon application of the fixing liquid. To cope with such a challenge, as disclosed in JP-4224076-B, the fixing liquid is applied to toner images on a recording medium by a non-contact ink jet method. The application amount of the fixing liquid is gradually increased along the direction of feed of the recording medium. However, the toner powder tend to scatter and contaminate nozzles of the ink jet head upon reception of the ejected fixing liquid even when the application amount of the fixing liquid is small. As a result, the nozzles may be clogged with the toner powder. Moreover, in order to reliably fix a toner image on a recording medium, a relatively large amount of the fixing liquid is needed so that the fixing liquid reliably reaches the contact point of the toner image and the recording medium. However, when such a large amount of the fixing liquid is applied, a large amount of heat is needed for drying, resulting in undesired increase in energy consumption and drying time.
In JP-4354164-B, as described above, a toner image on an intermediate transfer member is transformed into a toner film upon application of the fixing liquid at environmental temperatures. With such a technique, the fixing liquid may contaminate image forming parts and undesirably form a toner film on the image forming parts at environmental temperatures. In addition, because the fixing liquid transforms toner into a toner film at environmental temperatures at which the image forming apparatus is used, the fixing liquid may adversely affect other components in the apparatus.
JP-2007-121652-A describes an image forming apparatus employing a wet developing method using a liquid developer comprising a toner and a carrier liquid. In this image forming apparatus, a fixing liquid, which is compatible with the carrier liquid, is previously applied to a recording medium and a toner layer is formed on the recording medium by the wet developing method. The carrier liquid existing between the toner particles in the toner layer is flowed so that the toner layer is dissolved and swelled to be fixed on the recording medium. This technique can prevent image disturbance upon application of the fixing liquid, but may cause image disturbance upon interaction between the fixing liquid and the carrier liquid. In addition, because the fixing liquid works at environmental temperatures at which the image forming apparatus is used, the fixing liquid may adversely affect other components in the apparatus. In addition, the technique can result in a delay when the fixing liquid is applied before an image is transferred onto the recording medium compared to when the fixing liquid is applied after the image is transferred onto the recording medium. Further, the fixing liquid compatible with the liquid developer may not be applicable to other images formed without the liquid developer.
As a result, image recording methods which eject toner onto a recording medium, such as toner jet, direct toning, and toner projection, have been proposed in, for example, JP-2009-39977-A. In these methods, a liquid is applied to a recording medium before a toner image is formed thereon. Therefore, image disturbance due to application of liquid can be prevented. However, it requires a large amount of heat to dry the liquid, resulting in high electric power consumption and an extended fixing time. The liquid applied to the recording medium includes a softener that dissolves or swells resins included in toner. Thus, the recording medium to which the liquid is applied prevents toner from scattering and accelerates fixation of the toner. Specifically, the liquid is absorbed by fibers of the recording medium. Such fibers absorbing the liquid are soft enough to prevent toner from scattering. To further dissolve or swell the toner to accelerate toner fixation, the liquid needs to reliably contact the toner. This is because the recording medium to which the liquid is applied has a higher adhesive force to toner and a lower repulsive force to toner. When the ejected toner reaches and adheres to the recording medium, only a slight amount of the liquid existing at the surface of the recording medium can contact the toner and most of the liquid cannot penetrate the toner layer. In this case, the toner may scatter and may not be reliably fixed on the recording medium. In a case in which the liquid is previously applied to an intermediate transfer member before a toner image is formed thereon, penetration of the liquid into the toner image may be accelerated. However, the liquid may adversely affect image forming members.
JP-2007-301818-A proposes a technique with a mechanism of sealing a treatment liquid for enhancing image quality and robustness onto a recording medium. Such a configuration minimizes evaporation of the moisture of the treatment liquid to maintain the function of the treatment liquid and also prevents adherence of the treatment liquid to other members otherwise caused by scattering of the liquid.
However, such liquids capable of enhancing fixing performance to reduce electric power consumption in fixing may cause, for example, image disturbance, increase in electric power consumption for drying, lengthening of fixing duration time, contamination of image forming members, and reduced performance of the liquid. An art capable of preventing such failures and applicable to a method other than liquid development has still not been proposed.
In an aspect of this disclosure, there is provided an improved image forming apparatus including a fixing liquid applicator, a transfer device, and a fixing device. The fixing liquid applicator applies a fixing liquid to a recording medium before a toner image is transferred on the recording medium. The fixing liquid includes a plasticizer to swell and soften a toner. The transfer device transfers a toner image from a toner image bearing member onto the recording medium applied with the fixing liquid while contacting the toner image with the fixing liquid on the recording medium. The fixing device fixes the toner image on the recording medium by heating the toner image and the fixing liquid. The fixing liquid applicator includes an application member disposed opposing a face of the recording medium on which the toner image is transferred by the transfer device to apply to the recording medium the fixing liquid borne on a surface of the application member, a supply unit to supply the fixing liquid to the application member, and a sealing device to form along with the application member a sealed space in which the supply unit and the fixing liquid to be supplied to the application member by the supply unit are sealed.
The aforementioned and other aspects, features, and advantages will be better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
The accompanying drawings are intended to depict exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure and should not be interpreted to limit the scope thereof. The accompanying drawings are not to be considered as drawn to scale unless explicitly noted.
In describing embodiments illustrated in the drawings, specific terminology is employed for the sake of clarity. However, the disclosure of this patent specification is not intended to be limited to the specific terminology so selected and it is to be understood that each specific element includes all technical equivalents that operate in a similar manner and achieve similar results.
Although the exemplary embodiments are described with technical limitations with reference to the attached drawings, such description is not intended to limit the scope of the invention and all of the components or elements described in the exemplary embodiments of this disclosure are not necessarily indispensable to the present invention.
Referring now to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals designate identical or corresponding parts throughout the several views, exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure are described below.
In
The image forming apparatus 100 can form images on different types of sheet-shaped recording media, such as plain sheet of paper, OHP sheets, thick papers (e.g., cards, postcards), and envelopes. The image forming apparatus 100 can further form images on both surfaces of the sheet-shaped recording media.
