Patent Application
20120016199
The present invention relates to an image pickup optical system for use in a capsule endoscope which is used in a manner that a patient swallows it.
Recently, in a medical field, diagnosis has been conducted by means of an insertion-type endoscope having a long insertion portion provided with an imaging device at its front end, and a capsule endoscope in which an imaging device is accommodated in a capsule. The capsule endoscope is formed so as to have a size swallowable for a subject under inspection. Therefore, the capsule endoscope has an advantage in that it can remove not only the load on a patient at the time of swallowing the insertion portion of the insertion-type endoscope but also the load on a patient while the insertion portion of the insertion-type endoscope is kept being inserted in a body cavity of the patient for many hours.
The capsule endoscope is provided with a dome-shaped transparent cover at its front end so as to readily advance along a tubular channel after being swallowed into the body cavity, and a cylindrical capsule main body is connected to the transparent cover. An optical axis of an image pickup optical system is generally designed to pass through a center of the transparent cover. Accordingly, the image pickup optical system receives not only light flux near the optical axis but also light flux made incident thereon with a large incident angle through a peripheral portion of the transparent cover. Further, an object distance tends to be longer on the optical axis, and tends to be shorter as an angle of view in imaging becomes wider. Therefore, in the general image pickup optical system in which an image of a planar object is formed on a planar image pickup surface vertical to the optical axis, a range in which preferable image-forming can be achieved is extremely limited.
Under the circumstances described above, an image pickup optical system having a wide angle of view is known as is disclosed in Patent Document 1. However, if a peripheral portion of the object is made to be in focus in the optical design, a central portion of the object falls outside of the depth of field to be out of focus. In contrast, if the central portion of the object is made to be in focus excessively, the peripheral portion of the object falls outside of the depth of field to be out of focus. As the countermeasure of such a problem, according to an image pickup optical system disclosed in Patent Documents 2 and 3, the image surface is made to coincide with the neighborhood of the image pickup surface in the center of a screen at the maximum angle of view, such that the entire object including not only its central portion but also its peripheral portion falls within the depth of field.
Not only light flux from an optical axis and its periphery, but also light flux made incident on the optical axis with a large incident angle through the periphery of a transparent cover contains much useful information for diagnosis in the capsule endoscope, and therefore an image pickup optical system is required to have a wide angle of view. With regard to this point, according to the image pickup optical system disclosed in Patent Documents 2 and 3, although the relation between the angle of view and the object distance which is required for the capsule endoscope is optimized, the angle of view is 113.6° at most. The angle of view of 113.6° is at an insufficient level. Further, in the above Patent Documents, although the optical system adopting a front aperture stop has an advantage in suppressing an outer diameter of the lens at an object side to small, it has a disadvantage as follows. In the optical system adopting the front aperture stop, the thickness of the aperture stop causes vignetting in the light beam, or a radius of curvature of a lens surface just behind the aperture stop is large, thus leading to large loss of light amount when the angle of view becomes wider.
In order to focus the object having a concave surface toward the image pickup optical system on a plane image pickup surface vertical to the optical axis, it is sufficient to generate negative curvature of field in the optical system. Further, in order to control the curvature of field as described above, it is sufficient to increase Petzval sum by the third aberration coefficient at a positive value. In order to generate negative curvature of field in the optical system, it is general that low refractive-index material is used for the positive lens and high refractive-index material is used for the negative lens in the optical system. However, when it is taken into consideration that a plastic lens is used for the image pickup optical system of the capsule endoscope which is to be used only once basically for the purpose of achieving low cost, it becomes hard to obtain the high refractive-index material, and adjustment of the Petzval sum becomes difficult. Note that, it is also possible to give flexibility to the adjustment of the Petzval sum by increasing the number of the lenses, however, in such a case, the total length of the optical system becomes long and the capsule inevitably becomes long and large. Accordingly, it is difficult to adopt the above countermeasure to the capsule endoscope which is used in a manner that a patient swallows it.
In view of the above, an object of the present invention is to provide an image pickup optical system for use in a capsule endoscope capable of widening an angle of view and making the image surface coincide with the neighborhood of the image pickup surface vertical to an optical axis over the whole angle of view, such that the almost whole object which is curved so as to be concave toward the image pickup optical system is within the depth of field.
