Patent Application
20150309440
This application claims the benefit of Japanese Priority Patent Application JP2014-089988 filed on Apr. 24, 2014, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
The invention relates to an image forming apparatus that forms an image with use of an electrophotographic process.
There has been proposed an electrophotographic image forming apparatus in which a white toner is used in addition to color toners. For example, reference is made to Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2013-68811. Forming a layer (a white toner image) such as an underlayer of an image layer (color toner images) with use of the white toner allows for reduction in an influence exerted by a ground color of a recording medium (a transfer member) that, for example, may have a color tone or may be made of a transparent material, and allows for improvement in color development accordingly.
In general, it is desirable that an image forming apparatus achieve a favorable image (or to improve image quality).
It is desirable to provide an image forming apparatus that makes it possible to achieve a favorable image.
An image forming apparatus according to an embodiment of the invention includes: a first image forming section including an image supporting member and a developer supporting member, and configured to form an auxiliary layer, in which the image supporting member is configured to support a latent image on a surface thereof, and the developer supporting member is configured to support, on a surface thereof, a developer that is to be supplied to the image supporting member and allows the latent image to be developed; a second image forming section including an image supporting member and a developer supporting member, and configured to form an image layer, in which the image supporting member is configured to support a latent image on a surface thereof, and the developer supporting member is configured to support, on a surface thereof, a developer that is to be supplied to the image supporting member and allows the latent image to be developed; and a controller configured to control the first image forming section and the second image forming section to allow a first velocity and a second velocity to be different from each other, in which the first velocity is a traveling velocity of the surface of the developer supporting member in the first image forming section, and the second velocity is a traveling velocity of the surface of the developer supporting member in the second image forming section.
An image forming apparatus according to an embodiment of the invention includes: a first image forming section including an image supporting member and a developer supporting member, and configured to form an auxiliary layer, in which the image supporting member is configured to support a latent image on a surface thereof, and the developer supporting member is configured to support, on a surface thereof, a developer that is to be supplied to the image supporting member and allows the latent image to be developed; a second image forming section including an image supporting member and a developer supporting member, and configured to form an image layer, in which the image supporting member is configured to support a latent image on a surface thereof, and the developer supporting member is configured to support, on a surface thereof, a developer that is to be supplied to the image supporting member and allows the latent image to be developed; and a controller configured to control the first image forming section and the second image forming section to allow a first velocity ratio and a second velocity ratio to be different from each other, in which the first velocity ratio is a ratio of a traveling velocity of the surface of the developer supporting member to a traveling velocity of the surface of the image supporting member in the first image forming section, and the second velocity ratio is a ratio of a traveling velocity of the surface of the developer supporting member to a traveling velocity of the surface of the image supporting member in the second image forming section.
An image forming apparatus according to an embodiment of the invention includes: a first image forming section including an image supporting member, a developer supporting member, a developer regulating member, and a power supply section, and configured to form an auxiliary layer, in which the image supporting member is configured to support a latent image on a surface thereof, the developer supporting member is configured to support, on a surface thereof, a developer that is to be supplied to the image supporting member and allows the latent image to be developed, the developer regulating member is configured to be in contact with the surface of the developer supporting member to form a layer of the developer on the surface of the developer supporting member, and the power supply section is configured to apply a voltage to the developer regulating member; a second image forming section including an image supporting member, a developer supporting member, a developer regulating member, and a power supply section, and configured to form an image layer, in which the image supporting member is configured to support a latent image on a surface thereof, the developer supporting member is configured to support, on a surface thereof, a developer that is to be supplied to the image supporting member and allows the latent image to be developed, the developer regulating member is configured to be in contact with the surface of the developer supporting member to form a layer of the developer on the surface of the developer supporting member, and the power supply section is configured to apply a voltage to the developer regulating member; and a controller configured to control the power supply sections to allow a first voltage value and a second voltage value to be different from each other, in which the first voltage value is an absolute value of the voltage applied to the developer regulating member in the first image forming section, and the second voltage value is an absolute value of the voltage applied to the developer regulating member in the second image forming section.
It is possible for the image forming apparatus according to each of the above-described embodiments of the invention to achieve a favorable image.
It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary, and are intended to provide further explanation of the invention as claimed. Also, effects of the invention are not limited to those described above. Effects achieved by the invention may be those that are different from the above-described effects, or may include other effects in addition to those described above.
In the following, some embodiments of the invention are described in detail, in the following order, with reference to the accompanying drawings.
1. Example Embodiment (an example of an image forming apparatus that forms an underlayer with use of a white toner)
First Modification Example (an example in which a control is so performed that a relationship in magnitude of various parameters in the example embodiment is reversed)
Second Modification Example (an example of an image forming apparatus that forms an overcoat layer with use of the white toner)
Referring to
[Image Drum Units 11C, 11M, 11Y, 11K, and 11W]
The image drum units 11C, 11M, 11Y, 11K, and 11W each function as a developing unit of the recording medium 9, and are disposed side by side in a conveying direction “d” of the recording medium 9 as illustrated in
The image drum units 11C, 11M, 11Y, 11K, and 11W have the same configuration as one another basically, with the exception that the image drum units 11C, 11M, 11Y, 11K, and 11W form respective toner images (developer images) with use of respective toners that are different in color from one another. More specifically, the image drum unit 11C uses a cyan (C) toner to form a cyan toner image, the image drum unit 11M uses a magenta (M) toner to form a magenta toner image, and the image drum unit 11Y uses a yellow (Y) toner to form a yellow toner image. Likewise, the image drum unit 11K uses a black (K) toner to form a black toner image, and the image drum unit 11W uses a white (W) toner to form a white toner image. An example of a detailed configuration of each of the image drum units 11C, 11M, 11Y, 11K, and 11W is described later with reference to
Such toners having respective colors each may include additives such as, but not limited to, a predetermined colorant, a predetermined releasing agent, a predetermined charge controller, and a predetermined processing agent, and may be manufactured through mixing of those components on an as-needed basis or through a surface treatment. Among such additives, the colorant, the releasing agent, and the charge controller each serve as an internal additive. Non-limiting examples of an external additive may include silica and a titanium oxide, for which a resin such as, but not limited to, a polyester resin may be used as a binder resin.
