Patent Grant
7951909
The present invention relates to a composition comprising a peptide immunogen useful for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. More particularly, the peptide immunogen comprises a main functional/regulatory site, an N-terminal fragment of Amyloid β (Aβ) peptide linked to a helper T cell epitope (Th) having multiple class II MHC binding motifs. The peptide immunogen elicits a site-directed immune response against the main functional/regulatory site of the Aβ peptide and generate antibodies, which are highly cross-reactive to the soluble Aβ1-42 peptide and the amyloid plaques formed in the brain of Alzheimer's Disease patients. The antibodies elicited being cross reactive to the soluble Aβ1-42 peptide, promote fibril disaggregation and inhibit fibrillar aggregation leading to immunoneutralization of the “soluble Aβ-derived toxins”; and being cross-reactive to the amyloid plaques, accelerate the clearance of these plaques from the brain. Thus, the composition of the invention comprising the peptide immunogen is useful for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's Disease.
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a chronic, neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a loss of cognitive ability and severe behavoral abnormalities in a patient leading to the eventual death of the patient. There are currently 2.5 to 4.0 million AD patients in the U.S. and 17 to 25 million worldwide. It is the fourth leading cause of death in Western cultures, preceded only by heart disease, cancer, and stroke. ARICEPT®, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor has been approved by the FDA for decelerating the rate of decline of Alzheimer patients. However, it is effective only for a limited period of time and in some patients. Up to the present there is no definitive treatment or cure for this devastating disease.
Two microscopic deposits, i.e., neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) and senile amyloid plaques, were identified by Alois Alzheimer as the pathologic hallmarks of the disease. The neurofibrillary tangles consist of two 10 nm wide filaments twisted around each other, referred to as paired helical filaments (PHFs), a major component of which is phosphorylated tau. The phosphorylation of serine at amino acid 262 of the tau protein represents a crucial step leading to physiological dysfunction of tau. PHFs are intracellular and are found in many of the abnormal dendritic and axonal processes, or neurites that make up the periphery of senile amyloid plaques. The senile amyloid plaques consist of disorganized neurophil filaments in an area of up to 150 μm in cross section with an extra-cellular core of amyloid deposit. The cerebral amyloid plaques are ultrastructurally distinct from PHFs and consist of 4-8 nm wide filaments that are not wound together in pairs. The plaque core consists of aggregates of a peptide, initially referred to as A4, with a relative molecular mass (M) of about 4,000 (Masters et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1985, 82:4245-4249).
A partial amino acid sequence of A4, now renamed amyloid β peptide (or Aβ1-42), shows that it is similar to the amyloid β protein isolated from cerebral blood vessels of patients with Alzheimer's disease or Down's syndrome (Glenner and Wong, Biochem Biophys Res Comm, 1984; 120:885-890; 122:1131-1135).
Aβ1-42 has been hypothesized to be related to AD for a number of reasons. Firstly, in peripheral amyloidoses, e.g., primary light chain disease or secondary AA amyloidosis, large amyloid burdens strongly correlate with tissue and organ dysfunction. Secondly, amyloid plaque density positively correlates with premortem dementia scores in AD. Thirdly, Aβ1-42 deposition is the earliest neuropathological marker in AD and related disorders such as Down's syndrome, where it can precede NFT formation by 2-3 decades. Fourthly, β-amyloidosis is relatively specific to AD and related disorders. Fifthly, Aβ1-42 is toxic to neurons (Yankner et al., Science, 1990; 250:279-282). Lastly, missense mutations in the structural amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene cause early onset of familial AD (Goate et al., Nature, 1991; 349:704-706; Mullan et al., Nature Genetics, 1992; 1:345-347). Notably, one such mutation causes dramatic Aβ1-42 overproduction (Citron et al., Nature, 1992; 360:672-674).
In 1987, Kang et al. (Nature, 1987; 325:733-737) and three other groups (see 1987 status reports by Anderton, Nature, 1987; 325:658-659 and Barnes, Science, 1987; 235:846-847) independently cloned the gene from which Aβ1-42 is derived. This gene, now known as the amyloid precursor protein (APP), encodes a protein of 695 amino-acid residues with a MW of about 79,000 that is expressed in virtually all tissues. There are at least five splicing variants of APP, four of which contain the β-amyloid peptide sequence.
Four genes have been implicated in familial forms of AD. Three of the genes, βAPP, presenilin 1, and presenilin 2, when mutated, cause autosomal dominant early forms of AD. The fourth gene, Apolipoprotein E, has a naturally occurring polymorphic form, ApoE4, that represents a major genetic risk factor for the development of the disease. The concept that alterations in several distinct genes can lead to a chronic imbalance between Aβ1-42 production and its clearance, with the resulting aggregation of first the 42-residue and then the 40-residue peptide into cytotoxic plaques, is supported by available evidence. The evidence strongly suggests that defects in each of these four genes predispose the AD phenotype by (1) enhancing the production and/or the deposition of Aβ1-42 peptides or (2) by decreasing the clearance of ApoE4 from tissue (Selkoe, J Biol Chem, 1996; 271:18295-18298).
From available data, it appears that aggregated but not monomeric Aβ1-42 peptides can induce cell dysfunction and death in vitro by a range of presumably interrelated mechanisms. These include oxidative injury (Thomas et al., Nature, 1996; 380:168-171; Behl et al., Cell, 1994; 77:817-827), alterations in intracellular calcium homeostasis (Arispe et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1993; 90:567-571), and cytoskeletal reorganization (Busciglio et al., Neuron, 1995; 14:879-888). Sufficient knowledge of some of the principal steps in the amyloid-induced cascade has emerged, even though the cascade hypothesis is hotly contested.
Pharmalogical approaches of identifying small molecules which could inhibit one or another step of the amyloid induced cascade are now well under way. Of particular interest are two approaches: attempts to interfere with the aggregation of Aβ1-42 peptides by decreasing the secretion of Aβ1-42 peptides from neuronal and glial cells or inhibit the toxicity that these extracellular aggregates produce on neurons and glial cells and their processes. A third approach which attempts to control the specialized inflammatory response that appears to be triggered by aggregated Aβ1-42 (including microglial stimulation, activation of the classical complement cascade, cytokine release, and reactive astrocytosis) may prove to be of benefit to Alzheimer's patients.
Aside from the above-mentioned pharmacological approaches for AD intervention, immunological interventions have also been attempted. Soloman et al. (Proc Natl Acad. Sci, 1996; 93:452-455; Proc Natl Acad. Sci, 1997; 94:4109-4112) showed that three specific monoclonal antibodies, directed toward a site in the N-terminal region of the human Aβ1-42 peptide, bind in varying degrees to preformed fibrils leading to their disaggregation and inhibition of their neurotoxic effect. The antibodies were also found to prevent the formation of fibrillar Aβ1-42. Solomon et al. (WO 01/18169) also attempted to prepare a phage display of an epitope of the Aβ1-42 peptide and administering the phage displayed epitope or peptide containing the epitope intraperitonially to mice to elicit antibodies to the Aβ1-42 peptide. In vitro testing with rat phenochromocytoma showed that a 1:5 dilution of the anitsera prevented the neurotoxicity of Aβ1-42. The antiserum at a dilution of 1:5 and 1:20 was also shown to disrupt the fibril structure of Aβ in vitro with extensive deterioration of fibril morphology. However, the adjuvant used was for the first injection was Complete Freund's Adjuvant with the incomplete Freund's Adjuvant for the second injection. The adjuvants used are entirely unsuitable for use in humans. Moreover, the levels of antibodies generated were too low to be effective despite the use of these harsh adjuvants.
