Patent Application
20210149320
This application is based on and claims the benefit of priority from Japanese Patent Application No. 2019-206952 filed on Nov. 15, 2019, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
In a developing method using a two-component developer including a magnetic carrier and toner, the developer is affected by the number of prints, environmental (temperature and humidity) fluctuations, print mode, print rate on the image (ratio of the area to be printed to the area where an image can be formed) and the like and deteriorates, and the charging characteristics of the toner in the developer change. As a result, the toner cannot be sufficiently charged, and problems such as a decrease in image density, image fogging, toner scattering and the like occur.
Therefore, conventionally, a change in the amount of toner charged is predicted based on the number of prints, environmental changes, printing modes, printing rates, and the like. Then, based on the prediction result, the toner density, the developing voltage, the surface potential of the photoconductor, the rotation speed of the developing roller, the output of the fan that sucks the scattered toner, and the like are adjusted to suppress a reduction in the image density, and suppress image fogging, and toner scattering.
However, these methods are merely a combination of prediction from the number of prints, and prediction under each condition of environmental change, print mode, and print rate, and in a case where the number of prints, environmental fluctuation, print mode, print rate, and the like is changed in a complex manner, the amount of charge of the toner may not be predicted accurately.
Therefore, a method of directly calculating the toner charge amount has been proposed. For example, in a typical technique, there is an image forming apparatus in which the surface potential of the drum before development and the surface potential of the toner layer after development are measured, the toner developing amount is obtained from the image density measurement of the toner layer, and the toner developing amount is found from the surface potentials of the drum and toner layer and the toner charge amount.
Moreover, in another typical technique there is an image forming apparatus capable of executing a first mode and a second mode. In the first mode, a toner image is formed based on image data for printing. In the second mode, a patch image is formed based on patch image data, and the charge amount of the toner is measured based on the density of the patch image and the developing current. Furthermore, in another typical technique, the amount of adhesion of the image formed on the image carrier is changed. Together with this, there is an image forming apparatus that calculates the toner charge amount based on the amount of change in the developing current detected by a current detecting means and the amount of change in the amount of adhesion of the developer detected by an adhering amount detecting means according to the change in the image formed on the image carrier.
In order to accomplish the object described above, a first configuration according to the present disclosure is an image forming apparatus that includes: an image forming unit that includes an image carrier, a charging device, an exposing device, and a developing device; a developing voltage power supply; a density detecting device; a current detecting unit; and a control unit. A photosensitive layer is formed on the surface of the image carrier. The charging device charges the image carrier. An exposing device forms an electrostatic latent image by exposing the image carrier charged by the charging device. The developing device has a developer carrier arranged facing the image carrier and carrying a two-component developer that includes a magnetic carrier and toner, and forms a toner image by adhering the toner to the electrostatic latent image formed on the image carrier. The developing voltage power supply applies a developing voltage obtained by superimposing an AC voltage on a DC voltage on the developer carrier. The density detecting device detects the density of the toner image formed by the developing device. The current detecting unit detects a DC component of a developing current that flows when a developing voltage is applied to the developer carrier. The control unit controls the image forming unit and the developing voltage power supply. The control unit, in a state in which the image carrier is rotated at two or more different linear speeds during non-image formation, forms the same reference image on the image carrier by the developing device, and estimates the toner charge amount based on the developing current when the reference image is formed and the density of the reference image detected by the density detecting device.
Hereinafter, embodiments according to the present disclosure will be described with reference to the drawings.
Photoconductor drums (image carriers) 1a, 1b, 1c and 1d that carry visible images (toner images) of each color are arranged in these image forming units Pa to Pd. Furthermore, an intermediate transfer belt (intermediate transfer body) 8 that is rotated in the counterclockwise direction in
The transfer paper P on which the toner images will be secondarily transferred is housed in a paper cassette 16 arranged in the lower part of the main body of the image forming apparatus 100. Moreover, the transfer paper P is conveyed via a paper supply roller 12a and a registration roller pair 12b to a nipping part between the secondary transfer roller 9 and the drive roller 11 of the intermediate transfer belt 8. A sheet made of a dielectric resin is used for the intermediate transfer belt 8, and a belt having no seams (seamless) is mainly used. Moreover, a blade-shaped belt cleaner 19 for removing toner and the like remaining on the surface of the intermediate transfer belt 8 is arranged on the downstream side of the secondary transfer roller 9.
