Patent Application
20100056447
This invention is in the field of immunization against chlamydial infection, in particular against infection by Chlamydia pneumoniae.
Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular parasites of eukaryotic cells which are responsible for endemic sexually transmitted infections and various other disease syndromes. They occupy an exclusive eubacterial phylogenic branch, having no close relationship to any other known organisms—they are classified in their own order (Chlamydiales) which contains a single family (Chlamydiaceae) which in turn contains a single genus (Chlamydia). A particular characteristic of the Chlamydiae is their unique life cycle, in which the bacterium alternates between two morphologically distinct forms: an extracellular infective form (elementary bodies, EB) and an intracellular non-infective form (reticulate bodies, RB). The life cycle is completed with the re-organization of RB into EB, which subsequently leave the disrupted host cell ready to infect further cells.
Four chlamydial species are currently known—C. trachomatis, C. pneumoniae, C. pecorum and C. psittaci [e.g. Raulston (1995) Mol Microbiol 15:607-616; Everett (2000) Vet Microbiol 75:109-126]. C. pneumoniae is closely related to C. trachomatis, as the whole genome comparison of at least two isolates from each species has shown [Kalman et al. (1999) Nature Genetics 21:385-389; Read et al. (2000) Nucleic Acids Res 28:1397-406; Stephens et al. (1998) Science 282:754-759]. Based on surface reaction with patient immune sera, the current view is that only one serotype of C. pneumoniae exists world-wide.
C. pneumoniae is a common cause of human respiratory disease. It was first isolated from the conjunctiva of a child in Taiwan in 1965, and was established as a major respiratory pathogen in 1983. In the USA, C. pneumoniae causes approximately 10% of community-acquired pneumonia and 5% of pharyngitis, bronchitis, and sinusitis.
More recently, the spectrum of C. pneumoniae infections has been extended to include atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, carotid artery stenosis, myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular disease, aortic aneurysm, claudication, and stroke. The association of C. pneumoniae with atherosclerosis is corroborated by the presence of the organism in atherosclerotic lesions throughout the arterial tree and the near absence of the organism in healthy arterial tissue. C. pneumoniae has also been isolated from coronary and carotid atheromatous plaques. The bacterium has also been associated with other acute and chronic respiratory diseases (e.g. otitis media, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary exacerbation of cystic fibrosis) as a result of sero-epidemiologic observations, case reports, isolation or direct detection of the organism in specimens, and successful response to anti-chlamydial antibiotics. To determine whether chronic infection plays a role in initiation or progression of disease, intervention studies in humans have been initiated, and animal models of C. pneumoniae infection have been developed.
Considerable knowledge of the epidemiology of C. pneumoniae infection has been derived from serologic studies using the C. pneumoniae-specific microimmunofluorescence test. Infection is ubiquitous, and it is estimated that virtually everyone is infected at some point in life, with common re-infection. Antibodies against C. pneumoniae are rare in children under the age of 5, except in developing and tropical countries. Antibody prevalence increases rapidly at ages 5 to 14, reaching 50% at the age of 20, and continuing to increase slowly to ˜80% by age 70.
A current hypothesis is that C. pneumoniae can persist in an asymptomatic low-grade infection in very large sections of the human population. When this condition occurs, it believed that the presence of C. pneumoniae, and/or the effects of the host reaction to the bacterium, can cause or help progress of cardiovascular illness.
It is not yet clear whether C. pneumoniae is actually a causative agent of cardiovascular disease, or whether it is just artefactually associated with it. It has been shown, however, that C. pneumoniae infection can induce LDL oxidation by human monocytes [Kalayoglu et al. (1999) J. Infect. Dis. 180:780-90; Kalayoglu et al. (1999) Am. Heart J. 138:S488-490]. As LDL oxidation products are highly atherogenic, this observation provides a possible mechanism whereby C. pneumoniae may cause atheromatous degeneration. If a causative effect is confirmed, vaccination (prophylactic and therapeutic) will be universally recommended.
Genomic sequence information has been published for C. pneumoniae [Kalman et al. (1999) supra; Read et al. (2000) supra; Shirai et al. (2000) J. Infect. Dis. 181(Suppl 3):S524-S527; WO99/27105; WO00/27994] and is available from GenBank. Sequencing efforts have not, however, focused on vaccination, and the availability of genomic sequence does not in itself indicate which of the >1000 genes might encode useful antigens for immunization and vaccination. WO99/27105, for instance, implies that every one of the 1296 ORFs identified in the C. pneumoniae strain CM1 genome is a useful vaccine antigen.
It is thus an object of the present invention to identify antigens useful for vaccine production and development from amongst the many proteins present in C. pneumoniae. It is a further object to identify antigens useful for diagnosis (e.g. immunodiagnosis) of C. pneumoniae.
The invention provides proteins comprising the C. pneumoniae amino acid sequences disclosed in the examples.
It also provides proteins comprising sequences which share at least x % sequence identity with the C. pneumoniae amino acid sequences disclosed in the examples. Depending on the particular sequence, x is preferably 50% or more (e.g. 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99% or more). These include mutants and allelic variants. Typically, 50% identity or more between two proteins is considered to be an indication of functional equivalence. Identity between proteins is preferably determined by the Smith-Waterman homology search algorithm as implemented in the MPSRCH program (Oxford Molecular), using an affine gap search with parameters gap open penalty=12 and gap extension penalty=1.
The invention further provides proteins comprising fragments of the C. pneumoniae amino acid sequences disclosed in the examples. The fragments should comprise at least n consecutive amino acids from the sequences and, depending on the particular sequence, n is 7 or more (e.g. 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 30, 40, 50, 75, 100 or more). Preferably the fragments comprise one or more epitope(s) from the sequence. Other preferred fragments omit a signal peptide.
The proteins of the invention can, of course, be prepared by various means (e.g. native expression, recombinant expression, purification from cell culture, chemical synthesis etc.) and in various forms (e.g. native, fusions etc.). They are preferably prepared in substantially pure form (ie. substantially free from other C. pneumoniae or host cell proteins). Heterologous expression in E. coli is a preferred preparative route.
According to a further aspect, the invention provides nucleic acid comprising the C. pneumoniae nucleotide sequences disclosed in the examples. In addition, the invention provides nucleic acid comprising sequences which share at least x % sequence identity with the C. pneumoniae nucleotide sequences disclosed in the examples. Depending on the particular sequence, x is preferably 50% or more (e.g. 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99% or more).
Furthermore, the invention provides nucleic acid which can hybridise to the C. pneumoniae nucleic acid disclosed in the examples, preferably under “high stringency” conditions (e.g. 65° C. in a 0.1×SSC, 0.5% SDS solution).
Nucleic acid comprising fragments of these sequences are also provided. These should comprise at least n consecutive nucleotides from the C. pneumoniae sequences and, depending on the particular sequence, n is 10 or more (e.g. 12, 14, 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 75, 100, 200, 300 or more).
According to a further aspect, the invention provides nucleic acid encoding the proteins and protein fragments of the invention.
It should also be appreciated that the invention provides nucleic acid comprising sequences complementary to those described above (e.g. for antisense or probing purposes).
Nucleic acid according to the invention can, of course, be prepared in many ways (e.g. by chemical synthesis, from genomic or cDNA libraries, from the organism itself etc.) and can take various forms (e.g. single stranded, double stranded, vectors, probes etc.).
In addition, the term “nucleic acid” includes DNA and RNA, and also their analogues, such as those containing modified backbones, and also peptide nucleic acids (PNA) etc.
According to a further aspect, the invention provides vectors comprising nucleotide sequences of the invention (e.g. cloning or expression vectors) and host cells transformed therewith.
According to a further aspect, the invention provides immunogenic compositions comprising protein and/or nucleic acid according to the invention. These compositions are suitable for immunization and vaccination purposes. Vaccines of the invention may be prophylactic or therapeutic, and will typically comprise an antigen which can induce antibodies capable of inhibiting (a) chlamydial adhesion, (b) chlamydial entry, and/or (c) successful replication within the host cell. The vaccines preferably induce any cell-mediated T-cell responses which are necessary for chlamydial clearance from the host.
The invention also provides nucleic acid or protein according to the invention for use as medicaments (e.g. as vaccines). It also provides the use of nucleic acid or protein according to the invention in the manufacture of a medicament (e.g. a vaccine or an immunogenic composition) for treating or preventing infection due to C. pneumoniae.
The invention also provides a method of treating (e.g. immunizing) a patient, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of nucleic acid or protein according to the invention.
According to further aspects, the invention provides various processes.
A process for producing proteins of the invention is provided, comprising the step of culturing a host cell according to the invention under conditions which induce protein expression.
A process for producing protein or nucleic acid of the invention is provided, wherein the protein or nucleic acid is synthesised in part or in whole using chemical means.
A process for detecting C. pneumoniae in a sample is provided, wherein the sample is contacted with an antibody which binds to a protein of the invention.
A summary of standard techniques and procedures which may be employed in order to perform the invention (e.g. to utilise the disclosed sequences for immunization) follows. This summary is not a limitation on the invention but, rather, gives examples that may be used, but are not required.
General
The practice of the present invention will employ, unless otherwise indicated, conventional techniques of molecular biology, microbiology, recombinant DNA, and immunology, which are within the skill of the art. Such techniques are explained fully in the literature e.g. Sambrook Molecular Cloning; A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition (1989) and Third Edition (2001); DNA Cloning, Volumes I and ii (D. N Glover ed. 1985); Oligonucleotide Synthesis (M. J. Gait ed, 1984); Nucleic Acid Hybridization (B. D. Hames & S. J. Higgins eds. 1984); Transcription and Translation (B. D. Hames & S. J. Higgins eds. 1984); Animal Cell Culture (R. I. Freshney ed. 1986); Immobilized Cells and Enzymes (IRL Press, 1986); B. Perbal, A Practical Guide to Molecular Cloning (1984); the Methods in Enzymology series (Academic Press, Inc.), especially volumes 154 & 155; Gene Transfer Vectors for Mammalian Cells (J. H. Miller and M. P. Calos eds. 1987, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory); Mayer and Walker, eds. (1987), Immunochemical Methods in Cell and Molecular Biology (Academic Press, London); Scopes, (1987) Protein Purification: Principles and Practice, Second Edition (Springer-Verlag, N.Y.), and Handbook of Experimental Immunology, Volumes I-IV (D. M. Weir and C. C. Blackwell eds 1986).
Standard abbreviations for nucleotides and amino acids are used in this specification.
Definitions
A composition containing X is “substantially free of” Y when at least 85% by weight of the total X+Y in the composition is X. Preferably, X comprises at least about 90% by weight of the total of X+Y in the composition, more preferably at least about 95% or even 99% by weight.
The term “comprising” means “including” as well as “consisting” e.g. a composition “comprising” X may consist exclusively of X or may include something additional to X, such as X+Y.
The term “heterologous” refers to two biological components that are not found together in nature. The components may be host cells, genes, or regulatory regions, such as promoters. Although the heterologous components are not found together in nature, they can function together, as when a promoter heterologous to a gene is operably linked to the gene. Another example is where a Chlamydial sequence is heterologous to a mouse host cell. A further examples would be two epitopes from the same or different proteins which have been assembled in a single protein in an arrangement not found in nature.
An “origin of replication” is a polynucleotide sequence that initiates and regulates replication of polynucleotides, such as an expression vector. The origin of replication behaves as an autonomous unit of polynucleotide replication within a cell, capable of replication under its own control. An origin of replication may be needed for a vector to replicate in a particular host cell. With certain origins of replication, an expression vector can be reproduced at a high copy number in the presence of the appropriate proteins within the cell. Examples of origins are the autonomously replicating sequences, which are effective in yeast; and the viral T-antigen, effective in COS-7 cells.
A “mutant” sequence is defined as DNA, RNA or amino acid sequence differing from but having sequence identity with the native or disclosed sequence. Depending on the particular sequence, the degree of sequence identity between the native or disclosed sequence and the mutant sequence is preferably greater than 50% (e.g. 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99% or more, calculated using the Smith-Waterman algorithm as described above). As used herein, an “allelic variant” of a nucleic acid molecule, or region, for which nucleic acid sequence is provided herein is a nucleic acid molecule, or region, that occurs essentially at the same locus in the genome of another or second isolate, and that, due to natural variation caused by, for example, mutation or recombination, has a similar but not identical nucleic acid sequence. A coding region allelic variant typically encodes a protein having similar activity to that of the protein encoded by the gene to which it is being compared. An allelic variant can also comprise an alteration in the 5′ or 3′ untranslated regions of the gene, such as in regulatory control regions (e.g. see U.S. Pat. No. 5,753,235).
Expression Systems
The Chlamydial nucleotide sequences can be expressed in a variety of different expression systems; for example those used with mammalian cells, baculoviruses, plants, bacteria, and yeast.
i. Mammalian Systems
Mammalian expression systems are known in the art. A mammalian promoter is any DNA sequence capable of binding mammalian RNA polymerase and initiating the downstream (3′) transcription of a coding sequence (e.g. structural gene) into mRNA. A promoter will have a transcription initiating region, which is usually placed proximal to the 5′ end of the coding sequence, and a TATA box, usually located 25-30 base pairs (bp) upstream of the transcription initiation site. The TATA box is thought to direct RNA polymerase II to begin RNA synthesis at the correct site. A mammalian promoter will also contain an upstream promoter element, usually located within 100 to 200 bp upstream of the TATA box. An upstream promoter element determines the rate at which transcription is initiated and can act in either orientation [Sambrook et al. (1989) “Expression of Cloned Genes in Mammalian Cells.” In Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed].
Mammalian viral genes are often highly expressed and have a broad host range; therefore sequences encoding mammalian viral genes provide particularly useful promoter sequences. Examples include the SV40 early promoter, mouse mammary tumor virus LTR promoter, adenovirus major late promoter (Ad MLP), and herpes simplex virus promoter. In addition, sequences derived from non-viral genes, such as the murine metallotheionein gene, also provide useful promoter sequences. Expression may be either constitutive or regulated (inducible), depending on the promoter can be induced with glucocorticoid in hormone-responsive cells.
The presence of an enhancer element (enhancer), combined with the promoter elements described above, will usually increase expression levels. An enhancer is a regulatory DNA sequence that can stimulate transcription up to 1000-fold when linked to homologous or heterologous promoters, with synthesis beginning at the normal RNA start site. Enhancers are also active when they are placed upstream or downstream from the transcription initiation site, in either normal or flipped orientation, or at a distance of more than 1000 nucleotides from the promoter [Maniatis et al. (1987) Science 236:1237; Alberts et al. (1989) Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed.]. Enhancer elements derived from viruses may be particularly useful, because they usually have a broader host range. Examples include the SV40 early gene enhancer [Dijkema et al (1985) EMBO J. 4:761] and the enhancer/promoters derived from the long terminal repeat (LTR) of the Rous Sarcoma Virus [Gorman et al. (1982) PNAS USA 79:6777] and from human cytomegalovirus [Boshart et al. (1985) Cell 41:521]. Additionally, some enhancers are regulatable and become active only in the presence of an inducer, such as a hormone or metal ion [Sassone-Corsi and Borelli (1986) Trends Genet. 2:215; Maniatis et al. (1987) Science 236:1237].
A DNA molecule may be expressed intracellularly in mammalian cells. A promoter sequence may be directly linked with the DNA molecule, in which case the first amino acid at the N-terminus of the recombinant protein will always be a methionine, which is encoded by the ATG start codon. If desired, the N-terminus may be cleaved from the protein by in vitro incubation with cyanogen bromide.
Alternatively, foreign proteins can also be secreted from the cell into the growth media by creating chimeric DNA molecules that encode a fusion protein comprised of a leader sequence fragment that provides for secretion of the foreign protein in mammalian cells. Preferably, there are processing sites encoded between the leader fragment and the foreign gene that can be cleaved either in vivo or in vitro. The leader sequence fragment usually encodes a signal peptide comprised of hydrophobic amino acids which direct the secretion of the protein from the cell. The adenovirus triparite leader is an example of a leader sequence that provides for secretion of a foreign protein in mammalian cells.
Usually, transcription termination and polyadenylation sequences recognized by mammalian cells are regulatory regions located 3′ to the translation stop codon and thus, together with the promoter elements, flank the coding sequence. The 3′ terminus of the mature mRNA is formed by site-specific post-transcriptional cleavage and polyadenylation [Birnstiel et al. (1985) Cell 41:349; Proudfoot and Whitelaw (1988) “Termination and 3′ end processing of eukaryotic RNA. In Transcription and splicing (ed. B. D. Hames and D. M. Glover); Proudfoot (1989) Trends Biochem. Sci. 14:105]. These sequences direct the transcription of an mRNA which can be translated into the polypeptide encoded by the DNA. Examples of transcription terminater/polyadenylation signals include those derived from SV40 [Sambrook et al (1989) “Expression of cloned genes in cultured mammalian cells.” In Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual].
Usually, the above described components, comprising a promoter, polyadenylation signal, and transcription termination sequence are put together into expression constructs. Enhancers, introns with functional splice donor and acceptor sites, and leader sequences may also be included in an expression construct, if desired. Expression constructs are often maintained in a replicon, such as an extrachromosomal element (e.g. plasmids) capable of stable maintenance in a host, such as mammalian cells or bacteria. Mammalian replication systems include those derived from animal viruses, which require trans-acting factors to replicate. For example, plasmids containing the replication systems of papovaviruses, such as SV40 [Gluzman (1981) Cell 23:175] or polyomavirus, replicate to extremely high copy number in the presence of the appropriate viral T antigen. Additional examples of mammalian replicons include those derived from bovine papillomavirus and Epstein-Barr virus. Additionally, the replicon may have two replicaton systems, thus allowing it to be maintained, for example, in mammalian cells for expression and in a prokaryotic host for cloning and amplification. Examples of such mammalian-bacteria shuttle vectors include pMT2 [Kaufman et al. (1989) Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:946] and pHEBO [Shimizu et al. (1986) Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:1074].
The transformation procedure used depends upon the host to be transformed. Methods for introduction of heterologous polynucleotides into mammalian cells are known in the art and include dextran-mediated transfection, calcium phosphate precipitation, polybrene-mediated transfection, protoplast fusion, electroporation, encapsulation of polynucleotide(s) in liposomes, direct microinjection of the DNA into nuclei.
Mammalian cell lines available as hosts for expression are known in the art and include many immortalized cell lines available from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), including but not limited to, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, HeLa cells, baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells, monkey kidney cells (COS), human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (e.g. Hep G2), and a number of other cell lines.
ii. Baculovirus Systems
The polynucleotide encoding the protein can also be inserted into a suitable insect expression vector, and is operably linked to the control elements within that vector. Vector construction employs techniques which are known in the art. Generally, the components of the expression system include a transfer vector, usually a bacterial plasmid, which contains both a fragment of the baculovirus genome, and a convenient restriction site for insertion of the heterologous gene or genes to be expressed; a wild type baculovirus with a sequence homologous to the baculovirus-specific fragment in the transfer vector (this allows for the homologous recombination of the heterologous gene in to the baculovirus genome); and appropriate insect host cells and growth media.