The image forming apparatus 100 includes photoconductor drums 20Y, 20M, 20C, and 20BK that bear latent images of yellow, magenta, cyan and black, respectively. The photoconductor drums 20Y, 20M, 20C, and 20BK are tandemly arranged along a stretched surface of a transfer belt 11.
The photoconductor drums 20Y, 20M, 20C, and 20BK are rotatably supported on a frame of a main unit 99 serving as a printer section of the image forming apparatus 100. The photoconductor drums 20Y, 20M, 20C, and 20BK are arranged in this order from the upstream side in the direction of movement of the transfer belt 11, i.e., the counterclockwise direction indicated by arrow A1 in
The photoconductor drums 20Y, 20M, 20C, and 20BK are included in image forming units 60Y, 60M, 60C, and 60BK, respectively.
The photoconductor drums 20Y, 20M, 20C, and 20BK are tandemly arranged along an outer surface (i.e., an image forming surface) of the transfer belt 11 at predetermined intervals while their rotational axes being parallel. The transfer belt 11 formed as an endless belt is provided in almost center of the main body 99.
The transfer belt 11 is movable in the direction indicated by arrow Al while facing the photoconductor drums 20Y, 20M, 20C, and 20BK. Toner images formed on the photoconductor drums 20Y, 20M, 20C, and 20BK are transferred onto the transfer belt 11 that is moving in the direction indicated by arrow Al and superimposed on one another. The composite toner image is further transferred onto a transfer paper S. Thus, the image forming apparatus 100 employs an intermediate transfer method. Additionally, the image forming apparatus 100 employs a tandem indirect transfer method.
A lower side of the transfer belt 11 is facing the photoconductor drums 20Y, 20M, 20C, and 20BK and forms primary transfer areas 58 therebetween.
Primary transfer rollers 12Y, 12M, 12C, and 12BK are provided facing the photoconductor drums 20Y, 20M, 20C, and 20BK, respectively, with the transfer belt 11 therebetween. The primary transfer rollers 12Y, 12M, 12C, and 12BK apply electric voltage at different timings so that each toner image formed on each of the photoconductor drums 20Y, 20M, 20C, and 20BK is transferred onto the same portion on the transfer belt 11 to form a composite toner image while the transfer belt 11 is moving in the direction indicated by arrow A1.
The image forming apparatus 100 includes the image forming units 60Y, 60M, 60C, and 60BK, a transfer belt unit 10, a secondary transfer device 5, and an optical scanning device 8, within the main unit 99. The transfer belt unit 10 includes the transfer belt 11 facing the upper sides of the photoconductor drums 20Y, 20M, 20C, and 20BK. The secondary transfer device 5 is facing the rightmost side of the transfer belt 11 in
The image forming apparatus 100 also includes a sheet feeding device 61, a pair of registration rollers 4, and a sensor, within the main unit 99 below the optical scanning device 8. The sheet feeding device 61 stores multiple sheets of the transfer paper S to be fed to a secondary transfer area 57 formed between the transfer belt 11 and the secondary transfer device 5. The pair of registration rollers 4 feed the transfer paper S fed from the sheet feeding device 61 toward the secondary transfer area 57 in synchronization with a formation of a toner image by the image forming units 60Y, 60M, 60C, and 60BK. The sensor detects whether a leading edge of the transfer paper S reaches the pair of registration rollers 4 nor not.
The image forming apparatus 100 further includes a fixing device 6, a fixing liquid applicator 41, a discharge roller 7, toner bottles 9Y, 9M, 9C, and 9BK, and a discharge tray 17, within the main unit 99. The fixing device 6 fixes a toner image on the transfer paper S with a roller. The fixing liquid applicator 41 applies a fixing liquid to the transfer paper S before the toner is transferred onto the transfer paper S at the secondary transfer area 57. The discharge roller 7 discharges the transfer paper S having the fixed toner image from the main unit 99. The toner bottles 9Y, 9M, 9C, and 9BK filled with respective toners of yellow, magenta, cyan, and black are provided above the transfer belt unit 10. The discharge tray 17 provided above the main unit 99 stacks sheets of transfer paper S discharged by the discharge roller 7.
The image forming apparatus 100 further includes a duplexing unit 51 on the rightmost surface of the main unit 99 and a reading device 98 above the main unit 99. The reading device 98 is a scanner that reads documents.
The image forming apparatus 100 further includes paper feed paths 81 and 82 and a paper refeed path 83 within the main unit 99. The paper feed path 81 is stretched almost vertically through the secondary transfer area 57, the pair of registration rollers 4, the fixing device 6, and the discharge roller 7. The transfer paper S fed from the sheet feeding device 61 is introduced in the paper feed path 81. The paper feed path 82 connects the duplexing unit 51 to the paper feed path 81 upstream from the pair of registration rollers 4 relative to the feed direction of transfer paper S. The paper refeed path 83 diverges from the paper feed path 81 toward the duplexing unit 51 downstream from the fixing device 6 relative to the feed direction of transfer paper S.
The image forming apparatus 100 further includes a driving device that rotates the photoconductor drums 20Y, 20M, 20C, and 20BK; a CPU that controls overall operation of the image forming apparatus 100; a controller 91 including a memory; and a power source that externally supplies electricity to the image forming apparatus 100, within the main unit 99.
The image forming apparatus 100 further includes a start switch and an operation panel on an outer surface of the main unit 99. The operation panel is equipped with a liquid crystal display and a keyboard to enter the thickness of the transfer paper S. As shown in
The transfer belt unit 10 includes the transfer belt 11, the primary transfer rollers 12Y, 12M, 12C, and 12BK, a driving roller 72, a cleaning facing roller 74, stretching rollers 33 and 34, and a tension roller 75. The transfer belt 11 is stretched across the driving roller 72, the cleaning facing roller 74, and the stretching rollers 33 and 34. The tension roller 75 externally applies tension to the transfer belt 11.
The transfer belt unit 10 further includes a cleaning device 13, a belt driving device, and a bias applicator. The cleaning device 13 is provided facing the cleaning facing roller 74 and cleans the surface of the transfer belt 11. The belt driving device rotates the driving roller 72. The bias applicator applies primary transfer bias to the primary transfer rollers 12Y, 12M, 12C, and 12BK.