In order to achieve the above object, an image pickup optical system of the present invention is configured to satisfy a condition expressed by −5.0≦ΔZr/ΔZp≦5.0 when the image pickup optical system is disposed in front of an object in the shape of concave curved surface and the image capturing is performed. Note that, ΔZr denotes a difference between a position of a real image surface with respect to light flux of a maximum angle of view 2ωmax and a position of the real image surface with respect to light flux of a half angle of view ωmax. Δ Zp denotes a difference between a paraxial image forming position of a virtual object plane surface passing through an intersection point of the object and principal rays of 2ωmax and being vertical to an optical axis and that of a virtual object plane surface passing through an intersection point of the object and principal rays of ωmax and being vertical to the optical axis. The above condition is preferably suitable for an optical system in which the maximum angle of view 2ωmax is set to at least 135°. In the case where the maximum angle of view 2ωmax of the optical system is set to 120°, the upper limit and the lower limit of the above condition preferably satisfies −0.5≦ΔZr/ΔZp≦0.5.
The reason why the condition for the value of ΔZr/ΔZp changes is as follows. The depth of field of the image pickup optical system is generally defined by a diameter of circle of confusion. However, practically, as the distance toward the object becomes longer, the image of the object becomes smaller on the image surface, and therefore high resolving power is required, and in contrast, as the distance toward the object becomes shorter, magnification of image is increased, and therefore the required resolving power is not so high as that for the long-distance object. The image pickup optical system of the present invention is configured in consideration of the type of usage specific to the capsule endoscope in which as the distance toward the object becomes shorter, the incident angle of the light beam becomes larger, and as the distance toward the object becomes longer, the incident angle of the light beam becomes smaller. Accordingly, as the imaging angle of view becomes narrower, the number of long-distance objects on an imaging screen is increased, and high resolving power is required. Therefore, it is necessary to narrow the condition of the ΔZr/ΔZp.
It is possible to widen the angle of view of the optical system by increasing distortion toward the minus side. However, in such a case, when the short-distance object in the peripheral portion of the image is desired to be captured successfully as in the case of the present invention, the distortion makes the image distorted largely, and thus magnification of image is decreased. Therefore, it becomes difficult to sufficiently improve image forming properties with respect to the light flux from the short-distance object with a large incident angle. In this regard, in the image pickup optical system of the present invention, the relation expressed by 0.7<(Y(ω+Δω)−Y(ω))/Y(Δω) is satisfied, in which Y(Δω) denotes an image height at an arbitrary angle of view ω, and Δω denotes an amount of slight change in the arbitrary angle of view w. Accordingly, it is also possible to prevent the images from being distorted by the distortion to a level causing no problem in practical use, thus exhibiting preferable image forming properties.
In order to achieve curvature of field specific to the image pickup optical system of the present invention, a negative lens which is convex toward the object is preferably disposed at a position nearest to the object. Further, it is advantageous that at least a surface of the negative lens at a side near to the object is aspherical as well as at least one of surfaces of the positive lens disposed at a position nearest to an image surface is aspherical, in view of cost and shortening of the total length of the optical system. Note that, the convex surface of the negative lens at the side nearer to the object does not always have to be a convex surface whose top is protruded most, and may be an aspheric surface in which the paraxial area is concave and the outer peripheral area is curved so as to approach the image surface, for example.
Since such a negative lens is used at the position nearest to the object, the light beams made incident with a large angle from the periphery are emitted with a small angle with respect to the optical axis due to the initial negative power, and the incident angle with respect to the aperture stop becomes smaller. Accordingly, loss of light amount due to the thickness of the aperture stop can be decreased in comparison with the optical system having a front aperture stop. At the back of the negative lens is disposed the positive lens group constituted of a plurality of lenses and having a positive power as a whole. If the lens at the position nearest to the object and the lens at the position nearest to the image surface in the positive lens group are positive lenses so as to distribute the positive power, the curvature of field can be readily adjusted while the aberration occurred in the negative lens is corrected.