Subsequently, Schenk et al. (Nature, 1999; 400:173-177) showed that immunization with Aβ1-42 peptide inhibits the formation of amyloid plaques and the associated dystrophic neurites in a mouse model of AD. However, due to the low immunogenicity of the Aβ1-42 peptide, the method employed required repeated administrations of the antigen with a harsh lesion-forming adjuvant to obtain the higher levels of anti- Aβ1-42 plaque antibodies necessary to affect plaque formation. Moreover, it was cautioned that immunization with Aβ1-42 might induce more accumulation of the toxic amyloid itself (Araujo, DM & Cotman, CW, Brain Res, 1992; 569, 141-145).
Despite these criticisms, additional studies in transgenic AD mouse models through similar active immunization have lent credence to the immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapeutic approaches for AD. Janus et al. (Nature, 2000; 408:979-982) described Aβ1-42 peptide immunization in a mouse model for AD that reduced behavior impairment and plaques. Morgan et al. (Nature, 2000; 408:982-985) described Aβ1-42 peptide vaccination to prevent memory loss in the mouse model.
Direct support for the effectiveness of immune therapy came from the observation that peripheral administration of antibodies, monoclonal or polyclonal, against Aβ-peptide reduced amyloid burden (WO 99/27944; Bard et al., Nature Medicine, 2000; 6:916-919). Despite relatively modest serum levels, these passively administered antibodies, monoclonal 3D6 (anti-Aβ1-5) and 10D5 (anti-Aβ1-12) or polyclonal anti-Aβ1-42, were able to enter the central nervous system. There, the antibodies bound to plaques and induced clearance of pre-existing amyloid plaques. Bard et al., reported that when examined in an ex vivo assay with brain sections of PDAPP mice (i.e., mice transgenic for an APP mini-gene driven by a platelet-derived growth factor promoter) or AD patient brain tissue, antibodies against Aβ-peptide triggered microglial cells to clear plaques through Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis and subsequent peptide degradation. This study demonstrated that passively administered antibodies against Aβ1-42 peptide and the Aβ1-42 N-terminus region reduced the extent of plaque deposition in a mouse model of AD; and that monoclonal antibodies or polyclonal antibodies elicited by site-directed vaccines are able to enter the CNS at therapeutically relevant levels.
Despite the promising findings of immunological intervention in mice models for AD, a vaccine against AD suitable for humans remains a long way off (Chapman, Nature, 2000; 408:915-916). The principal hurdles reside in the extensive work necessary to design and formulate an immunogenic composition that is useful in humans before a practicable vaccine for AD can be achieved. Some of the issues that rely on experimental data for guidance are: (1) What is the specific target site for antibody recognition within the Aβ? (2) In what form should the immunogen be presented? (3) What other sites need to be included before an immunogen is achieved that will elicit a therapeutic level of antibody? (4) What is an effective vaccine delivery system employing a clinically acceptable adjuvant for humans?
A major gap exists between what has been disclosed in the literature and what remains to be done. What is the suitable specific target site (i.e., the polymerized Aβ1-42 plaque or the monomeric soluble Aβ1-42 peptide) and how the specific site is to be engineered for immunological intervention. In spite of some 5,000 publications on Aβ1-42 over the past decade, the amyloid cascade hypothesis is hotly debated and the issue: the form in which Aβ1-42 should be used for intervention remains contentious. At the heart of the problem, argued by Terry and colleagues, is the weak correlation between fibrillar amyloid load and measures of neurological dysfunction (The Neuropathology of Alzheimer Disease and the Structure Basis of its Alterations, Ed. by Terry et al., Alzheimer Disease, p187-206, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 1999).
In AD patients, amyloid deposits often form at a distance from the site of neuron damage. The best correlation with pathological dementia is loss of synaptic terminals. However, the loss of synaptic terminals correlates poorly with amyloid load. If the manifestations of disease correlate weakly with amyloid load, then what is the role of Aβ? The article by Klein et al, titled “Targeting small Aβ1-42 oligomers: the solution to an Alzheimer's disease conumdrum?” (Trends in Neurosciences, 2001; 24:219-224) suggests that fibrils are not the only toxic form of Aβ, and perhaps not the neurotoxin that is most relevant to AD. Small oligomers and protofibrils, also termed as Aβ1-42 derived diffusible ligands (ADDLs), may also have potent toxic neurological activity.
An AD vaccine for successful immunological intervention will require an immunogen designed to elicit site-directed high affinity antibodies that bind to the senile plaques in the brain tissue to accelerate the clearance of the plaque by the Glial cells, and immunoneutralize the soluble Aβ-derived toxins.
The problem of raising high affinity site-directed antibodies against poorly immunogenic site-specific peptides have been known for decades. Immunologists and vaccinologists often resort to the classical hapten [peptide]-carrier protein conjugate approach as demonstrated in WO 99/27944. For the development of a site-directed vaccine against AD, Frenkel et al. attempted immunization against Aβ1-42 plaques through “EFRH”-phage administration (Proc Natl Acad. Sci 2000; 97:11455-11459, WO 01/18169) as mentioned above.
The approaches: using Aβ1-42 peptide aggregate or Aβ1-42 peptide fragment-carrier protein conjugates (WO99/27944) and using filamentous phage displaying “EFRH peptide” as the agents to induce immune responses against an amyloid deposit in a patient, are cumbersome and ineffective. For example, after the fourth immunization of 1011 phages displaying the EFRH epitope, >95% of the antibodies in the guinea pig immune sera are against the phages. Only a small population (<5%) of the antibodies is against the soluble Aβ1-42 peptide (Frenkel et al., Vaccine 2001, 19:2615-2619, WO 01/18169).
Less cumbersome methods were described in EP 526,511 and WO 99/27944, which disclosed the administration of Aβ1-42 peptide to treat patients with pre-established AD and the administration of Aβ1-42 or other immunogens to a patient under conditions that generate a “beneficial” immune response in the AD patient. However, a review of WO99/27944 show that there are major deficiencies in the vaccine design disclosed therein.