The cleaning facing roller 74, stretching rollers 33 and 34, and tension roller 75 are rotated in association with rotation of the transfer belt 11 driven by the driving roller 72. The primary transfer rollers 12Y, 12M, 12C, and 12BK press the transfer belt 11 against the respective photoconductor drums 20Y, 20M, 20C, and 20BK to from primary transfer nips therebetween. The primary transfer nips are formed on the transfer belt 11 stretched between the cleaning facing roller 74 and the stretching roller 33. The cleaning facing roller 74, stretching roller 33, and tension roller 75 have a function of stabilizing the primary transfer nips.
In each primary transfer nip, a primary transfer electric field is generated between each of the photoconductor drums 20Y, 20M, 20C, and 20BK and each of the primary transfer rollers 12Y, 12M, 12C, and 12BK, respectively. Toner images formed on the photoconductor drums 20Y, 20M, 20C, and 20BK are primarily transferred onto the transfer belt 11 by the effects of the primary transfer electric fields and nip pressure.
The driving roller 72 contacts the secondary transfer device 5 with the transfer belt 11 therebetween, thus forming the secondary transfer area 57. The cleaning facing roller 74 and tension roller 75 have a function of applying a predetermined tension to the transfer belt 11.
The cleaning device 13 is provided on a left lower side of the transfer belt unit 10, more specifically, below the cleaning facing roller 74. The cleaning device 13 includes cleaning members including a brush roller and a cleaning blade, a casing, and a waste toner reclaim bottle. The cleaning members are in contact with the transfer belt 11 while facing the cleaning facing roller 74. The casing stores the cleaning members. The waste toner reclaim bottle is provided on a front side of the casing relative to the plane of paper illustrating
In the cleaning device 13, the cleaning members remove foreign substances such as residual toner particle from the transfer belt 11. The foreign substances removed from the transfer belt 11 are stored in the waste toner reclaim bottle. The waste toner reclaim bottle can be ejected while opening the front panel of the image forming apparatus 100, and is replaceable with a new one when filled up with foreign substances. Cleaning devices 71Y, 71M, 71C, and 71BK, to be described in detail later, also include a replaceable waste toner reclaim bottle.
The secondary transfer device 5 includes a secondary transfer roller and a spring. The secondary transfer roller is in contact with the transfer belt 11 while facing the driving roller 72. The spring presses the secondary transfer roller against the transfer belt 11 to form the secondary transfer area 57 therebetween. A voltage having a polarity opposite to that of the toner is applied from a power source to the secondary transfer roller. Thus, the secondary transfer roller transfers the toner image onto the transfer paper S owing to not only pressure to the transfer belt 11 but also the applied voltage. The secondary transfer roller also has a function of feeding the transfer paper S having the toner image thereon to the fixing device 6. The spring presses the transfer paper S against the transfer belt 11 at the secondary transfer area 57 so that the toner image is transferred from the transfer belt 11 onto one side of the transfer paper S to which the fixing liquid is applied by the fixing liquid applicator 41.
The optical scanning device 8 includes a light source such as a semiconductor laser, a polygon mirror, an F-θ lens, and a reflective minor. The controller 91 controls the optical scanning device 8 so that the light source emits light and the polygon mirror is driven to rotate based on data corresponding to image information. Thus, the surfaces of the photoconductor drums 20Y, 20M, 20C, and 20BK are scanned with laser light beams, and as a result, respective electrostatic latent images of yellow, magenta, cyan, and black are formed thereon.
The sheet feeding device 61 stores multiple sheets of the transfer paper S, and is provided below the optical scanning device 8 within the main unit 99. The sheet feeding device 61 includes multiple paper feed cassettes 25, multiple paper feed rollers 24, multiple separation rollers, and an opening and closing detector. The paper feed cassettes 25 each store multiple sheets of the transfer paper S and are vertically arranged. The paper feed roller 24 feeds the top sheet from the paper feed cassette 25. The separation roller separates the sheet fed from the paper feed roller 24. The opening and closing detector detects whether the paper feed cassette 25 is opened or closed.
When the paper feed roller 24 is driven to rotate counterclockwise in
The duplexing unit 51 includes a manual paper feeder 53 on an outer surface, a part of the paper feed path 82 crossing within the duplexing unit 51, a reversing paper feed path 21, and a feed roller 23. The reversing paper feed path 21 and the feed roller 23 reverse the transfer paper S fed from the paper refeed path 83 and feed it toward the paper feed path 82.
The manual paper feeder 53 includes a manual tray 27, a paper feed roller 28, and a separation roller. The manual tray 27 stacks the transfer paper S. The paper feed roller 28 feeds the top sheet of the transfer paper S stacked on the manual tray 27. The separation roller separates the sheet fed from the paper feed roller 28.
When the paper feed roller 28 is driven to rotate clockwise in
The fixing device 6 includes a fixing roller 65, a pressing roller 63, a heater 66, and a thermistor 68. The pressing roller 63 is pressed against the fixing roller 65 to form a fixing nip 62 therebetween, through which the transfer paper S passes. The heater 66, such as a halogen heater, is provided within the fixing roller 65 and heats the fixing roller 65 to heat the fixing nip 62 to a predetermined temperature. The thermistor 68 is provided adjacent to an outer circumferential surface of the fixing roller 65 and detects the temperature of the fixing roller 65.
As illustrated in
The PWM driving circuit 92a and the fixing temperature controller 92b are included in the controller 91. The controller 91 controls the temperature of the fixing roller 65 to substantially control the temperature of the fixing nip 62.
In the fixing device 6, the transfer paper S having a toner image thereon passes through the fixing nip 62 while the fixing roller 65 contacting a surface of the transfer paper S having the toner image. Thus, the toner image is melted by heat and fixed on the transfer paper S by pressure.
As described above, the fixing liquid applicator 41 has applied the fixing liquid to the surface of the transfer paper S having the toner image before the transfer paper S comes into the fixing nip 62.
The toner bottles 9Y, 9M, 9C, and 9BK contain polymerized toners of yellow, magenta, cyan, and black, respectively. The toner bottles 9Y, 9M, 9C, and 9BK are driven to rotate by a driver to discharge and supply the toners to developing devices 80Y, 80M, 80C, and 80BK in the image forming units 60Y, 60M, 60C, and 60BK through transport paths, e.g., pipes.