According to the present invention, it is possible to widen the angle of view and make the image surface coincide with the neighborhood of the image pickup surface vertical to the optical axis over the whole angle of view such that the entire object is within the depth of field. Thus, a brilliant image of a lesion which is not out of focus can be obtained, wherever the lesion exists in the object.
As shown in
As the difference between the position of a real image surface on the optical axis XP with respect to light flux of a maximum angle of view (2ωmax) and that with respect to light flux of a maximum half angle of view (ωmax) is smaller, the image forming properties are regard to be more preferable. A virtual plane 24 is configured to pass through an intersection point P1 of the object 12 and principal rays with the maximum angle of view (2ωmax) and to be vertical to the optical axis XP. A virtual plane 25 is configured to pass through an intersection point P2 of the object 12 and principal rays with the maximum half angle of view (ωmax) and to be vertical to the optical axis XP. As the difference between one of paraxial image forming positions 26 and 27 of the virtual plane 24 and the other of paraxial image forming positions 26 and 27 of the virtual plane 25 is smaller, the image forming properties are regard to be more preferable. In particular, when the maximum angle of view (2 ωmax) of the image pickup optical system 20 is at least 120°, the image pickup optical system 20 is designed such that the following mathematical expression 1 is satisfied.
In the mathematical expression 1, when the maximum angle of view of the image pickup optical system 20 is denoted by 2ωmax and the maximum half angle of view thereof is denoted by ωmax, ΔZr and ΔZp denote as follows.
ΔZr: Difference between the position of the real image surface with respect to the light flux of 2ωmax and that with respect to the light flux of ωmax.
ΔZp: Difference between the paraxial image surface position of the virtual object plane surface 24 and that of the virtual object plane surface 25, in which the virtual object plane surface 24 passes through the intersection point P1 of the object 12 and principal rays of 2ωmax and is vertical to the optical axis XP, and virtual object plane surface 25 passes through the intersection point P2 of the object 12 and principal rays of ωmax and is vertical to the optical axis XP.
When the image pickup optical system 20 satisfies the condition of the mathematical expression 1, the curvature of field can be sufficiently corrected, and the whole object 12 including the central portion of the concave hemisphere surface and the peripheral portion thereof is within the depth of field of the image pickup optical system 20. Thereby, since it is possible to obtain brilliant images in which both the central portion of the image and the peripheral portion thereof are in focus, even if a lesion exists in the peripheral portion of the image, the lesion can be found with absolute accuracy.
When ΔZr/ΔZp is less than −0.5, due to the effect by the curvature of field of the image pickup optical system 20, the position of the real image surface with respect to the light flux of 2ωmax is significantly deviated toward the object 12 in comparison with the position of the real image surface with respect to the light flux of ωmax. In contrast, when ΔZr/ΔZp is more than 0.5, due to the effect by the object 12 being in the shape of concave curved surface, the position of the real image surface with respect to the light flux of 2ωmax is significantly deviated toward an opposite side of the object 12 in comparison with the position of the real image surface with respect to the light flux of ωmax. In any cases, the real image surface with respect to the light flux of 2ωmax and that with respect to the light flux of ωmax are significantly deviated in the direction of the optical axis XP, and therefore it becomes impossible to successfully form images of both of the real image surfaces on the image pickup surface vertical to the optical axis XP. Accordingly, in the image pickup optical system 20 in which the maximum angle of view (2ωmax) is at least 120°, it is preferable to satisfy the condition expressed by ABS (ΔZr/ΔZp)≦0.5. Note that, ABS represents the absolute value of the value in brackets.
When the maximum angle of view (2ωmax) of the image pickup optical system 20 is further widen so as to be at least 135°, the value of ABS (ΔZr/ΔZp) can be liberalized and may be set within the range satisfying the following mathematical expression 2.