In particular, the problem lies in the lack of a pharmaceutically acceptable and effective vaccine delivery system. WO99/27944 disclosed Aβ1-42 or active fragments of Aβ1-42 conjugated to a carrier molecule such as cholera toxin as the active vaccine component. See page 4 of WO 99/27944. Although page 5 taught that a pharmaceutical composition comprising the immunogen should be free of Complete Freund's Adjuvant [CFA], the only examples showing the efficacy of the Aβ1-42 vaccine for the treatment of AD in transgenic mice employed large doses of aggregated Aβ42 peptide in CFA. Despite repetitive recital of preferred adjuvants that are to be used with the disclosed immunogenic agents to enhance the immune response, experimental data showed that only the formulations employing CFA/ICFA provided a sufficiently high titer of anitbodies. See, page 25 of WO 99/27944. In example 1, the prophylactic efficacy of Aβ1-42 against AD was demonstrated in PDAPP mice. However, the formulations administered consist a dose of 100 μg per mouse of aggregated Aβ42 emulsified in Complete Freund's Adjuvant [CFA] (p34 of WO 99/27944) followed by multiple booster doses of the same Aβ1-42 peptide emulsified in Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant. In Example IX, the immune responses in mice to different adjuvants were studied. When the adjuvants: MPL, Alum, QS21, and CFA/ICFA were used with the purportedly potent immunogen AN1792 (i.e., aggregated human Aβ42), the level of antibodies to Aβ1-4 were reduced at a statistically significant level in comparison to mice that received the CFA/ICFA vaccines. See, Table 9, and pages 59-64 of WO 99/27944.
In the case where Aβ1-42 peptide fragments were used (human Aβ1-42 peptides of amino acids 1-5, 1-12, 13-28, and 33-42), each fragment was conjugated to sheep anti-mouse IgG as the protein carrier. In a later disclosure, the efficacy of antibodies to Aβ peptide fragments could only be shown by passive immunization with monoclonal antibodies (Bard et al., Nature Medicine 2000; 6:916-919). The efficacy of these fragments conjugated to sheep anti-mouse IgG was not shown. Therefore, the only immunogen shown to be effective was the aggregated Aβ1-42 peptide in CFA/ICFA.
Up to the present, all of the vaccine formulations shown to be effective employed CFA/IFA as the adjuvant. Peptide immunogens targeting Aβ1-42 have thus far been prepared by conjugation of the various Aβ1-42 fragments to sheep anti-mouse immunoglobulin, conjugation of synthetic Aβ13-28 via m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester to anti-CD3 antibody, or aggregated Aβ1-42 peptide alone. These immunogens, i.e., Aβ42 peptide alone or Aβ1-42 peptide-carrier protein conjugates, were emulsified with complete Freund's adjuvant for the first immunization, followed by subsequent boosts in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (Johnson-Wood et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1997; 94:1550-1555; Seubert et al., Nature, 1992; 359:325-327; Schenk et al., Nature, 1999; 400: 173-177; Janus et al., Nature 2000; 408:979-982; and Morgan et al., Nature, 2000; 408:982-985). The formulations disclosed in WO 99/27944 or others using CFA and ICFA as adjuvants cause lesions and are too harsh for use in humans. Thus, none of the vaccine compositions for AD described in the prior art are suitable for use in humans.
In summary, despite statements suggesting the potential of Aβ1-42 peptide for the treatment of AD in view of the previous disclosures of Kline (EP 526,511), no problem solving vaccine formulations were really offered in WO99/27944 to address this key problem.
Another disadvantage with the peptide-carrier protein conjugates and Aβ1-42 aggregates is that these molecules are highly complex and are difficult to characterize and it is difficult to develop effective quality control procedures for the manufacturing process. A further disadvantage is that, Aβ1-42 peptide or its fragments are self molecules when administered to humans. Therefore, they are less immunogenic or non-immunogenic in humans. It is, thus, necessary to develop clinically acceptable vaccine formulations for administration in humans.
It is known that promiscuous Th epitopes may be employed to evoke efficient T cell help and may be combined with poorly immunogenic B cell epitopes to provide potent immunogens. Well-designed promiscuous Th/B cell epitope chimeric peptides have been shown to be useful in eliciting Th responses and resultant antibody responses in most members of a genetically diverse population expressing diverse MHC haplotypes. Promiscuous Th from a number of pathogens, such as measles virus F protein and hepatitis B virus surface antigen, are known. Tables 1 and 2 lists many of the known promiscuous Th that have been shown to be effective in potentiating a short poorly immunogenic peptide, the decapeptide hormone LHRH (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,759,551, and 6,025,468).
Potent Th epitopes range in size from approximately 15-40 amino acid residues in length, often share common structural features, and may contain specific landmark sequences. For example, a common feature of a Th is that it contains amphipathic helices, alpha-helical structures with hydrophobic amino acid residues dominating one face of the helix and with charged and polar residues dominating the surrounding faces (Cease et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1987; 84: 4249-4253). Th epitopes frequently contain additional primary amino acid patterns such as a Gly or charged residue followed by two to three hydrophobic residues, followed in turn by a charged or polar residue. This pattern defines what are called Rothbard sequences. Th epitopes often obey the 1, 4, 5, 8 rule, where a positively charged residue is followed by hydrophobic residues at the fourth, fifth and eighth positions after the charged residue. Since all of these structures are composed of common hydrophobic, charged and polar amino acids, each structure can exist simultaneously within a single Th epitope (Partidos et al., J Gen Virol, 1991; 72:1293). Most, if not all, of the promiscuous T cell epitopes fit at least one of the periodicities described above. These features may be incorporated into the designs of idealized artificial Th sites, including combinatorial Th epitopes. With respect to the design of combinatorial Th sites, lists of variable positions and preferred amino acids are available for MHC-binding motifs (Meister et al., Vaccine, 1995; 13:581-591). Furthermore, a method for producing combinatorial Th has been disclosed for combinatorial library peptides termed structured synthetic antigen library (Wang et al., WO 95/11998). Thus, the 1, 4, 5, 8 rule can be applied together with known combinatorial MHC-binding motifs to assign invariant and degenerate positions in a combinatorial Th site, and to select residues for the degenerate sites to vastly enlarge the range of immune responsiveness of an artificial Th. See, Table 2, WO 99/66957, and WO 95/11998.
Wang et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,759,551) suggested the use of immunostimulatory elements to render the self protein Amylin immunogenic. Wang et al. suggested the administration of immunogenic synthetic amylin peptides as vaccines for the treatment of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), an amyloidogenic disease caused by overproduction of Amylin (column 19, lines 9-39, U.S. Pat. No. 5,759,551). Amylin is a 37 amino acid residue peptide hormone produced by the β cells in the islets of Langerhans. Overproduction of Amylin will result in the depositon of insoluble amyloid leading to amyloidogenic disease in the pancreas. Similar to the overproduction of Amylin, overproduction of the Aβ1-42 peptide will lead to the deposition of insoluble amyloid in the brain of AD patients. However, there is limited sequence homology between Amylin and the Aβ1-42 peptide. Only a short stretch of amino acids residues, VGSN, of Amylin32-35 corresponds to Aβ24-27. Antibodies produced against the Amylin peptide are not expected to be cross reactive to soluble Aβ1-42 peptides nor accelerate the clearance of amyloid plaques in the brain in view of the studies by Soloman et al. and Schenk et al., which showed that the sequence EFRH is critical.
It is the object of the invention to develop an immunogen that will enable the generation of high levels of high affinity antibodies against the N-terminal functional site of the Aβ1-42 peptide with high cross-reactivity to the senile plaques in the brain of AD patients. The antibodies generated by binding to the Aβ1-42 peptide and the senile plaques is expected to accelerate the clearance of these plaques from the brain, promote fibril disaggregation, inhibit fibrillar aggregation, and cause immunoneutralization of the “soluble Aβ-derived toxins” [also termed as Aβ-derived diffusible ligands or ADDLs].