The reading device 98 includes a contact glass on which a document is put, a light source that emits light to the document on the contact glass, a first runner equipped with a first reflector that reflects the reflected light from the document, a second runner equipped with a second reflector that reflects the reflected light from the first reflector, an imaging lens that forms an image according to the reflected light from the second reflector, and a reading sensor that receives the light passed through the imaging lens to read the document.
The image forming units 60Y, 60M, 60C, and 60BK each have the same configuration. In the image forming units 60Y, 60M, 60C, and 60BK, the primary transfer rollers 12Y, 12M, 12C, and 12BK; cleaning devices 71Y, 71M, 71C, and 71BK; neutralization devices; charging devices 79Y, 79M, 79C, and 79BK each including an AC charging roller; and the developing devices 80Y, 80M, 80C, and 80BK each containing a two-component developer comprising a toner and a magnetic carrier, are respectively provided in this order around the respective photoconductor drums 20Y, 20M, 20C, and 20BK along the rotational direction indicated by arrow B1 in
The developing devices 80Y, 80M, 80C, and 80BK each include a developing roller facing each of the photoconductor drums 20Y, 20M, 20C, and 20BK, an agitation screw that agitates developer, a toner concentration detector, and a toner supply device that supplies toner to the main unit from each of the toner bottles 9Y, 9M, 9C, and 9BK according to the detected toner concentration. The developing roller includes a magnet fixed on a main unit side and a sleeve rotatably supported outside the magnet.
The photoconductor drum 20Y, cleaning device 71Y, neutralization device, charging device 79Y, and developing device 80Y are integrated as a process cartridge. Similarly, each of the photoconductor drums 20M, 20C, and 20BK is integrated with peripherally-provided members as a process cartridge. The process cartridges are detachable in the axial direction of the photoconductor drums 20Y, 20M, 20C, and 20BK by opening the front panel of the image forming apparatus 100. It is very advantageous that such process cartridges are easily replaceable.
When the start switch of the image forming apparatus 100 is pushed, the image forming units 60Y, 60M, 60C, and 60BK each start image forming operation. Specifically, when a signal for image formation is input, the reading device 98 starts reading a document to obtain image information. The image information is input into the controller 91, while the driving roller 72 is driven to rotate the stretching rollers 33 and 34 and tension roller 75 and the photoconductor drums 20Y, 20M, 20C, and 20BK are driven to rotate in the direction indicated by arrow B1 in
The photoconductor drums 20Y, 20M, 20C, and 20BK are uniformly charged by the respective charging devices 79Y, 79M, 79C, and 79BK, and then exposed to laser light beams emitted from the optical scanning device 8 driven by the controller 91 based on the image information, while rotating in. Thus, electrostatic latent images of yellow, magenta, cyan, and black are formed on the respective photoconductor drums 20Y, 20M, 20C, and 20BK. The developing devices 80Y, 80M, 80C, and 80BK then develop the respective electrostatic latent images of yellow, magenta, cyan, and black into toner images of yellow, magenta, cyan, and black.
The toner images of yellow, magenta, cyan, and black are sequentially transferred onto the same portion of the transfer belt 11 that is rotating in the direction indicated by arrow A1 by the primary transfer rollers 12Y, 12M, 12C, and 12BK to which a voltage having a polarity opposite to that of the toner is applied, thus forming a composite full-color toner image.
Upon reception of a signal for image formation, one of the paper feed rollers 24 and 28 is driven to rotate to separate and feed a sheet of the transfer paper S from the corresponding paper feed cassette 25 or manual tray 27 toward the pair of registration rollers 4, and the sheet is stopped at the pair of registration rollers 4. In duplexing, a sheet of the transfer paper S having the fixed toner image on one side is reversed upside down and is fed toward the pair of registration rollers 4 through the reversing paper feed path 21. The sheet is stopped at the pair of registration rollers 4.
The pair of registration rollers 4 start rotating in synchronization with an entry of the composite full-color toner image into the secondary transfer area 57 along with rotation of the transfer belt 11 in the direction indicated by arrow A1. Thus, the transfer paper S is fed to the fixing liquid applicator 41 and the fixing liquid is applied to one side of the transfer paper S onto which the composite full-color toner image will be transferred.
In the secondary transfer area 57, the secondary transfer roller presses the transfer paper S to which the fixing liquid is applied against the transfer belt 11 so that the composite full-color toner image is transferred from the transfer belt 11 onto the transfer paper S due to the pressure and the voltage applied to the secondary transfer roller having a polarity opposite to that of the toner.
The transfer paper S is then fed to the fixing device 6 by the secondary transfer device 5 and the transfer belt 11 that is rotating in the direction indicated by arrow A1. In the fixing device 6, the composite full-color toner image is fixed on the transfer paper S by action of heat, pressure, and the fixing liquid, while the transfer paper S passes through the fixing nip 62 formed between the fixing roller 65 and the pressing roller 63.
The transfer paper S having the fixed composite full-color toner image thereon is discharged from the main unit 99 by the discharge roller 7 and stacked on the discharge tray 17. In duplexing, the transfer paper S having the fixed toner image on one side is re-fed toward the pair of registration rollers 4 through the paper refeed path 83 and the reversing paper feed path 21.
The photoconductor drums 20Y, 20M, 20C, and 20BK from which residual toner particles have been removed by the respective cleaning devices 71Y, 71M, 71C, and 71BK and neutralized by the neutralization devices are then charged again by the respective charging devices 79Y, 79M, 79C, and 79BK to be ready for a next operation.
The transfer belt 11 passed through the secondary transfer area 57 is then cleaned by the cleaning device 13 to be ready for a next operation.
Exemplary embodiments of the fixing liquid are described in detail below. The fixing liquid comprises a plasticizer that swells and softens the toner to make the toner easily fixed on the transfer paper S; a surfactant that improves permeability of the fixing liquid to the toner; and a solvent that dilutes the plasticizer and the surfactant.