After inserting the DNA sequence encoding the protein into the transfer vector, the vector and the wild type viral genome are transfected into an insect host cell where the vector and viral genome are allowed to recombine. The packaged recombinant virus is expressed and recombinant plaques are identified and purified. Materials and methods for baculovirus/insect cell expression systems are commercially available in kit form from, inter alia, Invitrogen, San Diego Calif. (“MaxBac” kit). These techniques are generally known to those skilled in the art and fully described in Summers and Smith, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin No. 1555 (1987) (hereinafter “Summers and Smith”).
Prior to inserting the DNA sequence encoding the protein into the baculovirus genome, the above described components, comprising a promoter, leader (if desired), coding sequence of interest, and transcription termination sequence, are usually assembled into an intermediate transplacement construct (transfer vector). This construct may contain a single gene and operably linked regulatory elements; multiple genes, each with its owned set of operably linked regulatory elements; or multiple genes, regulated by the same set of regulatory elements. Intermediate transplacement constructs are often maintained in a replicon, such as an extrachromosomal element (e.g. plasmids) capable of stable maintenance in a host, such as a bacterium. The replicon will have a replication system, thus allowing it to be maintained in a suitable host for cloning and amplification.
Currently, the most commonly used transfer vector for introducing foreign genes into AcNPV is pAc373. Many other vectors, known to those of skill in the art, have also been designed. These include, for example, pVL985 (which alters the polyhedrin start codon from ATG to ATT, and which introduces a BamHI cloning site 32 basepairs downstream from the ATT; see Luckow and Summers, Virology (1989) 17:31.
The plasmid usually also contains the polyhedrin polyadenylation signal (Miller et al. (1988) Ann. Rev. Microbiol., 42:177) and a prokaryotic ampicillin-resistance (amp) gene and origin of replication for selection and propagation in E. coli.
Baculovirus transfer vectors usually contain a baculovirus promoter. A baculovirus promoter is any DNA sequence capable of binding a baculovirus RNA polymerase and initiating the downstream (5′ to 3′) transcription of a coding sequence (e.g. structural gene) into mRNA. A promoter will have a transcription initiation region which is usually placed proximal to the 5′ end of the coding sequence. This transcription initiation region usually includes an RNA polymerase binding site and a transcription initiation site. A baculovirus transfer vector may also have a second domain called an enhancer, which, if present, is usually distal to the structural gene. Expression may be either regulated or constitutive.
Structural genes, abundantly transcribed at late times in a viral infection cycle, provide particularly useful promoter sequences. Examples include sequences derived from the gene encoding the viral polyhedron protein, Friesen et al., (1986) “The Regulation of Baculovirus Gene Expression,” in: The Molecular Biology of Baculoviruses (ed. Walter Doerfler); EPO Publ. Nos. 127 839 and 155 476; and the gene encoding the p10 protein, Vlak et al., (1988), J. Gen. Virol. 69:765.
DNA encoding suitable signal sequences can be derived from genes for secreted insect or baculovirus proteins, such as the baculovirus polyhedrin gene (Carbonell et al. (1988) Gene, 73:409). Alternatively, since the signals for mammalian cell posttranslational modifications (such as signal peptide cleavage, proteolytic cleavage, and phosphorylation) appear to be recognized by insect cells, and the signals required for secretion and nuclear accumulation also appear to be conserved between the invertebrate cells and vertebrate cells, leaders of non-insect origin, such as those derived from genes encoding human α-interferon, Maeda et al., (1985), Nature 315:592; human gastrin-releasing peptide, Lebacq-Verheyden et al., (1988), Molec. Cell. Biol. 8:3129; human IL-2, Smith et al., (1985) Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA, 82:8404; mouse IL-3, (Miyajima et al., (1987) Gene 58:273; and human glucocerebrosidase, Martin et al. (1988) DNA, 7:99, can also be used to provide for secretion in insects.
A recombinant polypeptide or polyprotein may be expressed intracellularly or, if it is expressed with the proper regulatory sequences, it can be secreted. Good intracellular expression of nonfused foreign proteins usually requires heterologous genes that ideally have a short leader sequence containing suitable translation initiation signals preceding an ATG start signal. If desired, methionine at the N-terminus may be cleaved from the mature protein by in vitro incubation with cyanogen bromide.
Alternatively, recombinant polyproteins or proteins which are not naturally secreted can be secreted from the insect cell by creating chimeric DNA molecules that encode a fusion protein comprised of a leader sequence fragment that provides for secretion of the foreign protein in insects. The leader sequence fragment usually encodes a signal peptide comprised of hydrophobic amino acids which direct the translocation of the protein into the endoplasmic reticulum.
After insertion of the DNA sequence and/or the gene encoding the expression product precursor of the protein, an insect cell host is co-transformed with the heterologous DNA of the transfer vector and the genomic DNA of wild type baculovirus—usually by co-transfection. The promoter and transcription termination sequence of the construct will usually comprise a 2-5 kb section of the baculovirus genome. Methods for introducing heterologous DNA into the desired site in the baculovirus virus are known in the art. (See Summers and Smith supra; Ju et al. (1987); Smith et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. (1983) 3:2156; and Luckow and Summers (1989)). For example, the insertion can be into a gene such as the polyhedrin gene, by homologous double crossover recombination; insertion can also be into a restriction enzyme site engineered into the desired baculovirus gene. Miller et al., (1989), Bioessays 4:91. The DNA sequence, when cloned in place of the polyhedrin gene in the expression vector, is flanked both 5′ and 3′ by polyhedrin-specific sequences and is positioned downstream of the polyhedrin promoter.
The newly formed baculovirus expression vector is subsequently packaged into an infectious recombinant baculovirus. Homologous recombination occurs at low frequency (between ˜1% and ˜5%); thus, the majority of the virus produced after cotransfection is still wild-type virus. Therefore, a method is necessary to identify recombinant viruses. An advantage of the expression system is a visual screen allowing recombinant viruses to be distinguished. The polyhedrin protein, which is produced by the native virus, is produced at very high levels in the nuclei of infected cells at late times after viral infection. Accumulated polyhedrin protein forms occlusion bodies that also contain embedded particles. These occlusion bodies, up to 15 μm in size, are highly refractile, giving them a bright shiny appearance that is readily visualized under the light microscope. Cells infected with recombinant viruses lack occlusion bodies. To distinguish recombinant virus from wild-type virus, the transfection supernatant is plaqued onto a monolayer of insect cells by techniques known to those skilled in the art. Namely, the plaques are screened under the light microscope for the presence (indicative of wild-type virus) or absence (indicative of recombinant virus) of occlusion bodies. “Current Protocols in Microbiology” Vol. 2 (Ausubel et al. eds) at 16.8 (Supp. 10, 1990); Summers & Smith, supra; Miller et al. (1989).
Recombinant baculovirus expression vectors have been developed for infection into several insect cells. For example, recombinant baculoviruses have been developed for, inter alia: Aedes aegypti, Autographa californica, Bombyx mori, Drosophila melanogaster, Spodoptera frugiperda, and Trichoplusia ni (WO 89/046699; Carbonell et al., (1985) J. Virol. 56:153; Wright (1986) Nature 321:718; Smith et al., (1983) Mol. Cell. Biol. 3:2156; and see generally, Fraser, et al. (1989) In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. 25:225).
Cells and cell culture media are commercially available for both direct and fusion expression of heterologous polypeptides in a baculovirus/expression system; cell culture technology is generally known to those skilled in the art. See, e.g. Summers and Smith supra.
The modified insect cells may then be grown in an appropriate nutrient medium, which allows for stable maintenance of the plasmid(s) present in the modified insect host. Where the expression product gene is under inducible control, the host may be grown to high density, and expression induced. Alternatively, where expression is constitutive, the product will be continuously expressed into the medium and the nutrient medium must be continuously circulated, while removing the product of interest and augmenting depleted nutrients. The product may be purified by such techniques as chromatography, e.g. HPLC, affinity chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, etc.; electrophoresis; density gradient centrifugation; solvent extraction, or the like. As appropriate, the product may be further purified, as required, so as to remove substantially any insect proteins which are also secreted in the medium or result from lysis of insect cells, so as to provide a product which is at least substantially free of host debris, e.g. proteins, lipids and polysaccharides.
In order to obtain protein expression, recombinant host cells derived from the transformants are incubated under conditions which allow expression of the recombinant protein encoding sequence. These conditions will vary, dependent upon the host cell selected. However, the conditions are readily ascertainable to those of ordinary skill in the art, based upon what is known in the art.
iii. Plant Systems
There are many plant cell culture and whole plant genetic expression systems known in the art. Exemplary plant cellular genetic expression systems include those described in patents, such as: U.S. Pat. No. 5,693,506; U.S. Pat. No. 5,659,122; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,608,143. Additional examples of genetic expression in plant cell culture has been described by Zenk, Phytochemistry 30:3861-3863 (1991). Descriptions of plant protein signal peptides may be found in addition to the references described above in Vaulcombe et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. 209:33-40 (1987); Chandler et al., Plant Molecular Biology 3:407-418 (1984); Rogers, J. Biol. Chem. 260:3731-3738 (1985); Rothstein et al., Gene 55:353-356 (1987); Whittier et al., Nucleic Acids Research 15:2515-2535 (1987); Wirsel et al., Molecular Microbiology 3:3-14 (1989); Yu et al., Gene 122:247-253 (1992). A description of the regulation of plant gene expression by the phytohormone, gibberellic acid and secreted enzymes induced by gibberellic acid can be found in R. L. Jones and J. MacMillin, Gibberellins: in: Advanced Plant Physiology,. Malcolm B. Wilkins, ed., 1984 Pitman Publishing Limited, London, pp. 21-52. References that describe other metabolically-regulated genes: Sheen, Plant Cell, 2:1027-1038(1990); Maas et al., EMBO J. 9:3447-3452 (1990); Benkel and Hickey, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 84:1337-1339 (1987)
Typically, using techniques known in the art, a desired polynucleotide sequence is inserted into an expression cassette comprising genetic regulatory elements designed for operation in plants. The expression cassette is inserted into a desired expression vector with companion sequences upstream and downstream from the expression cassette suitable for expression in a plant host. The companion sequences will be of plasmid or viral origin and provide necessary characteristics to the vector to permit the vectors to move DNA from an original cloning host, such as bacteria, to the desired plant host. The basic bacterial/plant vector construct will preferably provide a broad host range prokaryote replication origin; a prokaryote selectable marker; and, for Agrobacterium transformations, T DNA sequences for Agrobacterium-mediated transfer to plant chromosomes. Where the heterologous gene is not readily amenable to detection, the construct will preferably also have a selectable marker gene suitable for determining if a plant cell has been transformed. A general review of suitable markers, for example for the members of the grass family, is found in Wilmink and Dons, 1993, Plant Mol. Biol. Reptr, 11(2):165-185.
Sequences suitable for permitting integration of the heterologous sequence into the plant genome are also recommended. These might include transposon sequences and the like for homologous recombination as well as Ti sequences which permit random insertion of a heterologous expression cassette into a plant genome. Suitable prokaryote selectable markers include resistance toward antibiotics such as ampicillin or tetracycline. Other DNA sequences encoding additional functions may also be present in the vector, as is known in the art.
The nucleic acid molecules of the subject invention may be included into an expression cassette for expression of the protein(s) of interest. Usually, there will be only one expression cassette, although two or more are feasible. The recombinant expression cassette will contain in addition to the heterologous protein encoding sequence the following elements, a promoter region, plant 5′ untranslated sequences, initiation codon depending upon whether or not the structural gene comes equipped with one, and a transcription and translation termination sequence. Unique restriction enzyme sites at the 5′ and 3′ ends of the cassette allow for easy insertion into a pre-existing vector.
A heterologous coding sequence may be for any protein relating to the present invention. The sequence encoding the protein of interest will encode a signal peptide which allows processing and translocation of the protein, as appropriate, and will usually lack any sequence which might result in the binding of the desired protein of the invention to a membrane. Since, for the most part, the transcriptional initiation region will be for a gene which is expressed and translocated during germination, by employing the signal peptide which provides for translocation, one may also provide for translocation of the protein of interest. In this way, the protein(s) of interest will be translocated from the cells in which they are expressed and may be efficiently harvested.
Typically secretion in seeds are across the aleurone or scutellar epithelium layer into the endosperm of the seed. While it is not required that the protein be secreted from the cells in which the protein is produced, this facilitates the isolation and purification of the recombinant protein.
Since the ultimate expression of the desired gene product will be in a eucaryotic cell it is desirable to determine whether any portion of the cloned gene contains sequences which will be processed out as introns by the host's splicosome machinery. If so, site-directed mutagenesis of the “intron” region may be conducted to prevent losing a portion of the genetic message as a false intron code, Reed and Maniatis, Cell 41:95-105, 1985.
The vector can be microinjected directly into plant cells by use of micropipettes to mechanically transfer the recombinant DNA. Crossway, Mol. Gen. Genet, 202:179-185, 1985. The genetic material may also be transferred into the plant cell by using polyethylene glycol, Krens, et al., Nature, 296, 72-74, 1982. Another method of introduction of nucleic acid segments is high velocity ballistic penetration by small particles with the nucleic acid either within the matrix of small beads or particles, or on the surface, Klein, et al., Nature, 327, 70-73, 1987 and Knudsen and Muller, 1991, Planta, 185:330-336 teaching particle bombardment of barley endosperm to create transgenic barley. Yet another method of introduction would be fusion of protoplasts with other entities, either minicells, cells, lysosomes or other fusible lipid-surfaced bodies, Fraley, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 79, 1859-1863, 1982.
The vector may also be introduced into the plant cells by electroporation. (Fromm et al., Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 82:5824, 1985). In this technique, plant protoplasts are electroporated in the presence of plasmids containing the gene construct. Electrical impulses of high field strength reversibly permeabilize biomembranes allowing the introduction of the plasmids. Electroporated plant protoplasts reform the cell wall, divide, and form plant callus.
All plants from which protoplasts can be isolated and cultured to give whole regenerated plants can be transformed by the present invention so that whole plants are recovered which contain the transferred gene. It is known that practically all plants can be regenerated from cultured cells or tissues, including but not limited to all major species of sugarcane, sugar beet, cotton, fruit and other trees, legumes and vegetables. Some suitable plants include, for example, species from the genera Fragaria, Lotus, Medicago, Onobrychis, Trifolium, Trigonella, Vigna, Citrus, Linum, Geranium, Manihot, Daucus, Arabidopsis, Brassica, Raphanus, Sinapis, Atropa, Capsicum, Datura, Hyoscyamus, Lycopersion, Nicotiana, Solanum, Petunia, Digitalis, Majorana, Cichorium, Helianthus, Lactuca, Bromus, Asparagus, Antirrhinum, Hererocallis, Nemesia, Pelargonium, Panicum, Pennisetum, Ranunculus, Senecio, Salpiglossis, Cucumis, Browaalia, Glycine, Lolium, Zea, Triticum, Sorghum, and Datura.
Means for regeneration vary from species to species of plants, but generally a suspension of transformed protoplasts containing copies of the heterologous gene is first provided. Callus tissue is formed and shoots may be induced from callus and subsequently rooted. Alternatively, embryo formation can be induced from the protoplast suspension. These embryos germinate as natural embryos to form plants. The culture media will generally contain various amino acids and hormones, such as auxin and cytokinins. It is also advantageous to add glutamic acid and proline to the medium, especially for such species as corn and alfalfa. Shoots and roots normally develop simultaneously. Efficient regeneration will depend on the medium, on the genotype, and on the history of the culture. If these three variables are controlled, then regeneration is fully reproducible and repeatable.
In some plant cell culture systems, the desired protein of the invention may be excreted or alternatively, the protein may be extracted from the whole plant. Where the desired protein of the invention is secreted into the medium, it may be collected. Alternatively, the embryos and embryoless-half seeds or other plant tissue may be mechanically disrupted to release any secreted protein between cells and tissues. The mixture may be suspended in a buffer solution to retrieve soluble proteins. Conventional protein isolation and purification methods will be then used to purify the recombinant protein. Parameters of time, temperature pH, oxygen, and volumes will be adjusted through routine methods to optimize expression and recovery of heterologous protein.
iv. Bacterial Systems
Bacterial expression techniques are known in the art. A bacterial promoter is any DNA sequence capable of binding bacterial RNA polymerase and initiating the downstream (3′) transcription of a coding sequence (e.g. structural gene) into mRNA. A promoter will have a transcription initiation region which is usually placed proximal to the 5′ end of the coding sequence. This transcription initiation region usually includes an RNA polymerase binding site and a transcription initiation site. A bacterial promoter may also have a second domain called an operator, that may overlap an adjacent RNA polymerase binding site at which RNA synthesis begins. The operator permits negative regulated (inducible) transcription, as a gene repressor protein may bind the operator and thereby inhibit transcription of a specific gene. Constitutive expression may occur in the absence of negative regulatory elements, such as the operator. In addition, positive regulation may be achieved by a gene activator protein binding sequence, which, if present is usually proximal (5′) to the RNA polymerase binding sequence. An example of a gene activator protein is the catabolite activator protein (CAP), which helps initiate transcription of the lac operon in Escherichia coli (E. coli) [Raibaud et al. (1984) Annu. Rev. Genet. 18:173]. Regulated expression may therefore be either positive or negative, thereby either enhancing or reducing transcription.
Sequences encoding metabolic pathway enzymes provide particularly useful promoter sequences. Examples include promoter sequences derived from sugar metabolizing enzymes, such as galactose, lactose (lac) [Chang et al. (1977) Nature 198:1056], and maltose. Additional examples include promoter sequences derived from biosynthetic enzymes such as tryptophan (trp) [Goeddel et al. (1980) Nuc. Acids Res. 8:4057; Yelverton et al. (1981) Nucl. Acids Res. 9:731; U.S. Pat. No. 4,738,921; EP-A-0036776 and EP-A-0121775]. The g-laotamase (bla) promoter system [Weissmann (1981) “The cloning of interferon and other mistakes.” In Interferon 3 (ed. I. Gresser)], bacteriophage lambda PL [Shimatake et al. (1981) Nature 292:128] and T5 [U.S. Pat. No. 4,689,406] promoter systems also provide useful promoter sequences.
In addition, synthetic promoters which do not occur in nature also function as bacterial promoters. For example, transcription activation sequences of one bacterial or bacteriophage promoter may be joined with the operon sequences of another bacterial or bacteriophage promoter, creating a synthetic hybrid promoter [U.S. Pat. No. 4,551,433]. For example, the tac promoter is a hybrid trp-lac promoter comprised of both trp promoter and lac operon sequences that is regulated by the lac repressor [Amann et al. (1983) Gene 25:167; de Boer et al. (1983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 80:21]. Furthermore, a bacterial promoter can include naturally occurring promoters of non-bacterial origin that have the ability to bind bacterial RNA polymerase and initiate transcription. A naturally occurring promoter of non-bacterial origin can also be coupled with a compatible RNA polymerase to produce high levels of expression of some genes in prokaryotes. The bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase/promoter system is an example of a coupled promoter system [Studier et al. (1986) J. Mol. Biol. 189:113; Tabor et al. (1985) Proc Natl. Acad. Sci. 82:1074]. In addition, a hybrid promoter can also be comprised of a bacteriophage promoter and an E. coli operator region (EPO-A-0 267 85 1).