It is a further objective of the present invention to develop a vaccine delivery vehicle that is suitable for human or veterinary use for the prophylaxis and treatment of Alzheimer's Disease.
a, 1b, 1c, 1d, 1e and 1f are photographs showing Immunoperoxidase staining of serial sections from 2 AD brains, using Avidin-Biotinylated Antibody Complex (ABC) method with immune and preimmune sera at 1:100 dilution under 10× magnification.
a, 2b, 2c, 2d, and 2e are photographs showing Immunoperoxidase staining of serial sections of AD brain with immune and preimmune sera at 1:100 dilution and under 40× magnification.
The present invention relates to an immunogenic composition comprising synthetic peptides capable of inducing antibodies against the main functional/regulatory site of the Aβ peptide with high cross-reactivity both to the soluble Aβ1-42 peptide and the plaques in the brain of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) patients. The immunogenic composition when administered to an AD patient or a person predisposed to AD is expected to accelerate the clearance of amyloid plaques and immunoneutralization of the soluble Aβ derived toxins in the brain to prevent and treat AD. In particular, a peptide immunogen of this invention comprises a Th epitope selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 1-64 and the immunologically functional analogs thereof linked to a short N-terminal Aβ1-42 peptide fragment selected from the group consisting of 10 to 28 amino acid residues comprising EFRH of the Aβ1-42 peptide, SEQ ID NO:65, or an immunologically functional analog of the Aβ1-42 peptide fragment. Preferably the Aβ1-42 peptide fragment is selected from the group SEQ ID NOS: 66-69 or immunologically functional analogs thereof.
The present invention further provides an immunogenic composition comprising an immunologically effective amount of a peptide composition in a pharmaceutically acceptable vaccine formulation comprising an adjuvant or emulsifier selected from the group consisting of liposyn, saponin, squalene, L121, emulsigen monophosphyryl lipid A (MPL), polysorbate 80, QS21, Montanide ISA51, ISA35, ISA206 and ISA 720 as well as the other efficacious adjuvants and emulsifiers.
The present invention further provides a method for the induction of accelerated clearance of amyloid plaques and immunoneutralization of the soluble Aβ-derived toxins in the brain to prevent and treat Alzheimer Disease in a mammal by administering one or more of the immunogenic peptides to the mammal for a time and under conditions sufficient to induce antibodies directed against the functional/regulatory site of the Aβ1-42 peptide. A typical example of a vaccine of the present invention is a peptide composition comprising 5-1000 μg of the peptide immunogen in a vaccine formulated as a water in oil emulsion in a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant and/or carrier. A typical method of administering the vaccine is to inject intramuscularly the vaccine formulation at 0.5-2 mL per dose on an immunization schedule of 0, 4, and 8 weeks intervals.
Yet another aspect of the invention relates to an immunogenic synthetic peptide of about 30 to about 60 amino acids consisting of a helper T cell (Th) epitope, linked to an N-terminal Aβ1-42 peptide fragment selected from the group consisting of 10 to 28 amino acids with each fragment comprising amino acid residue 1 of the Aβ1-42 peptide. See SEQ ID NO:65 wherein D, Aspartic acid, is designated as amino acid residue 1. Preferably the N terminal Aβ1-42 peptide fragment is selected from the group SEQ ID NOs: 66-69 or a peptide analog of N-terminal fragment of Aβ1-42 peptide. Optionally, amino acid spacers to separate the immunogenic domains may be included. The immunogenic domain elements separated by spacers can be covalently joined in any order provided that either the immunoreactivity of the peptide hapten is substantially preserved or that immunoreactivity to the N-terminal Aβ peptide fragment, soluble Aβ1-42 peptide, and the plaques is generated.
An important factor affecting immunogenicity of a synthetic peptide for an N-terminal Aβ1-42 fragment immunogen is its presentation to the immune system by T helper cell epitopes (Th). Such Th is most reliably supplied to the peptide immunogen by foreign Th epitopes placed on a separate Th peptide domain element that is extrinsic to the target Aβ peptide. Such peptide immunogens may be produced as hybrid polypeptides by recombinant DNA expression. They may also be more simply and less expensively supplied as a synthetic peptide immunogen comprising the target hapten B cell site from Aβ peptide and T-helper epitopes (Th) appropriate for the host. Such peptides react with helper T-cell receptors and the class II MHC molecules, in addition to antibody binding sites (Babbitt et al., Nature, 1985; 317:359) and thus stimulate a tightly site-specific antibody response to the target antibody binding site. Previously such Th was supplied for workable Aβ1-42 peptide immunogens by Th intrinsic to aggregated full length Aβ peptide (WO 99/66957; WO 1999/27944; Janus et al., 2000, Morgan et al., 2000) and can be supplied by carrier protein. A wholly synthetic peptide immunogen enjoys the following advantages over Aβ1-42 peptide aggregates, carrier conjugates and recombinant polypeptides in that the product is chemically defined for easy quality control. The synthetic peptide immunogen is stable. No elaborate downstream processing nor an elaborate manufacturing facility is needed. The immune response is site-specific and focused on the Aβ target and not the carrier. Thus, undesirable responses such as epitopic suppression are avoided.
Immunogenicity of synthetic N-terminal functional-site directed Aβ peptide immunogens can be optimized by (1) combining N-terminal Aβ1-42 peptide fragment with selected foreign promiscuous Th sites to which the majority of a population are responsive; and (2) combining Aβ peptide fragment with Th whose repertoire is enlarged through combinatorial chemistry, and thereby accommodate to the variable immune responsiveness of a genetically diverse population.
It has been found that peptide compositions of the present invention are effective in stimulating the production of antibodies against the main functional/regulatory site of the Aβ peptide, with cross-reactivities to the soluble Aβ1-42 and the plaques in the brains of AD patients. Based on the immunogenicity data obtained in guinea pigs and baboons, and the data obtained from the immunoperoxidase staining of the amyloid plaques present in human AD brain sections by the specific immune sera obtained, it is expected that the peptide immunogens of the present invention, formulated appropriately, are effective in humans. It is to be noted that the data obtained in baboons are particularly significant in that this is a species whose immune responses closely resemble those of humans.
This invention is directed to a novel peptide composition for the generation of high titer polyclonal antibodies with specificity for the main functional/regulatory site of the Aβ peptide, with cross-reactivities to the soluble Aβ1-42 and the plaques in the brain of Alzheimer Disease (AD) patients. The antibodies generated by the peptide composition are highly site-specific and bind to the Aβ peptides and to amyloids plaques in the brain. Thus, the present invention provides an effective method for accelerating the clearance of amyloid plaques and immunoneutralization of soluble Aβ derived toxins in the brains for the prevention and treatment of AD.