The plasticizer may be a solid plasticizer that softens when heated. More specifically, the solid plasticizer softens when heated in the fixing device 6 to a temperature about 40° C. to 50° C. higher than an environmental temperature in which the image forming apparatus 100 is generally used, i.e., an ordinary temperature. The environmental temperature used herein is, for example, a room temperature of an office or an air temperature in the main unit 99 not near the fixing device 6 during the heating operation.
Thus, the plasticizer never functions even when adhered to any member in the image forming apparatus 100 other than the fixing device 6, such as the transfer belt 11 or the secondary transfer roller, suppressing contamination of such members.
When heated in the fixing device 6 above environmental temperature, the plasticizer swells and softens the toner to make the toner easily fixed on the transfer paper S. This phenomenon is described in detail below with reference to
In
The minimum fixable temperature T1, in a case in which the fixing liquid including the solid plasticizer is applied to the toner, is lower than the minimum fixable temperature T2, in a case in which no fixing liquid is applied to the toner. Therefore, the target temperature of the fixing roller 65 can be set lower when the fixing liquid including the solid plasticizer is applied to the toner, resulting in electric power consumption reduction in the fixing device 6 and the image forming apparatus 100.
The solid plasticizer is a compound having an ethylene oxide group —(CH2CH2O)— and/or a propylene oxide group —(CH(CH3)CH2O)—, such as a glycol ether or a glycol fatty acid ester, being solid at room temperature. The melting point is preferably 40° C. or more, and more preferably 50° C. or more.
Preferably, the plasticizer is a polyoxyethylene glycol having the following formula (1):
HO—(CH2CH2O)n-OH (1)
wherein n represents a numeral of 10 or more, and is preferably 100 or less. When n is too small, the compound (1) may not be solid at room temperature. When n is too large, molecules may become too large to express plasticizing ability when heated, resulting in insufficient softening of the toner. Specific examples of commercially available materials having the formula (1) include, but are not limited to, polyethylene glycol #1000, polyethylene glycol #1540, polyethylene glycol #2000, polyethylene glycol #4000, polyethylene glycol #6000, and polyethylene glycol #8000.
Alternatively, the plasticizer may be a polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene glycol having the following formula (2):
HO—(CH2CH2O)n(CH(CH3)CH2O)m-OH (2)
wherein n represents a numeral of 10 or more, preferably 200 or less; and m represents a numeral of 5 or more, preferably 50 or less. When n is too small, the compound (2) may not be solid at room temperature. When n is too large, molecules may become too large to express plasticizing ability when heated, resulting in insufficient softening of the toner. When m is too small, the compound (2) may not be solid at room temperature. When m is too large, molecules may become too large to express plasticizing ability when heated, resulting in insufficient softening of the toner. Specific examples of commercially available materials having the formula (2) include, but are not limited to, EMULGEN 290 from Kao Corporation and EPAN 450, EPAN 750, and EPAN 785 from Dai-ichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd.
Alternatively, the plasticizer may be a polyoxyethylene alkyl ether having the following formula (3):
R—O—(CH2CH2O)n-OH (3)
wherein n represents a numeral of 10 or more, and is preferably 100 or less. When n is too small, the compound (3) may not be solid at room temperature. When n is too large, molecules may become too large to express plasticizing ability when heated, resulting in insufficient softening of the toner. R represents a straight or branched alkyl group preferably having 10 to 22 carbon atoms. When the number of carbon atom is too small, the compound (3) may be too soft and may irritate skins or eyes. When the number of carbon atom is too large, plasticizing ability is too weak when heated, resulting in insufficient softening of the toner. Specific examples of commercially available materials having the formula (3) include, but are not limited to, EMULGEN 350, EMULGEN 420, and EMULGEN 4085 from Kao Corporation and EMALEX 611, EMALEX 620, EMALEX 710, and EMALEX 720 from Nihon Emulsion Co., Ltd.
Alternatively, the plasticizer may be a polyoxyethylene fatty acid ester or polyoxyethylene fatty acid diester having the following formula (4) or (5):
R—COO—(CH2CH2O)n-OH (4)
R—COO—(CH2CH2O)n-COO—R′ (5)
wherein n represents a numeral of 10 or more, and is preferably 100 or less. When n is too small, the compound (4) or (5) may not be solid at room temperature. When n is too large, molecules may become too large to express plasticizing ability when heated, resulting in insufficient softening of the toner. R and R′ each represent a normal or branched alkyl group preferably having 10 to 22 carbon atoms. When the number of carbon atom is too small, the compound (4) or (5) may be too soft and may irritate skins or eyes. When the number of carbon atom is too large, plasticizing ability is too weak when heated, resulting in insufficient softening of the toner. Specific examples of commercially available materials having the formula (4) or (5) include, but are not limited to, EMANON 3199V and EMANON 3299RV from Kao Corporation and EMALEX 820 and EMALEX 830 from Nihon Emulsion Co., Ltd.
The surfactant improves permeability of the fixing liquid to the toner. Preferably, the surfactant is a nonionic surfactant. Specific examples of the nonionic surfactants include, but are not limited to, polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers and acetylene-based surfactants. Specific examples of the polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers include, but are not limited to, polyoxyethylene lauryl ether and polyoxyethylene alkyl(12-14)ether(12E.O) such as BT-12 available from Nikko Chemicals Co., Ltd. Specific examples of the acetylene-based surfactants include, but are not limited to, acetylene glycol such as OLFINE 1010 and OLFINE 4051F available from Nissin Chemical Co., Ltd.
Preferably, the solvent for diluting the plasticizer and surfactant is water. For example, urban water from which impurities (e.g., metal ions such as calcium ion and magnesium ion) have been removed and ion-exchange water are preferable. The water is not necessarily distilled.
The target temperature of the fixing roller 65, for fixing toner images on the transfer paper S to which the fixing liquid including the solid plasticizer is applied, is determined as follows. The target minimum fixable temperature is decreased owing to the presence of the fixing liquid, to the extent that certain smear property is maintained. The smear property is determined by rubbing the fixed toner image on the transfer paper S with a specific material. The degree of toner contamination of the material indicates fixing strength of the toner on the transfer paper S. The degree of toner contamination is determined by measuring the image density (hereinafter “smear ID”) of the toner adhered to the material. The higher the smear ID, the poorer the fixing strength. When the smear ID is 0.40 or less, there is no problem in practical use. Accordingly, the target temperature of the fixing roller 65 is set to a temperature at which the storage elastic modulus is K or less and the smear ID is 0.40 or less.
