Patent Application
20110027178
The present invention relates to the field of purinergic P2 receptors. More particularly, the present invention relates to novel purinergic P2X7 receptor in vivo imaging agents, their production and intermediates thereof. In further detail, the present invention relates to the use of the in vivo imaging agents of the invention in methods to provide information useful in the diagnosis of disease states in which P2X7 receptor expression is implicated.
The P2X7 receptor is a cation-selective ion channel directly gated by extracellular ATP (the only known physiological ligand) and a few pharmacological ATP analogues (North 2002 Physiol. Rev. 82:1013-1067). The release of ATP from damaged cells and the subsequent activation of purinergic P2X7 receptors located on hematopoietic cells (such as microglia, macrophages and lymphocytes) is crucial to the inflammatory cascade (Ferrari D et al 2006 J. Immunol. 176:3877-83). The cation movement associated with the opening of the plasma membrane P2X7 channel is necessary for the maturation and release of the main pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1β (IL-1β). While the expression of P2X7 is low in normal tissue, during inflammation (whether central or peripheral) there is a large increase in P2X7 reactivity on cells in the surrounding area.
In the central nervous system (CNS), increases in P2X7 have been characterised following the experimental inducement of stroke (Franke et al 2004 J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 63:686-99); multiple sclerosis (MS) (Yiangou at al 2006 BMC. Neurol. 6:12); amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (Yiangou et al 2006 supra); epilepsy (Rappold et al 2006 Brain Res. 1089:171-8); and, in a transgenic, amyloidic Alzheimer's disease mouse (Parvathenani et al 2003 J. Biol. Chem. 278:13309-17). In the periphery, P2X7 receptor upregulation has been shown to accompany neuropathic pain (Chessell et al 2005 Pain 114:386-96); polycystic kidney disease (Franco-Martinez et al 2006 Clin. Exp. Immunol. 146:253-61); and, tuberculosis (Hillman et al 2005 Nephron. Exp. Nephrol. 101:e24-30).
P2X7 upregulation has also been shown in a variety of cancers, e.g. cervical, uterine, prostate, breast and skin cancers and leukaemias, both in experimental models and in patients (Feng et al 2006 J. Biol. Chem. 281:17228-37; Greig et al 2003 J. Invest. Dermatol. 121:315-327; Slater et al 2004 Histopathology 44:206-215 Slater et al 2004 Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 83:1-10; Zhang at a) 2004 Leuk. Res 28:1313-1322; Li et al 2006 Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prey. 15:1906-13).
A number of compound classes have been synthesised from different structural backbones to generate therapeutic P2X7 antagonists. A review of agonists and antagonists acting at the P2X7 receptor has been published by Baraldi et al (2004 Curr. Topics Med. Chem. 4:1707-17). The compounds disclosed therein are discussed as being potentially useful therapeutic agents.
Small molecule P2X7 binding compounds have also been disclosed in relation to in vivo imaging applications. WO 2007/141267 is primarily related to treatment and provides pyrazole derivatives that are P2X7 antagonists for the treatment of pain, inflammation and neurodegeneration. Isotopically-labelled versions of the compounds are mentioned as useful for in vivo imaging by single-photon emission tomography (SPECT) or PET, although no detail is provided in WO 2007/141267 as to how to obtain such isotopically-labelled versions. WO 2007/109154 and WO 2007/109192 are also primarily related to treatment and disclose bicycloheteroaryl compounds as P2X7 modulators. Isotopic variants of these comprising 11C, 18F, 15O or r N are mentioned as useful in PET studies of substrate receptor occupancy, although there is no description in either WO 2007/109154 or WO 2007/109192 of how to obtain these isotopic variants. WO 2008/064432 has a priority date earlier than, and a publication date later than, that of the present invention. WO 2008/064432 discloses polycyclic compounds for the diagnosis, treatment or monitoring of disorders in which the P2X7 receptor is implicated. Compounds of WO 2008/064432 that were tested in a P2X7 receptor functional assay demonstrated that the compounds were antagonists of the P2X7 receptor. The compounds of WO 2008/064432 may be radiolabelled with an isotope suitable for in vivo imaging, e.g. by SPECT or PET, and have physiochemical properties particularly suitable for in vivo imaging studies.
There is scope for an alternative in vivo imaging agent suitable for imaging the P2X7 receptor to facilitate the diagnosis of disease states associated with the P2X7 receptor, in particular those of the central nervous system (CNS).
The present invention provides novel compounds which may be used as in vivo imaging agents. The in vivo imaging agents of the invention are particularly useful in a method to image the expression of P2X7 receptors in the CNS of a subject, as a means to facilitate the diagnosis of a range of disease states.
In one aspect, the present invention provides an in vivo imaging agent suitable for in vivo imaging of the central nervous system (CNS) of a subject, wherein said in vivo imaging agent is a compound of any one of Formulae II-IV, or a salt or solvate thereof wherein:
Formula II is defined as follows:
Formula III is defined as follows:
The term “in vivo imaging agent” refers to a compound which can be used to detect a particular physiology or pathophysiology in a living subject by means of its administration to said subject and subsequent detection within said subject, wherein detection is carried out external to said subject.
In order to be “suitable for in vivo imaging of the central nervous system (CNS)” an in vivo imaging agent needs to be able to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The “CNS” is that part of the nervous system of a subject comprising the brain and spinal cord that is covered by the meninges. The generally accepted biophysical/physicochemical models of BBB penetration have as their primary determinants for passive transport: the solute's lipophilicity; hydrogen-bond desolvation potential; pKa/charge; and, molecular size. For example, a suitable lipophilicity value for a compound to penetrate the BBB would be logP in the range 1.0-4.5, preferably 2.0-3.5.
The “subject” of the invention is preferably a mammal, most preferably an intact mammalian body in vivo. In an especially preferred embodiment, the subject of the invention is a human.