N-terminal Aβ1-42 peptide fragments selected from the group consisting of 10 to 28 amino acids wherein each fragment comprises EFRH of the Aβ1-42 peptide (SEQ ID NO:65), are short linear peptides which, by themselves are non-immunogenic. The short Aβ1-42 peptide fragments can be immuno-potentiated by chemical coupling to a carrier protein, for example, keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) or by fusion to a carrier polypeptide through recombinant DNA expression, for example, hepatitis B surface antigen. The deficiency of such “Aβ peptide(s)-carrier protein” vaccines is that a major portion of antibodies generated are non-functional antibodies directed against the carrier protein.
The immunogens of the present invention are wholly synthetic peptide immunogens comprising N-terminal fragment of Aβ1-42 peptide of 10 to 28 amino acids with each fragment comprising EFRH of the Aβ1-42 peptide covalently linked to promiscuous Th epitopes selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 64. The immunogens of the invention elicit the production of site-specific antibodies which bind to the Aβ1-42 peptide and its aggregates and are cross reactive with amyloid plaques in the brain to provide for accelerated clearance of amyloid plaques and immunoneutralization of the soluble Aβ-derived toxins in the brain. Thus, the immunogen of the present invention is useful in preventing and treating AD.
The helper T cell epitopes (Th) useful in the invention comprise multiple class II MHC binding motifs. Specific examples of Th covalently linked to an N-terminal Aβ1-42 peptide fragment are provided. The results of anti-sera from animals immunized with the immunogen peptides of the present invention demonstrate that potent site-directed Aβ peptide reactive antibodies are generated, in a genetically diverse host population.
Generally, the synthetic immunogenic peptides of the present invention are approximately 20 to 100 amino acids long and comprise:
Preferably, the N terminal fragment of the Aβ1-42 peptide is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 66-69 and an immunologically effective analog thereof. The Th peptide is covalently attached to either the N- or C-terminus of the target N-terminal fragment of Aβ1-42 peptide optionally with a spacer (e.g., Gly-Gly, ε-N Lys).
The peptide immunogen of this invention is represented by one of the following formula:
(A)n-(N-terminal fragment of Aβ1-42 peptide)-(B)o-(Th)m-X; or
(A)n-(Th)m-(B)o-(N-terminal fragment of Aβ1-42 peptide)-X;
wherein
The peptide immunogen of the present invention comprises from about 20 to about 100 amino acid residues, preferably from about 25 to about 60 amino acid residues. Preferably, the (N-terminal fragment of Aβ1-42 peptide) is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID Nos: 66-69 and preferably the Th epitope is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 20, 38-40, 47-51 and 52-54. Preferably, m=1, n=1, and o=1 or 2.
When A is an amino acid, it is a non-naturally occurring or naturally occurring amino acid. Non-naturally occurring amino acids include, but are not limited to, ε-N lysine, β-alanine, ornithine, norleucine, norvaline, hydroxyproline, thyroxine, γ-amino butyric acid, homoserine, citrulline and the like. Naturally-occurring amino acids include alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine and valine. when m is greater than one, and two or more of A are amino acids, then each amino acid may independently be the same or different. (A)n may include a spacer, e.g., Gly-Gly, ε-N Lys.
B is a spacer and is an amino acid which can be naturally occurring or the non-naturally occurring amino acids as described above. Each B is independently the same or different. The amino acids of B can also provide a spacer, e.g., Gly-Gly, ε-Lys, or lysine between the promiscuous Th epitope and the N-terminal fragment of Aβ1-42 peptide (e.g., SEQ ID NOs:66-69) or an immunologically functional analog thereof. In addition by physically separating the Th epitope from the B cell epitope, i.e., the N-terminal fragments of Aβ1-42 peptide or its immunologically functional analog, the Gly-Gly or ε-Lys spacer can disrupt any artifactual secondary structures created by the joining of the Th epitope with an N-terminal fragment of Aβ1-42 peptide or its immunologically functional analog and thereby eliminate interference between the Th and/or B cell responses. The amino acids of B can also form a spacer which acts as a flexible hinge that enhances separation of the Th and the N-terminal fragments of Aβ1-42 peptide. Examples of sequences encoding flexible hinges are found in the immunoglobulin heavy chain hinge region. Flexible hinge sequences are often proline rich. One particularly useful flexible hinge is provided by the sequence Pro-Pro-Xaa-Pro-Xaa-Pro (SEQ ID NO:77), where Xaa is any amino acid, and preferably aspartic acid. The conformational separation provided by the amino acids of B permits more efficient interactions between the presented peptide immunogen and the appropriate Th cells and B cells to enhances the immune responses to the Th epitope and the antibody-eliciting epitope or their immunologically functional analogs.
Th is a sequence of amino acids (natural or non-natural amino acids) that comprises a Th epitope. A Th epitope may be a continuous or discontinuous epitope. In a discontinuous Th epitope, not every amino acid of Th is necessary. A Th epitope, or an analog or fragment thereof, is capable of enhancing or stimulating an immune response to the N-terminal fragment of Aβ1-42 peptide. Th epitopes that are immunodominant and promiscuous are highly and broadly reactive across animal and human populations with widely divergent MHC types (Partidos et al., 1991; U.S. Pat. No. 5,759,551). The Th epitope of the subject peptides is about 10 to about 50 amino acids, preferably from about 10 to about 30 amino acids. When multiple Th epitopes are present (i.e., m≧2), each Th epitope may be the same or different. A Th segment comprises a contiguous portion of a Th epitope that is sufficient to enhance or stimulate an immune response to the N-terminal fragment of Aβ1-42 peptide.
Th epitopes of the present invention include those derived from foreign pathogens including but not limited to those exemplified in Table 1 (SEQ ID Nos:1-21). Further, Th epitopes include idealized artificial Th and artificial idealized combinatorial Th disclosed in WO 99/66957 and listed here in Table 2 as SEQ ID Nos 22-64. Peptides comprising combinatorial Th are produced simultaneously in a single solid-phase peptide synthesis in tandem with the N-terminal fragment of Aβ1-42 peptide, A and B. The Th epitopes also include immunologically functional analogs thereof, having conservative substitutions, additions, deletions and insertions therein of from one to about 10 amino acid residues as long as the Th-stimulating function has not been essentially modified.
In the synthetic peptides of this invention, the Th epitope is covalently attached through a spacer B to either the N terminus or C terminus of the N-terminal fragment of Aβ1-42 peptide or an immunologically functional analog thereof. An immunologically functional analog of the N-terminal fragment of Aβ1-42 peptide may comprise conservative substitutions, additions, deletions, or insertions of from one to about four amino acid residues as long as immune responses that are crossreactive with the Aβ1-42 peptides are elicited. The conservative substitutions, additions, and insertions can be accomplished with natural or non-natural amino acids as defined above.
The preferred peptide immunogens of this invention are those comprising the N-terminal fragment of the Aβ1-42 peptide fragments selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 66-69 or an immunologically functional analog thereof; a spacer (e.g., Gly-Gly, ε-Lys); a Th epitope selected from the group consisting of an HBs Th (SEQ ID NO:1); HBc Th (SEQ ID NO:20); MVF Th (SEQ ID NOS:8, 9); PT Th (SEQ ID NOs:4, 5, 7), TT Th (SEQ ID NOs:3, 4, 6); CT Th (SEQ ID NOs:12, 21); DT Th (SEQ ID NO:13, 14), MVF Th derived artificial Th selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID Nos:38-40, 47-51); HBV Th derived artificial Th selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 52-54. See Tables 1 and 2.