Next, the image forming units Pa to Pd will be described. Charging devices 2a, 2b, 2c and 2d, an exposing device 5, developing devices 3a, 3b, 3c and 3d, and cleaning devices 7a, 7b, 7c and 7d are provided around and below the rotatably arranged photoconductor drums 1a to 1d. The charging devices 2a, 2b, 2c and 2d charge the photoconductor drums 1a to 1d. The exposing device 5 exposes image information on the photoconductor drums 1a to 1d. The developing devices 3a, 3b, 3c and 3d form toner images on the photoconductor drums 1a to 1d. The cleaning devices 7a, 7b, 7c and 7d remove developer (toner) and the like remaining on the photoconductor drums 1a to 1d.
When image data is inputted from a host apparatus such as a personal computer or the like, first, the surfaces of the photoconductor drums 1a to 1d are uniformly charged by the charging devices 2a to 2d. Next, the exposing device 5 irradiates light according to the image data to form electrostatic latent images corresponding to image data on the photoconductor drums 1a to 1d. The developing devices 3a to 3d are filled with a specific amount of a two-component developer including each color toner of cyan, magenta, yellow, and black, respectively. Note that in a case where the ratio of toner in the two-component developer that is filled in each of the developing devices 3a to 3d falls below a specified value due to the formation of the toner images described later, toner is supplied to each of the developing devices 3a to 3d from toner containers 4a to 4d. The toner in the developer is supplied onto the photoconductor drums 1a to 1d by the developing devices 3a to 3d, and toner images corresponding to the electrostatic latent images formed by exposure from the exposing device 5 are formed by toner electrostatically adhering to the photoconductor drums 1a to 1d.
Then, an electric field is applied between primary transfer rollers 6a to 6d and the photoconductor drums 1a to 1d at a specific transfer voltage by the primary transfer rollers 6a to 6d, and cyan, magenta, yellow and black toner images on the photoconductor drums 1a to 1d are primarily transferred onto the intermediate transfer belt 8. These four-color images are formed with a specific positional relationship specified in advance for the formation of a specific full-color image. After that, in preparation for the subsequent formation of new electrostatic latent images, the toner and the like remaining on the surfaces of the photoconductor drums 1a to 1d after the primary transfer are removed by the cleaning devices 7a to 7d.
The intermediate transfer belt 8 is suspended around a driven roller 10 on the upstream side and the drive roller 11 on the downstream side. Then, as the drive roller 11 is rotated by a drive motor, the intermediate transfer belt 8 starts rotating in the counterclockwise direction. Then, the transfer paper P is conveyed at a specific timing from the registration roller pair 12b to the nipping part (secondary transfer nipping part) between the drive roller 11 and the adjacently provided secondary transfer roller 9. Then, the full-color image on the intermediate transfer belt 8 is secondarily transferred onto the transfer paper P. The transfer paper P on which the toner image is secondarily transferred is conveyed to a fixing unit 13.
The transfer paper P conveyed to the fixing unit 13 is heated and pressurized by a fixing roller pair 13a to fix the toner image on the surface of the transfer paper P, and a specific full-color image is formed. The transfer paper P on which the full-color image is formed is distributed in the conveying direction by branching portions 14 branched in a plurality of directions, and then is discharged as is (or after being sent to a double-sided conveying path 18 and an image is formed on both sides) to a discharge tray 17 by a discharge roller pair 15.
Furthermore, an image density sensor 40 is arranged at a position facing the drive roller 11 with the intermediate transfer belt 8 interposed therebetween. As the image density sensor 40, an optical sensor including a light emitting element made of an LED or the like and a light receiving element made of a photodiode or the like are generally used. When measuring the amount of toner adhering on the intermediate transfer belt 8, a measurement light is irradiated from a light emitting element onto each reference image formed on the intermediate transfer belt 8, and that measurement light enters into a light receiving element as light that is reflected by the toner and light that is reflected by the belt surface.