The colorant used for each of the cyan toner, the magenta toner, the yellow toner, and the black toner may be a dye and/or a pigment that may be used alone or in any combination of different kinds of colorants. Non-limiting examples of the colorant may include carbon black, iron oxide, Permanent Brown FG, Pigment Green B, Pigment Blue 15:3, Solvent Blue 35, Solvent Red 49, Solvent Red 146, quinacridone, Carmine 6B, naphthol, disazo yellow, and isoindoline.
The colorant used for the white toner may be a pigment having high specific gravity, such as, but not limited to, a metal oxide generally used for a white pigment. Non-limiting examples of the metal oxide may include a titanium oxide and a zinc oxide. The white pigment may be subjected to a surface treatment, or may be used in any combination of different kinds of pigments, for example. Note that the colorant used for the white toner may have a large content of white pigment in consideration of coloring strength and concealing strength.
In one embodiment of the invention, the toners having respective colors described above each correspond to a concrete but non-limiting example of a “developer”. Also, the white toner corresponds to a concrete but non-limiting example of a “white developer”, and the cyan toner, the magenta toner, the yellow toner, and the black toner each correspond to a concrete but non-limiting example of “a monochrome developer having a color other than white”, in one embodiment of the invention.
The medium feeding tray 121 is a member that stores the recording medium 9 in a stacked fashion, and is attachable to and detachable from the image forming apparatus 1. The medium feeding tray 121 may be provided inside the image forming apparatus 1 at a lower part thereof.
The hopping roller 122 is a member that takes the recording medium 9 stored in the medium feeding tray 121 out of the medium feeding tray 121 one by one from the top, and feeds the taken out recording medium 9 towards the conveying rollers 13a and 13b.
The conveying rollers 13a and 13b are members that cooperate as a pair to correct skew of the recording medium 9 fed from the hopping roller 122, and convey the corrected recording medium 9 to the transfer belt unit 14.
[Transfer Belt Unit 14]
The transfer belt unit 14 is a member that conveys the recording medium 9 conveyed from the conveying rollers 13a and 13b in the conveying direction “d”, and transfers the toner images formed by the respective image drum units 11C, 11M, 11Y, 11K, and 11W onto the recording medium 9 sequentially in the conveying direction “d”. The transfer belt unit 14 includes transfer members (transfer rollers) 141C, 141M, 141Y, 141K, and 141W, a transfer belt 142, conveying rollers 143a and 143b, and a transfer cleaning member 144, as illustrated in
The transfer members 141C, 141M, 141Y, 141K, and 141W are members (rollers) that electrostatically transfer the respective toner images, formed in the respective image drum units 11C, 11M, 11Y, 11K, and 11W, onto the recording medium 9 as described above. The transfer members 141C, 141M, 141Y, 141K, and 141W are disposed to oppose the image drum units 11C, 11M, 11Y, 11K, and 11W through the transfer belt 142, respectively. More specifically, the transfer member 141C is opposed to the image drum unit 11C, the transfer member 141M is opposed to the image drum unit 11M, and the transfer member 141Y is opposed to the image drum unit 11Y. Likewise, the transfer member 141K is opposed to the image drum unit 11K, and the transfer member 141W is opposed to the image drum unit 11W. The transfer members 141C, 141M, 141Y, 141K, and 141W each may be, for example but not limited to, a foamed semi-conductive elastic rubber member.
The transfer belt 142 is a belt that causes the recording medium 9, conveyed from the conveying rollers 13a and 13b, to be electrostatically absorbed onto the transfer belt 142, and conveys the recording medium 9 absorbed electrostatically thereon in the conveying direction “d”.
The conveying rollers 143a and 143b are each a member that operates the transfer belt 142.
The transfer cleaning member 144 is a member that scrapes the toner attached onto the transfer belt 142 to clean the transfer belt 142.
[Fixing Unit 15]
The fixing unit 15 is a member that applies heat and pressure to the toners (the toner images) on the recording medium 9, conveyed from the transfer belt unit 14, to fix the toners onto the recording medium 9. The fixing unit 15 includes a heat roller 151 and a backup roller 152, as illustrated in
The heat roller 151 is a member (a heating roller) that includes therein a heater, and applies heat to the toners on the recording medium 9. The heater may be, for example but not limited to, a halogen lamp.
The backup roller 152 is a member (a pressurizing roller) that is so disposed as to form a pressure contact part between the backup roller 152 and the heat roller 151, and applies pressure onto the toners on the recording medium 9.
The discharging roller 16 is a member that discharges the recording medium 9, onto which the toners are fixed by the fixing unit 15, to the outside of the image forming apparatus 1.
[Image Forming Sections 10C, 10M, 10Y, 10K, and 10W]
As with the image drum units 11C, 11M, 11Y, 11K, and 11W described above, the image forming sections 10C, 10M, 10Y, 10K, and 10W have the same configuration as one another basically, with the exception that the image forming sections 10C, 10M, 10Y, 10K, and 10W form images (the toner images) with use of the respective toners that are different in color from one another.
Among the image forming sections 10C, 10M, 10Y, 10K, and 10W, the image forming sections 10C, 10M, 10Y, and 10K use corresponding one of the toners having respective colors (the cyan toner, the magenta toner, the yellow toner, and the black toner) to form an image layer 21, as illustrated by way of example in
On the other hand, in this example embodiment, the image forming section 10W uses the white toner to form an underlayer 20a of the image layer 21, as illustrated by way of example in a schematic cross-sectional view in
Also, in one embodiment of the invention, the image forming section 10W corresponds to a concrete but non-limiting example of a “first image forming section” or an “image forming section”. The image forming sections 10C, 10M, 10Y, and 10K each correspond to a concrete but non-limiting example of a “second image forming section”, in one embodiment of the invention.