Note that, what the ΔZr represents and what the ΔZp represents in the mathematical expression 2 are common to those in the mathematical expression 1 described above. In the case where ΔZr/ΔZp is less than −5.0 as a lower limit in the mathematical expression 2, there is exhibited the tendency common to that in the case where ΔZr/ΔZp is less than −0.5 as the lower limit in the mathematical expression 1. In the case where ΔZr/Δ Zp is more than 5.0 as an upper limit in the mathematical expression 2, there is exhibited the tendency common to that in the case where ΔZr/Δ Zp is more than the upper limit in the mathematical expression 1. Accordingly, in the image pickup optical system 20 in which the maximum angle of view (2ωmax) is at least 135°, it is preferable to satisfy the condition expressed by ABS (ΔZr/ΔZp)≦5.0.
Moreover, either when the maximum angle of view (2ωmax) is at least 120° or when the maximum angle of view (2ωmax) is at least 135°, the image pickup optical system 20 is configured to satisfy the following mathematical expression 3 in which an image height when the angle of view is (ω) is denoted by Y(ω). Note that, the following mathematical expression 3 may be satisfied under the condition that the angle of view is at most 45°.
“Y(ω+Δω)−Y(ω)” in the mathematical expression 3 represents the difference between the image height Y(ω+Δω) when the angle of view slightly changes from ω to Δω (namely, when the angle of view is (ω+Δω)), and the image height Y(ω) when the angle of view is ω. “Y(Δω)” in the mathematical expression 3 represents the difference Y(0+Δω)−Y(0) between the image height Y(Δω) when the angle of view slightly changes from 0° to Δω (namely, when the angle of view is Δω), and the image height Y(0) when the angle of view is 0°. In view of Y(0)=0, it is concluded that Y(0+Δω)−Y(0)=Y(Δω). Accordingly, “(Y(ω+Δω)−Y(ω))/Y(Δω)” in the mathematical expression 3 represents how much distortion is generated in the peripheral portion of the image in comparison with the central portion thereof.
Here, (Y(ω+Δω)−Y(ω))/Y(Δω) denotes distortion index Q, and the image pickup optical system 20 is designed such that the value of distortion index Q becomes “1.0”, “0.7”, “0.5”, and “0.3”, respectively. Then, the degree of distortion generated in the image obtained by each of the image pickup optical systems is evaluated. With regard to the evaluation, as shown in
In view of the above, either when the maximum angle of view (2ωmax) is at least 120° or when the maximum angle of view (2ωmax) is at least 135°, as far as the image pickup optical system is designed such that the value of distortion index Q, namely, the value of (Y(+Δω)−Y(ω))/Y(Δω) is more than 0.7, it is possible to suppress the distortion in the peripheral portion of the image to a level sufficient for practical use. In the case where the distortion is suppressed in this way, it is possible to surely prevent the lesion from being overlooked even in the peripheral portion of the image, and it becomes possible to increase reliability of image diagnosis. Note that, the value of distortion index Q is preferably more than 0.7 and less than 1.3, and more preferably in the range of more than 0.8 to less than 1.2.
Further, when the image pickup optical system 20 consists of five lenses, namely, the first to fifth lenses, the whole object 12 including its central portion and peripheral portion is within the depth of field of the image pickup optical system 20. Accordingly, a brilliant image in which both of the central portion and the peripheral portion are in focus can be obtained, and distortion in the peripheral portion of the image is at a negligible level. Note that the image pickup optical system 20 is not limited to the configuration composed of five lenses, and may be composed of four lenses, namely, the first to fourth lenses. In the case where the image pickup optical system 20 is composed of four lenses, almost the same effect as that obtained by the image pickup optical system 20 composed of five lenses can be obtained. Furthermore, the image pickup optical system of the present invention can be applied to the image pickup optical system for the capsule endoscope which is swallowed into the body cavity such that the position and the posture thereof in the body cavity at the time of image capturing can be controlled in accordance with control signals received from the outside.
Hereinafter, the present invention is further described in detail by showing concrete numerical values in the following Embodiments 1 to 15 and Comparative Embodiments 1 to 6 as to the image pickup optical system mounted to the capsule endoscope.