In addition to a functioning promoter sequence, an efficient ribosome binding site is also useful for the expression of foreign genes in prokaryotes. In E. coli, the ribosome binding site is called the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence and includes an initiation codon (ATG) and a sequence 3-9 nucleotides in length located 3-11 nucleotides upstream of the initiation codon [Shine et al. (1975) Nature 254:34]. The SD sequence is thought to promote binding of mRNA to the ribosome by the pairing of bases between the SD sequence and the 3′ and of E. coli 16S rRNA [Steitz et al. (1979) “Genetic signals and nucleotide sequences in messenger RNA.” In Biological Regulation and Development: Gene Expression (ed. R. F. Goldberger)]. To express eukaryotic genes and prokaryotic genes with weak ribosome-binding site [Sambrook et al. (1989) “Expression of cloned genes in Escherichia coli.” In Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual].
A DNA molecule may be expressed intracellularly. A promoter sequence may be directly linked with the DNA molecule, in which case the first amino acid at the N-terminus will always be a methionine, which is encoded by the ATG start codon. If desired, methionine at the N-terminus may be cleaved from the protein by in vitro incubation with cyanogen bromide or by either in vivo on in vitro incubation with a bacterial methionine N-terminal peptidase (EPO-A-0 219 237).
Fusion proteins provide an alternative to direct expression. Usually, a DNA sequence encoding the N-terminal portion of an endogenous bacterial protein, or other stable protein, is fused to the 5′ end of heterologous coding sequences. Upon expression, this construct will provide a fusion of the two amino acid sequences. For example, the bacteriophage lambda cell gene can be linked at the 5′ terminus of a foreign gene and expressed in bacteria. The resulting fusion protein preferably retains a site for a processing enzyme (factor Xa) to cleave the bacteriophage protein from the foreign gene [Nagai et al. (1984) Nature 309:810]. Fusion proteins can also be made with sequences from the lacZ [Jia et al. (1987) Gene 60:197], trpE [Allen et al. (1987) J. Biotechnol. 5:93; Makoff et al. (1989) J. Gen. Microbiol. 135:11], and Chey [EP-A-0 324 647] genes. The DNA sequence at the junction of the two amino acid sequences may or may not encode a cleavable site. Another example is a ubiquitin fusion protein. Such a fusion protein is made with the ubiquitin region that preferably retains a site for a processing enzyme (e.g. ubiquitin specific processing-protease) to cleave the ubiquitin from the foreign protein. Through this method, native foreign protein can be isolated [Miller et al. (1989) Bio/Technology 7:698].
Alternatively, foreign proteins can also be secreted from the cell by creating chimeric DNA molecules that encode a fusion protein comprised of a signal peptide sequence fragment that provides for secretion of the foreign protein in bacteria [U.S. Pat. No. 4,336,336]. The signal sequence fragment usually encodes a signal peptide comprised of hydrophobic amino acids which direct the secretion of the protein from the cell. The protein is either secreted into the growth media (gram-positive bacteria) or into the periplasmic space, located between the inner and outer membrane of the cell (gram-negative bacteria). Preferably there are processing sites, which can be cleaved either in vivo or in vitro encoded between the signal peptide fragment and the foreign gene.
DNA encoding suitable signal sequences can be derived from genes for secreted bacterial proteins, such as the E. coli outer membrane protein gene (ompA) [Masui et al. (1983), in: Experimental Manipulation of Gene Expression; Ghrayeb et al. (1984) EMBO J. 3:2437] and the E. coli alkaline phosphatase signal sequence (phoA) [Oka et al. (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 82:7212]. As an additional example, the signal sequence of the alpha-amylase gene from various Bacillus strains can be used to secrete heterologous proteins from B. subtilis [Palva et al. (1982) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:5582; EP-A-0 244 042].
Usually, transcription termination sequences recognized by bacteria are regulatory regions located 3′ to the translation stop codon, and thus together with the promoter flank the coding sequence. These sequences direct the transcription of an mRNA which can be translated into the polypeptide encoded by the DNA. Transcription termination sequences frequently include DNA sequences of about 50 nucleotides capable of forming stem loop structures that aid in terminating transcription. Examples include transcription termination sequences derived from genes with strong promoters, such as the trp gene in E. coli as well as other biosynthetic genes.
Usually, the above described components, comprising a promoter, signal sequence (if desired), coding sequence of interest, and transcription termination sequence, are put together into expression constructs. Expression constructs are often maintained in a replicon, such as an extrachromosomal element (e.g. plasmids) capable of stable maintenance in a host, such as bacteria. The replicon will have a replication system, thus allowing it to be maintained in a prokaryotic host either for expression or for cloning and amplification. In addition, a replicon may be either a high or low copy number plasmid. A high copy number plasmid will generally have a copy number ranging from about 5 to about 200, and usually about 10 to about 150. A host containing a high copy number plasmid will preferably contain at least about 10, and more preferably at least about 20 plasmids. Either a high or low copy number vector may be selected, depending upon the effect of the vector and the foreign protein on the host.
Alternatively, the expression constructs can be integrated into the bacterial genome with an integrating vector. Integrating vectors usually contain at least one sequence homologous to the bacterial chromosome that allows the vector to integrate. Integrations appear to result from recombinations between homologous DNA in the vector and the bacterial chromosome. For example, integrating vectors constructed with DNA from various Bacillus strains integrate into the Bacillus chromosome (EP-A-0 127 328). Integrating vectors may also be comprised of bacteriophage or transposon sequences.
Usually, extrachromosomal and integrating expression constructs may contain selectable markers to allow for the selection of bacterial strains that have been transformed. Selectable markers can be expressed in the bacterial host and may include genes which render bacteria resistant to drugs such as ampicillin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, kanamycin (neomycin), and tetracycline [Davies et al. (1978) Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 32:469]. Selectable markers may also include biosynthetic genes, such as those in the histidine, tryptophan, and leucine biosynthetic pathways.
Alternatively, some of the above described components can be put together in transformation vectors. Transformation vectors are usually comprised of a selectable market that is either maintained in a replicon or developed into an integrating vector, as described above.
Expression and transformation vectors, either extra-chromosomal replicons or integrating vectors, have been developed for transformation into many bacteria. For example, expression vectors have been developed for, inter alia, the following bacteria: Bacillus subtilis [Palva et al. (1982) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:5582; EP-A-0 036 259 and EP-A-0 063 953; WO 84/04541], Escherichia coli [Shimatake et al. (1981) Nature 292:128; Amann et al. (1985) Gene 40:183; Studier et al. (1986) J. Mol. Biol. 189:113; EP-A-0 036 776, EP-A-0 136 829 and EP-A-0 136 907], Streptococcus cremoris [Powell et al. (1988) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54:655]; Streptococcus lividans [Powell et al. (1988) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54:655], Streptomyces lividans [U.S. Pat. No. 4,745,056].
Methods of introducing exogenous DNA into bacterial hosts are well-known in the art, and usually include either the transformation of bacteria treated with CaCl2 or other agents, such as divalent cations and DMSO. DNA can also be introduced into bacterial cells by electroporation. Transformation procedures usually vary with the bacterial species to be transformed. See e.g. [Masson et al. (1989) FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 60:273; Palva et al. (1982) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:5582; EP-A-0 036 259 and EP-A-0 063 953; WO 84/04541, Bacillus], [Miller et al. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 85:856; Wang et al. (1990) J. Bacteriol. 172:949, Campylobacter], [Cohen et al. (1973) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 69:2110; Dower et al. (1988) Nucleic Acids Res. 16:6127; Kushner (1978) “An improved method for transformation of Escherichia coli with ColEl-derived plasmids. In Genetic Engineering: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Genetic Engineering (eds. H. W. Boyer and S. Nicosia); Mandel et al. (1970) J. Mol. Biol. 53:159; Taketo (1988) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 949:318; Escherichia], [Chassy et al. (1987) FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 44:173 Lactobacillus]; [Fiedler et al. (1988) Anal. Biochem 170:38, Pseudomonas]; [Augustin et al. (1990) FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 66:203, Staphylococcus], [Barany et al. (1980) J. Bacteriol. 144:698; Harlander (1987) “Transformation of Streptococcus lactis by electroporation, in: Streptococcal Genetics (ed. J. Ferretti and R. Curtiss III); Perry et al. (1981) Infect. Immun. 32:1295; Powell et al. (1988) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54:655; Somkuti et al. (1987) Proc. 4th Evr. Cong. Biotechnology 1:412, Streptococcus].
v. Yeast Expression
Yeast expression systems are also known to one of ordinary skill in the art. A yeast promoter is any DNA sequence capable of binding yeast RNA polymerase and initiating the downstream (3′) transcription of a coding sequence (e.g. structural gene) into mRNA. A promoter will have a transcription initiation region which is usually placed proximal to the 5′ end of the coding sequence. This transcription initiation region usually includes an RNA polymerase binding site (the “TATA Box”) and a transcription initiation site. A yeast promoter may also have a second domain called an upstream activator sequence (UAS), which, if present, is usually distal to the structural gene. The UAS permits regulated (inducible) expression. Constitutive expression occurs in the absence of a UAS. Regulated expression may be either positive or negative, thereby either enhancing or reducing transcription.
Yeast is a fermenting organism with an active metabolic pathway, therefore sequences encoding enzymes in the metabolic pathway provide particularly useful promoter sequences. Examples include alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) (EP-A-0 284 044), enolase, glucokinase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase (GAP or GAPDH), hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, 3-phosphoglycerate mutase, and pyruvate kinase (PyK) (EPO-A-0 329 203). The yeast PHO5 gene, encoding acid phosphatase, also provides useful promoter sequences [Myanohara et al. (1983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:1].
In addition, synthetic promoters which do not occur in nature also function as yeast promoters. For example, UAS sequences of one yeast promoter may be joined with the transcription activation region of another yeast promoter, creating a synthetic hybrid promoter. Examples of such hybrid promoters include the ADH regulatory sequence linked to the GAP transcription activation region (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,876,197 and 4,880,734). Other examples of hybrid promoters include promoters which consist of the regulatory sequences of either the ADH2, GAL4, GAL10, OR PHO5 genes, combined with the transcriptional activation region of a glycolytic enzyme gene such as GAP or PyK (EP-A-0 164 556). Furthermore, a yeast promoter can include naturally occurring promoters of non-yeast origin that have the ability to bind yeast RNA polymerase and initiate transcription. Examples of such promoters include, inter alia, [Cohen et al. (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:1078; Henikoff et al. (1981) Nature 283:835; Hollenberg et al. (1981) Curr. Topics Microbiol. Immunol. 96:119; Hollenberg et al. (1979) “The Expression of Bacterial Antibiotic Resistance Genes in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae,” in: Plasmids of Medical, Environmental and Commercial Importance (eds. K. N. Timmis and A. Puhler); Mercerau-Puigalon et al. (1980) Gene 11:163; Panthier et al. (1980) Curr. Genet. 2:109].
A DNA molecule may be expressed intracellularly in yeast. A promoter sequence may be directly linked with the DNA molecule, in which case the first amino acid at the N-terminus of the recombinant protein will always be a methionine, which is encoded by the ATG start codon. If desired, methionine at the N-terminus may be cleaved from the protein by in vitro incubation with cyanogen bromide.
Fusion proteins provide an alternative for yeast expression systems, as well as in mammalian, baculovirus, and bacterial expression systems. Usually, a DNA sequence encoding the N-terminal portion of an endogenous yeast protein, or other stable protein, is fused to the 5′ end of heterologous coding sequences. Upon expression, this construct will provide a fusion of the two amino acid sequences. For example, the yeast or human superoxide dismutase (SOD) gene, can be linked at the 5′ terminus of a foreign gene and expressed in yeast. The DNA sequence at the junction of the two amino acid sequences may or may not encode a cleavable site. See e.g. EP-A-0 196 056. Another example is a ubiquitin fusion protein. Such a fusion protein is made with the ubiquitin region that preferably retains a site for a processing enzyme (e.g. ubiquitin-specific processing protease) to cleave the ubiquitin from the foreign protein. Through this method, therefore, native foreign protein can be isolated (e.g. WO88/024066).
Alternatively, foreign proteins can also be secreted from the cell into the growth media by creating chimeric DNA molecules that encode a fusion protein comprised of a leader sequence fragment that provide for secretion in yeast of the foreign protein. Preferably, there are processing sites encoded between the leader fragment and the foreign gene that can be cleaved either in vivo or in vitro. The leader sequence fragment usually encodes a signal peptide comprised of hydrophobic amino acids which direct the secretion of the protein from the cell.
DNA encoding suitable signal sequences can be derived from genes for secreted yeast proteins, such as the genes for invertase (EP-A-0012873; JPO 62,096,086) and A-factor (U.S. Pat. No. 4,588,684). Alternatively, leaders of non-yeast origin exit, such as an interferon leader, that also provide for secretion in yeast (EP-A-0060057).
A preferred class of secretion leaders are those that employ a fragment of the yeast alpha-factor gene, which contains both a “pre” signal sequence, and a “pro” region. The types of alpha-factor fragments that can be employed include the full-length pre-pro alpha factor leader (about 83 amino acid residues) as well as truncated alpha-factor leaders (usually about 25 to about 50 amino acid residues) (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,546,083 and 4,870,008; EP-A-0 324 274). Additional leaders employing an alpha-factor leader fragment that provides for secretion include hybrid alpha-factor leaders made with a presequence of a first yeast, but a pro-region from a second yeast alphafactor. (e.g. see WO 89/02463.)
Usually, transcription termination sequences recognized by yeast are regulatory regions located 3′ to the translation stop codon, and thus together with the promoter flank the coding sequence. These sequences direct the transcription of an mRNA which can be translated into the polypeptide encoded by the DNA. Examples of transcription terminator sequence and other yeast-recognized termination sequences, such as those coding for glycolytic enzymes.
Usually, the above described components, comprising a promoter, leader (if desired), coding sequence of interest, and transcription termination sequence, are put together into expression constructs. Expression constructs are often maintained in a replicon, such as an extrachromosomal element (e.g. plasmids) capable of stable maintenance in a host, such as yeast or bacteria. The replicon may have two replication systems, thus allowing it to be maintained, for example, in yeast for expression and in a prokaryotic host for cloning and amplification. Examples of such yeast-bacteria shuttle vectors include YEp24 [Botstein et al. (1979) Gene 8:17-24], pCl/1 [Brake et al. (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 81:4642-4646], and YRp17 [Stinchcomb et al. (1982) J. Mol. Biol. 158:157]. In addition, a replicon may be either a high or low copy number plasmid. A high copy number plasmid will generally have a copy number ranging from about 5 to about 200, and usually about 10 to about 150. A host containing a high copy number plasmid will preferably have at least about 10, and more preferably at least about 20. Enter a high or low copy number vector may be selected, depending upon the effect of the vector and the foreign protein on the host. See e.g. Brake et al., supra.
Alternatively, the expression constructs can be integrated into the yeast genome with an integrating vector. Integrating vectors usually contain at least one sequence homologous to a yeast chromosome that allows the vector to integrate, and preferably contain two homologous sequences flanking the expression construct. Integrations appear to result from recombinations between homologous DNA in the vector and the yeast chromosome [Orr-Weaver et al. (1983) Methods in Enzymol. 101:228-245]. An integrating vector may be directed to a specific locus in yeast by selecting the appropriate homologous sequence for inclusion in the vector. See Orr-Weaver et al., supra. One or more expression construct may integrate, possibly affecting levels of recombinant protein produced [Rine et al. (1983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:6750]. The chromosomal sequences included in the vector can occur either as a single segment in the vector, which results in the integration of the entire vector, or two segments homologous to adjacent segments in the chromosome and flanking the expression construct in the vector, which can result in the stable integration of only the expression construct.
Usually, extrachromosomal and integrating expression constructs may contain selectable markers to allow for the selection of yeast strains that have been transformed. Selectable markers may include biosynthetic genes that can be expressed in the yeast host, such as ADE2, HIS4, LEU2, TRP1, and ALG7, and the G418 resistance gene, which confer resistance in yeast cells to tunicamycin and G418, respectively. In addition, a suitable selectable marker may also provide yeast with the ability to grow in the presence of toxic compounds, such as metal. For example, the presence of CUP1 allows yeast to grow in the presence of copper ions [Butt et al. (1987) Microbiol, Rev. 51:351].
Alternatively, some of the above described components can be put together into transformation vectors. Transformation vectors are usually comprised of a selectable marker that is either maintained in a replicon or developed into an integrating vector, as described above.
Expression and transformation vectors, either extrachromosomal replicons or integrating vectors, have been developed for transformation into many yeasts. For example, expression vectors have been developed for, inter alia, the following yeasts:Candida albicans [Kurtz, et al. (1986) Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:142], Candida maltosa [Kunze, et al. (1985) J. Basic Microbiol. 25:141]. Hansenula polymorpha [Gleeson, et al. (1986) J. Gen. Microbiol. 132:3459; Roggenkamp et al. (1986) Mol. Gen. Genet. 202:302], Kluyveromyces fragilis [Das, et al. (1984) J. Bacteriol. 158:1165], Kluyveromyces lactis [De Louvencourt et al. (1983) J. Bacteriol. 154:737; Van den Berg et al. (1990) Bio/Technology 8:135], Pichia guillerimondii [Kunze et al. (1985) J. Basic Microbiol. 25:141], Pichia pastoris [Cregg, et al. (1985) Mol. Cell. Biol. 5:3376; U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,837,148 and 4,929,555], Saccharomyces cerevisiae [Hinnen et al. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75:1929; Ito et al. (1983) J. Bacteriol. 153:163], Schizosaccharomyces pombe [Beach and Nurse (1981) Nature 300:706], and Yarrowia lipolytica [Davidow, et al. (1985) Curr. Genet. 10:380471 Gaillardin, et al. (1985) Curr. Genet. 10:49].
Methods of introducing exogenous DNA into yeast hosts are well-known in the art, and usually include either the transformation of spheroplasts or of intact yeast cells treated with alkali cations. Transformation procedures usually vary with the yeast species to be transformed. See e.g. [Kurtz et al. (1986) Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:142; Kunze et al. (1985) J. Basic Microbiol. 25:141; Candida]; [Gleeson et al. (1986) J. Gen. Microbiol. 132:3459; Roggenkamp et al. (1986) Mol. Gen. Genet. 202:302; Hansenula]; [Das et al. (1984) J. Bacteriol. 158:1165; De Louvencourt et al. (1983) J. Bacteriol. 154:1165; Van den Berg et al. (1990) Bio/Technology 8:135; Kluyveromyces]; [Cregg et al. (1985) Mol. Cell. Biol. 5:3376; Kunze et al. (1985) J. Basic Microbiol. 25:141; U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,837,148 & 4,929,555; Pichia]; [Hinnen et al. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75;1929; Ito et al. (1983) J. Bacteriol. 153:163 Saccharomyces]; [Beach & Nurse (1981) Nature 300:706; Schizosaccharomyces]; [Davidow et al. (1985) Curr. Genet. 10:39; Gaillardin et al. (1985) Curr. Genet. 10:49; Yarrowia].
Pharmaceutical Compositions
Pharmaceutical compositions can comprise polypeptides and/or nucleic acid of the invention. The pharmaceutical compositions will comprise a therapeutically effective amount of either polypeptides, antibodies, or polynucleotides of the claimed invention.