In the term salt or solvate thereof', a suitable salt may be selected from (i) physiologically acceptable acid addition salts such as those derived from mineral acids, for example hydrochloric, hydrobromic, phosphoric, metaphosphoric, nitric and sulphuric acids, and those derived from organic acids, for example tartaric, trifluoroacetic, citric, malic, lactic, fumaric, benzoic, glycollic, gluconic, succinic, methanesulphonic, and para-toluenesulphonic acids; and (ii) physiologically acceptable base salts such as ammonium salts, alkali metal salts (for example those of sodium and potassium), alkaline earth metal salts (for example those of calcium and magnesium), salts with organic bases such as triethanolamine, N-methyl-D-glucamine, piperidine, pyridine, piperazine, and morpholine, and salts with amino acids such as arginine and lysine. A suitable solvate may be selected from those formed with ethanol, water, saline, physiological buffer and glycol.
The term “comprises an in vivo imaging moiety” means that a functional group of said in vivo imaging agent of any one of Formulae I-IV, as defined herein, comprises an in vivo imaging moiety. When a functional group comprises an imaging moiety, this means that the ‘imaging moiety’ farms part of the chemical structure, and is a radioactive isotope present at a level significantly above the natural abundance level of said isotope. Such elevated or enriched levels of isotope are suitably at least 5 times, preferably at least 10 times, most preferably at least 20 times; and ideally either at least 50 times the natural abundance level of the isotope in question, or present at a level where the level of enrichment of the isotope in question is 90 to 100%. Examples of such functional groups include iodophenyl groups with elevated levels of 123I, CH3 groups with elevated levels of 11C, and fluoroalkyl groups with elevated levels of 18F, such that the imaging moiety is the isotopically labelled 11C or 18F atom within the chemical structure. More detailed discussion of how these and other suitable functional groups are incorporated into the in vivo imaging agents of the invention is given later on in this description.
A suitable “in vivo imaging moiety” of the present invention is either a gamma-emitting radioactive halogen or a positron-emitting radioactive non-metal. When the in vivo imaging moiety is a gamma-emitting radioactive halogen, the radiohalogen is suitably chosen from 123I, 131I or 77Br. 125I is specifically excluded as it is not suitable for in vivo imaging use. A preferred gamma-emitting radioactive halogen for in vivo imaging is 123I. When the imaging moiety is a positron-emitting radioactive non-metal, suitable such positron emitters include: 11C, 13N, 15O, 17F, 18F, 75Br, 76Br or 124I. Preferred positron-emitting radioactive non-metals are 11C, 13N, 18F and 124I, especially 11C and 18F, most especially 18F.
A compound that is a “ligand for the P2X7 receptor” demonstrates at least 40% (preferably at least 60% and most preferably at least 70%) inhibition of the function of an agonist to form a non-selective pore in HEK.293 cells (see Michel et al., B. J. Pharmacol. 1998; 125: 1194-1201). In terms of binding affinity, a ligand for the P2X7 receptor has a Kd or Ki of between 0.01 and 100 nM, preferably between 0.01 and 10 nM, and most preferably between 0.01 and 1 nM (as measured by: Humphreys et al 1998 Molecular Pharmacology, 54:22-32; Chessell et al 1998 British Journal of Pharmacology, 124: 1314-1320). In conjunction with binding affinity for the P2X7 receptor, the in vivo imaging agents of the invention preferably have no affinity up to 10 μM for other P2 receptors. The in vivo imaging agent of the invention is preferably an antagonist for the P2X7 receptor.
Unless otherwise specified, the term “alkyl” alone or in combination, means a straight-chain or branched-chain alkyl radical containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 3 carbon atoms. Examples of such radicals include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, iso-amyl, hexyl.
Unless otherwise specified, the term “alkoxy”, alone or in combination, means an alkyl ether radical wherein the term alkyl is as defined above. Examples of suitable alkyl ether radicals include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, iso-butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy.
“Aryl” means aromatic rings or ring systems having 5 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably 5 to 6 carbon atoms, in the ring system, e.g. phenyl or naphthyl. A “heteroaryl” substituent is an aryl as defined herein wherein at least one of the carbon atoms of the ring has been replaced with a heteroatom selected from N, S or O.
“Acyl” is defined as any group comprising the radical RC(═O), wherein R is an alkyl group as defined above. “Acetyl” is an acyl group wherein the R group is methyl.
The term “halo” means a substituent selected from fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine. “Haloalkyl”, “haloacyl”, “halo alkoxy” and “haloaryl” are alkyl, acyl, alkoxy and aryl groups, respectively, as defined above substituted with one or more halo groups.
“Hydroxyl” is the group —OH. The term “hydroxyalkyl” represents an alkyl group as defined above substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups.
“Nitro” is the group —NO2.
“Oxo” is the group ═O.
The term “alkylene” means a bivalent linker moiety of the formula (CHA wherein, unless otherwise specified, n is preferably between 1 and 6.
The term “heterocycle” means an aliphatic or aromatic C5-12 cyclic radical wherein at least one nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur ring member. C6-10 cyclic radicals are preferred.
The term “carboxylic acid alkyl ester” is a group defined by the formula R′C(═O)OR″ wherein R′ and R″ are C1-6 alkyl groups as defined above.
In a preferred embodiment, when the in vivo imaging agent of the invention is a compound of Formula II, it is a compound of Formula II*:
In a further preferred embodiment, when the in vivo imaging agent of the invention is a compound of Formula III, it is a compound of Formula III*:
In a yet further preferred embodiment, when the in vivo imaging agent of the invention is a compound of Formula IV, it is a compound of Formula IV*:
The in vivo imaging agents of the invention may be obtained by reaction of a suitable source of the desired in vivo imaging moiety with a precursor compound.
A “precursor compound” comprises an unlabelled derivative of a compound of any of Formulae II-IV as defined above, designed so that chemical reaction with a convenient chemical form of the imaging moiety occurs site-specifically; can be conducted in the minimum number of steps (ideally a single step); and without the need for significant purification (ideally no further purification), to give the desired in vivo imaging agent of any one of Formulae II-IV as defined herein. Such precursor compounds are synthetic and can conveniently be obtained in good chemical purity. The precursor compound may optionally comprise a protecting group for certain functional groups of the precursor compound.