Referring to
The image drum units 11C, 11M, 11Y, 11K, and 11W each may include a photosensitive drum 111, a charging roller 112, a developing roller 113, a feeding roller 114, a toner regulating member 115, and a cleaning member 116, as illustrated in
The photosensitive drum 111 is a member that supports an electrostatic latent image on a surface (a superficial part) of the photosensitive drum 111, and includes a photoreceptor which may be, for example but not limited to, an organic photoreceptor. For example, the photosensitive drum 111 may include a conductive supporting member, and a photoconductive layer that covers an outer circumference part (a surface) of the conductive supporting member. The conductive supporting member may be, for example but not limited to, a metal pipe made of aluminum. The photoconductive layer may have a configuration in which a charge generating layer and a charge transporting layer are stacked in order, for example. The photosensitive drum 111 is configured to be rotated at a predetermined circumferential velocity Sp1 as illustrated in
The charging roller 112 is a member (a charging member) that charges the surface (the superficial part) of the photosensitive drum 111, and is so disposed as to be in contact with the surface (a circumferential surface) of the photosensitive drum 111. The charging roller 112 may include a metal shaft, and a semi-conductive rubber layer that covers an outer circumference part (a surface) of the metal shaft, for example. The semi-conductive rubber layer may be, for example but not limited to, a semi-conductive epichlorohydrin rubber layer. In the example embodiment, the charging roller 112 may be rotated counterclockwise as denoted by an arrow in
The developing roller 113 is a member that supports the toner, used for development of the electrostatic latent image, on a surface of the developing roller 113, and is so disposed as to be in contact with the surface (the circumferential surface) of the photosensitive drum 111. The developing roller 113 may include a metal shaft, and a semi-conductive rubber layer that covers an outer circumference part (a surface) of the metal shaft, for example. The semi-conductive rubber layer may be, for example but not limited to, a semi-conductive urethane rubber layer. The developing roller 113 is configured to be rotated at a predetermined circumferential velocity Sp3 as illustrated in
The feeding roller 114 is a member (a feeding member) that feeds the toner to the developing roller 113, and is so disposed as to be in contact with the surface (a circumferential surface) of the developing roller 113. The feeding roller 114 may include a metal shaft, and a rubber layer that covers an outer circumference part (a surface) of the metal shaft, for example. The rubber layer may be, for example but not limited to, a foamed silicone rubber layer. In the example embodiment, the feeding roller 114 may be rotated counterclockwise as denoted by an arrow in
The toner regulating member 115 is a member that comes into contact with the surface of the developing roller 113 to form a layer made of the toner (i.e., a toner layer) on the surface of the developing roller 113 and regulate (control or adjust) a thickness of that toner layer. The toner regulating member 115 may be a plate-shaped elastic member (a plate spring) which may be made of, for example but not limited to, a stainless steel, and is disposed such that a tip of the plate-shaped elastic member comes into slight contact with the surface of the developing roller 113. In one embodiment of the invention, the toner regulating member 115 corresponds to a concrete but non-limiting example of a “developer regulating member”. Also, the toner layer described above corresponds to a concrete but non-limiting example of a “layer of the developer”, in one embodiment of the invention.
The cleaning member 116 is a member that scrapes the toner remaining on the surface (the superficial part) of the photosensitive drum 111 to clean the surface of the photosensitive drum 111. The cleaning member 116 is so disposed in opposition to the photosensitive drum 111 as to come into contact with the surface of the photosensitive drum 111, i.e., so disposed as to protrude in a direction opposite to the direction of rotation of the photosensitive drum 111. For example, the cleaning member 116 may be made of an elastic body such as, but not limited to, a polyurethane rubber.
The exposure units 17C, 17M, 17Y, 17K, and 17W illustrated in
The power supply units 18C, 18M, 18Y, 18K, and 18W illustrated in
The transfer member power supply 180 is a power supply that applies a voltage (an applied voltage Va0) to the corresponding transfer member 141C, 141M, 141Y, 141K, or 141W, as illustrated in
The charging roller power supply 182 is a power supply that applies a voltage (an applied voltage Va2) to the corresponding charging roller 112, as illustrated in
The developing roller power supply 183 is a power supply that applies a voltage (an applied voltage Va3) to the corresponding developing roller 113, as illustrated in
The feeding roller power supply 184 is a power supply that applies a voltage (an applied voltage Va4) to the corresponding feeding roller 114, as illustrated in
The toner regulating member power supply 185 is a power supply that applies a voltage (an applied voltage Va5) to the corresponding toner regulating member 115, as illustrated in
Note that the terms “same polarity” and “reverse polarity” as used herein each do not refer to the positive polarity or the negative polarity in a strict sense. The terms “same polarity” and “reverse polarity” as used herein are to be construed as referring to polarities that are defined based on a relative magnitude relationship between values of the respective applied voltages.
[Controller 19]
The controller 19 illustrated in
More specifically, the controller 19 controls operations of the respective photosensitive drum 111, charging roller 112, developing roller 113, feeding roller 114, toner regulating member 115, and cleaning member 116 in each of the image drum units 11C, 11M, 11Y, 11K, and 11W. The operations controlled by the controller 19 may include, for example but not limited to, the circumferential velocity and a ratio between the circumferential velocities which are to be described later. Also, the controller 19 controls operations (which may be, for example but not limited to, absolute values of the voltages to be described later, etc.) of the respective transfer member power supply 180, charging roller power supply 182, developing roller power supply 183, feeding roller power supply 184, and toner regulating member power supply 185 in each of the power supply units 18C, 18M, 18Y, 18K, and 18W. The controller 19 may include a microcomputer and a drive mechanism, for example. The microcomputer may utilize devices such as a central processing unit (CPU), a read-only memory (ROM), and a random access memory (RAM). The drive mechanism may be a motor or any other suitable drive mechanism.
In this example embodiment, as illustrated in
(1) Absolute Value |Va3| of Voltage Va3 applied to Developing Roller 113
The absolute value |Va3| in the image forming section 10W is defined as |Va3(W)|.
The absolute value |Va3| in each of the image forming sections 10C, 10M, 10Y, and 10K is defined as |Va3(C, M, Y, K)|.
(2) Circumferential Velocity Sp3 of Developing Roller 113
The circumferential velocity Sp3 in the image forming section 10W is defined as Sp3(W).
The circumferential velocity Sp3 in each of the image forming sections 10C, 10M, 10Y, and 10K is defined as Sp3(C, M, Y, K).
(3) Circumferential Velocity Sp1 of Photosensitive Drum 111
The circumferential velocity Sp1 in the image forming section 10W is defined as Sp1(W).
The circumferential velocity Sp1 in each of the image forming sections 10C, 10M, 10Y, and 10K is defined as Sp1(C, M, Y, K).
(4) Ratio of Circumferential Velocity Sp3 to Circumferential Velocity Sp1 (Circumferential Velocity Ratio Rp=Sp3/Sp1)
The circumferential velocity ratio Rp in the image forming section 10W is defined as a circumferential velocity ratio Rp(W) (=Sp3(W)/Sp1(W)).