Peptide compositions which contain a cocktail of the subject peptide immunogens with two or more Th epitopes may enhance immunoefficacy in a broader population and thus provide an improved immune response to the Aβ1-42 peptides and their fragments.
The peptide immunogens of this invention can be made by chemical synthesis methods which are well known to the ordinarily skilled artisan. See, for example, Fields et al., Chapter 3 in Synthetic Peptides: A User's Guide, ed. Grant, W. H. Freeman & Co., New York, N.Y., 1992, p. 77. Hence, peptides can be synthesized using the automated Merrifield techniques of solid phase synthesis with the α-NH2 protected by either t-Boc or F-moc chemistry using side chain protected amino acids on, for example, an Applied Biosystems Peptide Synthesizer Model 430A or 431. Preparation of peptide constructs comprising combinatorial library peptides for Th epitopes can be accomplished by providing a mixture of alternative amino acids for coupling at a given variable position. After complete assembly of the desired peptide immunogen, the resin is treated according to standard procedures to cleave the peptide from the resin and deblock the functional groups on the amino acid side chains. The free peptide is purified by HPLC and characterized biochemically, for example, by amino acid analysis or by sequencing. Purification and characterization methods for peptides are well known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
The immunogen of the present invention may also be prepared as a branched polymer by synthesis of the desired peptide construct directly onto a branched poly-lysyl core resin (Wang, et al., Science, 1991; 254:285-288).
Alternatively, the longer synthetic peptide immunogens can be synthesized by well known recombinant DNA techniques. Such techniques are provided in well-known standard manuals with detailed protocols. To construct a gene encoding a peptide of this invention, the amino acid sequence is reverse translated to obtain a nucleic acid sequence encoding the amino acid sequence, preferably with codons that are optimum for the organism in which the gene is to be expressed. Next, a synthetic gene is made, typically by synthesizing oligonucleotides which encode the peptide and any regulatory elements, if necessary. The synthetic gene is inserted in a suitable cloning vector and transfected into a host cell. The peptide is then expressed under suitable conditions appropriate for the selected expression system and host. The peptide is purified and characterized by standard methods.
The efficacy of the peptide composition of the present invention can be established by injecting an animal, for example, guinea pigs, with an immunogenic composition comprising peptides of the invention. See, Table 4, SEQ ID NOS:70-75. The humoral immune response to the N-terminal fragment of Aβ1-42 peptide and the soluble Aβ1-42 peptide are monitored. A detailed description of the procedures used is provided in the Examples herein below.
Another aspect of this invention provides a peptide composition comprising an immunologically effective amount of one or more of the peptide immunogens of this invention in a pharmaceutically acceptable delivery system. Accordingly, the subject peptide composition can be formulated as a vaccine using pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvants, carriers or other ingredients routinely employed in the formulation of vaccines. Among the ingredients that can be used in this invention are adjuvants or emulsifiers including alum, liposyn, saponin, squalene, L121, emulsigen monophosphyryl lipid A (MPL), polysorbate 80, QS21, Montanide ISA51, ISA35, ISA206 and ISA 720 as well as the other efficacious adjuvants and emulsifiers. The composition may be formulated for immediate release or sustained release. The composition may also be formulated for induction of systemic immunity, e.g., by entrapment in or coadministration with microparticles. Such formulations are readily available to one of ordinary skill in the art.
The immunogens of the present invention can be administered via any conventional route, such as subcutaneous, oral, intramuscular, parenteral or enteral route. The immunogens can be administered in a single dose or in multiple doses. A suitable immunization schedule is readily determined and available to one of ordinary skill in the art.
The peptide composition of the present invention comprises an effective amount of one or more of the peptide immunogens of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Such a composition in a suitable dosage unit form generally contains about 0.25 μg to about 500 μg of the immunogen per kg body weight. When delivered in multiple doses, the effective amount may be conveniently divided per dosage unit. For example, an initial dose, e.g. 0.0025-0.5 mg per kg body weight; preferably 1-50 μg per kg of body weight of the peptide immunogen is to be administered by injection, preferably intramuscularly, followed by repeat (booster) doses of a similar amount. Dosage will depend on the age, weight and general health of the subject as is well known in the vaccine and therapeutic arts.
The immune response of the synthetic Aβ1-42 peptide immunogens can be improved by delivery through entrapment in or on biodegradable microparticles of the type described by O'Hagan et al. (Vaccine, 1991; 9: 768-771). The immunogens can be encapsulated with or without an adjuvant in biodegradable microparticles, to potentiate immune responses, and to provide time-controlled release for sustained or periodic responses, and for oral administration, (O'Hagan et al., 1991; and, Eldridge et al., 1991; 28: 287-294).
The following examples are provided to illustrate the invention. The scope of the invention is not to be limited to the specific peptide immunogens and compositions provided. The examples demonstrate that the peptide immunogens of the present invention are useful for eliciting site-directed antibodies to both Aβ1-10 and Aβ1-14 fragments as well as cross-reactive antibodies to soluble Aβ1-42 peptides as early as 4 weeks after the initial immunization.
Peptide immunogens listed in Table 4 (SEQ ID NOS:70-76) were synthesized individually by the Merrifield solid-phase synthesis technique on Applied Biosystems automated peptide synthesizers (Models 430, 431 and 433A) using Fmoc chemistry. Preparation of peptide immunogens comprising a combinatorial library Th, i.e., idealized artificial Th site such as MvF derived Th1-8 (SEQ ID NOs:38-40), can be accomplished by providing a mixture of the desired amino acids for chemical coupling at a given position as specified in the design. After complete assembly of the desired peptide, the resin was treated according to standard procedure using trifluoroacetic acid to cleave the peptide from the resin and deblock the protecting groups on the amino acid side chains. The cleaved, extracted and washed peptides were purified by HPLC and characterized by mass spectrometry and reverse phase HPLC.
Aβ-derived peptide immunogens were evaluated on groups of guinea pigs as specified by the experimental immunization protocol outlined below and by serological assays for determination of immunogenicity.
The immunoreactivities of the antibodies elicited against Aβ peptides and against the soluble Aβ1-42 peptides were determined by ELISAs (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays) using 96-well flat bottom microtiter plates which were coated with the Aβ1-42 peptide fragments, SEQ ID NOs: 67 or 65 as the immunosorbent. Aliquots (100 μL) of the peptide immunogen solution at a concentration of 5 μg/mL were incubated for 1 hour at 37° C. The plates were blocked by another incubation at 37° C. for 1 hour with a 3% gelatin/PBS solution. The blocked plates were then dried and used for the assay. Aliquots (100 μL) of the test immune sera, starting with a 1:100 dilution in a sample dilution buffer and ten-fold serial dilutions thereafter, were added to the peptide coated plates. The plates were incubated for 1 hour at 37° C.