By the term “protecting croup” is meant a group which inhibits or suppresses undesirable chemical reactions, but which is designed to be sufficiently reactive that it may be cleaved from the functional group in question under mild enough conditions that do not modify the rest of the molecule. After deprotection, the desired in vivo imaging agent of one of Formulae II-IV as defined herein is obtained. Protecting groups are well known to those skilled in the art and are suitably chosen from, for amine groups: BOC (where BOC is tert-butyloxycarbonyl), Fmoc (where Fmoc is fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl), trifluoroacetyl, allyloxycarbonyl, Dde [i.e. 1-(4,4-dimethyl-2,6-dioxocyclohexylidene)ethyl] or Npys (i.e. 3-nitro-2-pyridine sulfenyl); and for carboxyl groups: methyl ester, tert-butyl ester or benzyl ester. For hydroxyl groups, suitable protecting groups are: methyl, ethyl or tent-butyl; alkoxymethyl or alkoxyethyl; benzyl; acetyl; benzoyl; trityl (Trt) or trialkylsilyl such as tetrabutyldimethylsilyl. For thiol groups, suitable protecting groups are: trityl and 4-methoxybenzyl. The use of further protecting groups are described in ‘Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis’, Theorodora W. Greene and Peter G. M. Wuts, (Third Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999).
Where the imaging moiety is radioiodine, the in vivo imaging agent of one of Formulae II-IV as defined herein can be obtained by means of a precursor compound comprising a derivative which either undergoes electrophilic or nucleophilic iodination or undergoes condensation with a labelled aldehyde or ketone. Examples of the first category are:
Preferred such precursor compounds comprise: a non-radioactive halogen atom such as an aryl iodide or bromide (to permit radioiodine exchange); an organometallic precursor compound (e.g. trialkyltin, trialkylsilyl or organoboron compound); or an organic precursor such as triazenes or a good leaving group for nucleophilic substitution such as an iodonium salt. Preferably for radioiodination, the precursor compound comprises an organometallic precursor compound, most preferably trialkyltin.
Precursor compounds and methods of introducing radioiodine into organic molecules are described by Bolton [J. Lab. Comp. Radiopharm., 45, 485-528 (2002)]. Suitable boronate ester organoboron compounds and their preparation are described by Kabalka et al [Nucl. Med. Biol., 29, 841-843 (2002) and 30, 369-373 (2003)]. Suitable organotrifluoroborates and their preparation are described by Kabalka et al [Nucl. Med. Biol., 31, 935-938 (2004)].
Examples of aryl groups to which radioactive iodine can be attached are given below:
Both contain substituents which permit facile radioiodine substitution onto the aromatic ring.
Alternative substituents containing radioactive iodine can be synthesised by direct iodination via radiohalogen exchange, e.g.
The radioiodine atom is preferably attached via a direct covalent bond to an aromatic ring such as a benzene ring, or a vinyl group since it is known that iodine atoms bound to saturated aliphatic systems are prone to in vivo metabolism and hence loss of the radioiodine.
One approach to labelling with 11C is to react a precursor compound which is the desmethylated version of a methylated compound with [11C]methyl iodide. It is also possible to incorporate 11C by reacting a Grignard reagent of the particular hydrocarbon of the desired in vivo imaging agent with [11C]CO2 to obtain a 11C reagent that reacts with an amine group in the precursor compound to result in the 11C-labelled in vivo imaging agent of interest.
11C could also be introduced as a methyl group on an aromatic ring, in which case the precursor compound would include a trialkyltin group or a B(OH)2 group.
As the half-life of 11C is only 20.4 minutes, it is important that the intermediate 11C moieties have high specific activity and, consequently, are produced using a reaction process which is as rapid as possible.
A thorough review of such 11C-labelling techniques may be found in Antoni et al “Aspects on the Synthesis of 11C-Labelled Compounds” in Handbook of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ed. M. J. Welch and C. S. Redvanly (2003, John Wiley and Sons).
Radiofluorination may be carried out via direct labelling using the reaction of 18F-fluoride with a suitable chemical group in a precursor compound having a good leaving group, such as an alkyl bromide, alkyl mesylate or alkyl tosylate. 18F can also be introduced by alkylation of N-haloacetyl groups with a 18F(CH2)3OH reactant, to give —NH(CO)CH2—O—(CH2)318F derivatives. For aryl systems, 18F-fluoride nucleophilic displacement from an aryl diazonium salt, aryl nitro compound or an aryl quaternary ammonium salt are suitable routes to aryl-18F derivatives.
A 18F-labelled in vivo imaging agent of the invention may be obtained by formation of 18F fluorodialkylamines and subsequent amide formation when the 18F fluorodialkylamine is reacted with a precursor containing, e.g. chlorine, P(O)Ph3 or an activated ester.
Further details of synthetic routes to 18F-labelled derivatives are described by Bolton, J. Lab. Comp. Radiopharm., 45, 485-528 (2002).
Precursors for the synthesis of in vivo imaging agents of Formula II may be obtained using methods analogous to those presented by Alcaraz et at (2003 Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 13: 4043-6). A precursor compound suitable for the synthesis of in vivo imaging agents of Formula II is a compound of Formula IIa:
wherein:
wherein:
A “precursor group” is one which reacts with a convenient chemical form of the imaging moiety to incorporate the imaging moiety site-specifically. Suitable such precursor groups have already been discussed in the description above. For example, such precursor groups include, but are not limited to, iodo, hydroxyl, nitro, iodonium salt, bromo, mesylate, tosylate, trialkyltin, B(OH)2, and trialkylammonium salt.