The term “therapeutically effective amount” as used herein refers to an amount of a therapeutic agent to treat, ameliorate, or prevent a desired disease or condition, or to exhibit a detectable therapeutic or preventative effect. The effect can be detected by, for example, chemical markers or antigen levels. Therapeutic effects also include reduction in physical symptoms, such as decreased body temperature. The precise effective amount for a subject will depend upon the subject's size and health, the nature and extent of the condition, and the therapeutics or combination of therapeutics selected for administration. Thus, it is not useful to specify an exact effective amount in advance. However, the effective amount for a given situation can be determined by routine experimentation and is within the judgement of the clinician.
For purposes of the present invention, an effective dose will be from about 0.01 mg/kg to 50 mg/kg or 0.05 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg of the DNA constructs in the individual to which it is administered.
A pharmaceutical composition can also contain a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers to a carrier for administration of a therapeutic agent, such as antibodies or a polypeptide, genes, and other therapeutic agents. The term refers to any pharmaceutical carrier that does not itself induce the production of antibodies harmful to the individual receiving the composition, and which may be administered without undue toxicity. Suitable carriers may be large, slowly metabolized macromolecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, polylactic acids, polyglycolic acids, polymeric amino acids, amino acid copolymers, and inactive virus particles. Such carriers are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
Pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be used therein, for example, mineral acid salts such as hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, phosphates, sulfates, and the like; and the salts of organic acids such as acetates, propionates, malonates, benzoates, and the like. A thorough discussion of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients is available in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (Mack Pub. Co., N.J. 1991).
Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers in therapeutic compositions may contain liquids such as water, saline, glycerol and ethanol. Additionally, auxiliary substances, such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering substances, and the like, may be present in such vehicles. Typically, the therapeutic compositions are prepared as injectables, either as liquid solutions or suspensions; solid forms suitable for solution in, or suspension in, liquid vehicles prior to injection may also be prepared. Liposomes are included within the definition of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
Delivery Methods
Once formulated, the compositions of the invention can be administered directly to the subject. The subjects to be treated can be animals; in particular, human subjects can be treated.
Direct delivery of the compositions will generally be accomplished by injection, either subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, intravenously or intramuscularly or delivered to the interstitial space of a tissue. The compositions can also be administered into a lesion. Other modes of administration include oral and pulmonary administration, suppositories, and transdermal or transcutaneous applications (e.g. see WO98/20734), needles, and gene guns or hyposprays. Dosage treatment may be a single dose schedule or a multiple dose schedule.
Vaccines
Vaccines according to the invention may either be prophylactic (ie. to prevent infection) or therapeutic (ie. to treat disease after infection).
Such vaccines comprise immunizing antigen(s), immunogen(s), polypeptide(s), protein(s) or nucleic acid, usually in combination with “pharmaceutically acceptable carriers,” which include any carrier that does not itself induce the production of antibodies harmful to the individual receiving the composition. Suitable carriers are typically large, slowly metabolized macromolecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, polylactic acids, polyglycolic acids, polymeric amino acids, amino acid copolymers, lipid aggregates (such as oil droplets or liposomes), and inactive virus particles. Such carriers are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Additionally, these carriers may function as immunostimulating agents (“adjuvants”). Furthermore, the antigen or immunogen may be conjugated to a bacterial toxoid, such as a toxoid from diphtheria, tetanus, cholera, H. pylori, etc. pathogens.
Preferred adjuvants to enhance effectiveness of the composition include, but are not limited to: (1) aluminum salts (alum), such as aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate, aluminum sulfate, etc; (2) oil-in-water emulsion formulations (with or without other specific immunostimulating agents such as muramyl peptides (see below) or bacterial cell wall components), such as for example (a) MF59™ (WO 90/14837; Chapter 10 in Vaccine design: the subunit and adjuvant approach, eds. Powell & Newman, Plenum Press 1995), containing 5% Squalene, 0.5% Tween 80, and 0.5% Span 85 (optionally containing various amounts of MTP-PE (see below), although not required) formulated into submicron particles using a microfluidizer such as Model 110Y microfluidizer (Microfluidics, Newton, Mass.), (b) SAF, containing 10% Squalane, 0.4% Tween 80, 5% pluronic-blocked polymer L121, and thr-MDP (see below) either microfluidized into a submicron emulsion or vortexed to generate a larger particle size emulsion, and (c) Ribi™ adjuvant system (RAS), (Ribi Immunochem, Hamilton, Mont.) containing 2% Squalene, 0.2% Tween 80, and one or more bacterial cell wall components from the group consisting of monophosphorylipid A (MPL), trehalose dimycolate (TDM), and cell wall skeleton (CWS), preferably MPL+CWS (Detox™); (3) saponin adjuvants, such as Stimulon™ (Cambridge Bioscience, Worcester, Mass.) may be used or particles generated therefrom such as ISCOMs (immunostimulating complexes); (4) Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) and Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant (IFA); (5) cytokines, such as interleukins (e.g. IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-12, etc.), interferons (e.g. gamma interferon), macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), etc; and (6) other substances that act as immunostimulating agents to enhance the effectiveness of the composition. Alum and MF59™ are preferred.
As mentioned above, muramyl peptides include, but are not limited to, N-acetyl-muramyl-L-threonyl-D-isoglutamine (thr-MDP), N-acetyl-normuramyl-
The immunogenic compositions (e.g. the immunizing antigen/immunogen/polypeptide/protein/nucleic acid, pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and adjuvant) typically will contain diluents, such as water, saline, glycerol, ethanol, etc. Additionally, auxiliary substances, such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering substances, and the like, may be present in such vehicles.
Typically, the immunogenic compositions are prepared as injectables, either as liquid solutions or suspensions; solid forms suitable for solution in, or suspension in, liquid vehicles prior to injection may also be prepared. The preparation also may be emulsified or encapsulated in liposomes for enhanced adjuvant effect, as discussed above under pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
Immunogenic compositions used as vaccines comprise an immunologically effective amount of the antigenic or immunogenic polypeptides, as well as any other of the above-mentioned components, as needed. By “immunologically effective amount”, it is meant that the administration of that amount to an individual, either in a single dose or as part of a series, is effective for treatment or prevention. This amount varies depending upon the health and physical condition of the individual to be treated, the taxonomic group of individual to be treated (e.g. nonhuman primate, primate, etc.), the capacity of the individual's immune system to synthesize antibodies, the degree of protection desired, the formulation of the vaccine, the treating doctor's assessment of the medical situation, and other relevant factors. It is expected that the amount will fall in a relatively broad range that can be determined through routine trials.
The immunogenic compositions are conventionally administered parenterally, e.g. by injection, either subcutaneously, intramuscularly, or transdermally/transcutaneously (e.g. WO98/20734). Additional formulations suitable for other modes of administration include oral and pulmonary formulations, suppositories, and transdermal applications. Dosage treatment may be a single dose schedule or a multiple dose schedule. The vaccine may be administered in conjunction with other immunoregulatory agents.
As an alternative to protein-based vaccines, DNA vaccination may be employed [e.g. Robinson & Torres (1997) Seminars in Immunology 9:271-283; Donnelly et al. (1997) Annu Rev Immunol 15:617-648; see later herein].
Gene Delivery Vehicles
Gene therapy vehicles for delivery of constructs including a coding sequence of a therapeutic of the invention, to be delivered to the mammal for expression in the mammal, can be administered either locally or systemically. These constructs can utilize viral or non-viral vector approaches in in vivo or ex vivo modality. Expression of such coding sequence can be induced using endogenous mammalian or heterologous promoters. Expression of the coding sequence in vivo can be either constitutive or regulated.
The invention includes gene delivery vehicles capable of expressing the contemplated nucleic acid sequences. The gene delivery vehicle is preferably a viral vector and, more preferably, a retroviral, adenoviral, adeno-associated viral (AAV), herpes viral, or alphavirus vector. The viral vector can also be an astrovirus, coronavirus, orthomyxovirus, papovavirus, paramyxovirus, parvovirus, picornavirus, poxvirus, or togavirus viral vector. See generally, Jolly (1994) Cancer Gene Therapy 1:51-64; Kimura (1994) Human Gene Therapy 5:845-852; Connelly (1995) Human Gene Therapy 6:185-193; and Kaplitt (1994) Nature Genetics 6:148-153.
Retroviral vectors are well known in the art and we contemplate that any retroviral gene therapy vector is employable in the invention, including B, C and D type retroviruses, xenotropic retroviruses (for example, NZB-X1, NZB-X2 and NZB9-1 (see O'Neill (1985) J. Virol. 53:160) polytropic retroviruses e.g. MCF and MCF-MLV (see Kelly (1983) J. Virol. 45:291), spumaviruses and lentiviruses. See RNA Tumor Viruses, Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1985.
Portions of the retroviral gene therapy vector may be derived from different retroviruses. For example, retrovector LTRs may be derived from a Murine Sarcoma Virus, a tRNA binding site from a Rous Sarcoma Virus, a packaging signal from a Murine Leukemia Virus, and an origin of second strand synthesis from an Avian Leukosis Virus.
These recombinant retroviral vectors may be used to generate transduction competent retroviral vector particles by introducing them into appropriate packaging cell lines (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,591,624). Retrovirus vectors can be constructed for site-specific integration into host cell DNA by incorporation of a chimeric integrase enzyme into the retroviral particle (see WO96/37626). It is preferable that the recombinant viral vector is a replication defective recombinant virus.
Packaging cell lines suitable for use with the above-described retrovirus vectors are well known in the art, are readily prepared (see WO95/30763 and WO92/05266), and can be used to create producer cell lines (also termed vector cell lines or “VCLs”) for the production of recombinant vector particles. Preferably, the packaging cell lines are made from human parent cells (e.g. HT1080 cells) or mink parent cell lines, which eliminates inactivation in human serum.
Preferred retroviruses for the construction of retroviral gene therapy vectors include Avian Leukosis Virus, Bovine Leukemia, Virus, Murine Leukemia Virus, Mink-Cell Focus-Inducing Virus, Murine Sarcoma Virus, Reticuloendotheliosis Virus and Rous Sarcoma Virus. Particularly preferred Murine Leukemia Viruses include 4070A and 1504A (Hartley and Rowe (1976) J Virol 19:19-25), Abelson (ATCC No. VR-999), Friend (ATCC No. VR-245), Graffi, Gross (ATCC No1 VR-590), Kirsten, Harvey Sarcoma Virus and Rauscher (ATCC No. VR-998) and Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus (ATCC No. VR-190). Such retroviruses may be obtained from depositories or collections such as the American Type Culture Collection (“ATCC”) in Rockville, Md. or isolated from known sources using commonly available techniques.
Exemplary known retroviral gene therapy vectors employable in this invention include those described in patent applications GB2200651, EP0415731, EP0345242, EP0334301, WO89/02468; WO89/05349, WO89/09271, WO90/02806, WO90/07936, WO94/03622, WO93/25698, WO93/25234, WO93/11230, WO93/10218, WO91/02805, WO91/02825, WO95/07994, U.S. Pat. No. 5,219,740, U.S. Pat. No. 4,405,712, U.S. Pat. No. 4,861,719, U.S. Pat. No. 4,980,289, U.S. Pat. No. 4,777,127, U.S. Pat. No. 5,591,624. See also Vile (1993) Cancer Res 53:3860-3864; Vile (1993) Cancer Res 53:962-867; Ram (1993) Cancer Res 53 (1993) 83-88; Takamiya (1992) J Neurosci Res 33:493-503; Baba (1993) J Neurosurg 79:729-735; Mann (1983) Cell 33:153; Cane (1984) Proc Natl Acad Sci 81:6349; and Miller (1990) Human Gene Therapy 1.
Human adenoviral gene therapy vectors are also known in the art and employable in this invention. See, for example, Berkner (1988) Biotechniques 6:616 and Rosenfeld (1991) Science 252:431, and WO93/07283, WO93/06223, and WO93/07282. Exemplary known adenoviral gene therapy vectors employable in this invention include those described in the above referenced documents and in WO94/12649, WO93/03769, WO93/19191, WO94/28938, WO95/11984, WO95/00655, WO95/27071, WO95/29993, WO95/34671, WO96/05320, WO94/08026, WO94/11506, WO93/06223, WO94/24299, WO95/14102, WO95/24297, WO95/02697, WO94/28152, WO94/24299, WO95/09241, WO95/25807, WO95/05835, WO94/18922 and WO95/09654. Alternatively, administration of DNA linked to killed adenovirus as described in Curiel (1992) Hum. Gene Ther. 3:147-154 may be employed. The gene delivery vehicles of the invention also include adenovirus associated virus (AAV) vectors. Leading and preferred examples of such vectors for use in this invention are the AAV-2 based vectors disclosed in Srivastava, WO93/09239. Most preferred AAV vectors comprise the two AAV inverted terminal repeats in which the native D-sequences are modified by substitution of nucleotides, such that at least 5 native nucleotides and up to 18 native nucleotides, preferably at least 10 native nucleotides up to 18 native nucleotides, most preferably 10 native nucleotides are retained and the remaining nucleotides of the D-sequence are deleted or replaced with non-native nucleotides. The native D-sequences of the AAV inverted terminal repeats are sequences of 20 consecutive nucleotides in each AAV inverted terminal repeat (ie. there is one sequence at each end) which are not involved in HP formation. The non-native replacement nucleotide may be any nucleotide other than the nucleotide found in the native D-sequence in the same position. Other employable exemplary AAV vectors are pWP-19, pWN-1, both of which are disclosed in Nahreini (1993) Gene 124:257-262. Another example of such an AAV vector is psub201 (see Samulski (1987) J. Virol. 61:3096). Another exemplary AAV vector is the Double-D ITR vector. Construction of the Double-D ITR vector is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,478,745. Still other vectors are those disclosed in Carter U.S. Pat. No. 4,797,368 and Muzyczka U.S. Pat. No. 5,139,941, Chartejee U.S. Pat. No. 5,474,935, and Kotin WO94/288157. Yet a further example of an AAV vector employable in this invention is SSV9AFABTKneo, which contains the AFP enhancer and albumin promoter and directs expression predominantly in the liver. Its structure and construction are disclosed in Su (1996) Human Gene Therapy 7:463-470. Additional AAV gene therapy vectors are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,354,678, U.S. Pat. No. 5,173,414, U.S. Pat. No. 5,139,941, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,252,479.
The gene therapy vectors of the invention also include herpes vectors. Leading and preferred examples are herpes simplex virus vectors containing a sequence encoding a thymidine kinase polypeptide such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,288,641 and EP0176170 (Roizman). Additional exemplary herpes simplex virus vectors include HFEM/ICP6-LacZ disclosed in WO95/04139 (Wistar), pHSVlac described in Geller (1988) Science 241:1667-1669 and in WO90/09441 & WO92/07945, HSV Us3::pgC-lacZ described in Fink (1992) Human Gene Therapy 3:11-19 and HSV 7134, 2 RH 105 and GAL4 described in EP 0453242 (Breakefield), and those deposited with ATCC as accession numbers ATCC VR-977 and ATCC VR-260.
Also contemplated are alpha virus gene therapy vectors that can be employed in this invention. Preferred alpha virus vectors are Sindbis viruses vectors. Togaviruses, Semliki Forest virus (ATCC VR-67; ATCC VR-1247), Middleberg virus (ATCC VR-370), Ross River virus (ATCC VR-373; ATCC VR-1246), Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (ATCC VR923; ATCC VR-1250; ATCC VR-1249; ATCC VR-532), and those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,091,309, 5,217,879, and WO92/10578. More particularly, those alpha virus vectors described in U.S. Ser. No. 08/405,627, filed Mar. 15, 1995, WO94/21792, WO92/10578, WO95/07994, U.S. Pat. No. 5,091,309 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,217,879 are employable. Such alpha viruses may be obtained from depositories or collections such as the ATCC in Rockville, Md. or isolated from known sources using commonly available techniques. Preferably, alphavirus vectors with reduced cytotoxicity are used (see U.S. Ser. No. 08/679,640).
DNA vector systems such as eukaryotic layered expression systems are also useful for expressing the nucleic acids of the invention. See WO95/07994 for a detailed description of eukaryotic layered expression systems. Preferably, the eukaryotic layered expression systems of the invention are derived from alphavirus vectors and most preferably from Sindbis viral vectors.
Other viral vectors suitable for use in the present invention include those derived from poliovirus, for example ATCC VR-58 and those described in Evans, Nature 339 (1989) 385 and Sabin (1973) J. Biol. Standardization 1:115; rhinovirus, for example ATCC VR-1110 and those described in Arnold (1990) J Cell Biochem L401; pox viruses such as canary pox virus or vaccinia virus, for example ATCC VR-111 and ATCC VR-2010 and those described in Fisher-Hoch (1989) Proc Natl Acad Sci 86:317; Flexner (1989) Ann NY Acad Sci 569:86, Flexner (1990) Vaccine 8:17; in U.S. Pat. No. 4,603,112 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,769,330 and WO89/01973; SV40 virus, for example ATCC VR-305 and those described in Mulligan (1979) Nature 277:108 and Madzak (1992) J Gen Virol 73:1533; influenza virus, for example ATCC VR-797 and recombinant influenza viruses made employing reverse genetics techniques as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,166,057 and in Enami (1990) Proc Natl Acad Sci 87:3802-3805; Enami & Palese (1991) J Virol 65:2711-2713 and Luytjes (1989) Cell 59:110, (see also McMichael (1983) NEJ Med 309:13, and Yap (1978) Nature 273:238 and Nature (1979) 277:108); human immunodeficiency virus as described in EP-0386882 and in Buchschacher (1992) J. Virol. 66:2731; measles virus, for example ATCC VR-67 and VR-1247 and those described in EP-0440219; Aura virus, for example ATCC VR-368; Bebaru virus, for example ATCC VR-600 and ATCC VR-1240; Cabassou virus, for example ATCC VR-922; Chikungunya virus, for example ATCC VR-64 and ATCC VR-1241; Fort Morgan Virus, for example ATCC VR-924; Getah virus, for example ATCC VR-369 and ATCC VR-1243; Kyzylagach virus, for example ATCC VR-927; Mayaro virus, for example ATCC VR-66; Mucambo virus, for example ATCC VR-580 and ATCC VR-1244; Ndumu virus, for example ATCC VR-371; Pixuna virus, for example ATCC VR-372 and ATCC VR-1245; Tonate virus, for example ATCC VR-925; Triniti virus, for example ATCC VR-469; Una virus, for example ATCC VR-374; Whataroa virus, for example ATCC VR-926; Y-62-33 virus, for example ATCC VR-375; O'Nyong virus, Eastern encephalitis virus, for example ATCC VR-65 and ATCC VR-1242; Western encephalitis virus, for example ATCC VR-70, ATCC VR-1251, ATCC VR-622 and ATCC VR-1252; and coronavirus, for example ATCC VR-740 and those described in Hamre (1966) Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 121:190.
Delivery of the compositions of this invention into cells is not limited to the above mentioned viral vectors. Other delivery methods and media may be employed such as, for example, nucleic acid expression vectors, polycationic condensed DNA linked or unlinked to killed adenovirus alone, for example see U.S. Ser. No. 08/366,787, filed Dec. 30, 1994 and Curiel (1992) Hum Gene Ther 3:147-154 ligand linked DNA, for example see Wu (1989) J Biol Chem 264:16985-16987, eucaryotic cell delivery vehicles cells, for example see U.S. Ser. No. 08/240,030, filed May 9, 1994, and U.S. Ser. No. 08/404,796, deposition of photopolymerized hydrogel materials, hand-held gene transfer particle gun, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,149,655, ionizing radiation as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,206,152 and in WO92/11033, nucleic charge neutralization or fusion with cell membranes. Additional approaches are described in Philip (1994) Mol Cell Biol 14:2411-2418 and in Woffendin (1994) Proc Natl Acad Sci 91:1581-1585.