The reflected light from the toner and the belt surface includes specularly reflected light and diffusely reflected light. The specularly reflected light and the diffusely reflected light are separated by a polarized light separating prism and then enters into separate light receiving elements, respectively. Each light receiving element photoelectrically converts the specularly reflected light and the diffusely reflected light that is received and outputs an output signal to a main control unit 80 (see
As illustrated in
Then, the developer is conveyed in the axial direction (direction perpendicular to the paper surface of
The developing container 20 extends diagonally upward to the right in
The developing roller 31 includes a cylindrical developing sleeve that rotates in the counterclockwise direction in
Moreover, a regulating blade 27 is attached to the developing container 20 along the longitudinal direction of the developing roller 31 (perpendicular to the paper surface of
A developing voltage including a DC voltage Vslv (DC) (hereinafter, also referred to as Vdc) and an AC voltage Vslv (AC) is applied to the developing roller 31 by a developing voltage power supply 43 (see
The developing roller 31 is connected to the developing voltage power supply 43 that generates an oscillation voltage in which a DC voltage and an AC voltage are superimposed. The developing voltage power supply 43 includes an AC constant voltage power supply 43a and a DC constant voltage power supply 43b. The AC constant voltage power supply 43a outputs a sinusoidal AC voltage generated from a low-voltage DC voltage modulated into a pulse form using a step-up transformer. The DC constant voltage power supply 43b outputs a DC voltage obtained by rectifying a sinusoidal AC voltage generated from a low-voltage DC voltage modulated into a pulse form using a step-up transformer.
The developing voltage power supply 43 outputs a developing voltage obtained by superimposing an AC voltage on a DC voltage from the AC constant voltage power supply 43a and the DC constant voltage power supply 43b at the time of image formation. A current detecting unit 44 detects the DC current value flowing between the developing roller 31 and the photoconductor drum 1a.
The charging voltage power supply 45 applies a charging voltage in which an AC voltage is superimposed on a DC voltage to a charging roller 34 of the charging device 2a. The configuration of the charging voltage power supply 45 is the same as that of the developing voltage power supply 43. The transfer voltage power supply 47 applies a primary transfer voltage and a secondary transfer voltage to the primary transfer rollers 6a to 6d and the secondary transfer roller 9 (see
The cleaning device 7a includes a cleaning blade 32, a rubbing roller 33, and a conveying spiral 35. The cleaning blade 32 removes remaining toner on the surface of the photoconductor drum 1a. The rubbing roller 33 removes remaining toner on the surface of the photoconductor drum 1a and rubs and polishes the surface of the photoconductor drum 1a. The conveying spiral 35 discharges the remaining toner removed from the photoconductor drum 1a by the cleaning blade 32 and the rubbing roller 33 to the outside of the cleaning device 7a.
Next, the control system of the image forming apparatus 100 will be described with reference to
The voltage control unit 50 controls the developing voltage power supply 43 that applies a developing voltage to the developing roller 31, the charging voltage power supply 45 that applies a charging voltage to the charging roller 34, and the transfer voltage power supply 47 that applies a transfer voltage to the primary transfer rollers 6a to 6d and the secondary transfer roller 9. The drive control unit 51 controls the main motor 53 that rotationally drives the photoconductor drums 1a to 1d. Note that the voltage control unit 50 and the drive control unit 51 may be configured by a control program stored in the storage unit 70.
A liquid crystal display unit 90 and a transmitting/receiving unit 91 are connected to the main control unit 80. The liquid crystal display unit 90, together with functioning as a touch panel for the user to perform various settings of the image forming apparatus 100, displays the state of the image forming apparatus 100, the image forming status, the number of prints, and the like. The transmitting/receiving unit 91 communicates with the outside using a telephone line or an Internet line.
As described above, when the amount of charge of the toner in the developer changes, problems such as a decrease in image density, image fogging, toner scattering and the like occur. In the image forming apparatus 100 of the present embodiment, the toner current is accurately measured by subtracting the carrier current from the developing current flowing between the developing roller 31 and the photoconductor drums 1a to 1d at the time of image formation, and the toner charge amount is calculated based on the toner current. Hereinafter, a method for calculating the toner charge amount, which is a feature of the present disclosure, will be described.
The developing current is the sum of the carrier current flowing through the carrier and the toner current flowing due to the movement of the toner. Taking the developing current to be Id [μA], the carrier current to be Ic [μA], and the toner current to be It [μA], the developing current is expressed as Id=Ic+It.