Preferably, said precursor compound of Formula IIa is a compound of Formula IIa*:
Precursors for the synthesis of in vivo imaging agents of Formula III may be obtained using methods analogous to those presented by Baxter at al (2003 Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 13:4047-50); by Michel et al (2007 British J. Pharmacol. 151: 103-114); by Furber at al (2007 J. Med. Chem. 50(24); 5882-5885); in WO 03/080579; by Deinet et al (1946 J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 68(7); 1325-1326); by Capps et al (1938 J. Am. Chem. Soc; 60(9); 2104-2106); in EP 1448195; in WO 2004/105796; and, in WO 01/28992. A precursor compound suitable for the synthesis of in vivo imaging agents of Formula III is a compound of Formula IIIa:
In a preferred embodiment, the precursor compound of Formula IIIa is a compound of Formula IIIa*:
Precursors for the synthesis of in vivo imaging agents of Formula IV may be obtained using methods analogous to those presented by Sullivan et al (1971 J. Med. Chem. 14:211-4); by Nelson of al (2006 J. Med. Chem. 49, 3659-3666); and, in WO 2002/064598. A precursor compound suitable for the synthesis of in vivo imaging agents of Formula IV is of Formula IVa:
In a preferred embodiment, the precursor compound of Formula IVa is a compound of Formula IVa*:
Table I below provides examples of some particular precursor compounds and their respective in vivo imaging agents of the invention:
Non-radioactive versions of the Imaging Agents illustrated in Table I were screened in a P2X7 receptor functional assay. This assay is described in Example 9 and is based upon the ability of the P2X7 receptor to form a non-selective pore in P2X7 transfected HEK.293 cells upon activation with an agonist, thereby allowing dye to permeate the cells. The non selective P2X channel antagonist used as a reference inhibitor for the evaluation of the non-radioactive compound of the invention was pyridoxal-phosphate-6-azophenyl-2′,4′-disulfonate (PPADS), and the results of the assay are provided in Table I above. The non-radioactive versions of the imaging agents of the invention were found to inhibit P2X7 function at 10 μM and generally at 100 nM concentrations to a similar degree compared to PPADS (the reference compound).
The synthetic routes used to obtain the Imaging Agents illustrated in Table I, along with their non-radioactive equivalents, are provided in Examples 1-8.
The precursor compound may be conveniently provided as part of a kit, for example for use in a radiopharmacy. Such a kit comprises the precursor compound as defined herein in a sealed container. The sealed container preferably permits maintenance of sterile integrity and/or radioactive safety, plus optionally an inert headspace gas (e.g. nitrogen or argon), whilst permitting addition and withdrawal of solutions by syringe. A preferred sealed container is a septum-sealed vial, wherein the gas-tight closure is crimped on with an overseal (typically of aluminium). Such sealed containers have the additional advantage that the closure can withstand vacuum if desired e.g. to change the headspace gas or degas solutions.
The precursor compound for use in the kit may be employed under aseptic manufacture conditions to give the desired sterile, non-pyrogenic material. The precursor compound may alternatively be employed under non-sterile conditions, followed by terminal sterilisation using e.g. gamma-irradiation, autoclaving, dry heat or chemical treatment (e.g. with ethylene oxide). Preferably, the precursor compound is provided in sterile, non-pyrogenic form. Most preferably the sterile, non-pyrogenic precursor compound is provided in the sealed container as described above.
Preferably, all components of the kit are disposable to minimise the possibilities of contamination between runs and to ensure sterility and quality assurance.
In a preferred aspect, the method of synthesis of the present invention is automated. [18F]-radiotracers in particular are now often conveniently prepared on an automated radiosynthesis apparatus. There are several commercially-available examples of such apparatus, including Tracerlab™ and Fastlab™ (both available from GE Heathcare). The radiochemistry is performed on the automated synthesis apparatus by fitting the cassette to the apparatus. The cassette normally includes fluid pathways, a reaction vessel, and ports for receiving reagent vials as well as any solid-phase extraction cartridges used in post-radiosynthetic clean up steps.
In a yet further aspect, the present invention provides a cassette which can be plugged into a suitably adapted automated synthesiser for the automated synthesis of the in vivo imaging agent of the invention.
The cassette for the automated synthesis of the in vivo imaging agent of the invention comprises:
The cassette may additionally comprise:
The reagents, solvents and other consumables required for the synthesis may also be included together with a data medium, such as a compact disc carrying software, which allows the automated synthesiser to be operated in a way to meet the end user's requirements for concentration, volumes, time of delivery etc.
The in vivo imaging agents of the invention are particularly useful for the assessment by in vivo imaging of the number and/or location of P2X7 receptors in the CNS of a subject. In a further aspect therefore, the present invention provides a method of imaging a subject to facilitate the determination of the presence, location and/or amount of P2X7 receptors in the CNS of a subject, said method comprising the following steps:
The method of the invention begins by “providing” a subject to whom a detectable quantity of an in vivo imaging agent of the invention has been administered. Since the ultimate purpose of the method is the provision of a diagnostically-useful image, administration to the subject of the in vivo imaging agent of the invention can be understood to be a preliminary step necessary for facilitating generation of said image.
The properties of the in vivo imaging agent of the invention make it suitable for crossing the BBB and binding to P2X7 receptors within the CNS. Therefore, in the method of the invention the detection and generation steps are carried out on the CNS of said subject, preferably the brain.
The method of the invention may be used to study the location and/or amount of P2X7 receptor in a healthy subject. However, the method is particularly useful when said subject is known or suspected to have a pathological condition associated with abnormal expression of P2X7 receptors, and specifically where said abnormal expression is in the CNS (a “P2X7 condition”). Such conditions include stroke, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, epilepsy, and Alzheimer's disease, and the pathophysiology of each comprises neuroinflammation. The term “neuroinflammation” refers to the fundamentally inflammation-like character of microglial and astrocytic responses and actions in the CNS. These responses are central to the pathogenesis and progression of a wide variety of neurological disorders including stroke, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease. Consequently, the image generated by the method of the invention finds use in providing guidance to a clinician in the diagnosis of such disorders.