Particle mediated gene transfer may be employed, for example see U.S. Ser. No. 60/023,867. Briefly, the sequence can be inserted into conventional vectors that contain conventional control sequences for high level expression, and then incubated with synthetic gene transfer molecules such as polymeric DNA-binding cations like polylysine, protamine, and albumin, linked to cell targeting ligands such as asialoorosomucoid, as described in Wu & Wu (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262:4429-4432, insulin as described in Hucked (1990) Biochem Pharmacol 40:253-263, galactose as described in Plank (1992) Bioconjugate Chem 3:533-539, lactose or transferrin.
Naked DNA may also be employed. Exemplary naked DNA introduction methods are described in WO90/11092 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,580,859. Uptake efficiency may be improved using biodegradable latex beads. DNA coated latex beads are efficiently transported into cells after endocytosis initiation by the beads. The method may be improved further by treatment of the beads to increase hydrophobicity and thereby facilitate disruption of the endosome and release of the DNA into the cytoplasm.
Liposomes that can act as gene delivery vehicles are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,422,120, WO95/13796, WO94/23697, WO91/14445 and EP-524,968. As described in U.S. Ser. No. 60/023,867, on non-viral delivery, the nucleic acid sequences encoding a polypeptide can be inserted into conventional vectors that contain conventional control sequences for high level expression, and then be incubated with synthetic gene transfer molecules such as polymeric DNA-binding cations like polylysine, protamine, and albumin, linked to cell targeting ligands such as asialoorosomucoid, insulin, galactose, lactose, or transferrin. Other delivery systems include the use of liposomes to encapsulate DNA comprising the gene under the control of a variety of tissue-specific or ubiquitously-active promoters. Further non-viral delivery suitable for use includes mechanical delivery systems such as the approach described in Woffendin et al (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91(24):11581-11585. Moreover, the coding sequence and the product of expression of such can be delivered through deposition of photopolymerized hydrogel materials. Other conventional methods for gene delivery that can be used for delivery of the coding sequence include, for example, use of hand-held gene transfer particle gun, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,149,655; use of ionizing radiation for activating transferred gene, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,206,152 and WO92/11033
Exemplary liposome and polycationic gene delivery vehicles are those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,422,120 and 4,762,915; in WO 95/13796; WO94/23697; and WO91/14445; in EP-0524968; and in Stryer, Biochemistry, pages 236-240 (1975) W. H. Freeman, San Francisco; Szoka (1980) Biochem Biophys Acta 600:1; Bayer (1979) Biochem Biophys Acta 550:464; Rivnay (1987) Meth Enzymol 149:119; Wang (1987) Proc Natl Acad Sci 84:7851; Plant (1989) Anal Biochem 176:420.
A polynucleotide composition can comprises therapeutically effective amount of a gene therapy vehicle, as the term is defined above. For purposes of the present invention, an effective dose will be from about 0.01 mg/kg to 50 mg/kg or 0.05 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg of the DNA constructs in the individual to which it is administered.
Delivery Methods
Once formulated, the polynucleotide compositions of the invention can be administered (1) directly to the subject; (2) delivered ex vivo, to cells derived from the subject; or (3) in vitro for recombinant protein expression. The subjects to be treated can be mammals or birds. Also, human subjects can be treated.
Direct delivery of the compositions will generally be accomplished by injection, either subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, intravenously or intramuscularly or delivered to the interstitial space of a tissue. The compositions can also be administered into a lesion. Other modes of administration include oral and pulmonary administration, suppositories, and transdermal or transcutaneous applications (e.g. see WO98/20734), needles, and gene guns or hyposprays. Dosage treatment may be a single dose schedule or a multiple dose schedule.
Methods for the ex vivo delivery and reimplantation of transformed cells into a subject are known in the art and described in e.g. WO93/14778. Examples of cells useful in ex vivo applications include, for example, stem cells, particularly hematopoetic, lymph cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, or tumor cells.
Generally, delivery of nucleic acids for both ex vivo and in vitro applications can be accomplished by the following procedures, for example, dextran-mediated transfection, calcium phosphate precipitation, polybrene mediated transfection, protoplast fusion, electroporation, encapsulation of the polynucleotide(s) in liposomes, and direct microinjection of the DNA into nuclei, all well known in the art.
Polynucleotide and Polypeptide Pharmaceutical Compositions
In addition to the pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and salts described above, the following additional agents can be used with polynucleotide and/or polypeptide compositions.
A. Polypeptides
One example are polypeptides which include, without limitation: asioloorosomucoid (ASOR); transferrin; asialoglycoproteins; antibodies; antibody fragments; ferritin; interleukins; interferons, granulocyte, macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), stem cell factor and erythropoietin. Viral antigens, such as envelope proteins, can also be used. Also, proteins from other invasive organisms, such as the 17 amino acid peptide from the circumsporozoite protein of plasmodium falciparum known as RII.
B. Hormones, Vitamins, etc.
Other groups that can be included are, for example: hormones, steroids, androgens, estrogens, thyroid hormone, or vitamins, folic acid.
C. Polyalkylenes, Polysaccharides, etc.
Also, polyalkylene glycol can be included with the desired polynucleotides/polypeptides. In a preferred embodiment, the polyalkylene glycol is polyethlylene glycol. In addition, mono-, di-, or polysaccharides can be included. In a preferred embodiment of this aspect, the polysaccharide is dextran or DEAE-dextran. Also, chitosan and poly(lactide-co-glycolide)
D. Lipids, and Liposomes
The desired polynucleotide/polypeptide can also be encapsulated in lipids or packaged in liposomes prior to delivery to the subject or to cells derived therefrom.
Lipid encapsulation is generally accomplished using liposomes which are able to stably bind or entrap and retain nucleic acid. The ratio of condensed polynucleotide to lipid preparation can vary but will generally be around 1:1 (mg DNA:micromoles lipid), or more of lipid. For a review of the use of liposomes as carriers for delivery of nucleic acids, see, Hug and Sleight (1991) Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1097:1-17; Straubinger (1983) Meth. Enzymol. 101:512-527.
Liposomal preparations for use in the present invention include cationic (positively charged), anionic (negatively charged) and neutral preparations. Cationic liposomes have been shown to mediate intracellular delivery of plasmid DNA (Felgner (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:7413-7416); mRNA (Malone (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:6077-6081); and purified transcription factors (Debs (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265:10189-10192), in functional form.
Cationic liposomes are readily available. For example, N[1-2,3-dioleyloxy)propyl]-N,N,N-triethylammonium (DOTMA) liposomes are available under the trademark Lipofectin, from GIBCO BRL, Grand Island, N.Y. (See, also, Felgner supra). Other commercially available liposomes include transfectace (DDAB/DOPE) and DOTAP/DOPE (Boerhinger). Other cationic liposomes can be prepared from readily available materials using techniques well known in the art. See, e.g. Szoka (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75:4194-4198; WO90/11092 for a description of the synthesis of DOTAP (1,2-bis(oleoyloxy)-3-(trimethylammonio)propane) liposomes.
Similarly, anionic and neutral liposomes are readily available, such as from Avanti Polar Lipids (Birmingham, Ala.), or can be easily prepared using readily available materials. Such materials include phosphatidyl choline, cholesterol, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, dioleoylphosphatidyl choline (DOPC), dioleoylphosphatidyl glycerol (DOPG), dioleoylphoshatidyl ethanolamine (DOPE), among others. These materials can also be mixed with the DOTMA and DOTAP starting materials in appropriate ratios. Methods for making liposomes using these materials are well known in the art.
The liposomes can comprise multilammelar vesicles (MLVs), small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs), or large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs). The various liposome-nucleic acid complexes are prepared using methods known in the art. See e.g. Straubinger (1983) Meth. Immunol. 101:512-527; Szoka (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75:4194-4198; Papahadjopoulos (1975) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 394:483; Wilson (1979) Cell 17:77); Deamer & Bangham (1976) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 443:629; Ostro (1977) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 76:836; Fraley (1979) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76:3348); Enoch & Strittmatter (1979) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76:145; Fraley (1980) J. Biol. Chem. (1980) 255:10431; Szoka & Papahadjopoulos (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75:145; and Schaefer-Ridder (1982) Science 215:166.
E. Lipoproteins
In addition, lipoproteins can be included with the polynucleotide/polypeptide to be delivered. Examples of lipoproteins to be utilized include: chylomicrons, HDL, IDL, LDL, and VLDL. Mutants, fragments, or fusions of these proteins can also be used. Also, modifications of naturally occurring lipoproteins can be used, such as acetylated LDL. These lipoproteins can target the delivery of polynucleotides to cells expressing lipoprotein receptors. Preferably, if lipoproteins are including with the polynucleotide to be delivered, no other targeting ligand is included in the composition.
Naturally occurring lipoproteins comprise a lipid and a protein portion. The protein portion are known as apoproteins. At the present, apoproteins A, B, C, D, and E have been isolated and identified. At least two of these contain several proteins, designated by Roman numerals, AI, AII, AIV; CI, CII, CIII.
A lipoprotein can comprise more than one apoprotein. For example, naturally occurring chylomicrons comprises of A, B, C, & E, over time these lipoproteins lose A and acquire C and E apoproteins. VLDL comprises A, B, C, & E apoproteins, LDL comprises apoprotein B; HDL comprises apoproteins A, C, & E.
The amino acid of these apoproteins are known and are described in, for example, Breslow (1985) Annu Rev. Biochem 54:699; Law (1986) Adv. Exp Med. Biol. 151:162; Chen (1986) J Biol Chem 261:12918; Kane (1980) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77:2465; and Utermann (1984) Hum Genet 65:232.
Lipoproteins contain a variety of lipids including, triglycerides, cholesterol (free and esters), and phospholipids. The composition of the lipids varies in naturally occurring lipoproteins. For example, chylomicrons comprise mainly triglycerides. A more detailed description of the lipid content of naturally occurring lipoproteins can be found, for example, in Meth. Enzymol. 128 (1986). The composition of the lipids are chosen to aid in conformation of the apoprotein for receptor binding activity. The composition of lipids can also be chosen to facilitate hydrophobic interaction and association with the polynucleotide binding molecule.
Naturally occurring lipoproteins can be isolated from serum by ultracentrifugation, for instance. Such methods are described in Meth. Enzymol. (supra); Pitas (1980) J. Biochem. 255:5454-5460 and Mahey (1979) J Clin. Invest 64:743-750. Lipoproteins can also be produced by in vitro or recombinant methods by expression of the apoprotein genes in a desired host cell. See, for example, Atkinson (1986) Annu Rev Biophys Chem 15:403 and Radding (1958) Biochim Biophys Acta 30: 443. Lipoproteins can also be purchased from commercial suppliers, such as Biomedical Techniologies, Inc., Stoughton, Mass., USA. Further description of lipoproteins can be found in Zuckermann et al. PCT/US97/14465.
F. Polycationic Agents
Polycationic agents can be included, with or without lipoprotein, in a composition with the desired polynucleotide/polypeptide to be delivered.
Polycationic agents, typically, exhibit a net positive charge at physiological relevant pH and are capable of neutralizing the electrical charge of nucleic acids to facilitate delivery to a desired location. These agents have both in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo applications. Polycationic agents can be used to deliver nucleic acids to a living subject either intramuscularly, subcutaneously, etc.
The following are examples of useful polypeptides as polycationic agents: polylysine, polyarginine, polyornithine, and protamine. Other examples include histones, protamines, human serum albumin, DNA binding proteins, non-histone chromosomal proteins, coat proteins from DNA viruses, such as (X174, transcriptional factors also contain domains that bind DNA and therefore may be useful as nucleic aid condensing agents. Briefly, transcriptional factors such as C/CEBP, c-jun, c-fos, AP-1, AP-2, AP-3, CPF, Prot-1, Sp-1, Oct-1, Oct-2, CREP, and TFIID contain basic domains that bind DNA sequences.
Organic polycationic agents include: spermine, spermidine, and purtrescine.
The dimensions and of the physical properties of a polycationic agent can be extrapolated from the list above, to construct other polypeptide polycationic agents or to produce synthetic polycationic agents.
Synthetic polycationic agents which are useful include, for example, DEAE-dextran, polybrene. Lipofectin™, and lipofectAMINE™ are monomers that form polycationic complexes when combined with polynucleotides/polypeptides.
Nucleic Acid Hybridisation
“Hybridization” refers to the association of two nucleic acid sequences to one another by hydrogen bonding. Typically, one sequence will be fixed to a solid support and the other will be free in solution. Then, the two sequences will be placed in contact with one another under conditions that favor hydrogen bonding. Factors that affect this bonding include: the type and volume of solvent; reaction temperature; time of hybridization; agitation; agents to block the non-specific attachment of the liquid phase sequence to the solid support (Denhardt's reagent or BLOTTO); concentration of the sequences; use of compounds to increase the rate of association of sequences (dextran sulfate or polyethylene glycol); and the stringency of the washing conditions following hybridization. See Sambrook et al. [supra] vol. 2, chapt. 9, pp. 9.47 to 9.57.
“Stringency” refers to conditions in a hybridization reaction that favor association of very similar sequences over sequences that differ. For example, the combination of temperature and salt concentration should be chosen that is approximately 120 to 200° C. below the calculated Tm of the hybrid under study. The temperature and salt conditions can often be determined empirically in preliminary experiments in which samples of genomic DNA immobilized on filters are hybridized to the sequence of interest and then washed under conditions of different stringencies. See Sambrook et al. at page 9.50.
Variables to consider when performing, for example, a Southern blot are (1) the complexity of the DNA being blotted and (2) the homology between the probe and the sequences being detected. The total amount of the fragment(s) to be studied can vary a magnitude of 10, from 0.1 to 1 μg for a plasmid or phage digest to 10−9 to 10−8 g for a single copy gene in a highly complex eukaryotic genome. For lower complexity polynucleotides, substantially shorter blotting, hybridization, and exposure times, a smaller amount of starting polynucleotides, and lower specific activity of probes can be used. For example, a single-copy yeast gene can be detected with an exposure time of only 1 hour starting with 1 μg of yeast DNA, blotting for two hours, and hybridizing for 4-8 hours with a probe of 108 cpm/μg. For a single-copy mammalian gene a conservative approach would start with 10 μg of DNA, blot overnight, and hybridize overnight in the presence of 10% dextran sulfate using a probe of greater than 108 cpm/μg, resulting in an exposure time of ˜24 hours.
Several factors can affect the melting temperature (Tm) of a DNA-DNA hybrid between the probe and the fragment of interest, and consequently, the appropriate conditions for hybridization and washing. In many cases the probe is not 100% homologous to the fragment. Other commonly encountered variables include the length and total G+C content of the hybridizing sequences and the ionic strength and formamide content of the hybridization buffer. The effects of all of these factors can be approximated by a single equation:
Tm=81+16.6(log10Ci)+0.4[%(G+C)]−0.6(% formamide)−600/n−1.5(% mismatch).
where Ci is the salt concentration (monovalent ions) and n is the length of the hybrid in base pairs (slightly modified from Meinkoth & Wahl (1984) Anal. Biochem. 138: 267-284).
In designing a hybridization experiment, some factors affecting nucleic acid hybridization can be conveniently altered. The temperature of the hybridization and washes and the salt concentration during the washes are the simplest to adjust. As the temperature of the hybridization increases (ie. stringency), it becomes less likely for hybridization to occur between strands that are nonhomologous, and as a result, background decreases. If the radiolabeled probe is not completely homologous with the immobilized fragment (as is frequently the case in gene family and interspecies hybridization experiments), the hybridization temperature must be reduced, and background will increase. The temperature of the washes affects the intensity of the hybridizing band and the degree of background in a similar manner. The stringency of the washes is also increased with decreasing salt concentrations.
In general, convenient hybridization temperatures in the presence of 50% formamide are 42° C. for a probe with is 95% to 100% homologous to the target fragment, 37° C. for 90% to 95% homology, and 32° C. for 85% to 90% homology. For lower homologies, formamide content should be lowered and temperature adjusted accordingly, using the equation above. If the homology between the probe and the target fragment are not known, the simplest approach is to start with both hybridization and wash conditions which are nonstringent. If non-specific bands or high background are observed after autoradiography, the filter can be washed at high stringency and reexposed. If the time required for exposure makes this approach impractical, several hybridization and/or washing stringencies should be tested in parallel.
Nucleic Acid Probe Assays
Methods such as PCR, branched DNA probe assays, or blotting techniques utilizing nucleic acid probes according to the invention can determine the presence of cDNA or mRNA. A probe is said to “hybridize” with a sequence of the invention if it can form a duplex or double stranded complex, which is stable enough to be detected.
The nucleic acid probes will hybridize to the Chlamydial nucleotide sequences of the invention (including both sense and antisense strands). Though many different nucleotide sequences will encode the amino acid sequence, the native Chlamydial sequence is preferred because it is the actual sequence present in cells. mRNA represents a coding sequence and so a probe should be complementary to the coding sequence; single-stranded cDNA is complementary to mRNA, and so a cDNA probe should be complementary to the non-coding sequence.
The probe sequence need not be identical to the Chlamydial sequence (or its complement)—some variation in the sequence and length can lead to increased assay sensitivity if the nucleic acid probe can form a duplex with target nucleotides, which can be detected. Also, the nucleic acid probe can include additional nucleotides to stabilize the formed duplex. Additional Chlamydial sequence may also be helpful as a label to detect the formed duplex. For example, a non-complementary nucleotide sequence may be attached to the 5′ end of the probe, with the remainder of the probe sequence being complementary to a Chlamydial sequence. Alternatively, non-complementary bases or longer sequences can be interspersed into the probe, provided that the probe sequence has sufficient complementarity with the a Chlamydial sequence in order to hybridize therewith and thereby form a duplex which can be detected.
The exact length and sequence of the probe will depend on the hybridization conditions, such as temperature, salt condition and the like. For example, for diagnostic applications, depending on the complexity of the analyte sequence, the nucleic acid probe typically contains at least 10-20 nucleotides, preferably 15-25, and more preferably ≧30 nucleotides, although it may be shorter than this. Short primers generally require cooler temperatures to form sufficiently stable hybrid complexes with the template.
Probes may be produced by synthetic procedures, such as the triester method of Matteucci et al. [J. Am. Chem. Soc. (1981) 103:3185], or according to Urdea et al. [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1983) 80: 7461], or using commercially available automated oligonucleotide synthesizers.
The chemical nature of the probe can be selected according to preference. For certain applications, DNA or RNA are appropriate. For other applications, modifications may be incorporated e.g. backbone modifications, such as phosphorothioates or methylphosphonates, can be used to increase in vivo half-life, alter RNA affinity, increase nuclease resistance etc. [e.g. see Agrawal & Iyer (1995) Curr Opin Biotechnol 6:12-19; Agrawal (1996) TIBTECH 14:376-387]; analogues such as peptide nucleic acids may also be used [e.g. see Corey (1997) TIBTECH 15:224-229; Buchardt et al. (1993) TIBTECH 11:384-386].