The plates were washed six times with 0.05% PBS/Tween® buffer. 100 μL of horseradish peroxidase labeled goat-anti-species specific antibody was added at appropriate dilutions in conjugate dilution buffer (Phosphate buffer containing 0.5 M NaCl, and normal goat serum). The plates were incubated for 1 hour at 37° C. before being washed as above. Aliquots (100 μL) of o-phenylenediamine substrate solution were then added. The color was allowed to develop for 5-15 minutes before the enzymatic color reaction was stopped by the addition of 50 μL 2N H2SO4. The A492 nm of the contents of each well was read in a plate reader. ELISA titers were calculated based on linear regression analysis of the absorbances, with cutoff A492 nm set at 0.5. The cutoff value chosen was rigorous with the values for diluted normal control samples being less than 0.15.
To design a total synthetic vaccine that generates a high level of high affinity antibodies against the Aβ peptides with high cross-reactivity to the soluble Aβ1-42 peptides and the plaques in the brain of AD patients, the relative immunogenicities of Aβ1-42 and its N-terminal fragments were characterized initially. In order to determine the relative immunological properties of the various regions within Aβ1-42 peptide, a mild adjuvant suitable for human use, alum was employed in the first study. The relative immunogenicities of Aβ1-42 peptide and an N-terminal fragment thereof, Aβ1-28 were compared. The immunogenicity evaluation was conducted according to procedures described in Example 2. Unexpectedly, Aβ1-28 was found to be more immunogenic than the Aβ1-42 peptide, indicating that there is immunosuppression within C-terminal fragment Aβ29-42 (Table 5).
Subsequently, the immunogenicity of Aβ1-28 was compared to Aβ1-14, a shorter N-terminal fragment of Aβ1-42. A more potent adjuvant suitable for human use (Montanide ISA51, Seppic, Paris, FR) was employed for the preparation of a water-in-oil emulsion for formulating the vaccine. Based on the data obtained as shown in Table 6, the relative immunogenicities for the three Aβ peptides (i.e. Aβ1-14, Aβ1-28 and Aβ1-42) were ranked Aβ1-28>Aβ1-42>Aβ1-14. Surprisingly, the loss of the C-terminal 14 mer from Aβ1-42, improved rather than reduced the immunogenicity. The antibody response against Aβ is primarily directed to the N-terminal region, particularly the Aβ1-14 N-terminal fragment as shown by ELISA data (Table 6). However, a further shortening of the Aβ1-28 fragment from the C-terminal to form the Aβ1-14 fragment resulted in a loss in immunogenicity.
The short Aβ1-14 fragment contains the main functional/regulatory site, EFRH, located at positions 3-6 of the Aβ1-42 peptide as reported by Solomon et al. The blocking of this epitope by antibodies modulates the dynamics of aggregation as well resolubilization of already formed aggregates (Soloman et al., Proc Natl Acad. Sci, 1996; 93:452-455; Proc Natl Aca. Sci, 1997; 94:4109-4112). Most of the anti-Aβ1-28 and Aβ1-42 antibodies are directed against the N-terminal fragment of the Aβ1-42 peptide containing this epitope (Table 6). However, the Aβ1-14 fragment by itself was poorly immunogenic. The results of this experiment suggest the presence of an intrinsic Th epitope within the Aβ15-28 segment. This intrinsic Th epitope accounts for the modest immunogenicities of Aβ1-28 and Aβ1-42 peptides in guinea pigs.
The presence of a Th epitope in the Aβ15-28 fragment is desirable. However, it is desirable to be able to engineer a more potent immunogen for a successful human vaccine when faced with the limitation of a restricted human MHC molecule, the number of appropriate doses and the type of adjuvants permitted for human use. Therefore, we attempted the linkage of a foreign or extrinsic Th such as that derived from HBV Th (SEQ ID NO: 1) to the C-terminal of the Aβ1-28 peptide (SEQ ID NO:66). The extrinsic Th epitope significantly enhanced the immunogenicity of the Aβ1-28 fragment as shown in Table 6. The antibody response to the engineered immunogen with the Aβ1-28 fragment remained directed to the functional N-terminal fragment of peptide immunogen (SEQ ID NO: 70) making this construct a better immunogen than the Aβ1-28 fragment or Aβ1-42 fragment alone. This peptide immunogen (SEQ ID NO: 70) represents a peptide immunogen with the formula:
(A)n(N-terminal fragment of Aβ peptide)-(B)o-(Th)m
wherein:
Since the main functional/regulatory site comprising the EFRH residues is located at positions 3-6 of the Aβ1-42 peptide (Soloman et al. Proc Natl Acad. Sci, 1996; 93:452-455; Proc Natl Aca. Sci, 1997; 94:4109-4112), it was useful to explore the shortest N-terminal fragment of Aβ1-42 peptide as an optimal B cell target site on Aβ for incorporation into the synthetic immunogen of the present invention.
Each of several short non-immunogenic N-terminal fragments of Aβ, Aβ1-10, Aβ1-12, Aβ1-14 along with Aβ1-28 was incorporated into immunogens designed with a representative idealized artificial Th (SEQ ID NO:51). Linkage was through an εN-Lys spacer. The engineered constructs were formulated with strong adjuvants due to the expected low immunogenicity of the short Aβ fragments. The three synthetic constructs were formulated in complete and incomplete Freund's adjuvant and tested for their immunogenicities based on procedures as described in Example 2. As shown in Table 7, all four peptide immunogens were highly immunogenic with Log10 ELISA titers in the range from 4.3 to 5.6 [i.e. 104.3 to 105.6] with very high crossreactivities to the full length Aβ1-42 peptide after only four weeks from the initial immunization. More importantly, fragments as small as Aβ1-10, Aβ1-12 and Aβ1-14 each linked to the idealized artificial Th (SEQ ID NO:51) were found to be highly immunogenic after linkage to the disclosed artificial Th epitope (Table 7). These peptide immunogens were designed in accordance with the formula:
(A)n-(N-terminal fragment of Aβ peptide)-(B)o-(Th)m
wherein:
It was found that further reduction in the length of the N-terminal fragment of Aβ to less than a 10 mer would result in more limited, thus undesirable, immunogenicity. It appears that peptides smaller than 10 amino acids are problematic for receptor recognition by class II MHC molecules (Immunology, Fifth edition, ed. Roitt et al., 1998, Mosby International Ltd., London, pp88-89).
Based on this study of Aβ, the useful B cell site derived from Aβ1-42 should be in the size range of about 10 to about 28 residues.
The non-immunogenic N-terminal fragment such as Aβ1-14 of Aβ peptide was linked either through an εN-lysine spacer to an artificial Th peptide designated as MVF Th 1-16 (SEQ ID NO:51), or through a standard chemical coupling procedure to a conventional carrier protein KLH. The two immunogenic constructs were evaluated in guinea pigs for their relative “site-directed” immunogenicities to Aβ peptide and the resultant respective reactivity of the antibodies towards their respective carriers, the artificial Th epitope or the KLH carrier protein, according to the procedures described in Example 2. The short Aβ1-14 peptide alone as a control immunogen, and the two immunogenic constructs were formulated in a water-in-oil emulsion containing the adjuvant ISA51, a formulation that is suitable for human use. As shown in Table 8, the N-terminal Aβ1-14 fragment by itself is non-immunogenic as expected. The synthetic immunogen comprising Aβ1-14 fragment and artificial Th (SEQ ID NO: 73) was found to be highly immunogenic in eliciting site-directed antibodies to Aβ1-14. The antibodies were also found to be highly cross-reactive to soluble Aβ1-42 peptide as early as 4 weeks after the initial immunization (Log10 titers of 4.094 and 4.126 for 4 and 6 weeks post initial immunization respectively). When these Aβ-reactive high titer immune sera were tested by ELISA on the MVF Th1-16 peptide (SEQ ID NO 51) coated plate, they were found to be negative (Log10 titer of 0.038 and 0.064 for 4 and 6 weeks post initial immunization respectively) showing that irrelevant antibodies were not produced. The data obtained as shown in Table 8 clearly demonstrated the highly specific site-directed characteristic of the peptide immunogen of the present invention.