The circumferential velocity ratio Rp in each of the image forming sections 10C, 10M, 10Y, and 10K is defined as a circumferential velocity ratio Rp(C, M, Y, K) (=Sp3(C, M, Y, K)/Sp1(C, M, Y, K)).
(5) Absolute Value |Va5| of Voltage Va5 applied to Toner Regulating Member 115
The absolute value |Va5| in the image forming section 10W is defined as |Va5(W)|.
The absolute value |Va5| in each of the image forming sections 10C, 10M, 10Y, and 10K is defined as |Va5(C, M, Y, K)|.
In one embodiment of the invention, the absolute value |Va3(W)| represented in (1) described above corresponds to a concrete but non-limiting example of an “absolute value of the voltage applied to the developer supporting member in the first image forming section”. Also, the absolute value |Va3(C, M, Y, K)| represented in (1) corresponds to a concrete but non-limiting example of an “absolute value of the voltage applied to the developer supporting member in the second image forming section” in one embodiment of the invention.
The circumferential velocity Sp3(W) represented in (2) described above corresponds to a concrete but non-limiting example of a “first velocity”, in one embodiment of the invention. Also, the circumferential velocity Sp3(C, M, Y, K) represented in (2) corresponds to a concrete but non-limiting example of a “second velocity”, in one embodiment of the invention.
The circumferential velocity ratio Rp(W) represented in (4) described above corresponds to a concrete but non-limiting example of a “first velocity ratio”, in one embodiment of the invention. Also, the circumferential velocity ratio Rp(C, M, Y, K) represented in (4) corresponds to a concrete but non-limiting example of a “second velocity ratio”, in one embodiment of the invention.
The absolute value |Va5(W)| represented in (5) described above corresponds to a concrete but non-limiting example of a “first voltage value”, in one embodiment of the invention. Also, the absolute value |Va5(C, M, Y, K)| represented in (5) corresponds to a concrete but non-limiting example of a “second voltage value”, in one embodiment of the invention.
In this example embodiment, the controller 19 performs the control on each of the parameters represented in (1) to (5) described above in the following manner as illustrated in
(1) Control of Absolute Value |Va3|
Referring to
|Va3(W)|≈|Va3(C,M,Y,K)| (1a)
|Va3(W)|=|Va3(C,M,Y,K)| (1b)
|Va3(W)|<|Va3(C,M,Y,K)| (1c)
(2) Control of Circumferential Velocity Sp3
Also, the controller 19 so controls the image drum units 11C, 11M, 11Y, 11K, and 11W as to allow the circumferential velocity Sp3(W) and the circumferential velocity Sp3(C, M, Y, K) to be different from each other as illustrated in
Sp3(W)≠Sp3(C,M,Y,K) (2a)
Sp3(W)>Sp3(C,M,Y,K) (2b)
310≦Sp3(W)≦380 (2c)
(3) Control of Circumferential Velocity Sp1
Further, the controller 19 so controls the image drum units 11C, 11M, 11Y, 11K, and 11W as to allow the circumferential velocity Sp1(W) and the circumferential velocity Sp1(C, M, Y, K) to be substantially equal to each other, i.e., as to satisfy the following expression (3a). Preferably, the controller 19 may so control the image drum units 11C, 11M, 11Y, 11K, and 11W as to allow the circumferential velocity Sp1(W) and the circumferential velocity Sp1(C, M, Y, K) to be equal to each other as illustrated in
Sp1(W)≈Sp1(C,M,Y,K) (3a)
Sp1(W)=Sp1(C,M,Y,K) (3b)
(4) Control of Circumferential Velocity Ratio Rp (=Sp3/Sp1)
The controller 19 may so control the image drum units 11C, 11M, 11Y, 11K, and 11W as to allow the circumferential velocity ratio Rp(W) and the circumferential velocity ratio Rp(C, M, Y, K) to be different from each other as illustrated in
Rp(W)≠Rp(C,M,Y,K) (4a)
Rp(W)>Rp(C,M,Y,K) (4b)
1.35≦Rp(W)≦1.65 (4c)
The controller 19 may so control the toner regulating member power supplies 185 in the respective power supply units 18C, 18M, 18Y, 18K, and 18W as to allow the absolute value |Va5(W)| and the absolute value |Va5(C, M, Y, K)| to be different from each other as illustrated in
|Va5(W)|≠|Va5(C,M,Y,K)| (5a)
|Va5(W)|<|Va5(C,M,Y,K)| (5b)
[Operation and Effect]
The image forming apparatus 1 may form an image (the image layer 21 and the underlayer 20a thereof) on the recording medium 9 as follows.
First, referring to
In each of the image forming sections 10C, 10M, 10Y, 10K, and 10W that respectively include the image drum units 11C, 11M, 11Y, 11K, and 11W, corresponding one of the toner images having the respective colors is formed by an electrophotographic process as described below.
First, referring to
On the other hand, the feeding roller 114 is in contact with the developing roller 113, and the feeding roller 114 and the developing roller 113 are each rotated at the predetermined circumferential velocity. Here, the feeding roller 114 is supplied with the applied voltage Va4 from the feeding roller power supply 184, and the developing roller 113 is supplied with the applied voltage Va3 from the developing roller power supply 183. Thus, the toner is fed from the feeding roller 114 onto the surface of the developing roller 113.
Then, the toner on the developing roller 113 is charged by factors including friction resulting from contact of the toner regulating member 115 against the developing roller 113. The thickness of the toner layer on the developing roller 113 may be determined by factors including the voltage Va3 applied to the developing roller 113, the voltage Va4 applied to the feeding roller 114, and pressure that pushes the toner regulating member 115 against the developing roller 113 (i.e., the voltage Va5 applied to the toner regulating member 115).
Also, the developing roller 113 is in contact with the photosensitive drum 111. Hence, the supply of the applied voltage Va3 from the developing roller power supply 183 to the developing roller 113 causes the toner to be attached from the developing roller 113 onto the electrostatic latent image on the photosensitive drum 111.
Then, the toner (the toner image) on the photosensitive drum 111 is transferred onto the recording medium 9 by means of an electric field between the photosensitive drum 111 and corresponding one of the transfer members 141C, 141M, 141Y, 141K, and 141W. The toner remaining on the surface of the photosensitive drum 111 is scraped by the cleaning member 116 so that the surface of the photosensitive drum 111 is cleaned.
The toner images having the respective colors are thus formed in the respective image forming sections 10C, 10M, 10Y, 10K, and 10W and are thus transferred, sequentially in the conveying direction “d” described above, onto the recording medium 9 in the above-described manner.