As shown in
The surface of the object 12 is assigned with a number S1, and the surface of each of the components including the transparent cover 23 in the image pickup optical system 20 is assigned with a surface number Si sequentially toward the image surface. Specifically, the front surface of the transparent cover 23 is assigned with S2, and the rear surface thereof is assigned with S3. Subsequently, the surface number Si is assigned in order to the front and rear surfaces of each of the first to fifth lenses L1 to L5, and the rear surface of the cover glass 21 is assigned with a surface number S15. Note that, a joint surface S10 is common to the rear surface of the third lens L3 and the front surface of the fourth lens L4. The rear surface S15 of the cover glass 21 corresponds to the image pickup surface of the image pickup device 14. Additionally, the distance between the surface Si and the surface S(i+1) (surface separation) along the optical axis of the image pickup optical system 20 is denoted by Di. Specifically, the surface separation between the surface S1 and the surface S2 is denoted by D1, and the surface separation between the surface S2 and the surface S3 is denoted by D2. Similarly, the surface separation between the surface S14 and the surface S15 is denoted by D14.
The image pickup optical system 20 is designed based on lens data shown in the following Table 1.
In Table 1, “OBJ” represents the object 12 in the shape of concave hemisphere surface, “APERTURE STOP” represents the aperture stop S6, “IMG” represents the image pickup surface of the image pickup device 14, “RADIUS OF CURVATURE” represents the radius of curvature (mm) of each of the surfaces Si, “SURFACE SEPARATION” represents each surface separation Di (mm) between the surfaces Si and S(i+1), “Nd” represents refractive index for d line having a wavelength of 587.6 nm, “νd” represents Abbe's number, “f” represents the focal length of the whole image pickup optical system 20, “Fno” represents F value F of the image pickup optical system 20, and “2ωmax” represents the maximum angle of view.
Moreover, as shown by “*” in the column of the surface number in Table 1, the both surfaces S4 and S5 of the first lens, the both surfaces S7 and S8 of the second lens, and the both surfaces S12 and S13 of the fifth lens are aspherical. The aspherical shape is numerically expressed by the following mathematical expression 4 with use of the curvature (the reciprocal of radius of paraxial curvature R) c, the conic constant K, the distance from the optical axis ρ(ρ2=x2+y2), and the aspherical degree of ith number. The conic constant K and the aspherical constant Ai of the surfaces S4, S5, S7, S8, S12, and S13 are shown in Table 2. Note that, in Embodiments 2 to 15 which will be described later, the notation of the lens data and the mathematical expression 4 for determining the aspherical shape are commonly used.
In the image pickup optical system 20 in Embodiment 1, ΔZr is −0.001 and ΔZp is 0.020. Accordingly, in the image pickup optical system 20 in which the maximum angle of view 2ωmax is 120°, ΔZr/ΔZp is within the range of not only the mathematical expression 2 but also the mathematical expression 1, and therefore the curvature of field is sufficiently corrected, and the whole object 12 including the central portion and the peripheral portion thereof is within the depth of field of the image pickup optical system 20. Thereby, a brilliant image in which both the central portion of the image and the peripheral portion thereof are in focus is obtained, and even if a lesion exists in the peripheral portion of the image, the lesion can be found with absolute accuracy.
As shown in
As shown in
As shown by “*” in the column of the surface number in Table 3, the both surfaces S4 and S5 of the first lens, the both surfaces S6 and S7 of the second lens, the both surfaces S9 and S10 of the third lens, and the both surfaces S11 and S12 of the fourth lens are aspherical. The conic constant K and the aspherical constant Ai of the surfaces S4, S5, S6, S7, S9, S10, S11, and S12 are shown in Table 4.
As shown in
As shown in
As shown by “*” in the column of the surface number in Table 5, the both surfaces S4 and S5 of the first lens L1 and the both surfaces S13 and S14 of the fifth lens L5 are aspherical. The conic constant K and the aspherical constant Ai of the surfaces S4, S5, S13, and S14 are shown in Table 6.