In an alternative aspect, the present invention provides a method of diagnosis, comprising steps (i)-(iv) of the method of imaging as defined above, and further comprising the following step:
The P2X7 condition of step (v) is any one of those described herein. The evaluating step is carried out by a doctor or a vet, i.e. a person suitably qualified to make a clinical diagnosis. Such a diagnosis represents a deductive medical or veterinary decision, which is made for the purpose of making a decision about whether any treatment is required to restore the subject to health.
In a further alternative embodiment, the method may include the preliminary step of administering the in vivo imaging agent of the invention to the subject. Administration of the in vivo imaging agent of the invention is preferably carried out parenterally, and most preferably intravenously. The intravenous route represents the fastest way of delivering the in vivo imaging agent of the invention across the BBB and into contact with P2X7 receptors in the CNS. Preferred embodiments of said in vivo imaging agent and subject are as previously defined.
The in vivo imaging agent of the invention is preferably administered as a “radiopharmaceutical composition” which comprises the in vivo imaging agent of one of Formulae II-IV together with a biocompatible carrier, in a form suitable for mammalian administration.
The “biocompatible carrier” is a fluid, especially a liquid, in which the in vivo imaging agent of one of Formulae II-IV is suspended or dissolved, such that the radiopharmaceutical composition is physiologically tolerable, i.e. can be administered to the mammalian body without toxicity or undue discomfort. The biocompatible carrier medium is suitably an injectable carrier liquid such as sterile, pyrogen-free water for injection; an aqueous solution such as saline (which may advantageously be balanced so that the final product for injection is either isotonic or not hypotonic); an aqueous solution of one or more tonicity-adjusting substances (e.g. salts of plasma cations with biocompatible counterions), sugars (e.g. glucose or sucrose), sugar alcohols (e.g. sorbitol or mannitol), glycols (e.g. glycerol), or other non-ionic polyol materials (e.g. polyethyleneglycols, propylene glycols and the like). The biocompatible carrier medium may also comprise biocompatible organic solvents such as ethanol. Such organic solvents are useful to solubilise more lipophilic compounds or formulations. Preferably the biocompatible carrier medium is pyrogen-free water for injection, isotonic saline or an aqueous ethanol solution. The pH of the biocompatible carrier medium for intravenous injection is suitably in the range 4.0 to 10.5.
Such radiopharmaceutical compositions are suitably supplied in either a container which is provided with a seal which is suitable for single or multiple puncturing with a hypodermic needle (e.g. a crimped-on septum seal closure) whilst maintaining sterile integrity. Such containers may contain single or multiple patient doses. Preferred multiple dose containers comprise a single bulk vial (e.g. of 10 to 30 cm3 volume) which contains multiple patient doses, whereby single patient doses can thus be withdrawn into clinical grade syringes at various time intervals during the viable lifetime of the preparation to suit the clinical situation. Pre-filled syringes are designed to contain a single human dose, or “unit dose”, and are therefore preferably a disposable or other syringe suitable for clinical use. The pre-filled syringe may optionally be provided with a syringe shield to protect the operator from radioactive dose. Suitable such radiopharmaceutical syringe shields are known in the art and preferably comprise either lead or tungsten.
The radiopharmaceutical composition may be prepared from a kit. Alternatively, they may be prepared under aseptic manufacture conditions to give the desired sterile product. The radiopharmaceutical composition may also be prepared under non-sterile conditions, followed by terminal sterilisation using e.g. gamma-irradiation, autoclaving, dry heat or chemical treatment (e.g. with ethylene oxide).
The method of imaging of the present invention may also be employed as a research tool. For example, for the performance of competition studies which allow the interaction of a drug with P2X7 receptors to be studied. Such studies include dose-occupancy studies, determination of optimal therapeutic dose, drug candidate selection studies, and determination of P2X7 receptor distribution in the tissue of interest.
In an alternative embodiment, the method of the invention is carried out repeatedly, e.g. before, during and after treatment with a drug to combat a P2X7 condition. In this way, the effect of said treatment can be monitored over time.
Also provided by the present invention is an in vivo imaging agent of the invention for use in medicine, and in particular for use in a method for the determination of the presence, location and/or amount of inflammation in the CNS of a subject.
Suitable and preferred embodiments of said in vivo imaging agent, method and subject are as previously defined.
In a further aspect of the invention, the in vivo imaging agent of the invention may be employed for use in the preparation of a medicament for the determination of the presence, location and/or amount of inflammation in the CNS of a subject. Suitable and preferred embodiments of said in vivo imaging agent and said subject are as previously defined herein.
Detailed methods for the synthesis of particular in vivo imaging agents of the invention are provided in the following non-limiting Examples.
Examples 1, 3, 5 and 7 describe the synthesis of Non-radioactive Imaging Agents 2-5, respectively.
Examples 2, 4, 6 and 8 describe the synthesis of Imaging Agents 2-5, respectively.
Example 9 described the assay used to evaluate binding to the P2X7 receptor.
To an oven dried round bottom two-neck flask was added 4-bromophenol (15 g 86.7 mmol). Potassium carbonate (14.3 g, 1.2 eqv) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. Epichlorohydrin (39.8 g, 430 mmol) was added and the mixture heated at 120° C. for 3 h. The reaction mass was concentrated under reduced pressure to remove the excess of epichlorohydrin. Added water (100 mL) to the reaction mass and extracted with ethyl acetate (4×50 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude residue was purified using column chromatography on silica gel using hexane and ethyl acetate as eluent to give the desired product (13.6 g, 69% yield).
1H-NMR: (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ7.40 (d, 2H, J=9 Hz), 6.83 (d, 2H, J=9 Hz), 4.23 (dd, 1H, J=12 Hz), 3.93 (dd, 1H, J=9 Hz), 3.37 (m, 1H), 2.93 (t, 1H), 2.77 (m, 1H), LCMS: Mass Found [M+H]+ 227/229 Calcd for C9H9BrO2 228.