Here, when image formation is performed at a normal processing speed (full-speed mode), the developing current is taken to be Id1, the charge transfer amount is taken to be Qd1, the carrier current is taken to be Id1, the toner current is taken to be It1, the carrier transfer charge amount is taken to be Qc1, and the toner transfer charge amount is taken to be Qt1, and the toner developing amount is taken to be m1. Moreover, when image formation is performed at a processing speed lower than normal (half-speed mode), the developing current is taken to be Id2, the charge transfer amount is taken to be Qd2, the carrier current is taken to be Ic2, the toner current is taken to be It2, the carrier transfer charge amount is taken to be Qc2, the toner transfer charge amount is taken to be Qt2, and the toner developing amount is taken to be m2. In this case, the following Equations (1) and (2) are established.
Id1=Ic1+It1 (1)
Id2=Ic2+It2 (2)
Furthermore, the toner charge amount (Q/m) does not change between the full-speed mode and the half-speed mode, so the relationship of Equation (3) is established.
Qt1/m1=Qt2/m2 (3)
On the other hand, as the processing speed (the linear speed of the photoconductor drums 1a to 1d) increases, the developing time becomes shorter, so the amount of charge moving through the carrier decreases. In the full-speed mode, the processing speed is twice that of the half-speed mode, so the amount of charge moving through the carriers is halved. In other words, the relationship of Equation (4) is established.
Qc1=0.5×Qc2 (4)
Moreover, I (current)=Q (charge)/t (time), so by rewriting the Equations (1) and (2) using Qd and Qc,
2Qd1=2Qc1+2Qt1 (5)
Qd2=2Qc1+Qt2 (6)
and from Equations (5) and (6)
2Qd1−Qd2=2Qt1−Qt2 (7)
From Equations (3) and (7)
2Qd1−Qd2=2(m1/m2)×Qt2−Qt2 (8)
and from Equation (8), Qt2 is represented by the following Equation (A).
Qt2=(2Qd1−Qd2)/{(2m1−m2)/m2} (A)
Therefore, when Qd1 and Qd2 are calculated from the developing currents Id1 and Id2 detected by the current detecting unit 44, and m1 and m2 are calculated from the image density of the reference image detected by the image density sensor 40, Qt2 may be calculated from the Equation (A). Then, the toner charge amount Qt2/m2 is calculated from the calculated Qt2 and m2.
As described above, the toner charge amount can be calculated accurately by forming a reference image in the full-speed mode and the half-speed mode and measuring the developing currents Id1 and Id2 and the toner developing amounts m1 and m2. Note that although the method of calculating the toner charge amount Qt2/m2 from Qt2 and m2 calculated by the Equation (A) has been described here, an Equation in which Qt2 is eliminated from the Equations (3) and (7) is created, so it is also possible to calculate the toner charge amount Qt1/m1 from Qt1 and m1.
By using the toner charge amount calculated as described above, it is possible to identify the cause of a decrease in the carrier life and the image density. In other words, in a case where it is confirmed that the toner charge amount increases or decreases, the toner may be appropriately supplied to the developing devices 3a to 3d and consumed, and the developer in the developing devices 3a to 3d may be appropriately aged. In addition, the deterioration state of the carrier can be known by finding the change over time of the toner charge amount, and by predicting a decrease in the toner charge amount and by changing the target value of the toner density in the developer, or by changing the AC voltage of the developing voltage, it is possible to suppress the generation of development ghosts and transfer memory. Moreover, the timing of the next measurement of the toner charge amount may be optimized in accordance with the prediction of the change over time of the toner charge amount. Furthermore, by adjusting the primary transfer voltage, it is also possible to suppress a decrease in image density due to transfer failure.
A case will also be described in which developing devices 3a to 3d are used that have a mechanism in which a certain amount of carrier is mixed with the toner in advance, and together with supplying toner containing the carrier according to the consumption of the toner, discharge the excess developer. In this case, when the toner charge amount is significantly reduced, the toner is forcibly ejected to actively replace the carrier in the developing devices 3a to 3d. Accordingly, it is possible to suppress a decrease in the toner charge amount due to deterioration of the carrier. Furthermore, this may also be used for predicting the replacement time of the developing devices 3a to 3d.