More specifically, in the image forming section 10W illustrated in
In this manner, the image forming apparatus 1 forms the underlayer 21a (the white toner image) of the image layer 21 (the color toner images) with use of the white toner. This achieves an effect that, for example, even when the recording medium 9 has a color tone or is made of a transparent material, it is possible to reduce an influence exerted by a ground color of the recording medium 9 by virtue of the underlayer 21a, and to improve color development accordingly.
Following the subsequent transferring of the toner images onto the recording medium 9 as described above, the toners (the toner images) on the recording medium 9, conveyed from the transfer belt unit 14, are applied with heat and pressure by the fixing unit 15 to be fixed onto the recording medium 9 as illustrated in
[B. Density of White Toner and Suppression of Density Unevenness of White Toner]
In general, the white toner tends to be lower in charge amount (absolute value) than the toners having other colors (the cyan toner, the magenta toner, the yellow toner, and the black toner) even under the application of the same voltage. This is attributable to the use of the metal oxide such as the titanium oxide and the zinc oxide for the white toner colorant as described above. In other words, due to easier emission of charges by the nature of metal oxide, the white toner is low in absolute value of the charge amount as compared with the toner having any other color.
The following is an illustrative numerical example of charge amounts of the toners having the respective colors.
Cyan toner: −49 (μC/g)
Magenta toner: −47 (μC/g)
Yellow toner: −49 (μC/g)
Black toner: −51 (μC/g)
White toner: −24 (μC/g)
For example, the charge amounts of the toners having the respective colors may be measured based on the following measurement method and conditions.
Taking 0.3 grams of a toner and mixing the toner with 9.7 grams of carrier followed by stirring of the toner mixture under a nitrogen gas flow for 10 minutes.
Separating the carrier from the stirred toner mixture with use of a mesh filter having the number of meshes of 400 mesh, and measuring the charge amount of the toner with use of a q/m meter available from Epping GmbH located in Neufahrn, Germany.
On the other hand, because the image forming apparatus 1 forms the underlayer 20a of the image layer 21 with use of the white toner as described above, a region in which the toner image of the white toner (the underlayer 20a) is formed tends to be relatively wider than the formation region of the toners having other colors. Due to this tendency, it is necessary that that the toner image using the white toner be high in density. In other words, despite being low in charge amount and thus being difficult to increase the density, the toner image using the white toner (the underlayer 20a) is required to be high in density.
To address such circumstances, in the image forming apparatus 1 in this example embodiment, the various parameters for the image forming sections 10C, 10M, 10Y, 10K, and 10W, represented in the foregoing (1) to (5), are controlled (set) as described below, instead of, for example, setting the same values for (values common to) those various parameters. In this example embodiment, as described below in greater detail, the values of the various parameters for the image forming section 10W, in which the white toner is used, are controlled to be different from (in one embodiment, to be relatively larger or smaller than) the values of the various parameters for the respective image forming sections 10C, 10M, 10Y, and 10K that use the toners having other colors.
First, as illustrated by way of example in
Referring to
Further, referring to
As described, increasing the absolute value |Va3| of the voltage Va3 applied to the developing roller 113 in the image forming section 10W ensures the density of the white toner on the recording medium 9 (i.e., achieves high density of the white toner), but this also increases the density unevenness resulting from the density difference ΔD. On the other hand, decreasing the absolute value |Va3| of the applied voltage Va3 suppresses the density unevenness resulting from the density difference ΔD, but this prevents the density of the white toner on the recording medium 9 from being ensured (i.e., prevents achievement of high density of the white toner). In other words, such a method makes it difficult to achieve both ensuring of the density of the white toner and suppression of the density unevenness together.
For one reason described above, the example embodiment does not employ the method of ensuring the density of the toner on the recording medium 9 by means of the absolute value |Va3| of the voltage Va3 applied to the developing roller 113. Instead, the example embodiment employs methods as described below.
In the example embodiment, as previously illustrated in
This makes it possible to reduce, or avoid (i.e., make the density unevenness hardly noticeable), the foregoing generation of the density unevenness resulting from the increase in the absolute value |Va3| of the applied voltage Va3 in each of the image forming sections 10C, 10M, 10Y, 10K, and 10W (especially in the image forming section 10W).
Also, instead of employing the method that utilizes the absolute value |Va3| of the voltage Va3 applied to the developing roller 113, the example embodiment may employ a method of ensuring the density of the toner on the recording medium 9 by means of the circumferential velocity Sp3 of the developing roller 113, or by means of the circumferential velocity ratio Rp (=the circumferential velocity Sp3 of the developing roller 113/the circumferential velocity Sp1 of the photosensitive drum 111) as described above.
More specifically, the controller 19 may so control the image drum units 11C, 11M, 11Y, 11K, and 11W as to allow the circumferential velocity Sp3(W) and the circumferential velocity Sp3(C, M, Y, K) to be different from each other as previously illustrated by way of example in
In an alternative preferred embodiment, the controller 19 may so control the image drum unit 11W as to allow the circumferential velocity Sp3(W) to fall within a range ΔSp3 from 310 [mm/s] to 380 [mm/s] as illustrated by way of example in
In addition, the controller 19 may so control the image drum units 11C, 11M, 11Y, 11K, and 11W as to allow the circumferential velocity ratio Rp(W) and the circumferential velocity ratio Rp(C, M, Y, K) to be different from each other as previously illustrated by way of example in
In an alternative preferred embodiment, the controller 19 may so control the image drum unit 11W as to allow the circumferential velocity ratio Rp(W) to fall within a range ΔRp from 1.35 to 1.65 as illustrated by way of example in
Note that, in the example embodiment, the controller 19 so controls the image drum units 11C, 11M, 11Y, 11K, and 11W as to allow the circumferential velocity Sp1(W) and the circumferential velocity Sp1(C, M, Y, K) to be substantially equal to each other as illustrated by way of example in
In this manner, in the example embodiment, the controller 19 controls the circumferential velocity Sp3 or the circumferential velocity ratio Rp in each of the image forming sections 10C, 10M, 10Y, 10K, and 10W as described above. This achieves an effect that the density of the white toner on the recording medium 9 is ensured (i.e., it is possible to achieve high density) without increasing more than necessary the absolute value |Va3| of the voltage Va3 applied to the developing roller 113 (i.e., while suppressing the increase in the absolute value |Va3|). In other words, it is possible to achieve both the ensuring of the density of the white toner and the suppression of the density unevenness together.