4-Picoline (1.0 g, 10.74 mmol) was added to an oven dried round bottom flask and flushed with nitrogen. To it added anhydrous THF (8 ml). The mixture was kept under nitrogen and cooled to −78° C. and stirred at this temperature for 30 minutes. A solution of butyllithium (4.8 mL of 2.5M) was added and the mixture stirred for another 30 minutes. The reaction mass was then added to round bottomed flask containing 2-((4-bromophenoxy)methyl) oxirane (2.4 g 10.48 mmol) at 0° C. The entire reaction mass was quenched by the addition of saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (25 mL) and extracted with dichloromethane (3×10 mL). The combined extracts were dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate, filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using hexane and ethyl acetate as eluent to give the desired product (1.12 g, 32% yield).
1H-NMR: (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.52 (d, 2H, J=3 Hz), 7.39 (d, 2H, J=9 Hz) 7.18 (d, 2H, J=6 Hz) 6.79 (d, 2H, J=9 Hz), 3.79-4.07 (m, 3H), 2.69-3.01 (m, 2H), 1.96 (m, 2H). LCMS: Mass Found [M+H]+ 322 Calcd for C15H17BrNO2 321.
A mixture of 6 (1 eqv) and 2-fluoro-5-nitrophenylboronic acid (1 egv) was taken in an oven-dried flask. Toluene and ethanol (4:1) were added and this solution was then added to aqueous sodium carbonate (1.9 vol of 2M) and then purged with nitrogen to remove the dissolved oxygen. The Palladium (0) catalyst (0.02 eqv) was added to the reaction mixture, which was then heated to reflux for 1.5 h. The reaction was partitioned between ethyl acetate and water. The organic phase was separated and washed with brine (2×25 mL) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. The product was then purified by column chromatography on silica gel using hexane and ethyl acetate as eluent to give the desired purified product in a yield of 59%.
1H-NMR: (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.53 (m, 2H), 8.37 (m, 0.5H), 8.20 (m, 0.5H), 7.54 (dd, 1H, J=8 Hz), 7.39 (dd, 1H, J=8 Hz), 7.30 (m, 1H), 7.20 (m, 1H), 7.03 (dd, 1H, J=4 Hz), 6.79 (dd, 1H, J=4 Hz), 3.81-4.12 (m, 3H), 2.71-3.01 (m, 2H), 1.93 (m, 2H), LCMS: Mass Found [M+H]+ 382 Calcd for C21H19FN2O4 381
To a solution of triphenylphosphine (2 eqv) in anhydrous THF, was added diethyl azodicarboxylate (2 eqv). The resulting orange solution was stirred for 10 minutes before the addition of 2,4-thiazolinedione (2 eqv). The stirring was continued for another 15 minutes. To this reaction mass was added compound 7 (1 eqv) and the reaction stirred for 2 h. The reaction mixture was then concentrated under reduced pressure and product isolated by repeated column chromatography on silica gel using hexane and ethyl acetate as eluent to give the desired purified product in 96% yield.
1H-NMR: (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.54 (d, 2H, J=4 Hz), 8.36 (dd, 1H, J=8 Hz, 4 Hz), 8.21 (m, 1H), 7.52 (d, 2H, J=8 Hz), 7.29 (d, 2H, J=8 Hz), 7.15 (d, 2H, J=4 Hz), 6.98 (d, 2H, J=8 Hz), 4.77 (m, 1H), 4.54 (t, 1H, J=12 Hz), 4.21 (m, 1H), 3.79 (s, 2H), 2.51-2.83 (m, 3H), 2.03-2.22 (m, 1H), LCMS: Mass Found [M+H]+ 482 Calcd for C24H20FN3O5S, 481.
Precursor Compound 2 is prepared using the method as described above for Non-radioactive Imaging Agent 2, but where 1-(2′-Chloro-5′-nitro-biphenyl-4-yloxy)-4-pyridin-4-yl-butan-2-ol is synthesised in step (iii) instead of 1-(2′-Fluoro-5′-nitro-biphenyl-4-yloxy)-4-pyridin-4-yl-butan-2-ol. Radiofluoridation of Precursor Compound 2, e.g. using [F-18]fluoride in acetonitrile in the presence of potassium carbonate and Kryptofix, results in Imaging Agent 2.
A mixture of 5-nitroquinoline (2.0 g, 11.49 mmol), dry toluene (2 mL) and dry methyl Iodide (1 mL) was refluxed for 6 h. The bright red crystalline methiodide was filtered and washed with toluene. The filtrate was concentrated and again refluxed with methyl Iodide in toluene to obtain more material. The process was repeated until any further yield became negligible. Yield=1500 mg (60%),
1H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO) δ=9.70 (1H, d, J=6 Hz, Ar—H), 9.52 (1H, d, J=9 Hz, Ar—H), 8.93 (1H, d, J=9 Hz, Ar—H), 8.78 (1H, d, J=9 Hz, Ar—H), 8.46-8.36 (2H, m, Ar—H), 4.73 (3H, s, N—CH3).
LCMS Mass Found=[M+H)+ 190, Calcd for C10H9N2O2=189.
N-Methylquinoline (5.0 g, 26.45 mmol) was dissolved in water (50 mL) and cooled to 0° C. in an ice bath. Potassium ferricyanide (19.2 g, 58.19 mmol) in water (50 mL) and sodium hydroxide (5.3 g, 132.25 mmol) in water (8 mL) were added simultaneously with stirring. The base addition was completed in 10 minutes and oxidizing agent addition was completed in 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 90 minutes and at room temperature for 18 h. A yellow crystalline precipitate of the carbostyril was filtered, washed with small amount of cold water and dried to give a yellow solid (3.55 g, 66% yield).
1H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO) δ=8.15 (1H, d, J=9 Hz, Ar—H), 7.94-7.78 (3H, m, Ar—H), 6.84 (1H, d, J=9 Hz, Ar—H), 3.68 (3H, s, N—CH3).
LCMS Mass Found=[M+H)+ 205, Calcd for C10H8N2O3 204.