As shown in
The configuration of an image pickup optical system 60 of Embodiment 5 is shown in
The maximum angle of the image pickup optical system 60 of Embodiment 5 is 170°. ΔZr is −0.018, ΔZp is 0.202, and ΔZr/ΔZp is −0.088, which is within the range of not only the mathematical expression 2 but also the mathematical expression 1. Moreover, as shown in
The configuration of an image pickup optical system 70 of Embodiment 6 is shown in
In the image pickup optical system 70, in which the maximum angle of view is 170°, ΔZr is −0.015, ΔZp is 0.186, and ΔZr/ΔZp is −0.080. Therefore, the image pickup optical system 70 satisfies not only the mathematical expression 2 but also the mathematical expression 1. Moreover, as shown in
The configuration of an image pickup optical system 80 of Embodiment 7 is shown in
In the image pickup optical system 80, in which the maximum angle of view is 150°, ΔZr is 0.010, ΔZp is 0.075, and ΔZr/ΔZp is 0.128. Therefore, the image pickup optical system 80 satisfies the condition of the mathematical expressions 1 and 2. Moreover, as shown in
The configuration of an image pickup optical system 90 of Embodiment 8 is shown in
In the image pickup optical system 90, the maximum angle of view is 170°, ΔZr is −0.031, and ΔZp is 0.133. ΔZr/ΔZp is −0.235, which is within the range of the mathematical expressions land 2. Moreover, as shown in
The configuration of an image pickup optical system 100 of Embodiment 9 is shown in
In the image pickup optical system 100, the maximum angle of view is 170°, ΔZr is 0.036, ΔZp is 0.168, and ΔZr/ΔZp is 0.215, which is within the range of not only the mathematical expression 2 but also the mathematical expression 1. Moreover, as shown in
The configuration of an image pickup optical system 110 of Embodiment 10 is shown in
In the image pickup optical system 110, the maximum angle of view is 155°, ΔZr is −0.020, ΔZp is 0.069, and ΔZr/ΔZp is −0.295, which is within the range of not only the mathematical expression 2 but also the mathematical expression 1. Moreover, as shown in
The configuration of an image pickup optical system 120 of Embodiment 11 is shown in
In the image pickup optical system 120, the maximum angle of view is 160°, ΔZr is 0.117, ΔZp is 0.119, and ΔZr/ΔZp is 0.981, which is out of the range of the mathematical expression 1. However, the maximum angle of view (2ωmax) of the image pickup optical system 120 is at least 135°, and therefore if the image pickup optical system 120 satisfies the condition of the mathematical expression 2, the image of the object 12 including its central portion and peripheral portion can be within the depth of field. Further, as shown in
The configuration of an image pickup optical system 130 of Embodiment 12 is shown in
In the image pickup optical system 130, the maximum angle of view is 150°, ΔZr is 0.078, ΔZp is 0.069, and ΔZr/ΔZp is 1.120. Since the maximum angle of view of the image pickup optical system 130 is at least 135°, it is sufficient that the condition of the mathematical expression 2 is satisfied. Therefore, the image of the object 12 including its central portion and peripheral portion can be within the depth of field. Further, as shown in
The configuration of an image pickup optical system 140 of Embodiment 13 is shown in
In the image pickup optical system 140, ΔZr is −0.036, ΔZp is 0.034, and ΔZr/ΔZp is −1.048. Since the maximum angle of view (2maxω) of the image pickup optical system 140 is 140°, it is sufficient that the condition of the mathematical expression 2 is satisfied. Therefore, the image of the object 12 including its central portion and peripheral portion can be within the depth of field. Further, as shown in
The configuration of an image pickup optical system 150 of Embodiment 14 is shown in
In the image pickup optical system 150, ΔZr is −0.034, ΔZp is 0.060, and ΔZr/ΔZp is −0.566. Since the maximum angle of view (2maxω) of the image pickup optical system 150 is 150°, it is sufficient that the condition of the mathematical expression 2 is satisfied. Therefore, the image of the object 12 including its central portion and peripheral portion can be within the depth of field. Further, as shown in
The configuration of an image pickup optical system 160 of Embodiment 15 is shown in
In the image pickup optical system 160, ΔZr is −0.018, ΔZp is 0.202, and ΔZr/ΔZp is −0.088. Although the maximum angle of view (2maxω) of the image pickup optical system 160 is 170°, both of the mathematical expressions 1 and 2 are satisfied. Therefore, the image of the object 12 including its central portion and peripheral portion can be within the depth of field. Further, as shown in
An image of a spherical object surface is captured with its center at an entrance pupil position of an image pickup lens through a transparent cover having no optical power by an image pickup optical system shown in “appended optical system data 1” of the Patent Document 2. As a result, ΔZr is −0.109, and ΔZp is 0.016. Accordingly, although the maximum angle of view is less than 120° in this image pickup optical system, ΔZr/ΔZp is −6.683, which is outside the range of the mathematical expression 1. Therefore, the position of the real image surface with respect to the light flux of 2ωmax is significantly deviated toward the object side in comparison with the position of the real image surface with respect to the light flux of ωmax, and part of the image obtained by the image capturing is outside of the depth of field. Thus, it becomes impossible to achieve preferable image forming.