In a case where the timing is the timing for estimating the toner charge amount (YES in step S3), the estimation mode for estimating the toner charge amount is started. More specifically, after the surfaces of the photoconductor drums 1a to 1d are charged by the charging devices 2a to 2d, the exposing device 5 forms electrostatic latent images of a reference image on the photoconductor drums 1a to 1d. Then, in a state where the photoconductor drums 1a to 1d are rotationally driven in the full-speed mode and the half-speed mode, the developing voltage power supply 43 applies the developing voltage to the developing roller 31 in order to develop the electrostatic latent images into toner images. As a result, the same reference image is formed on the photoconductor drums 1a to 1d (step S4). At the same time, the current detecting unit 44 detects the developing currents Id1 and Id2 flowing through the developing roller 31 (step S5).
Next, a specific primary transfer voltage is applied to the primary transfer rollers 6a to 6d in order to transfer the reference image onto the intermediate transfer belt 8. Then, the density of each reference image is detected by the image density sensor 40 (step S6). The main control unit 80 calculates the toner developing amounts m1 and m2 based on the detected density of the reference image (step S7). The toner developing amounts m1 and m2 are calculated using the relationship between the image density and the toner developing amounts previously stored in the storage unit 70.
Note that, in order to improve the calculation accuracy of the toner developing amounts, it is preferable to increase the number of times the reference image is formed (n number) or change the density of the reference image in a plurality of steps. When changing the density of the reference image, preferably the entire surface of the photoconductor drums 1a to 1d is exposed by the exposing device 5. At the same time, preferably the potential difference V0−Vdc between the surface potential (potential of the non-exposed portion) V0 of the photoconductor drums 1a to 1d and the DC component Vdc of the developing voltage applied to the developing roller 31 is kept constant, and V0 and Vdc are changed.
As a result, carrier development at the end portion (edge portion) of the reference image may be suppressed. Furthermore, in a case where a dot-shaped image is formed by changing the printing rate, a high density portion is generated in the dot peripheral portion; however, by exposing the entire surface with the exposing device 5, the high density portion of the dot peripheral portion disappears, so it is possible to reduce error when converting the density of the reference image into the toner development amount.
The main control unit 80 estimates the toner charge amount using the Equation (A) described above based on the developing currents Id1 and Id2 detected in step S5 and the toner developing amounts m1 and m2 calculated in step S7 (step S8).
The main control unit 80 changes the image formation conditions based on the estimation result of the toner charge amount (step S9), and ends the process. Examples of the image formation conditions to be changed include the toner density in the developing devices 3a to 3d, the Vpp of the AC component of the developing voltage, the potential difference V0−Vdc, the primary transfer voltage applied to the primary transfer rollers 6a to 6d, and the like.
More specifically, in a case where the toner charge amount is low, it becomes easy for development ghosts to occur, so the toner density is lowered and the toner charge amount is increased. Alternatively, the occurrence of development ghosts is suppressed by lowering Vpp or reducing V0−Vdc. Moreover, in a case where the toner charge amount is low, a decrease in image density due to transfer failure is suppressed by increasing the primary transfer voltage.
Further, a case where the toner charge amount is equal to or lower (or higher) than a fixed value, or in other words, a case where the toner charge amount is outside of a specific range will be described. In this case, an electrostatic latent image pattern (solid pattern) is formed on the photoconductor drums 1a to 1d, a developing voltage is applied to the developing roller 30, and the toner on the developing roller 31 is transferred to the photoconductor drums 1a to 1d (forced ejection). In a case where the toner charge amount is equal to or higher than a certain level, it is also effective to lengthen the aging (stirring) time of the developer in the developing devices 3a to 3d.
Then, the deteriorating state of the toner is displayed on the liquid crystal display unit 90 (see
According to the control example illustrated in
In addition, the present disclosure is not limited to the above embodiment, and various changes may be made within a range that does not depart from the spirit of the present disclosure. For example, in the embodiment described above, the reference image is formed in the full-speed mode and the half-speed mode, and the toner charge amount is measured based on the relationship between the development amount difference (density difference) of each reference image and the developing current flow when the reference images are formed. However, the processing speed when forming the reference images is not limited to the full-speed mode and the half-speed mode, and the reference images may be formed at other processing speeds as long as the processing speeds are different.
For example, in a case where the reference image is formed in the full-speed mode and the ¾−speed mode, Qt2 (or Qt1) may be calculated by replacing the coefficient of the above-mentioned Equation (4) from 0.5 to 0.75. Furthermore, although two types of processing speeds, full-speed mode and half-speed mode, are used here, reference images may be formed with three or more types of processing speeds.