The smear property is determined by a smear tester, which is a friction tester type I according to JIS L0823 having a friction member having a diameter of 15φ. A white cotton cloth (JIS L0803 cotton No. 3) of 25×25 mm is adhered to the friction member with a double-faced adhesive tape so that the fiber direction of the cloth is coincident with the direction of movement of the friction member. The friction member frictionizes toner images back and forth for 5 times continuously. One of the toner images is a halftone image having an image area occupation of 55% and the other is a solid image having an image area occupation of 100%. The cloth is removed from the friction member and subjected to measurement of image density using a spectrophotometer (938 spectrodensitometer from X-Rite). Randomly selected 3 portions on the cloth where the toner is adhered are subjected to the measurement, and the measured image density values are averaged to determine the smear ID. The lower the smear ID, the less contamination of the cloth. When the smear ID is 0.40 or less, there is no problem in practical use.
It is clear from
In view of the experimental results shown in
A reason why the image forming apparatus 100 is capable of fixing toner images at very low temperatures without degrading smear property is not only that the fixing liquid including the solid plasticizer is used but also that the fixing liquid is previously applied to the transfer paper S before a toner image is transferred onto the transfer paper S from the transfer belt 11 by the secondary transfer device 5 and then fixed by the fixing device 6.
In contact transfer shown in
As shown in
In the image forming apparatus 100, the fixing liquid is applied to the transfer paper S. The fixing liquid functions at relatively low temperatures. When a toner image is transferred onto the transfer paper S by contact transfer, the fixing liquid is efficiently adhered to toner particles existing near the transfer paper S. Thus, the toner particles existing near the transfer paper S can be satisfactorily softened at lower temperatures with less heat. Previously applying the fixing liquid to the transfer paper S so that the fixing liquid efficiently adheres to the toner particles existing near the transfer paper S in the contact transfer is more advantageous than supplying the fixing liquid from the surface side of the toner layer, because the former case consumes a smaller amount of the fixing liquid. Additionally, the former case more contributes to reduction of electric power consumption and required time in drying the fixing liquid. The contact transfer that uses capillary action is more advantageous than the non-contact transfer in which toner particles are allowed to fly toward the transfer paper S in terms of consumption of the fixing liquid. The contact transfer consumes a smaller amount of the fixing liquid and more contributes to reduction of electric power consumption and required time in drying the fixing liquid, than the non-contact transfer.
Because the fixing liquid is applied to the transfer paper S before a toner image is transferred thereon, the toner image is never disturbed by application of the fixing liquid. The fixing liquid never adversely affects the transfer belt 11 even when adhered thereto, because it functions only when heat is applied. The above-described embodiments are applicable not only to liquid developing techniques but also to other developing techniques.
The fixing liquid prevents deterioration of transferability because there is no bubble. If the fixing liquid is a foam-like material, it may deteriorate transferability. The fixing liquid does not contaminate or degrade the members such as the photoconductor drums 20Y, 20M, 20C, and 20BK and transfer belt 11, because the fixing liquid is never applied to toner images in the image forming apparatus 100.
Next, a configuration of the fixing liquid applicator 41 is described with reference to
The fixing liquid applicator 41 includes an application roller 44, a facing roller 45, a motor 46, a liquid chamber 47, and a housing 55. The application roller 44 serving as a fixing-liquid application member applies the fixing liquid to the transfer paper S passing through the paper feed path 81. The facing roller 45 is provided on the opposite side of the application roller 44 relative to the paper feed path 81. The motor 46 drives the application roller 44 to rotate. The housing 55 includes the liquid chamber 47 serving as a fixing-liquid storage unit to store the fixing liquid.
The fixing liquid applicator 41 includes a supply roller 48 serving as a supply unit and sealing devices 40 and 50 serving as chamber sealing unit. The supply roller 48 is disposed within the housing 55 and immersed in the fixing liquid in the liquid chamber 47. The supply roller 48 rotates in accordance with rotation of the application roller 44 to bear the fixing liquid on the surface thereof and supply the fixing liquid to the application roller 44. The sealing devices 40 and 50 are capable of sealing a space within the housing 55, i.e., the liquid chamber 47.
The fixing liquid applicator 41 further includes a discharge tray 54 serving as a discharge receptacle to receive substances removed from the application roller 44 in cleaning the application roller 44, a discharge screw serving as a discharge member to transport the substances in the discharge tray 54 to the outside of the discharge tray 54, and a discharge bottle serving as a discharge container to store the substances transported by the discharge screw.
The fixing liquid applicator 41 further includes a contact-and-separation unit with an actuator to contact and separate the supply roller 48 to and from the application roller 44 and a driver to drive the motor 46. The contact-and-separation unit is controlled by the controller 91.
The application roller 44 is provided facing the side of the transfer paper S onto which a toner image is transferred, and applies the fixing liquid to the side of the transfer paper S. The facing roller 45 is rotated along with rotation of the application roller 44, or conveyance of the transfer paper S by rotation of the application roller 44. The facing roller 45 is a glass beads roller comprised of a stainless steel core shaft having a diameter of 25 mm, chloroprene wound around stainless steel core shaft, and glass beads having a diameter of 100 μm fixed on the surface with an epoxy adhesive.
Each of the application roller 44 and supply roller 48 is a roller comprised of a stainless steel core shaft having a diameter of 25 mm and chloroprene wound around the stainless steel. The roller has a JIS-A hardness of 35 degrees. Each of the application roller 44 and the supply roller 48 is pressed against each other at both ends in a long direction thereof (i.e., a direction perpendicular to a printed sheet face of
The rotation centers of the application roller 44 and facing roller 45 are located on the same level. The rotation center of the supply roller 48 is located on a level 10 mm lower than that of the application roller 44. The supply roller 48 is immersed in the fixing liquid in the liquid chamber 47 for a depth of 5 mm. The rotation centers of the application roller 44 and supply roller 48 are offset. When the transfer paper S enters between the application roller 44 and facing roller 45, such a configuration can reduce the influence of the entry of the transfer paper S to the pressure between the application roller 44 and the facing roller 45.