In the similar manner, an image of a spherical object surface is captured with its center at an entrance pupil position of an image pickup lens through a transparent cover having no optical power by an image pickup optical system shown in “appended optical system data 2” of the Patent Document 2. As a result, ΔZr is −0.010, and ΔZp is 0.017. Accordingly, although the maximum angle of view is less than 120°, ΔZr/ΔZp is −0.594, which is also outside the range of the mathematical expression 1. Therefore, the position of the real image surface with respect to the light flux of 2ωmax is significantly deviated toward the object side in comparison with the position of the real image surface with respect to the light flux of ωmax, and part of the image obtained by the image capturing is outside of the depth of field. Thus, it becomes impossible to achieve preferable image forming.
In the similar manner, an image of a spherical object surface is captured with its center at an entrance pupil position of an image pickup lens through a transparent cover having no optical power by an image pickup optical system shown in “appended optical system data 3” of the Patent Document 2. As a result, ΔZr is −0.158, and ΔZp is 0.015. Accordingly, although the maximum angle of view is less than 120°, ΔZr/ΔZp is −10.849, which is outside the range of the mathematical expression 1. Therefore, the position of the real image surface with respect to the light flux of 2ωmax is significantly deviated toward the object side in comparison with the position of the real image surface with respect to the light flux of ωmax, and part of the image obtained by the image capturing is outside of the depth of field. Thus, it becomes impossible to achieve preferable image forming.
In the similar manner, also in the case of using an image pickup optical system shown in “appended optical system data 4” of the Patent Document 2, ΔZr is −0.024, ΔZp is 0.035, and ΔZr/ΔZp is −0.687. Accordingly, although the maximum angle of view is less than 120°, the mathematical expression 1 is not satisfied. Therefore, the position of the real image surface with respect to the light flux of 2ωmax is significantly deviated toward the object side in comparison with the position of the real image surface with respect to the light flux of ωmax. As a result, part of the image obtained by the image capturing is outside of the depth of field. Thus, it becomes impossible to achieve preferable image forming.
In the similar manner, in the case of using an image pickup optical system shown in “appended optical system data 1” of the Patent Document 3, ΔZr is −0.021, ΔZp is 0.031, and ΔZr/ΔZp is −0.691. Accordingly, although the maximum angle of view is less than 120°, the mathematical expression 1 is not satisfied. Therefore, the position of the real image surface with respect to the light flux of 2ωmax is significantly deviated toward the object side in comparison with the position of the real image surface with respect to the light flux of ωmax, and it becomes impossible to achieve preferable image forming.
In the similar manner, in the case of using an image pickup optical system shown in “appended optical system data 2” of the Patent Document 3, ΔZr is −0.024 and ΔZp is 0.036. Accordingly, although the maximum angle of view is less than 120°, ΔZr/ΔZp is −0.666, which is outside the range of the mathematical expression 1. Therefore, the position of the real image surface with respect to the light flux of 2ωmax is significantly deviated toward the object side in comparison with the position of the real image surface with respect to the light flux of ωmax, and it becomes impossible to achieve preferable image forming.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2009-071918 | Mar 2009 | JP | national |
| 2009-074546 | Mar 2009 | JP | national |
This application is a National Stage of International Application No. PCT/JP2010/055140, filed on Mar. 24, 2010, which claims priority from Japanese Patent Application Nos. 2009-071918, filed on Mar. 24, 2009, and 2009-074546, filed Mar. 25, 2009, the contents of all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2010/055140 | 3/24/2010 | WO | 00 | 9/19/2011 |