Moreover, in the embodiment described above, a color printer as illustrated in
Reference images are formed in the full-speed mode and half-speed mode, and a verification test is performed for estimating the toner charge amount in the developing devices 3a to 3d based on the flowing developing currents Id1 and Id2 and the toner developing amounts m1 and m2 calculated from the image density of the reference images when the reference images are formed. As the conditions of the testing machine, in the image forming apparatus 100 as illustrated in
The developing devices 3a to 3d use a developing roller 31 having a diameter of 20 mm in which 80 rows of recesses are formed in the circumferential direction by knurling, and uses a magnetic blade made of stainless steel (SUS430) is used as the regulating blade 27. The amount of developer conveyed by the developing roller 31 is set to 250 g/m2. The peripheral speed ratio between the developing roller 31 and the photoconductor drums 1a to 1d is set to 1.8 (trail rotation at the opposite position), and the distance between the developing roller 31 and the photoconductor drums 1a to 1d is set to 0.30 mm. A voltage obtained by superimposing a rectangular wave AC voltage having a frequency of 4.2 kHz and a Duty=50% onto a 170 V DC voltage Vslv (DC) as a developing voltage is applied to the developing roller 31.
Moreover, a two-component developer composed of a positively charged toner having an average particle diameter of 6.8 μm and a ferrite/resin coat carrier having an average particle diameter of 35 μm is used, and the toner density is set to 8%.
The estimation results of the toner charge amount are listed in Table 1 together with the developing current (Id), the developing charge amount (Qd), the carrier charge amount (Qc), the toner charge amount (Qt), and the toner developing amount (m).
As illustrated in Table 1, in a case of the full-speed mode, the carrier charge amount (Qc) is 0.077 μC, which is half that of the half-speed mode (0.154 μC). The toner charge amount (Qt) is determined by the toner developing amount (m) and the toner charge amount (Qt/m) does not change between the full-speed mode and the half-speed mode, so the carrier charge amount (Qc) and the toner charge amount (Qt) are calculated. Moreover, the toner charge amount (Qt/m) is also calculated from the toner charge amount (Qt) and the toner developing amount (m).
The calculated toner charge amount is 19.2 μC/g in both the full-speed mode and the half-speed mode, which are in good agreement. From the above, it is confirmed that the toner charge amount may be estimated accurately by using this estimation method.
In a method of a typical technique, a surface potential sensor is required to measure the surface potential, which leads to an increase in cost. In addition, in order to acquire the surface potential of the toner layer, it is necessary to install the surface potential sensor on the downstream side of the developing region with respect to the drum rotation direction. However, when the surface potential sensor is installed at this position, the surface of the surface potential sensor becomes easily contaminated with the scattered toner from the developing device, and it becomes impossible to measure the surface potential with high accuracy over a long period of time.
Moreover, in a method of another typical technique, there is a problem that the developing current includes not only the current flowing due to the movement of the toner (toner current) but also the current flowing through the carrier (carrier current). When the carrier current is a constant value, the developing current may be shifted by the amount of the carrier current measured in advance; however, durable printing causes scraping and contamination of the coat layer of the carrier, and the carrier resistance value changes, so the carrier current also changes. As a result, the toner current may not be measured correctly by only measuring the developing current.
In view of the problems described above, an object of the present disclosure is to provide an image forming apparatus capable of measuring a toner current included in a developing current with a simple configuration, and capable of accurately calculating a toner charge amount based on the measurement result.
With a first configuration according to the present disclosure, the image carrier is rotated at two or more different linear speeds to form the same reference image, and the amount of charge of the toner in the developing device may be estimated accurately based on the developing current that flows when the reference image is formed and the toner development amount calculated from the image density of the reference image. Then, by controlling the toner density, developing voltage, and transfer voltage in the developing device and forcibly ejecting the toner based on the estimated toner charge amount, image defects such as development ghosts, image fogging, transfer failure and the like caused by the change in the toner charge amount may be effectively suppressed.
The technique according to the present disclosure may be applied to an image forming apparatus using a two-component developer that includes a toner and a carrier. By utilizing the technique according to the present disclosure, it is possible to provide an image forming apparatus capable of suppressing image defects by accurately estimating the toner charge amount and determining image formation conditions based on the estimation result.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2019-206952 | Nov 2019 | JP | national |