Alternatively, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is another well-known means for detecting small amounts of target nucleic acids. The assay is described in: Mullis et al. [Meth. Enzymol. (1987) 155: 335-350]; U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,683,195 & 4,683,202. Two ‘primers’ hybridize with the target nucleic acids and are used to prime the reaction. The primers can comprise sequence that does not hybridize to the sequence of the amplification target (or its complement) to aid with duplex stability or, for example, to incorporate a convenient restriction site. Typically, such sequence will flank the desired Chlamydial sequence.
A thermostable polymerase creates copies of target nucleic acids from the primers using the original target nucleic acids as a template. After a threshold amount of target nucleic acids are generated by the polymerase, they can be detected by more traditional methods, such as Southern blots. When using the Southern blot method, the labelled probe will hybridize to the Chlamydial sequence (or its complement).
Also, mRNA or cDNA can be detected by traditional blotting techniques described in Sambrook et al [supra]. mRNA, or cDNA generated from mRNA using a polymerase enzyme, can be purified and separated using gel electrophoresis. The nucleic acids on the gel are then blotted onto a solid support, such as nitrocellulose. The solid support is exposed to a labelled probe and then washed to remove any unhybridized probe. Next, the duplexes containing the labeled probe are detected. Typically, the probe is labelled with a radioactive moiety.
The examples indicate C. pneumoniae proteins, together with evidence to support the view that the proteins are useful antigens for vaccine production and development or for diagnostic purposes. This evidence takes the form of:
Various tests can be used to assess the in vivo immunogenicity of the proteins identified in the examples. For example, the proteins can be expressed recombinantly and used to screen patient sera by immunoblot. A positive reaction between the protein and patient serum indicates that the patient has previously mounted an immune response to the protein in question ie. the protein is an immunogen. This method can also be used to identify immunodominant proteins.
The recombinant protein can also be conveniently used to prepare antibodies e.g. in a mouse. These can be used for direct confirmation that a protein is located on the cell-surface. Labelled antibody (e.g. fluorescent labelling for FACS) can be incubated with intact bacteria and the presence of label on the bacterial surface confirms the location of the protein.
In particular, the following methods (A) to (O) were used to express, purify and biochemically characterise the proteins of the invention:
Cloning of CPN ORFs for Expression in E. coli
ORFs of Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cpn) were cloned in such a way as to potentially obtain three different kind of proteins:
The type a) proteins were obtained upon cloning in the pET21b+ (Novagen). The type b) and c) proteins were obtained upon cloning in modified pGEX-KG vectors [Guan & Dixon (1991) Anal. Biochem. 192:262]. For instance pGEX-KG was modified to obtain pGEX-NN, then by modifying pGEX-NN to obtain pGEX-NNH. The Gst-cpn and Gst-cpn-His proteins were obtained in pGEX-NN and pGEX-NNH respectively.
The modified versions of pGEX-KG vector were made with the aim of allowing the cloning of single amplification products in all three vectors after only one double restriction enzyme digestion and to minimise the presence of extraneous amino acids in the final recombinant proteins.
(A) Construction of pGEX-NN and pGEX-NNH Expression Vectors
Two couples of complementary oligodeoxyribonucleotides were synthesised using the DNA synthesiser ABI394 (Perkin Elmer) and the reagents from Cruachem (Glasgow, Scotland). Equimolar amounts of the oligo pairs (50 ng each oligo) were annealed in T4 DNA ligase buffer (New England Biolabs) for 10 min in a final volume of 50 μl and then were left to cool slowly at room temperature. With the described procedure he following DNA linkers were obtained:
The plasmid pGEX-KG was digested with BamHI and HindIII and 100 ng were ligated overnight at 16° C. to the linker gexNN with a molar ratio of 3:1 linker/plasmid using 200 units of T4 DNA ligase (New england Biolabs). After transformation of the ligation product in E. coli DH5, a clone containing the pGEX-NN plasmid, having the correct linker, was selected by means of restriction enzyme analysis and DNA sequencing.
The new plasmid pGEX-NN was digested with SalI and HindIII and ligated to the linker gexNNH. After transformation of the ligation product in E. coli DH5, a clone containing the pGEX-NNH plasmid, having the correct linker, was selected by means of restriction enzyme analysis and DNA sequencing.
(B) Chromosomal DNA Preparation
The chromosomal DNA of elementary bodies (EB) of C. pneumoniae strain 10L-207 was prepared by adding 1.5 ml of lysis buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, 150 mM NaCl, 2 mM EDTA, 0.6% SDS, 100 μg/ml Proteinase K, pH 8) to 450 μl EB suspension (400.000/μl) and incubating overnight at 37° C. After sequential extraction with phenol, phenol-chloroform, and chloroform, the DNA was precipitated with 0.3 M sodium acetate, pH 5.2 and 2 volumes of absolute ethanol. The DNA pellet was washed with 70% ethanol. After solubilization with distilled water and treatment with 20 μg/ml RNAse A for 1 hour at RT, the DNA was extracted again with phenol-chloroform, alcohol precipitated and suspended with 300 μl 1 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.5. The DNA concentration was evaluated by measuring OD260 of the sample.
(C) Oligonucleotide Design
Synthetic oligonucleotide primers were designed on the basis of the coding sequence of each ORF using the sequence of C. pneumoniae strain CWL029. Any predicted signal peptide were omitted, by deducing the 5′ end amplification primer sequence immediately downstream from the predicted leader sequence. For most ORFs, the 5′ tail of the primers (table I) included only one restriction enzyme recognition site (NdeI, or NheI, or SpeI depending on the gene's own restriction pattern); the 3′ primer tails (table I) included a XhoI or a NotI or a HindIII restriction site.
As well as containing the restriction enzyme recognition sequences, the primers included nucleotides which hybridized to the sequence to be amplified. The number of hybridizing nucleotides depended on the melting temperature of the primers which was determined as described [(Breslauer et al. (1986) PNAS USA 83:3746-50]. The average melting temperature of the selected oligos was 50-55° C. for the hybridizing region alone and 65-75° C. for the whole oligos. Table II shows the forward and reverse primers used for each amplification.
(D) Amplification
The standard PCR protocol was as follow: 50 ng genomic DNA were used as template in the presence of 0.2 μM each primer, 200 μM each dNTP, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 1× PCR buffer minus Mg (Gibco-BRL), and 2 units of Taq DNA polymerase (Platinum Taq, Gibco-BRL) in a final volume of 100 μl. Each sample underwent a double-step amplification: the first 5 cycles were performed using as the hybridizing temperature the one of the oligos excluding the restriction enzyme tail, followed by 25 cycles performed according to the hybridization temperature of the whole length primers. The standard cycles were as follow:
The elongation time was 1 min for ORFs shorter than 2000 bp, and 2 min and 40 seconds for ORFs longer than 2000 bp. The amplifications were performed using a Gene Amp PCR system 9600 (Perkin Elmer).
To check the amplification results, 4 μl of each PCR product was loaded onto 1-1.5 agarose gel and the size of amplified fragments compared with DNA molecular weight standards (DNA markers III or IX, Roche). The PCR products were loaded on agarose gel and after electrophoresis the right size bands were excised from the gel. The DNA was purified from the agarose using the Gel Extraction Kit (Qiagen) following the instruction of the manufacturer. The final elution volume of the DNA was 50 μl TE (10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 8). One μl of each purified DNA was loaded onto agarose gel to evaluate the yield.
(E) Digestion of PCR Fragments
One-two μg of purified PCR product were double digested overnight at 37° C. with the appropriate restriction enzymes (60 units of each enzyme) using the appropriate restriction buffer in 100 μl final volume. The restriction enzymes and the digestion buffers were from New England Biolabs. After purification of the digested DNA (PCR purification Kit, Qiagen) and elution with 30 μl TE, 1 μl was subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis to evaluate the yield in comparison to titrated molecular weight standards (DNA markers III or IX, Roche).
(F) Digestion of the Cloning Vectors (pET21b+, pGEX-NN, and pGEX-NNH)
10 μg of plasmid was double digested with 100 units of each restriction enzyme in 400 μl reaction volume in the presence of appropriate buffer by overnight incubation at 37° C. After electrophoresis on a 1% agarose gel, the band corresponding to the digested vector was purified from the gel using the Qiagen Qiaex II Gel Extraction Kit and the DNA was eluted with 50 μl TE. The DNA concentration was evaluated by measuring OD260 of the sample.
(G) Cloning
75 ng of the appropriately digested and purified vectors and the digested and purified fragments corresponding to each ORF, were ligated in final volumes of 10-20 μl with a molar ratio of 1:1 fragment/vector, using 400 units T4 DNA ligase (New England Biolabs) in the presence of the buffer supplied by the manufacturer. The reactions were incubated overnight at 16° C.
Transformation in E coli DH5 competent cells was performed as follow: the ligation reaction was mixed with 200 μl of competent DH5 cells and incubated on ice for 30 min and then at 42° C. for 90 seconds. After cooling on ice, 0.8 ml LB was added and the cells were incubated for 45 min at 37° C. under shaking. 100 and 900 μl of cell suspensions were plated on separate plates of agar LB 100 μg/ml Ampicillin and the plates were incubated overnight at 37° C. The screening of the transformants was done by growing randomly chosen clones in 6 ml LB 100 μg/ml Ampicillin, by extracting the DNA using the Qiagen Qiaprep Spin Miniprep Kit following the manufacturer instructions, and by digesting 2 μl of plasmid minipreparation with the restriction enzymes specific for the restriction cloning sites. After agarose gel electrophoresis of the digested plasmid mini-preparations, positive clones were chosen on the basis of the correct size of the restriction fragments, as evaluated by comparison with appropriate molecular weight markers (DNA markers III or IX, Roche).
(H) Expression
1 μl of each right plasmid mini-preparation was transformed in 200 μl of competent E. coli strain suitable for expression of the recombinant protein. All pET21b+ recombinant plasmids were transformed in BL21 DE3 (Novagen) E. coli cells, whilst all pGEX-NN and all pGEX-NNH recombinant plasmids were transformed in BL21 cells (Novagen). After plating transformation mixtures on LB/Amp agar plates and incubation overnight at 37° C., single colonies were inoculated in 3 ml LB 100 μg/ml Ampicillin and grown at 37° C. overnight. 70 μl of the overnight culture was inoculated in 2 ml LB/Amp and grown at 37° C. until OD600 of the pET clones reached the 0.4-0.8 value or until OD600 of the pGEX clones reached the 0.8-1 value. Protein expression was then induced by adding IPTG (Isopropil β-D thio-galacto-piranoside) to the mini-cultures. pET clones were induced using 1 mM IPTG, whilst pGEX clones were induced using 0.2 mM IPTG. After 3 hours incubation at 37° C. the final OD600 was checked and the cultures were cooled on ice. After centrifugation of 0.5 ml culture, the cell pellet was suspended in 50 μl of protein Loading Sample Buffer (60 mM TRIS-HCl pH 6.8, 5% w/v SDS, 10% v/v glycerin, 0.1% w/v Bromophenol Blue, 100 mM DTT) and incubated at 100° C. for 5 min. A volume of boiled sample corresponding to 0.1 OD600 culture was analysed by SDS-PAGE and Coomassie Blue staining to verify the presence of induced protein band.
Purification of the Recombinant Proteins
Single colonies were inoculated in 25 ml LB 100 μg/ml Ampicillin and grown at 37° C. overnight. The overnight culture was inoculated in 500 ml LB/Amp and grown under shaking at 25° C. until OD600 0.4-0.8 value for the pET clones, or until OD600 0.8-1 value for the pGEX clones. Protein expression was then induced by adding IPTG to the cultures. pET clones were induced using 1 mM IPTG, whilst pGEX clones were induced using 0.2 mM IPTG. After 4 hours incubation at 25° C. the final OD600 was checked and the cultures were cooled on ice. After centrifugation at 6000 rpm (JA10 rotor, Beckman), the cell pellet was processed for purification or frozen at −20° C.
(I) Procedure for the Purification of Soluble His-Tagged Proteins from E. coli
(J) Purification of His-Tagged Proteins from Inclusion Bodies
Purifications were carried out essentially according the following protocol:
(K) Procedure for the Purification of GST-Fusion Proteins from E. coli
Serology
(L) Protocol of Immunization
1. Groups of four CD1 female mice aged between 6 and 7 weeks were immunized with 20 μg of recombinant protein resuspended in 100 μl.
2. Four mice for each group received 3 doses with a 14 days interval schedule.
3. Immunization was performed through intra-peritoneal injection of the protein with an equal volume of Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) for the first dose and Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant (IFA) for the following two doses.
4. Sera were collected before each immunization. Mice were sacrified 14 days after the third immunization and the collected sera were pooled and stored at −20° C.
(M) Western Blot Analysis of Cpn Elementary Body Proteins with Mouse Sera
Aliquots of elementary bodies containing approximately 4 μg of proteins, mixed with SDS loading buffer (1×: 60 mM TRIS-HCl pH 6.8, 5% w/v SDS, 10% v/v glycerin, 0.1% Bromophenol Blue, 100 mM DTT) and boiled 5 minutes at 95° C., were loaded on a 12% SDS-PAGE gel. The gel was run using a SDS-PAGE running buffer containing 250 mM TRIS, 2.5 mM Glycine and 0.1% SDS. The gel was electroblotted onto nitrocellulose membrane at 200 mA for 30 minutes. The membrane was blocked for 30 minutes with PBS, 3% skimmed milk powder and incubated O/N at 4° C. with the appropriate dilution ( 1/100) of the sera. After washing twice with PBS+0.1% Tween (Sigma) the membrane was incubated for 2 hours with peroxidase-conjugated secondary anti-mouse antibody (Sigma) diluted 1:3000. The nitrocellulose was washed twice for 10 minutes with PBS+0.1% Tween-20 and once with PBS and thereafter developed by Opti-4CN Substrate Kit (Biorad).
Lanes shown in Western blots are: (P)=pre-immune control serum; (I)=immune serum.
(N) FACS Analysis of Chlamydia pneumoniae Elementary Bodies with Mouse Sera
NB: the results of FACS depend not only on the extent of accessibility of the native antigens but also on the quality of the antibodies elicited by the recombinant antigens, which may have structures with a variable degree of correct folding as compared with the native protein structures. Therefore, even if a FACS assay appears negative this does not necessarily mean that the protein is not abundant or accessible on the surface. PorB antigen, for instance, gave negative results in FACS but is a surface-exposed neutralising antigen [Kubo & Stephens (2000) Mol. Microbiol. 38:772-780].
(O) Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Two-Dimensional Electrophoretic Protein Maps
Gradient purified EBs from strain FB/96 were solubilized at a final concentration of 5.5 mg/ml with immobiline rehydration buffer (7M urea, 2M thiourea, 2% (w/v) CHAPS, 2% (w/v) ASB 14 [Chevallet et al. (1998) Electrophor. 19:1901-9], 2% (v/v) C.A 3-10NL (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech), 2 mM tributyl phosphine, 65 mM DTT). Samples (250 μg protein) were adsorbed overnight on Immobiline DryStrips (7 cm, pH 3-10 non linear). Electrofocusing was performed in a IPGphor Isoelectric Focusing Unit (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). Before PAGE separation, the focused strips were incubated in 4M urea, 2M thiourea, 30% (v/v) glycerol, 2% (w/v) SDS, 5 mM tributyl phosphine 2.5% (w/v) acrylamide, 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.8, as described [Herbert et al. (1998) Electrophor. 19:845-51]. SDS-PAGE was performed on linear 9-16% acrylamide gradients. Gels were stained with colloidal Coomassie (Novex, San Diego) [Doherty et al. (1998) Electrophor. 19:355-63]. Stained gels were scanned with a Personal Densitometer SI (Molecular Dynamics) at 8 bits and 50 μm per pixel. Map images were annotated with the software Image Master 2D Elite, version 3.10 (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). Protein spots were excised from the gel, using an Ettan Spot picker (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech), and dried in a vacuum centrifuge. In-gel digestion of samples for mass spectrometry and extraction of peptides were performed as described by Wilm et al. [Nature (1996) 379:466-9]. Samples were desalted with a ZIP TIP (Millipore), eluted with a saturated solution of alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid in 50% acetonitrile, 0.1% TFA and directly loaded onto a SCOUT 381 multiprobe plate (Bruker). Spectra were acquired on a Bruker Biflex II MALDI-TOF. Spectra were calibrated using a combination of known standard peptides, located in spots adjacent to the samples. Resulting values for monoisotopic peaks were used for database searches using the computer program Mascot (matrixscience.com). All searches were performed using an error of 200-500 ppm as constraint. A representative gel is shown in
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376552) was expressed <SEQ ID 1; cp6552>:
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp6552 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 2> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts an inner membrane location (0.127).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a his-tag product, as shown in
The cp6552 protein was also identified in the 2D-PAGE experiment (Cpn0278).
These experiments show that cp6552 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376736) was expressed <SEQ ID 3; cp6736>:
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp6736 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 4> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts an outer membrane location (0.917).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a his-tag product, as shown in
The cp6736 protein was also identified in the 2D-PAGE experiment (Cpn0453) and showed good cross-reactivity with human sera, including sera from patients with pneumonitis.
These experiments show that cp6736 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376751) was expressed <SEQ ID 5; cp6751>:
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp6751 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 6> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts an outer membrane location (0.923).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product, as shown in
This protein also showed good cross-reactivity with human sera, including sera from patients with pneumonitis.
These experiments show that cp6751 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376752) was expressed <SEQ ID 7; cp6752>:
The cp6752 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 8> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts a cytoplasmic location (0.138).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a his-tag product, as shown in
The cp6752 protein was also identified in the 2D-PAGE experiment (Cpn0467).
These experiments show that cp6752 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376850) was expressed <SEQ ID 9; cp6850>:
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp6850 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 10> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts an inner membrane location (0.329).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product, as shown in
These experiments show that cp6850 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376900) was expressed <SEQ ID 11; cp6900>:
The cp6900 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 12> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts an inner membrane location (0.452).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product, as shown in
The cp6900 protein was also identified in the 2D-PAGE experiment (Cpn0604).
These experiments show that cp6900 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4377033) was expressed <SEQ ID 13; cp7033>:
The cp7033 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 14> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts a cytoplasmic location (0.272).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product, as shown in
The cp7033 protein was also identified in the 2D-PAGE experiment (Cpn0728) and showed good cross-reactivity with human sera, including sera from patients with pneumonitis.
These experiments show that cp7033 a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 6172321) was expressed <SEQ ID 15; cp0017>:
The cp0017 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 16> is:
This sequence is frame-shifted with respect to cp0016.
The PSORT algorithm predicts a cytoplasmic location (0.075).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product, as shown in
This protein also showed good cross-reactivity with human sera, including sera from patients with pneumonitis.
These experiments show that cp0017 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 6172315) was expressed <SEQ ID 17; cp0014>:
The cp0014 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 18> is:
This protein is frame-shifted with respect to cp0015.
The PSORT algorithm predicts an inner membrane location (0.047).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a his-tag product, as shown in
This protein also showed good cross-reactivity with human sera, including sera from patients with pneumonitis.