The immunogen with the carrier protein KLH was found to be highly immunoreactive with the conventional peptide-carrier protein conjugate (e.g. Log10 titers of 4.903 and 5.018 for 4 and 6 weeks post initial immunization respectively). However, the antibodies elicited were only moderately crossreactive with the soluble Aβ1-42 peptide (e.g. with Log10 titers of 3.342 and 2.736 for 4 and 6 weeks post initial immunization respectively). This is approximately 10× to 100× less than SEQ ID NO:73. Unexpectedly, the peptide immunogens of the present invention were highly site-directed and focused. Only functionally important antibodies towards the anti-aggregation and disaggregation sites on the N-terminal fragment of the Aβ peptide were generated rather than towards irrelevant carrier sites.
Brains of AD patients with plaques and tangles and thioflavine S positive blood vessels (TSBV) containing amyloid plaques were used for evaluation of cross-reactivities to polymeric senile plaques of the immune sera raised in guinea pigs and baboons against Aβ peptide immunogens. Plaques and TSBV reactivities were detected by immunoperoxidase staining using Avidin-Biotinylated antibody Complex (ABC) method or by immunofluorescence staining using rhodamine conjugated Fab fragment of species specific anti-IgG. All guinea pig sera were tested at a dilution of 1:100 with end point titers determined for some of the samples. All baboon sera were tested at a dilution of 1:50. The evaluation of the immune and preimmune sera were kindly performed under code by Dr. Gaskin as described (Gaskin et al., J. Exp Med. 165:245, 1987).
In
Further Immunoperoxidase staining of serial cross sections of AD brain 1 with preimmune and immune sera at 1:100 dilution are shown in
Similar immunostaining of AD brain tissue was performed with 11 pooled immune and preimmune sera obtained from guinea pigs immunized with the various vaccine formulations described in Examples 3, 4 and 5. These sera were also evaluated for their antibody reactivities with the functional-site by Aβ1-14 ELISA, and with the soluble Aβ1-42 by Aβ1-42 ELISA (Table 9). In general, parallel trends were found with sera tested in all three assays. As shown in Table 9, the anti-peptide reactivities of the pre-immune serum and the sera raised against the short peptide Aβ1-14 alone formulated in ISA51 water-in-oil emulsion by ELISA were low and the cross-reactivities to plaques were negligible. Modest reactivities were found with sera from animals vaccinated with Aβ1-28 peptide alone formulated in Alum and in ISA51, and Aβ1-14 conjugated to KLH and formulated in ISA51. Whereas, significant site-directed reactivities to the functional Aβ1-14 site, to soluble Aβ, and to the plaques and TSBV in AD patient brain tissue sections were found with sera from animals immunized with synthetic Aβ/Th immunogens of the present invention. The results obtained from these studies, therefore, demonstrate excellent and useful immunogenicity of the peptide immunogens comprising the N-terminal fragment of Aβ1-42 having amino acids from 1-28 to about 1-10, linked to foreign Th epitopes. Moreover, the results showed that the presence of a foreign Th epitope improves the immunogenicity of the peptide immunogens of the present invention to a surprising extent. The peptide immunogens of the present invention in clinically acceptable vaccine formulations acceptable to use in humans generated antibodies having the desired cross-reactivity to senile plaques in the brain tissues of AD patients.
A representative synthetic immunogen, Aβ1-28-ε-K-MvF Th1-16 (SEQ ID NO:74), formulated in ISA51 water-in-oil emulsion at dose levels of 25 μg/0.5 mL, 100 μg/0.5 mL and 400μg/0.5 mL were given to three baboons Y299, X398, X1198 at 0, 3 and 6 weeks schedule from initial immunization. Pre-immune sera and sera at weeks 5 and 8 weeks post initial immunization (wpi) were collected. For comparison, a fourth baboon X798 was given 100 μg/0.5 mL doses of an equimolar mixture of free peptides Aβ1-28 and Aβ1-42 formulated in alum, the standard adjuvant approved for human use. Preimmune sera were used as the negative control.
Sera from all four immunized animals were collected and evaluated for their antibody reactivities with the functional site by Aβ1-14 ELISA, and for reactivities with soluble Aβ1-42 by Aβ1-42 ELISA (for sera collected at 0, 5 and 8 wpi). The cross-reactivities of the anti-sera (8 wpi only) with the senile plaques and the plaques in thioflavine S positive blood vessels were evaluated by immunostaining as described in Example 6. Instead of using anti-baboon Ig, the antibody detector used is an Fab fragment from anti-human IgG that recognizes all human isotypes and is cross-reactive with baboon IgG.
Parallel trends again were found with sera tested in all three assays. As shown in Table 10, pre-immune sera were negative. Modest ELISA reactivities were found with serum from animal X798 vaccinated with Aβ1-28 and Aβ1-42 formulated in Alum. However, the reactivity of this serum was weak for the recognition of senile plaques. In contrast, significant site-directed reactivities to the functional-site of Aβ1-14, to soluble Aβ1-42, and to the plaques and TSBV in AD patient brain sections were found with sera collected at 8 weeks post initial immunization from animals immunized with the representative composition of the invention (SEQ ID NO:74) at both the 100 μg/0.5 mL and 400 μg/0.5 mL doses formulated with ISA51. The results obtained from this baboon study, therefore, demonstrated the usefulness of the immunogen of the present invention in a vaccine formulation appropriate for humans. The improvement in immunogenicity (10 to 100× increase in specific antibody titers to the functional-site of Aβ) is very significant in comparison to the peptide vaccine of the prior art with the immune responsiveness in baboons closely resembling that of humans.
Similarly, a mixture containing two to three synthetic immunogens of the present invention can be used for formulation into vaccines at from about 25 to 1000 μg per dose to elicit functional anti-Aβ1-14 antibodies in genetically diverse human populations for the prevention and treatment of AD. Broad immunogenicity in humans is expected due to the presence of a promiscuous Th epitope in the peptide immunogen of the invention that provides for achieving broad MHC recognition.
aU.S. Pat. No. 5,759,551
bFerrari et al., J Clin Invest, 1991; 88:214
cStagg et al., Immunology, 1993; 71:1
aSerial dilution @ 1:100
The present application is a divisional application of application Ser. No. 09/865,294 filed on May 25, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,906,169.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 09865294 | May 2001 | US |
| Child | 10861614 | US |