The application roller 44 is driven to rotate by the motor 46 driven by the controller 91 via the driver. The controller 91 acts as a fixing liquid applicator controller that controls application of the fixing liquid from the fixing liquid applicator 41 to the transfer paper S as well as a fixing liquid applicator driver controller that controls application of the fixing liquid from the application roller 44 to the transfer paper S. The motor 46 can rotate the application roller 44 in forward and reverse directions, and the controller 91 controls the motor 46 to switch the rotation direction of the application roller 44.
The controller 91 serving as the fixing liquid applicator driver controller drives the motor 46 to rotate the application roller 44 in a forward direction indicated by arrow C1 of
When the application roller 44 is rotated in the forward direction to apply the fixing liquid, the contact-and-separation unit causes the supply roller 48 to contact the application roller 44. In contact with the application roller 44, the supply roller 48 rotates in accordance with rotation of the application roller 44. Thus, the supply roller 48 supplies the fixing liquid to the application roller 44 while bearing the fixing liquid of the liquid chamber 47 on the surface thereof.
The housing 55 stores the fixing liquid in the liquid chamber 47 and houses the entire supply roller 48 therein. The housing 55 also houses a portion of the application roller 44 at an opening 55a. The liquid chamber 47 and the supply roller 48 form the supply unit 56 that supplies the fixing liquid to the application roller 44.
The sealing devices 40 and 50 close the opening 55a in conjunction with the application roller 44 to form a sealed space in which the supply unit 56 and the fixing liquid in the housing 55 to be supplied to the application roller 44 by the supply unit 56 are sealed from the outside.
As illustrated in
The controller 91 controls power supply to the solenoids 42a and 52a to control driving of the sealing devices 40 and 50. For example, when power is not supplied to the solenoids 42a and 52a, an urging force of the spring causes an edge of each of the blades 49a and 59a to contact the outer face of the application roller 44 at a pressure of, e.g., 5N to form the sealed space. By contrast, when power is supplied to the solenoids 42a and 52a, the solenoids 42a and 52a cause the blades 49a and 59a to separate from the application roller 44 against the urging force of the spring. Thus, the blades 49a and 59a act as contact-and-separation members to contact and separate from the application roller 44. The controller 91 acts as a sealing control unit to control the power supply to the solenoids 42a and 52a to switch between the open and closed states of the sealed space.
Formation of the sealed space prevents change in components, composition, and/or concentration caused by evaporation and/or volatilization of components of the fixing liquid in the sealed space, thus maintaining the functions of the fixing liquid. Further, formation of the sealed space also prevents or minimize scattering and/or adherence of the fixing liquid in the sealed space to the outside of the sealed space.
The sealing device 40 also acts as a cleaning unit or mechanism to clean the application roller 44. In cleaning the application roller 44, power is not supplied to the solenoid 42a, thus causing an edge of the blade 49a to contact the outer surface of the application roller 44. At that time, the controller 91 serving as the fixing liquid applicator driver controller causes the application roller 44 to rotate in a direction (hereinafter, reverse direction) opposite the forward direction indicated by arrow C1 of
Such substances removed from the application roller 44 by the blade 49a drop into the discharge tray 54 and are transported from the discharge tray 54 to the discharge bottle by the discharge screw.
When the blade 49a cleans the application roller 44, the contact-and-separation unit separates the supply roller 48 from the application roller 44. With the supply roller 48 being separated from the application roller 44, supply of the fixing liquid from the supply roller 48 to the application roller 44 is stopped. Accordingly, the fixing liquid supplied to the application roller 44 is immediately removed from the application roller 44 by the blade 49a, thus saving the amount of fixing liquid wasted if the fixing liquid is supplied from the supply roller 48 to the application roller 44 during cleaning. In addition, separation of the blade 59a from the application roller 44 prevents the cleaning of the blade 49a from being hampered by the slide contact of the blade 59a against the application roller 44, which is caused if the contact state of the blade 59a with the application roller 44 is maintained during cleaning. Such operation is controlled by the controller 91 serving as a cleaning control unit.
Such a configuration in which the sealing device 40 and the blade 49a are used to clean the application roller 44 is advantageous in downsizing and cost reduction over a case in which a mechanism for cleaning the application roller 44 is separately provided.
In addition, because the blades 49a and 59a are temporarily separated from the application roller 44, such a configuration can reduce deterioration of the blades 49a and 59a and the application roller 44 over time as compared with a configuration in which the blades 49a and 59a is constantly in contact with the application roller 44. As a result, good performance of the blades 49a and 59a and the application roller 44 can be maintained over a relatively long time.
The controller 91 serving as the sealing control unit and the cleaning control unit is described below in more detail.
During imaging or image formation, in other words, while the transfer sheet S is passing through between the application roller 44 and the facing roller 45, the controller 91 serving as sealing control unit separates the blades 49a and 59a from the application roller 44. At this separation state, the fixing liquid is supplied to the application roller 44 by the supply roller 48 and to the transfer sheet S by the application roller 44.
Thus, the controller 91 acting as the cleaning control unit cleans the application roller 44 before and after the blades 49a and 59a are separated from the application roller 44 during imaging or image formation, i.e., before and after the fixing liquid is supplied to the application roller 44 by the supply roller 48 or to the transfer sheet S by the application roller 44.
Specifically, before the transfer sheet S passes through between the application roller 44 and the facing roller 45 during imaging or image formation, the blade 49a contacts the application roller 44 while the blade 59a is separated from the application roller 44. In addition, the supply roller 48 is separated from the application roller 44 and the application roller 44 is rotated in the reverse direction. Accordingly, with supply of the fixing liquid to the application roller 44 stopped, the cleaning of the application roller 44 is performed. At this time, the rotation of the application roller 44 is performed for, e.g., 5 seconds, and the cleaning of the application roller 44 is performed for 5 seconds. In such a case, the rotation speed of the application roller 44 is 150 mm/s. Because the supply roller 48 is temporarily separated from the application roller 44, such a configuration can minimize deterioration of the supply roller 48 and the application roller 44 over time as compared with a configuration in which the supply roller 48 is constantly in contact with the application roller 44. As a result, good performance of the supply roller 48 and the application roller 44 can be maintained over a relatively long time.