These experiments suggest that cp0014 is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 6172317) was expressed <SEQ ID 19; cp0015>:
This sequence is frame-shifted with respect to cp0014.
The cp0015 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 20> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts a cytoplasmic location (0.274).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product, as shown in
These experiments show that cp0015 is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 6172325) was expressed <SEQ ID 21; cp0019>:
This sequence is frame-shifted with respect to cp0018.
The cp0019 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 22> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts a cytoplasmic location (0.189).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product, as shown in
These experiments show that cp0019 is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376466) was expressed <SEQ ID 23; cp6466>:
MRKISVGICI TILLSLSVVL
QGCKESSHSS TSRGELAINI RDEPRSLDPR
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp6466 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 24> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts that the protein is an outer membrane lipoprotein (0.790).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified both as a GST-fusion product and a His-tag fusion product. Purification of the protein as a GST-fusion product is shown in
These experiments show that cp6466 is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376468) was expressed <SEQ ID 25; cp6468>:
MFSRWITLFL LFISLTG
CSS YSSKHKQSLI IPIHDDPVAF SPEQAKRAMD
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp6468 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 26> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts that this protein is an outer membrane lipoprotein (0.790).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product, as shown in
These experiments show that cp6468 is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376469) was expressed <SEQ ID 27; cp6469>:
MKMHRLKPTL KSLIPNLLFL LLTLSSCSKQ KQEPLGKHLV IAMSHDLADL
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp6469 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 28> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts a periplasmic location (0.934).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product, as shown in
These experiments show that cp6469 is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376602) was expressed <SEQ ID 29; cp6602>:
The cp6602 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 30> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts a cytoplasmic location (0.080).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as both a His-tag and a GST-fusion product, as shown in
The cp6602 protein was also identified in the 2D-PAGE experiment (Cpn0324).
These experiments show that cp6602 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376727) was expressed <SEQ ID 31; cp6727>:
MKYSLPWLLT
SSALVFSLHP LMAANTDLSS SDNYENGSSG SAAFTAKETS
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp6727 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 32> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts an outer membrane location (0.915).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a his-tag product, as shown in
The cp6727 protein was also identified in the 2D-PAGE experiment (Cpn0444).
These experiments show that cp6727 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376731) was expressed <SEQ ID 33; cp6731>:
MKSSLHWFLI SSSLALPLSL NFSAFAAVVE INLGPTNSFS GPGTYTPPAQ
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp6731 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 34> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts an outer membrane location (0.926).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a his-tag product, as shown in
The GST-fusion protein also showed good cross-reactivity with human sera, including sera from patients with pneumonitis. Less cross-reactivity was seen with the his-fusion.
These experiments show that cp6731 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376737) was expressed <SEQ ID 35; cp6737>:
MPLSFKSSSF CLLACLCSAD
CAFAETRLGG NFVPPITNQG EEILLTSDFV
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp6737 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 36> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts an outer membrane location (0.940).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product, as shown in
The cp6737 protein was also identified in the 2D-PAGE experiment (Cpn0454) and showed good cross-reactivity with human sera, including sera from patients with pneumonitis.
These experiments show that cp6737 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4377090) was expressed <SEQ ID 37; cp7090>:
MNIHSLWKLC TLLALLALPA
CSLSPNYGWE DSCNTCHHTR RKKPSSFGFV
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp7090 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 38> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts an outer membrane location (0.790).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product, as shown in
These experiments show that cp7090 is useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4377091) was expressed <SEQ ID 39; cp7091>:
MLRQLCFQVF FFCFASLVYA
EELEVVVRSE HITLPIEVSC QTDTKDPKIQ
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp7091 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 40> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts an inner membrane location (0.109).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product, as shown in
These experiments show that cp7091 is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376260) was expressed <SEQ ID 41; cp6260>:
MRFSLCGFPL VFSFTLLSVF DTSLSA
TTIS LTPEDSFHGD SQNAERSYNV
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp6260 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 42> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts an outer membrane location (0.921).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified both as a his-tag and GST-fusion product. The GST-fusion is shown in
This protein also showed good cross-reactivity with human sera, including sera from patients with pneumonitis.
These experiments show that cp6260 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376456) was expressed <SEQ ID 43; cp6456>:
The cp6456 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 44> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.127).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product, as shown in
These experiments show that cp6456 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376729) was expressed <SEQ ID 45; cp6729>:
MKIPLHKLLI SSTLVTPILL SIATYGADAS LSPTDSFDGA GGSTFTPKST
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp6729 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 46> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts outer membrane (0.927).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product, as shown in
The cp6729 protein was also identified in the 2D-PAGE experiment (Cpn0446) and showed good cross-reactivity with human sera, including sera from patients with pneumonitis.
These experiments show that cp6729 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376849) was expressed <SEQ ID 47; cp6849>:
MSKLIRRVVT VLALTSMASC FASGGIEAAV AESLITKIVA SAETKPAPVP
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp6849 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 48> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts periplasmic space (0.93).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product, as shown in
The cp6849 protein was also identified in the 2D-PAGE experiment (Cpn0557).
These experiments show that cp6849 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376273) was expressed <SEQ ID 49; cp6273>:
MGLFHLTLFG LLLCSLPISL VAKFPESVGH KILYISTQST QQALA
TYLEA
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp6273 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 50> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts a periplasmic location (0.922).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a his-tag product and as a GST-fusion product, as shown in
This protein also showed good cross-reactivity with human sera, including sera from patients with pneumonitis.
These experiments show that cp6273 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376735) was expressed <SEQ ID 51; cp6735>:
MTILRNFLTC SALFLALPA
A AQVVYLHESD GYNGAINNKS LEPKITCYPE
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp6735 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 52> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts an outer membrane location (0.922).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a as a his-tag product and as a GST-fusion product, as shown in
These experiments show that cp6735 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376784) was expressed <SEQ ID 53; cp6784>:
MNRRKARWVV ALFAMTALIS VGCCPWSQA
K SRCSIDKYIP VVNRLLEVCG
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp6784 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 54> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts a periplasmic location (0.894).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a his-tag product and as a GST-fusion product, as shown in
The cp6784 protein was also identified in the 2D-PAGE experiment (Cpn0498).
These experiments show that cp6784 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376960) was expressed <SEQ ID 55; cp6960>:
MNRRWNLVLA TVALALSVAS CDVRS
KDKDK DQGSLVEYKD NKDTNDIELS
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp6960 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 56> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts periplasmic space location (0.930).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a his-tag product and as a GST-fusion product, as shown in
The cp6960 protein was also identified in the 2D-PAGE experiment.
These experiments show that cp6960 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376968) was expressed <SEQ ID 57; cp6968>:
MKFLLYVPLL LVLVSTG
CDA KPVSFEPFSG KLSTQRFEPQ HSAEEYFSQG
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp6968 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 58> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts an inner membrane location (0.790).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a his-tag product and as a GST-fusion product, as shown in
This protein also showed good cross-reactivity with human sera, including sera from patients with pneumonitis.
These experiments show that cp6968 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376998) was expressed <SEQ ID 59; cp6998>:
MKKLLKSALL SAAFAGSVGS LQA
LPVGNPS DPSLLIDGTI WEGAAGDPCD
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp6998 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 60> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts an outer membrane location (0.707).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion (
The cp6998 protein was also identified in the 2D-PAGE experiment (Cpn0695) and showed good cross-reactivity with human sera, including sera from patients with pneumonitis.
These experiments show that cp6998 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4377102) was expressed <SEQ ID 61; cp7102>:
MKHTFTKRVL FFFFLVIPIP LLLNLMVVGF FSFS
AAKANL VQVLHTRATN
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp7102 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 62> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts an inner membrane location (0.338).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a his-tag product and as a GST-fusion product. The purified GST-fusion product is shown in
These experiments show that cp7102 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4377106) was expressed <SEQ ID 63; cp7106>:
The cp7106 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 64> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts a cytoplasmic location (0.224).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a his-tag product and as a GST-fusion product. The purified GST-fusion product is shown in
This protein also showed very good cross-reactivity with human sera, including sera from patients with pneumonitis.
These experiments show that cp7106 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4377228) was expressed <SEQ ID 65; cp7228>:
The cp7228 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 66> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts an inner membrane location (0.040).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a his-tag product and as a GST-fusion product, as shown in
These experiments show that cp7228 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4377170) was expressed <SEQ ID 67; cp7170>:
MNSKMLKHLR LATLSFSMFF GIVSSPAVYA
LGAGNPAAPV LPGVNPEQTG
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp7170 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 68> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts a bacterial outer membrane location (0.936).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a his-tag product and as a GST-fusion product. The purified GST-fusion product is shown in
The cp7170 protein was also identified in the 2D-PAGE experiment (Cpn0854).
These experiments show that cp7170 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4377072) was expressed <SEQ ID 69; cp7072>:
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp7072 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 70> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts a periplasmic location (0.688).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a his-tag product (
These experiments show that cp7072 is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376879) was expressed <SEQ ID 71; cp6879>:
The cp6879 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 72> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts an inner membrane location (0.646).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a his-tag product and as a GST-fusion product. The purified GST-fusion product is shown in
These experiments show that cp6879 is useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376767) was expressed <SEQ ID 73; cp6767>:
The cp6767 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 74> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts an inner membrane location (0.083).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a his-tag product and as a GST-fusion product. The purified his-tag product is shown in
The cp6767 protein was also identified in the 2D-PAGE experiment and showed good cross-reactivity with human sera, including sera from patients with pneumonitis.
These experiments show that cp6767 is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376717) was expressed <SEQ ID 75; cp6717>:
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp6717 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 76> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts a periplasmic location (0.939).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion (
These experiments show that cp6717 is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376577) was expressed <SEQ ID 77; cp6577>:
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp6577 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 78> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts a periplasmic space location (0.932).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a his-tag product (
The cp6577 protein was also identified in the 2D-PAGE experiment.
These experiments show that cp6577 is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376446) was expressed <SEQ ID 79; cp6446>:
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp6446 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 80> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts an inner membrane location (0.177).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a his-tag product and a GST-fusion product. The GST-fusion product is shown in
These experiments show that cp6446 is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4377108) was expressed <SEQ ID 81; cp7108>:
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp7108 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 82> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts an outer membrane location (0.921).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product, as shown in
The cp7108 protein was also identified in the 2D-PAGE experiment.
These experiments show that cp7108 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4377287) was expressed <SEQ ID 83; cp7287>:
MVAKKTVRSY RSSFSHSVIV AILSAGIAFE AHS
LHSSELD LGVFNKQFEE
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp7287 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 84> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts an inner membrane location (0.106).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product, as shown in
The cp7287 protein was also identified in the 2D-PAGE experiment and showed good cross-reactivity with human sera, including sera from patients with pneumonitis.
These experiments show that cp7287 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4377105) was expressed <SEQ ID 85; cp7105>:
The cp7105 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 86> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts an inner membrane location (0.100).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product, as shown in
This protein also showed good cross-reactivity with human sera, including sera from patients with pneumonitis.
These experiments show that cp7105 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376802) was expressed <SEQ ID 87; cp6802>:
MSNQLQPCIS LG
CVSYINSF PLSLQLIKRN DIRCVLAPPA DLLNLLIEGK
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp6802 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 88> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts an inner membrane location (0.060).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product, as shown in
These experiments show that cp6802 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376390) was expressed <SEQ ID 89; cp6390>:
MVFSYYCMGL FFFSGAISSC GLLVSLGVGL GLSVLGVLLL LLAGLLLFKI
QSML
REVPKA PDLLDLEDAS ERLRVKASRS LASLPKEISQ LESYIRSAAN
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp6390 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 90> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts a periplasmic location (0.932).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product, as shown in
This protein also showed good cross-reactivity with human sera, including sera from patients with pneumonitis.
These experiments show that cp6390 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376272) was expressed <SEQ ID 91; cp6272>:
MKRCFLFLAS FVLMGSSADA
LTHQEAVKKK NSYLSHFKSV SGIVTIEDGV
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp6272 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 92> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts an outer membrane location (0.48).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product, as shown in
This protein also showed good cross-reactivity with human sera, including sera from patients with pneumonitis.
These experiments show that cp6272 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4377111) was expressed <SEQ ID 93; cp711>:
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp7111 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 94> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts an inner membrane location (0.100).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product, as shown in
The cp7111 protein was also identified in the 2D-PAGE experiment and showed good cross-reactivity with human sera, including sera from patients with pneumonitis.
These experiments show that cp7111 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4455886) was expressed <SEQ ID 95; cp0010>:
MKSQFSWLVL SSTLACFTSC
STVFAATAEN IGPSDSFDGS TNTGTYTPKN
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp0010 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 96> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts an outer membrane location (0.922).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product, as shown in
The cp0010 protein was also identified in the 2D-PAGE experiment and showed good cross-reactivity with human sera, including sera from patients with pneumonitis.
These experiments show that cp0010 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376296) was expressed <SEQ ID 97; cp6296>:
The cp6296 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 98> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts a cytoplasmic location (0.523).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product, as shown in
These experiments show that cp6296 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376664) was expressed <SEQ ID 99; cp6664>:
The cp6664 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 100> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts an inner membrane location (0.268).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion (
The cp6664 protein was also identified in the 2D-PAGE experiment (Cpn0385) and showed good cross-reactivity with human sera, including sera from patients with pneumonitis.
These experiments show that cp6664 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376696) was expressed <SEQ ID 101; cp6696>:
MTLIFVIIIV WCNAFLIKL
C VIMGLQSRLQ HCIEVSQNSN FDSQVKQFIY
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp6696 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 102> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts an inner membrane location (0.463).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product, as shown in
This protein also showed good cross-reactivity with human sera, including sera from patients with pneumonitis.
These experiments show that cp6696 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376790) was expressed <SEQ ID 103; cp6790>:
The cp6790 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 104> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts an inner membrane location (0.151).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
The cp6790 protein was also identified in the 2D-PAGE experiment (Cpn0503).
These experiments show that cp6790 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376878) was expressed <SEQ ID 105; cp6878>:
The cp6878 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 106> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts an inner membrane location (0.204).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a his-tag product (
These experiments show that cp6878 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4377224) was expressed <SEQ ID 107; cp7224>:
The cp7224 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 108> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts an inner membrane location (0.164).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product, as shown in
This protein also showed good cross-reactivity with human sera, including sera from patients with pneumonitis.
These experiments show that cp7224 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4377140) was expressed <SEQ ID 109; cp7140>:
MVRRSISFCL FFLMTLLCCT SCNSRSLIVH GLPGREANEI VVLLVSKGVA
AQKLPQAAAA
TAGAATEQMW DIAVPSAQIT EALAILNQAG LPRMKGTSLL
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp7140 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 110> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts an inner membrane location (0.650).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product, as shown in
These experiments show that cp7140 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4377306) was expressed <SEQ ID 111; cp7306>:
MITKQLRSWL AVLVGSSLLA
LPLSGQAVGK KESRVSELPQ DVLLKEISGG
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp7306 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 112> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts a periplasmic location (0.923).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a his-tag product (
The cp7306 protein was also identified in the 2D-PAGE experiment (Cpn0979) and showed good cross-reactivity with human sera, including sera from patients with pneumonitis.
These experiments show that cp7306 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4377132) was expressed <SEQ ID 113; cp7132>:
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp7132 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 114> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts a periplasmic location (0.915).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a his-tag product (
These experiments show that cp7132 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376733) was expressed <SEQ ID 115; cp6733>:
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp6733 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 116> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts an outer membrane location (0.924).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a his-tag product, as shown in
The cp6733 protein was also identified in the 2D-PAGE experiment (Cpn0451).
These experiments show that cp6733 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376814) was expressed <SEQ ID 117; cp6814>:
The cp6814 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 118> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts an inner membrane location (0.070).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion (
These experiments show that cp6814 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376830) was expressed <SEQ ID 119; cp6830>:
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp6830 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 120> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts an outer membrane location (0.926).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion (
The cp6830 protein was also identified in the 2D-PAGE experiment (Cpn0540) and showed good cross-reactivity with human sera, including sera from patients with pneumonitis.
These experiments show that cp6830 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376854) was expressed <SEQ ID 121; cp6854>:
The cp6854 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 122> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts an inner membrane location (0.461).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product, as shown in
These experiments show that cp6854 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4377101) was expressed <SEQ ID 123; cp7101>:
The cp7101 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 124> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts a cytoplasmic location (0.206).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion (
This protein also showed good cross-reactivity with human sera, including sera from patients with pneumonitis.
These experiments show that cp7101 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4377107) was expressed <SEQ ID 125; cp7107>:
The cp7107 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 126> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts an inner membrane location (0.100).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion (
These experiments show that cp7107 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376467) was expressed <SEQ ID 127; cp6467>:
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp6467 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 128> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts an outer membrane lipoprotein (0.790).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a his-tag product and a GST-fusion protein, as shown in
These experiments show that cp6467 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376679) was expressed <SEQ ID 129; cp6679>:
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp6679 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 130> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts an inner membrane location (0.149).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a his-tag product (
These experiments show that cp6679 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376890) was expressed <SEQ ID 131; cp6890>:
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp6890 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 132> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts an outer membrane location (0.940).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product, as shown in
These experiments show that cp6890 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 6172323) was expressed <SEQ ID 133; cp0018>:
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp0018 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 134> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts outer membrane (0.935).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp0018 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376262) was expressed <SEQ ID 135; cp6262>:
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp6262 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 136> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.660).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp6262 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376269) was expressed <SEQ ID 137; cp6269>:
The cp6269 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 138> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts cytoplasmic location (0.412).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp6269 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376270) was expressed <SEQ ID 139; cp6270>:
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp6270 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 140> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts outer membrane (0.92).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
The cp6270 protein was also identified in the 2D-PAGE experiment (Cpn0013).
These experiments show that cp6270 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376402) was expressed <SEQ ID 141; cp6402>:
The cp6402 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 142> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts cytoplasmic (0.158).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp6402 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376520) was expressed <SEQ ID 143; cp6520>:
The cp6520 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 144> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts cytoplasmic (0.265).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp6520 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376567) was expressed <SEQ ID 145; cp6567>:
The cp6567 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 146> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.694).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp6567 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376576) was expressed <SEQ ID 147; cp6576>:
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp6576 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 148> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts outer membrane (0.7658).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as GST-fusion (
The cp6576 protein was also identified in the 2D-PAGE experiment (Cpn0300).
These experiments show that cp6576 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376607) was expressed <SEQ ID 149; cp6607>:
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp6607 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 150> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts periplasmic (0.934).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a his-tagged product (
These experiments show that cp6607 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376624) was expressed <SEQ ID 151; cp6624>:
The cp6624 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 152> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.168).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a his-tag product (
The cp6624 protein was also identified in the 2D-PAGE experiment.
These experiments show that cp6624 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376728) was expressed <SEQ ID 153; cp6728>:
The cp6728 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 154> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.187).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
The cp6728 protein was also identified in the 2D-PAGE experiment.