Note that, unlike the image forming section 10W corresponding to the white toner as described above, it is possible to ensure sufficiently high densities for the toners having the respective colors other than the white toner in the image forming sections 10C, 10M, 10Y, and 10K that correspond to the toners having the respective colors other than white as illustrated in
[C. Suppression of Image Quality Deterioration Due to Control of Circumferential Velocity or Circumferential Velocity Ratio]
In the image forming section 10W, causing the circumferential velocity Sp3 or the circumferential velocity ratio Rp to be high more than necessary may result in occurrence of deterioration in image quality as described below.
Referring by way of example to
To address such circumstances, in the example embodiment, a magnitude of the absolute value |Va5| of the voltage Va5 applied to the toner regulating member 115 may be controlled to suppress (reduce or avoid) the image quality deterioration resulting from the increase in the circumferential velocity Sp3 or the circumferential velocity ratio Rp.
More specifically, the controller 19 may so control the toner regulating member power supplies 185 in the respective power supply units 18C, 18M, 18Y, 18K, and 18W as to allow the absolute value |Va5(W)| and the absolute value |Va5(C, M, Y, K)| to be different from each other as illustrated in
In this manner, in the example embodiment, the controller 19 may control the absolute value |Va5| of the voltage Va5 applied to the toner regulating member 115 in each of the image forming sections 10C, 10M, 10Y, 10K, and 10W as described above. This achieves an effect that the increase in the absolute value of the toner potential in the white toner on the developing roller 113 is suppressed in the image forming section 10W, making it possible to suppress (reduce or avoid) the image quality deterioration resulting from the increase in the circumferential velocity Sp3 or the circumferential velocity ratio Rp as described above.
More specifically, even when the circumferential velocity Sp3 or the circumferential velocity ratio Rp is increased in the image forming section 10W for suppressing the above-described density unevenness as illustrated by way of example in
[D. Relationship Between Amount of Fogging Toner and Amount of Smearing Toner]
On the other hand, suppressing the absolute value |Va5| of the voltage Va5 applied to the toner regulating member 115 to be excessively small may result in an increase in a so-called “fogging toner” (an increase in an amount of the fogging toner) formed on the photosensitive drum 111 as schematically illustrated by way of example in
As used herein, the term “fogging” refers to a phenomenon in which a toner is attached to a background part of an image, i.e., to a non-image part (a non-printing region) as a result of, for example, a toner relatively lower in a charge amount than a toner properly charged or a toner charged to a polarity reverse to a proper polarity. Also, the term “fogging toner” refers to the toner that causes the fogging, such as the toner having the low charge amount or charged to the reverse polarity described above.
However, causing the absolute value |Va5| of the voltage Va5 applied to the toner regulating member 115 to be excessively large may result in an increase in a so-called “smearing toner” (an increase in an amount of the smearing toner) formed on the photosensitive drum 111 as again schematically illustrated by way of example in
As used herein, the term “smearing” refers to a phenomenon in which a toner is attached to the background part (the non-image part or the non-printing region) of the image as described above as a result of, for example, a toner relatively higher in a charge amount than the toner properly charged, i.e., a so-called excessively-charged toner. Also, the term “smearing toner” refers to the toner that causes the smearing, such as the excessively-charged toner described above.
In view of suppressing the image quality deterioration resulting from the “fogging” and the “smearing”, it is preferable that the absolute value |Va5| of the voltage Va5 applied to the toner regulating member 115 be controlled within a range appropriate in magnitude without being excessively small or excessively large.
In the foregoing example embodiment, the controller 19 controls the parameters represented in (1) to (5) described above in a manner illustrated by way of example in
Note that, in one embodiment illustrated in
Hereinafter, a description is given of some modification examples (first and second modification examples) of the example embodiment described above. Note that the same or equivalent elements as those of the example embodiment are denoted with the same reference numerals, and will not be described in detail.
Referring to
(2) Control of Circumferential Velocity Sp3
As with the example embodiment, the controller 19 so controls the image drum units 11C, 11M, 11Y, 11K, and 11W as to allow the circumferential velocity Sp3(W) and the circumferential velocity Sp3(C, M, Y, K) to be different from each other as illustrated in
Sp3(W)≠Sp3(C,M,Y,K) (2a)
Sp3(W)<Sp3(C,M,Y,K) (2d)
In the first modification example, the control is so performed as to satisfy the expression (2a) described above. Hence, it is also possible for the first modification example to achieve effects similar to the example effects achieved by the example embodiment described above, by virtue of operations similar thereto.
(4) Control of Circumferential Velocity Ratio Rp (=Sp3/Sp1)
As with the example embodiment, the controller 19 may so control the image drum units 11C, 11M, 11Y, 11K, and 11W as to allow the circumferential velocity ratio Rp(W) and the circumferential velocity ratio Rp(C, M, Y, K) to be different from each other as illustrated in
Rp(W)≠Rp(C,M,Y,K) (4a)
Rp(W)<Rp(C,M,Y,K) (4d)
In the first modification example, the control may be so performed as to satisfy the expression (4a) described above. Hence, it is also possible for the first modification example to achieve effects similar to the example effects achieved by the example embodiment, by virtue of operations similar thereto.
(5) Control of Absolute Value |Va5|
As with the example embodiment, the controller 19 may so control the toner regulating member power supplies 185 in the respective power supply units 18C, 18M, 18Y, 18K, and 18W as to allow the absolute value |Va5(W)| and the absolute value |Va5(C, M, Y, K)| to be different from each other as illustrated in
|Va5(W)|≠|Va5(C,M,Y,K)| (5a)
|Va5(W)|>|Va5(C,M,Y,K)| (5c)
In the first modification example, the control may be so performed as to satisfy the expression (5a) described above. Hence, it is also possible for the first modification example to achieve effects similar to the example effects achieved by the example embodiment, by virtue of operations similar thereto.