Then, the blade 49a and the blade 59a are separated from the application roller 44, the supply roller 48 contacts the application roller 44, and the application roller 44 rotates in the forward direction. Thus, before the transfer sheet S passes through between the application roller 44 and the facing roller 45 during imaging or image formation, the application roller 44 bears on the outer surface thereof the fixing liquid to be applied to the transfer sheet S.
Likewise, when the application roller 44 is cleaned after the transfer sheet S passes through between the application roller 44 and the facing roller 45 during imaging or image formation, the controller 91 serving as the cleaning control unit causes the supply roller 48 to contact the application roller 44 while causing the blade 49a and the blade 59a to separate from the application roller 44. The controller 91 also causes the supply roller 48 to separate from the application roller 44 and the application roller 44 to rotate in the forward direction.
After the cleaning, the controller 91 serving as the sealing control unit causes the blade 49a and the blade 59a to contact the application roller 44 to form the sealed space. As described above, in this exemplary embodiment, the application roller 44 is cleaned both before the fixing liquid is applied to the transfer sheet S by the application roller 44 and after the fixing liquid is applied onto the transfer sheet S by the application roller 44. However, it is to be noted that the cleaning of the application roller 44 may be performed either before the fixing liquid is applied to the transfer sheet S by the application roller 44 or after the fixing liquid is applied onto the transfer sheet S by the application roller 44.
In the image forming apparatus 100 including the fixing liquid applicator 41, the fixing liquid is applied to the transfer paper S before a toner image is transferred thereon. Such a configuration prevents disturbance of toner image upon application of the fixing liquid by the application roller 44, adherence of the toner image to the application roller 44, and toner contamination of the produced image.
When an A4-size normal paper (RICOPY PPC PAPER TYPE 6200 from Ricoh Co., Ltd.) is used as the transfer paper S in the image forming apparatus 100, for example, 170 mg of the fixing liquid is uniformly applied to a sheet of the transfer paper S. The application amount is determined so that the fixing liquid can be completely dried by heating in the fixing nip 62.
The paper feed path 81 can be formed by guide members. In this case, the guide members are provided only on the back side of the transfer paper S on downstream sides from the fixing liquid applicator 41 and upstream sides from the fixing device 6 relative to the direction of feed of the transfer paper S. Because the opposite side of the transfer paper S, i.e., the surface having a toner image does not contact any guide member, the fixing liquid and the toner image are never disturbed.
The controller 91 stores in the memory a fixing program and image forming program for executing a fixing method and image forming method that use the fixing liquid applicator 41 that is disposed opposing a face of the transfer sheet S on which a toner image is transferred and applies the fixing liquid including a plasticizer for swelling and softening toner to the transfer paper S before the toner image is transferred thereon; the secondary transfer device 5 that transfers the toner image by contact transfer from the transfer belt 11 onto the transfer paper S to which the fixing liquid is applied; the fixing device 6 that fixes the toner image on the transfer paper S by application of heat; the application roller 44 that applies to the transfer sheet S the fixing liquid borne on the surface thereof; the supply unit 56 that supplies the fixing liquid to the application roller 44; and the sealing devices 40 and 50 that forms along with the application roller 44 a sealed space in which the supply unit 56 and the fixing liquid to be supplied to the application roller 44 by the supply unit 56 are sealed. In view of this, the controller 91 functions as a fixing program memory and an image forming program memory. The fixing program and image forming program can also be stored in other memories such as semiconductor media (e.g., ROM, nonvolatile memory), optical media (e.g., DVD, MO, MD, CD-R), and magnetic media (e.g., hard disk, magnetic tape, flexible disk). Such memories storing the fixing program and image forming program are computer-readable.
Having generally described this invention, additional modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims the invention may be practiced other than as specifically described herein.
For example, the shape of the application member is not limited to a roller shape as described above. In addition, the shape of the application-member cleaning member is not limited to a roller shape as described above. The supply unit that supplies the fixing liquid to the application member may have a configuration without chamber. However, in a case in which the supply unit has a chamber, the chamber may be formed in another member provided within the housing, rather than directly within the housing. Alternatively, in the case in which the supply unit has the chamber within the housing, a tank to supply the fixing liquid to the chamber may be provided separately from the chamber.
An image forming apparatus illustrated in
In this tandem-type image forming apparatus employing a direct transfer method, the transfer belt 11 is replaced with a sheet conveyance belt 11′. Toner images formed on the photoconductor drums 20Y, 20M, 20C, and 20BK in the respective image forming units 60Y, 60M, 60C, and 60BK are sequentially transferred by the respective primary transfer rollers 12Y, 12M, 12C, and 12BK onto the transfer paper S to which the fixing liquid is applied from the fixing liquid applicator 41, while the transfer paper S is conveyed by the sheet conveyance belt 11′.
The fixing liquid applicator 41 illustrated in
A tandem-type image forming apparatus employing an intermediate transfer method may have a configuration in which toner images are directly formed on the transfer belt 11 without using the photoconductor drums 20Y, 20M, 20C, and 20BK.
For the sake of simplicity, the same reference number will be given to identical constituent elements such as parts and materials having the same functions and redundant descriptions thereof omitted unless otherwise stated.
An image forming apparatus illustrated in
An image forming apparatus according to an embodiment of this invention may include only one photoconductor drum. In this case, toner images of each color are sequentially formed and superimposed on one another on the single photoconductor, thus forming a composite full-color toner image.
An image forming apparatus according to an embodiment of this invention may produce only monochrome images.
A developer for use in the present invention may be either a two-component developer or a one-component developer. A fixing device for use in the present invention may include either a roller or an endless belt as a fixing member. The roller is advantageous in uniform heating with a simple configuration. The endless belt is advantageous in reduction of electric power consumption.
An image forming apparatus an embodiment of this invention may be a copier, a printer, a facsimile, or an arbitrary combination thereof.
Additional modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims the invention may be practiced other than as specifically described herein.
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