These experiments show that cp6728 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376847) was expressed <SEQ ID 155; cp6847>:
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp6847 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 156> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts periplasmic (0.932).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp6847 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376969) was expressed <SEQ ID 157; cp6969>:
MRLFSLGTIY LFFSLALSSC CGYSILNSPY HLSSLGKSLL QERIFIAPIK
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp6969 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 158> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.126).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp6969 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4377109) was expressed <SEQ ID 159; cp7109>:
MKKTCCQNYR SIGVVFSVVL FVLTTQTLFA GHFIDIGTSG LYSWARGVSG
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp7109 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 160> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts outer membrane (0.887).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp7109 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4377110) was expressed <SEQ ID 161; cp7110>:
MAAIKQILRS MLSQSSLWMV LFSLYSLSGY CYVITDKPED DFHSSSAVKW
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp7110 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 162> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts outer membrane (0.827).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp7110 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4377127) was expressed <SEQ ID 163; cp7127>:
MVFFRNSLLH LVALSGMLCC SSGVALTIAE KMASLEHSGR GADDYEGMAS
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp7127 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 164> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts periplasmic (0.920).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp7127 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4377133) was expressed <SEQ ID 165; cp7133>:
MQPFIFTLLC LTSLVSLVAF DAANARKRCA CAQTIERGEN FFSIKRSACA
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp7133 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 166> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts outer membrane (0.92).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp7133 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4377222) was expressed <SEQ ID 167; cp7222>:
MNRRDMVITA VVVNAILLVA LFVTSKRIGV KDYDEGFRNF ASSKVTQAVV
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp7222 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 168> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts periplasmic (0.935).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp7222 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4377225) was expressed <SEQ ID 169; cp7225>:
The cp7225 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 170> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.16).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a his-tag product (
These experiments show that cp7225 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4377248) was expressed <SEQ ID 171; cp7248>:
MKFWLQGCAF VGCLLLTLPC CAARRRASGE NLQQTRPIAA ANLQWESYAE
ALEHSKQDHK PICLFFTGSD WCMWCIKMQD QILQSSEFKH FAGVHLHMVE
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp7248 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 172> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts periplasmic (0.932).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
The cp7248 protein was also identified in the 2D-PAGE experiment.
These experiments show that cp7248 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4377249) was expressed <SEQ ID 173; cp7249>:
The cp7249 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 174> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.571).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp7249 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4377261) was expressed <SEQ ID 175; cp7261>:
The cp7261 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 176> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.848).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp7261 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4377305) was expressed <SEQ ID 177; cp7305>:
The cp7305 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 178> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.508).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp7305 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4377347) was expressed <SEQ ID 179; cp7347>:
MKKGKLGAIV FGLLFTSSVA GFSKDLTKDN AYQDLNVIEH LISLKYAPLP
A predicted signal peptide is highlighted.
The cp7347 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 180> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts periplasmic space (0.2497).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp7347 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4377353) was expressed <SEQ ID 181; cp7353>:
The cp7353 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 182> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts cytoplasm (0.1308).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp7353 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4377408) was expressed <SEQ ID 183; cp7408>:
The cp7408 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 184> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.123).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a his-tag product (
These experiments show that cp7408 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376424) was expressed <SEQ ID 185; cp6424>:
The cp6424 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 186> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts cytoplasm (0.2502).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp6424 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376449) was expressed <SEQ ID 187; cp6449>:
The cp6449 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 188> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.2084).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp6449 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376495) was expressed <SEQ ID 189; cp6495>:
The cp6495 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 190> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts cytoplasmic (0.280).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp6495 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376506) was expressed <SEQ ID 191; cp6506>:
The cp6506 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 192> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts periplasmic space (0.571).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as his-tag (
These experiments show that cp6506 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376882) was expressed <SEQ ID 193; cp6882>:
The cp6882 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 194> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts cytoplasm (0.362).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp6882 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376979) was expressed <SEQ ID 195; cp6979>:
The cp6979 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 196> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts cytoplasm (0.360).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp6979 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4377028) was expressed <SEQ ID 197; cp7028>:
The cp7028 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 198> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts cytoplasm (0.1453).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp7028 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4377355) was expressed <SEQ ID 199; cp7355>:
The cp7355 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 200> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.143).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion (
These experiments show that cp7355 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4377380) was expressed <SEQ ID 201; cp7380>:
The cp7380 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 202> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.1362).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp7380 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376904) was expressed <SEQ ID 203; cp6904>:
The cp6904 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 204> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts cytoplasm (0.0358).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a his-tag product (
The cp6904 protein was also identified in the 2D-PAGE experiment.
These experiments show that cp6904 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376964) was expressed <SEQ ID 205; cp6964>:
The cp6964 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 206> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.091).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp6964 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4377387) was expressed <SEQ ID 207; cp7387>:
The cp7387 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 208> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.043).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a his-tagged-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp7387 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376281) was expressed <SEQ ID 209; cp6281>:
The cp6281 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 210> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.5373).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp6281 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376306) was expressed <SEQ ID 211; cp6306>:
The cp6306 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 212> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts cytoplasm (0.167).
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376434) was also expressed <SEQ ID 213; cp6434>:
The cp6434 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 214> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.6859).
The proteins were expressed in E. coli and purified as his-tag products (
These experiments show that cp6306 & cp6434 are surface-exposed and immunoaccessible proteins, and that they are useful immunogens. These properties are not evident from the sequences alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4377400) was expressed <SEQ ID 215; cp7400>:
The cp7400 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 216> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts periplasmic space (0.924).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp7400 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376395) was expressed <SEQ ID 217; cp6395>:
The cp6395 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 218> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.6307).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp6395 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376396) was expressed <SEQ ID 219; cp6396>:
The cp6396 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 220> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.6095).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp6396 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376408) was expressed <SEQ ID 221; cp6408>:
The cp6408 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 222> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts cytoplasm (0.2171).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp6408 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376430) was expressed <SEQ ID 223; cp6430>:
The cp6430 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 224> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.5140).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp6430 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376439) was expressed <SEQ ID 225; cp6439>:
The cp6439 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 226> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts cytoplasm (0.1628).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp6439 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376440) was expressed <SEQ ID 227; cp6440>:
The cp6440 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 228> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts cytoplasm (0.0481).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp6440 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376475) was expressed <SEQ ID 229; cp6475>:
The cp6475 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 230> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.5373).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp6475 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376482) was expressed <SEQ ID 231; cp6482>:
The cp6482 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 232> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts cytoplasm (0.4607).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp6482 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376486) was expressed <SEQ ID 233; cp6486>:
The cp6486 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 234> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.7474).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp6486 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376526) was expressed <SEQ ID 235; cp6526>:
The cp6526 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 236> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts cytoplasm (0.1296).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp6526 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376528) was expressed <SEQ ID 237; cp6528>:
The cp6528 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 238> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts cytoplasm (0.1668).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp6528 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376627) was expressed <SEQ ID 239; cp6627>:
The cp6627 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 240> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.7198).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp6627 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376629) was expressed <SEQ ID 241; cp6629>:
The cp6629 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 242> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.5776).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp6629 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376732) was expressed <SEQ ID 243; cp6732>:
The cp6732 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 244> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts cytoplasm (0.2196).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp6732 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376738) was expressed <SEQ ID 245; cp6738>:
The cp6738 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 246> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts cytoplasm (0.1587).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp6738 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376739) was expressed <SEQ ID 247; cp6739>:
The cp6739 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 248> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.2190).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp6739 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376741) was expressed <SEQ ID 249; cp6741>:
The cp6741 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 250> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.2869).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp6741 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376742) was expressed <SEQ ID 251; cp6742>:
The cp6742 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 252> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.2338).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp6742 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376744) was expressed <SEQ ID 253; cp6744>:
The cp6744 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 254> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts cytoplasm (0.3833).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp6744 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376745) was expressed <SEQ ID 255; cp6745>:
The cp6745 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 256> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.2253).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp6745 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376747) was expressed <SEQ ID 257; cp6747>:
The cp6747 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 258> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.1447).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp6747 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376756) was expressed <SEQ ID 259; cp6756>:
The cp6756 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 260> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.3994).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp6756 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376761) was expressed <SEQ ID 261; cp6761>:
The cp6761 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 262> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.1574).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp6761 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376766) was expressed <SEQ ID 263; cp6766>:
The cp6766 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 264> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.6158).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp6766 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376804) was expressed <SEQ ID 265; cp6804>:
The cp6804 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 266> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.060).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp6804 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376805) was expressed <SEQ ID 267; cp6805>:
The cp6805 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 268> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.711).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp6805 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376813) was expressed <SEQ ID 269; cp6813>:
The cp6813 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 270> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.4291).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp6813 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376844) was expressed <SEQ ID 271; cp6844>:
The cp6844 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 272> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.1786).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp6844 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4377201) was expressed <SEQ ID 273; cp7201>:
The cp7201 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 274> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.3102).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp7201 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4377251) was expressed <SEQ ID 275; cp7251>:
The cp7251 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 276> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.4545).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp7251 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4377288) was expressed <SEQ ID 277; cp7288>:
The cp7288 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 278> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.5989).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp7288 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4377359) was expressed <SEQ ID 279; cp7359>:
The cp7359 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 280> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.7453).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp7359 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4377374) was expressed <SEQ ID 281; cp7374>:
The cp7374 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 282> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts cytoplasm (0.2930).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp7374 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4377377) was expressed <SEQ ID 283; cp7377>:
The cp7377 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 284> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts cytoplasm (0.2926).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp7377 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4377407) was expressed <SEQ ID 285; cp7407>:
The cp7407 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 286> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.1319).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp7407 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376432) was expressed <SEQ ID 287; cp6432>:
The cp6432 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 288> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.5394).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a his-tagged product (
These experiments show that cp6432 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376433) was expressed <SEQ ID 289; cp6433>:
The cp6433 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 290> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts cytoplasm (0.4068).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a his-tagged product (
These experiments show that cp6433 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376643) was expressed <SEQ ID 291; cp6643>:
The cp6643 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 292> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.6859).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a his-tagged product (
These experiments show that cp6643 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376722) was expressed <SEQ ID 293; cp6722>:
The cp6722 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 294> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.6668).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a his-tagged product (
These experiments show that cp6722 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4377253) was expressed <SEQ ID 295; cp7253>:
The cp7253 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 296> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.5394).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a his-tagged product (
These experiments show that cp7253 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376264) was expressed <SEQ ID 297; cp6264>:
The cp6264 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 298> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts cytoplasm (0.2817).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a his-tagged product (
These experiments show that cp6264 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376266) was expressed <SEQ ID 299; cp6266>:
The cp6266 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 300> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.3590).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a his-tag product (
These experiments show that cp6266 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein and that they it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376895) was expressed <SEQ ID 301; cp6895>:
The cp6895 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 302> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts cytoplasm (0.3264).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a his-tag product (
These experiments show that cp6895 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376282) was expressed <SEQ ID 303; cp6282>:
The cp6282 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 304> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts cytoplasm (0.362).
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4377373) was also expressed <SEQ ID 305; cp7373>:
The cp7373 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 306> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts cytoplasm (0.1069).
The proteins were expressed in E. coli and purified as his-tag products (
These experiments show that cp6282 & cp7373 are surface-exposed and immunoaccessible proteins and that they are useful immunogens. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376412) was expressed <SEQ ID 307; cp6412>:
The cp6412 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 308> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.4864).
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376431) was also expressed <SEQ ID 309; cp6431>:
The cp6431 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 310> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts cytoplasm (0.2115).
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376443) was also expressed <SEQ ID 311; cp6443>:
The cp6443 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 312> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.5585).
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376496) was also expressed <SEQ ID 313; cp6496>:
The cp6496 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 314> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.5989).
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376654) was also expressed <SEQ ID 315; cp6654>:
The cp6654 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 316> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts cytoplasm (0.0730).
The proteins were expressed in E. coli and purified as his-tag products (
These experiments show that cp6412, cp6431, cp6443, cp6496 & cp6654 are surface-exposed and immunoaccessible proteins and that they are useful immunogens. These properties are not evident from their sequences alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376477) was expressed <SEQ ID 317; cp6477>:
The cp6477 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 318> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.128).
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376435) was also expressed <SEQ ID 319; cp6435>:
The cp6435 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 320> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts periplasmic space (0.4044).
The proteins were expressed in E. coli and purified as his-tag products (
These experiments show that cp6477 & cp6435 are surface-exposed and immunoaccessible proteins and that they are useful immunogens. These properties are not evident from the sequences alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376441) was expressed <SEQ ID 321; cp6441>:
The cp6441 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 322> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts bacterial inner membrane (0.132).
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376748) was also expressed <SEQ ID 323; cp6748>:
The cp6748 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 324> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts cytoplasm (0.170).
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376881) was also expressed <SEQ ID 325; cp6881>:
The cp6881 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 326> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts cytoplasm (0.249).
The proteins were expressed in E. coli and purified as his-tag products (
These experiments show that cp6441, cp6748 & cp6881 are surface-exposed and immunoaccessible proteins and that they are useful immunogens. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376444) was expressed <SEQ ID 327; cp6444>:
The cp6444 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 328> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts cytoplasm (0.2031).
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376413) was also expressed <SEQ ID 329; cp6413>:
The cp6413 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 330> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.6180).
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4377391) was also expressed <SEQ ID 331; cp7391>:
The cp7391 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 332> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.1489).
The proteins were expressed in E. coli and purified as his-tag and GST-fusion products (
These experiments show that cp6444, cp6413 & cp7391 are surface-exposed and immunoaccessible proteins and that they are useful immunogens. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376463) was expressed <SEQ ID 333; cp6463>:
The cp6463 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 334> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.1510).
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376540) was also expressed <SEQ ID 335; cp6540>:
The cp6540 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 336> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts cytoplasm (0.3086).
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376743) was also expressed <SEQ ID 337; cp6743>:
The cp6743 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 338> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts cytoplasm (0.2769).
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4377041) was also expressed <SEQ ID 339; cp7041>:
The cp7041 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 340> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.1022).
The proteins were expressed in E. coli and purified as his-tag products (
These experiments show that cp6463, cp6540, cp6743 & cp7041 are surface-exposed and immunoaccessible proteins and that they are useful immunogens. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376632) was expressed <SEQ ID 341; cp6632>:
The cp6632 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 342> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts cytoplasm (0.3627).
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376648) was also expressed <SEQ ID 343; cp6648>:
The cp6648 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 344> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.6074).
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376497) was also expressed <SEQ ID 345; cp6497>:
The cp6497 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 346> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.145).
The proteins were expressed in E. coli and purified as his-tag products (
These experiments show that cp6632, cp6648 and cp6497 are surface-exposed and immunoaccessible proteins and that they are useful immunogens. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4377200) was expressed <SEQ ID 347; cp7200>:
The cp7200 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 348> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts cytoplasm (0.3672).
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4377235) was also expressed <SEQ ID 349; cp7235>:
The cp7235 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 350> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts cytoplasm (0.3214).
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4377268) was also expressed <SEQ ID 351; cp7268>:
The cp7268 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 352> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.1235).
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4377375) was also expressed <SEQ ID 353; cp7375>:
The cp7375 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 354> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts cytoplasm (0.0049).
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4377388) was also expressed <SEQ ID 355; cp7388>:
The cp7388 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 356> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.461).
The proteins were expressed in E. coli and purified as his-tag products (
These experiments show that cp7200, cp7235, cp7268, cp7375 & cp7388 are surface-exposed and immunoaccessible proteins and that they are useful immunogens. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376723) was expressed <SEQ ID 357; cp6723>:
The cp6723 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 358> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.6095).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a his-tag product (
These experiments show that cp6723 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376749) was expressed <SEQ ID 359; cp6749>:
The cp6749 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 360> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.2996).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a his-tag product (
These experiments show that cp6749 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376301) was expressed <SEQ ID 361; cp6301>:
The cp6301 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 362> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts cytoplasm (0.4621).
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376558) was also expressed <SEQ ID 363; cp6558>:
The cp6558 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 364> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.4630).
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376630) was also expressed <SEQ ID 365; cp6630>:
The cp6630 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 366> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.7092).
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376633) was also expressed <SEQ ID 367; cp6633>:
The cp6633 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 368> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.7283).
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376642) was also expressed <SEQ ID 369; cp6642>:
The cp6642 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 370> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.5288).
The proteins were expressed in E. coli and purified as GST-fusion products. The recombinant proteins were used to immunize mice, whose sera were used in Western blots (
These experiments show that cp6301, cp6558, cp6630, cp6633 and cp6642 are surface-exposed and immunoaccessible proteins, and that they are useful immunogens. These properties are not evident from their sequences alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376389) was expressed <SEQ ID 371; cp6389>:
The cp6389 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 372> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts cytoplasm (0.3193).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a GST-fusion product (
These experiments show that cp6389 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376792) was expressed <SEQ ID 373; cp6792>:
The cp6792 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 374> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts cytoplasm (0.180).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a his-tagged product (
These experiments show that cp6792 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376868) was expressed <SEQ ID 375; cp6868>:
The cp6868 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 376> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts bacterial cytoplasm (0.325).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a his-tag product (
These experiments show that cp6868 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4376894) was expressed <SEQ ID 377; cp6894>:
The cp6894 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 378> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts inner membrane (0.162).
The protein was expressed in E. coli and purified as a his-tag product (
These experiments show that cp6894 is a surface-exposed and immunoaccessible protein, and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the sequence alone.
The following C. pneumoniae protein (PID 4377193) was identified in the 2D-PAGE experiment <SEQ ID 379; cp7193>:
A predicted leader peptide is underlined.
The cp7193 nucleotide sequence <SEQ ID 380> is:
The PSORT algorithm predicts periplasmic (0.925).
This shows that cp7193 is an immunoaccessible protein in the EB and that it is a useful immunogen. These properties are not evident from the protein's sequence alone.
It will be appreciated that the invention has been described by way of example only and that modifications may be made whilst remaining within the spirit and scope of the invention.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0016363.4 | Jul 2000 | GB | national |
| 0017047.2 | Jul 2000 | GB | national |
| 0017938.8 | Jul 2000 | GB | national |
| 0019368.0 | Aug 2000 | GB | national |
| 0020440.4 | Aug 2000 | GB | national |
| 0022583.9 | Sep 2000 | GB | national |
| 0027549.5 | Nov 2000 | GB | national |
| 0031706.5 | Dec 2000 | GB | national |
This application is a division of Ser. No. 11/414,403 filed on May 1, 2006, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 10/312,273 filed on May 5, 2003, now abandoned, which is a national phase application of PCT/IB01/01445 filed on Jul. 3, 2001, which claims priority to GB applications 0016363.4 filed Jul. 3, 2000; 0017047.2 filed Jul. 11, 2000; 0017983.8 filed Jul. 21, 2000; 0019368.0 filed Aug. 7, 2000; 0020440.4 filed Aug. 18, 2000; 0022583.9 filed Sep. 14, 2000; 0027549.5 filed Nov. 10, 2000; and 0031706.5 filed Dec. 22, 2000. Each of these applications is incorporated herein by reference its entirety. This application incorporates by reference a 949 kb text file created on Aug. 18, 2009 and named “sequencelisting.txt,” which is the sequence listing for this application. All documents cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 11414403 | May 2006 | US |
| Child | 12543535 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10312273 | May 2003 | US |
| Child | 11414403 | US |