Referring to
Also, the transfer belt unit 14A in the second modification example differs from the transfer belt unit 14 in the example embodiment, in that the order of arrangement of the transfer members 141C, 141M, 141Y, 141K, and 141W is partially changed in accordance with the disposed order of the image drum units 11K, 11Y, 11M, 11C, and 11W as described above. More specifically, in the transfer belt unit 14A, the transfer members 141C, 141M, 141Y, 141K, and 141W are disposed side by side in order of the transfer members 141K, 141Y, 141M, 141C, and 141W in the conveying direction “d” of the recording medium 9, as illustrated in
In the image forming apparatus 1A according to the second modification example having the foregoing arrangement and configuration, the various parameters described above may be set (controlled) in a manner similar to the example embodiment or the first modification example described above. Hence, it is possible for the second modification example to achieve effects similar to the example effects achieved by the example embodiment or the first modification example, by virtue of operations similar thereto basically.
In particular, in the second modification example, the order of arrangement of the image forming sections 10C, 10M, 10Y, 10K, and 10W is partially changed, i.e., the image forming section 10W is disposed on the most downstream side, making it possible to achieve the following example effects unlike the example embodiment and the first modification example.
Referring by way of example to a schematic cross-sectional view in
Note that the overcoat layer 20b in the second modification example is also the monochrome layer in white (the white layer) as with the underlayer 20a. In one embodiment of the invention, the overcoat layer 20b corresponds to a concrete but non-limiting example of the “auxiliary layer”, the “monochrome layer”, or the “white layer”.
Although the invention has been described in the foregoing by way of example with reference to the example embodiment and the modification examples, the invention is not limited thereto but may be modified in a wide variety of ways.
For example, although a description has been given of the example embodiment and the modification examples with specific reference to the configuration (such as a shape, arrangement, and the number) of each member in the image forming apparatus, the configuration including a shape, arrangement, and the number of each member in each of the example embodiment and the modification examples is non-limiting. In other modification examples, factors of the configuration, including a shape, arrangement, and the number of each member, may be different from those described above. In addition, the values, the magnitude relationship, etc., of the various parameters described in the example embodiment and the modification examples are non-limiting. In other modification examples, the values, the magnitude relationship, etc., of the various parameters may be controlled to be different from those described above.
Also, a description has been given of the example embodiment and the modification examples in which the underlayer 20a and the overcoat layer 20b are each a monochrome layer that serves as a white layer. However, the underlayer 20a and the overcoat layer 20b are not limited thereto, and may each be a monochrome layer other than the white layer in other modification examples. Non-limiting examples of such a monochrome layer may include a layer in a metallic color and a layer in a cream color. In such other modification examples, an image forming section (an image drum unit) that uses a monochrome toner (a monochrome developer) in any color other than white may be provided in the image forming apparatus in place of the image forming section 10W (the image drum unit 11W).
Further, a description has been given of the example embodiment and the modification examples in which the underlayer 20a and the overcoat layer 20b each correspond to a concrete but non-limiting example of the “auxiliary layer” (the layer that has an auxiliary function for formation of the image layer 21) in one embodiment of the invention. However, the auxiliary layer is not limited to the underlayer 20a or the overcoat layer 20b. In other modification examples, a layer other than the underlayer 20a and the overcoat layer 20b may serve as the “auxiliary layer” in one embodiment of the invention.
In addition, a description has been given of the example embodiment and the modification examples in which a plurality of image forming sections (second image forming sections) that form the image layer 21 are provided (four image forming sections 10C, 10M, 10Y, and 10K are provided). However, factors including the number of image forming sections for forming the image layer 21 and a combination of colors of the toners used for those image forming sections are non-limiting, and may be set on an as-needed basis depending on applications and purposes. In other modification examples, a single image forming section that forms the image layer 21 may be provided to form the image layer 21 as a monochrome image. In other words, the image forming apparatus may function as a monochrome printer.
Further, a description has been given of the example embodiment and the modification examples in which the circumferential velocity Sp1 of the photosensitive drum 111 corresponds to a concrete but non-limiting example of the “traveling velocity of the surface” of “the image supporting member” in one embodiment of the invention, and the circumferential velocity Sp3 of the developing roller 113 corresponds to a concrete but non-limiting example of the “traveling velocity of the surface” of “the developer supporting member” in one embodiment of the invention. However, the wording “traveling velocity of the surface” is not limited to the circumferential velocity Sp1 of the photosensitive drum 111 or the circumferential velocity Sp3 of the developing roller 113. Any of the example embodiment, modification examples, and other modification examples described above is applicable not only to a supporting member that has a shape of a drum or a roller, but also to a supporting member that has any other shape such as, but not limited to, a belt shape.
Moreover, a description has been given of the example embodiment and the modification examples in which the electrostatic latent image corresponds to a concrete but non-limiting example of the “latent image” in one embodiment of the invention. However, the term “latent image” is not limited to the electrostatic latent image. Any of the example embodiment, modification examples, and other modification examples described above is applicable to an application where a latent image other than the electrostatic latent image is used.
Also, a description has been given of the example embodiment and the modification examples in which the image forming apparatus that functions as a printer corresponds to a concrete but non-limiting example of the “image forming apparatus” in one embodiment of the invention. However, the term “image forming apparatus” is not limited to the printer. Any of the example embodiment, modification examples, and other modification examples described above is applicable to any other image forming apparatus. Non-limiting examples of such an image forming apparatus may include, without limitation, a facsimile, a copying machine, and a multi-function peripheral.
Furthermore, the invention encompasses any possible combination of some or all of the various embodiments and the modification examples described herein and incorporated herein.
It is possible to achieve at least the following configurations from the above-described example embodiments of the invention.
(1) An image forming apparatus, including:
a first image forming section including an image supporting member and a developer supporting member, and configured to form an auxiliary layer, the image supporting member being configured to support a latent image on a surface thereof, and the developer supporting member being configured to support, on a surface thereof, a developer that is to be supplied to the image supporting member and allows the latent image to be developed;
a second image forming section including an image supporting member and a developer supporting member, and configured to form an image layer, the image supporting member being configured to support a latent image on a surface thereof, and the developer supporting member being configured to support, on a surface thereof, a developer that is to be supplied to the image supporting member and allows the latent image to be developed; and
a controller configured to control the first image forming section and the second image forming section to allow a first velocity and a second velocity to be different from each other, the first velocity being a traveling velocity of the surface of the developer supporting member in the first image forming section, and the second velocity being a traveling velocity of the surface of the developer supporting member in the second image forming section.
(2) The image forming apparatus according to (1), wherein the controller controls the first image forming section and the second image forming section to allow the first velocity to be greater than the second velocity.