Phosphorous oxychloride (25 mL) was added slowly to a solution of carbostyril 9 (1.5 g, 7.35 mmol) in o-dichlorobenzene at 0° C. and then refluxed for 12 h. The reaction mixture was then quenched by pouring into the ice-cold water and then extracted with chloroform. Solvent was then dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate, filtered and evaporated to obtain a gummy residue. The product was obtained as a light brown solid by trituration with water (520 mg, 34% yield).
1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ=9.02 (1H, d, J=9 Hz, Ar—H), 8.43 (1H, d, J=9 Hz, Ar—H), 8.36 (1H, d, J=9 Hz, Ar—H), 7.87 (1H, t, J=9 Hz, Ar—H, 7.66 (1H, d, J=9 Hz, Ar—H).
LCMS Mass Found=[M+H)+ 209, Calcd for C9H5N2O2Cl 208.
2-Chloro-5-nitroquinoline (300 mg, 1.44 mmol) was added to glacial acetic acid (3 mL) and stirred at 65° C. Iron powder (403 mg) was added to the mixture and stirring continued for 5 h. The reaction mixture was then cooled, concentrated and the residue diluted with water (20 mL) and pH was adjusted by addition of sodium carbonate solution. The product was then extracted with ethyl acetate (3×15 mL). The combined extractes were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate, filtered and evaporated to give the product as a brown oil (260 mg>90% yield).
1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ=8.11 (1H, d, J=9 Hz, Ar—H), 7.55-7.44 (2H, m, Ar—H), 7.30 (1H, d, J=9 Hz, Ar—H), 6.82 (1H, d, J=9 Hz, Ar—H).
LCMS Mass Found=[M+H)+ 179, Calcd for C9H7N2Cl 178.
To a solution of 1-adamantane acetic acid (423 mg, 2.18 mmol) in dry dichloromethane (15 mL), HOBt (98 mg, 0.725 mmol) and EDCI (350 mg, 1.81 mmol), were added and the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h at 0° C. 2-Chloro-5-aminoquinoline (260 mg, 1.45 mmol) dissolved in dichloromethane (5 mL) was added followed by triethylamine (500 μl 3.63 mmol) and the mixture was stirred overnight. The reaction mixture was then quenched with the addition of water and extracted with more dichloromethane. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate, filtered and evaporated. The product was isolated by column chromatography on silica gel using ethyl acetate as eluent as a yellow-brown solid (460 mg 90% yield).
1H-NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD) δ=8.41 (1H, d, J=8 Hz, Ar—H), 7.86-7.79 (2H, m, Ar—H), 7.71 (1H, d, J=8 Hz, Ar—H), 7.56 (1H, d, J=8 Hz, Ar—H), 2.29 (2H, s, CH2), 2.03 (1H, bs, NH), 1.84-1.72 (15H, m, Adamantane H).
LCMS Mass Found=[M+H)+ 355, Calcd for C21H23ON2Cl 354.
N-(2-Chloroquinolin-5-yl)-2-(adamantyl)acetamide (12) (400 mg, 1.13 mmole) was dissolved in ethanol (8 mL) and N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-ethyelenediamine (4 mL) was added and the mixture refluxed for 14 h. The solvent was removed and washed with cold water. The residue was then extracted with dichloromethane and washed again with saturated sodium carbonate solution. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and using petroleum ether added to precipitate the product as a brown crystalline solid (400 mg 83% yield).
LCMS Mass Found=[M+H)+ 423, Calcd for C25H34N4O2 422
N-(2-(2-(2-hydroxyethylamino)quinolin-5-yl)-2-(adamantyl)acetamide (13) (160 mg, 0.38 mmol) was dissolved in dry dimethylformamide (5 mL) and then cesium carbonate (135 mg, 0.42 mmol) was added. A dimethylformamide solution of fluoroethyltosylate (106 mg in 2 mL, 0.42 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was then stirred at 55° C. for 24 h, quenched with water and then extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was then dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate, filtered and evaporated. The product was isolated by column chromatography on silica gel, using ethyl acetate as eluent, as a pale green solid (30 mg 20% yield).
1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ=8.28 (1H, bs, Ar—H), 7.82 (1H, bs, Ar—H), 7.35 (2H, bs, Ar—H), 6.58 (1H, bs, Ar—H), 4.68 (1H, bs, NH), 4.26 (2H, s, CH2F), 3.80-3.43 (8H, m, CH2), 2.22 (2H, s, CH2CO), 2.00 (4H, s, CH2), 1.83-1.60 (15H, m, Adamantane H).
1H-NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD) δ=7.99 (1H, d, J=8 Hz, Ar—H), 7.52 (2H, m, Ar—H), 7.27 (1H, d, J=8 Hz, Ar—H), 6.80 (1H, d, J=8 Hz, Ar—H), 4.26 (2H, t, J=8 Hz, CH2F), 3.84-3.66 (6H, m, CH2), 3.54 (2H, bs, CH2), 2.25 (2H, s, CH2CO), 2.02 (2H, s, CH2), 1.81-1.73 (15H, m, Adamantane H).
LCMS Mass Found=[M+H)+ 469, Calcd for C27H37N4O2F 468.
The method as described above for the synthesis of Non-radioactive Imaging Agent 3 can be applied to obtain Imaging Agent 3 by using 2-[18F]-fluoroethyltosylate in place of 2-fluoroethyltosylate in the final step.
2-Fluoro-5-methylpyridine (1.20 g, 10.8 mmol) was added to a 100 mL oven dried round bottom flask, flushed with dry nitrogen. Dry carbon tetrachloride (50 mL) was added followed by NBS (1.92 g, 10.8 mmol) and a catalytic amount of AIBN. The reaction was heated at reflux for 5 h. The succinimide was removed by filtration through celite and the carbon tetrachloride was removed by evaporation under reduced pressure. The product was isolated after column chromatography on silica gel [Eluent: 15-40% ethyl acetate-hexane] as a solid (1.15 g, 56% yield).
1H-NMR: (300 MHz, CD3OD) δ 8.26 (s, 1H, Ar) 8.02 (t, 1H, J=9 Hz, Ar) 7.02-7.12 (d, 1H, J=9 Hz, Ar) 4.62 (s, 2H, CH2) LCMS: [M+H]+ 189/191 Calc. for C6H6BrFN 190.
To an oven dried, round bottom flask under dry nitrogen atmosphere were added 5-(2,3-dichloro-phenyl)-1H-tetrazole (0.8 g, 3.7 mmol), dry dimethylformamide (8 mL). The solution was cooled to 0° C. Triethylamine (0.9 g, 8.9 mmol) was added and stirred for 10 minutes followed by the addition of 3-bromomethyl-6-fluoropyridine (14) (0.85 g, 4.46 mmol). The whole reaction mass was stirred at room temperature for 12 h. Solvent was removed under reduced pressure and water (50 mL) added extracted with ethyl acetate (4×15 mL). The combined extracts were dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate, filtered and evaporated. The crude reaction mass was then purified by column chromatography on silica gel (eluent-30%-50% ethyl acetate-hexane gradient) to yield the desired 1,5-disubstituted compound (120 mg, 10% yield), which is in the minor amount and the 2,5-disubstituted compound as the major product.
1H-NMR: (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.91 (s, 1H, Ar) 7.76 (dd, 1H, Ar) 7.68 (m, 1H, Ar) 7.39 (t, 1H, J=9 Hz, Ar) 7.28 (s, 1H, Ar) 7.20 (dd, 1H, Ar) 6.93 (dd, 1H, Ar) 5.48 (s, 2H, CH2)
LCMS: Mass Found [M+H]+ (324) Cacld for C13H8Cl2FN5 323. Yield=10%.
Precursor Compound 4 was prepared in a yield of 12% using the method described in Example 7 for Non-radioactive Imaging Agent 4, but where 3-bromomethyl-6-nitroropyridine was used instead of 3-bromomethyl-6-fluoropyridine.
1H-NMR: (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.38 (s, 1H, Ar) 8.27 (d, 1H, J=9 Hz, Ar) 7.95 (d, 1H, J=9 Hz, Ar); 7.78 (d, 1H, J=6 Hz, Ar) 7.42 (t, 1H, J=9 Hz, Ar) 7.28 (s, 1H, Ar) 5.62 (s, 2H, CH2).
LCMS: Mass Found [M+H]+ 351 Cacld for C13H8Cl2N6O2 350.
Precursor Compound 4 can be radiofluoridated using e.g. [F-18]fluoride in acetonitrile in the presence of potassium carbonate and Kryptofix to provide Imaging Agent 4.
Non-radioactive Imaging Agent 5 was prepared as described in Example 7 for Non-radioactive Imaging Agent 4, but where but where 3-bromomethyl-2-fluororopyridine was used instead of 3-bromomethyl-6-fluoropyridine.
1H-NMR: (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.22 (d, 1H, J=3 Hz, Ar) 7.73 (m, 2H, Ar) 7.4 (t, 1H, J=9 Hz, Ar) 7.3 (m, 2H, Ar) 7.22 (m, 1H, Ar) 5.5 (s, 2H, CH2).
LCMS: Mass Found [M+H]+ 324 Cacld for C13H8Cl2FN5 323
Precursor Compound 5 was prepared in 11% yield using the method described in Example 7 for Non-radioactive Imaging Agent 4, but where 3-bromomethyl-2-nitroropyridine was used instead of 3-bromomethyl-6-fluoropyridine.
1H-NMR: (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.65 (d, 1H, J=3 Hz, Ar) 7.68-7.86 (m, 3H, Ar) 7.35-7.50 (m, 2H, Ar) 5.79 (s, 2H, CH2).
LCMS: Mass Found [M+H]+ 351 Calcd for C13H8Cl2N6O2. 350.
Precursor Compound 5 can be radiofluoridated using e.g. [F-18]fluoride in acetonitrile in the presence of potassium carbonate and Kryptofix to provide Imaging Agent 5.
The assay method used was based on the ability of the DNA binding dye, Yo Pro-1 (quinolinium, 4[3-methyl-2(3H)-benzoxazolylidene) methyl]-1-[3-(trimethyl-ammonio) propyl]-dioxide) to enter through the dilated or “large pore form” of the P2X7 receptor and to bind to intracellular DNA/RNA whereupon it increases fluorescence intensity. Yo Pro-1 was therefore used to quantify inhibition of P2X7 function. This assay was based on the methods published by Michel et al., (B.J. Pharmacol 1998; 125: 1194-1201).
Initially, HEK.293 cells were transiently transfected using LipofectamineTMLTX (Invitrogen) for 72 hrs with P2X7 cDNA. 48 hours prior to use the cells were seeded into poly-D-lysine coated 96-well black-walled, clear bottomed plates, at a density of 30,000 cells/well. Stock solutions of each test compound were prepared at a concentration of 40 mM in 100% DMSO
Following the 48 hour incubation the culture medium was removed from the transfected cells, the cells were washed once and placed in pre-warmed sucrose assay buffer (Sucrose: 280 mM, KCl: 5 mM, CaCl2: 0.5 mM, glucose: 10 mM, HEPES: 10 mM, N-methyl-D-glucamine: 10 mM; pH7.4). The test compounds were added to the plate at a concentration of 10 μM and 100 nM in triplicate and incubated at 37° C. for 30 minutes. The final DMSO concentration in the assay was 1%. After this time Yo Pro-1 dye and Bz-ATP solution was added at concentrations of 1 μM and 30 μM respectively for 60 minutes at 37° C. The fluorescence was then read at 485 nM excitation and 530 nM emission.
The non-selective P2X channel antagonist PPADS was used as a reference inhibitor in the assay. A dose-response to PPADS was performed on the assay plate using a starting concentration of 200 μM followed by a 1 in 6 serial dilution covering 200 μM to 0.4 nM. For each compound data set, a percentage inhibition value was calculated based on the three assay points generated.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0803729.3 | Feb 2008 | GB | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2009/052280 | 2/26/2009 | WO | 00 | 8/17/2010 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61032442 | Feb 2008 | US |