(3) An image forming apparatus, including:
a first image forming section including an image supporting member and a developer supporting member, and configured to form an auxiliary layer, the image supporting member being configured to support a latent image on a surface thereof, and the developer supporting member being configured to support, on a surface thereof, a developer that is to be supplied to the image supporting member and allows the latent image to be developed;
a second image forming section including an image supporting member and a developer supporting member, and configured to form an image layer, the image supporting member being configured to support a latent image on a surface thereof, and the developer supporting member being configured to support, on a surface thereof, a developer that is to be supplied to the image supporting member and allows the latent image to be developed; and
a controller configured to control the first image forming section and the second image forming section to allow a first velocity ratio and a second velocity ratio to be different from each other, the first velocity ratio being a ratio of a traveling velocity of the surface of the developer supporting member to a traveling velocity of the surface of the image supporting member in the first image forming section, and the second velocity ratio being a ratio of a traveling velocity of the surface of the developer supporting member to a traveling velocity of the surface of the image supporting member in the second image forming section.
(4) The image forming apparatus according to (3), wherein the controller controls the first image forming section and the second image forming section to allow the first velocity ratio to be greater than the second velocity ratio.
(5) The image forming apparatus according to any one of (1) to (4), wherein
the first image forming section and the second image forming section each further include a developer regulating member and a first power supply section, the developer regulating member being configured to be in contact with the surface of the developer supporting member to form a layer of the developer on the surface of the developer supporting member, and the first power supply section being configured to apply a voltage to the developer regulating member, and
the controller controls the first power supply sections to allow a first voltage value and a second voltage value to be different from each other, the first voltage value being an absolute value of the voltage applied to the developer regulating member in the first image forming section, and the second voltage value being an absolute value of the voltage applied to the developer regulating member in the second image forming section.
(6) The image forming apparatus according to (5), wherein the controller controls the first power supply sections to allow the first voltage value to be smaller than the second voltage value.
(7) The image forming apparatus according to any one of (1) to (6), wherein
the first image forming section and the second image forming section each further include a second power supply section configured to apply a voltage to the developer supporting member, and
the controller controls the second power supply sections to allow an absolute value of the voltage applied to the developer supporting member in the first image forming section to be smaller than an absolute value of the voltage applied to the developer supporting member in the second image forming section.
(8) The image forming apparatus according to any one of (1) to (7), wherein the auxiliary layer is a monochrome layer.
(9) The image forming apparatus according to (8), wherein the monochrome layer is a white layer.
(10) The image forming apparatus according to any one of (1) to (9), wherein the auxiliary layer is one of an underlayer of the image layer and an overcoat layer of the image layer.
(11) The image forming apparatus according to any one of (1) to (10), wherein
the first image forming section uses a white developer as the developer to form the auxiliary layer, and
the second image forming section uses a monochrome developer as the developer to form the image layer, the monochrome developer having a color other than white.
(12) An image forming apparatus, including:
a first image forming section including an image supporting member, a developer supporting member, a developer regulating member, and a power supply section, and configured to form an auxiliary layer, the image supporting member being configured to support a latent image on a surface thereof, the developer supporting member being configured to support, on a surface thereof, a developer that is to be supplied to the image supporting member and allows the latent image to be developed, the developer regulating member being configured to be in contact with the surface of the developer supporting member to form a layer of the developer on the surface of the developer supporting member, and the power supply section being configured to apply a voltage to the developer regulating member;
a second image forming section including an image supporting member, a developer supporting member, a developer regulating member, and a power supply section, and configured to form an image layer, the image supporting member being configured to support a latent image on a surface thereof, the developer supporting member being configured to support, on a surface thereof, a developer that is to be supplied to the image supporting member and allows the latent image to be developed, the developer regulating member being configured to be in contact with the surface of the developer supporting member to form a layer of the developer on the surface of the developer supporting member, and the power supply section being configured to apply a voltage to the developer regulating member; and
a controller configured to control the power supply sections to allow a first voltage value and a second voltage value to be different from each other, the first voltage value being an absolute value of the voltage applied to the developer regulating member in the first image forming section, and the second voltage value being an absolute value of the voltage applied to the developer regulating member in the second image forming section.
(13) The image forming apparatus according to (12), wherein the controller controls the power supply sections to allow the first voltage value to be smaller than the second voltage value.
(14) The image forming apparatus according to (1), wherein
the first image forming section uses a white developer as the developer to form the auxiliary layer, and
the controller controls the first image forming section to allow the first velocity to be in a range from 310 mm/s to 380 mm/s.
(15) The image forming apparatus according to (3), wherein
the first image forming section uses a white developer as the developer to form the auxiliary layer, and
the controller controls the first image forming section to allow the first velocity ratio to be in a range from 1.35 to 1.65.
(16) An image forming apparatus, including:
an image forming section including an image supporting member and a developer supporting member, the image supporting member being configured to support a latent image on a surface thereof, and the developer supporting member being configured to support, on a surface thereof, a white developer that is to be supplied to the image supporting member and allows the latent image to be developed; and
a controller configured to control the image forming section to allow a traveling velocity of the surface of the developer supporting member to be in a range from 310 mm/s to 380 mm/s.
(17) An image forming apparatus, including:
an image forming section including an image supporting member and a developer supporting member, the image supporting member being configured to support a latent image on a surface thereof, and the developer supporting member being configured to support, on a surface thereof, a white developer that is to be supplied to the image supporting member and allows the latent image to be developed; and
a controller configured to control the image forming section to allow a velocity ratio to be in a range from 1.35 to 1.65, the velocity ratio being a ratio of a traveling velocity of the surface of the developer supporting member to a traveling velocity of the surface of the image supporting member.
Although the invention has been described in terms of exemplary embodiments, it is not limited thereto. It should be appreciated that variations may be made in the described embodiments by persons skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the following claims. The limitations in the claims are to be interpreted broadly based on the language employed in the claims and not limited to examples described in this specification or during the prosecution of the application, and the examples are to be construed as non-exclusive. For example, in this disclosure, the term “preferably”, “preferred” or the like is non-exclusive and means “preferably”, but not limited to. The use of the terms first, second, etc. do not denote any order or importance, but rather the terms first, second, etc. are used to distinguish one element from another. The term “substantially” and its variations are defined as being largely but not necessarily wholly what is specified as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. The term “about” or “approximately” as used herein can allow for a degree of variability in a value or range. Moreover, no element or component in this disclosure is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether the element or component is explicitly recited in the following claims.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2014-089988 | Apr 2014 | JP | national |
