This invention relates generally to treatment of import grade liquefied natural gas (LNG) for uses in addition to formation and distribution of natural gas for commercial purpose. More specifically, it concerns such treatment to form engine fuel grade LNG, and/or to produce commercially distributable gas at elevated pressure, some of the gas used to drive an expansion turbine, to produce power.
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is typically transported by ship to provide fuel in areas where there is insufficient indigenous natural gas. Once unloaded from the ship, it is stored in large storage tanks and then pumped and heated prior to being injected in gaseous state into a distribution pipeline. The primary end use for the natural gas is as fuel, where the exact chemical composition is of little concern.
There is however, an alternate use for LNG as a motor vehicle fuel where the LNG is carried on the vehicle in liquid form and, after conversion to warm gas, is combusted in an engine. Engines cannot tolerate many of the compounds frequently found in raw LNG, as they cause pre-ignition. High concentrations of many compounds, such as ethane, preclude normal LNG from being used as motor fuel.
It is possible to process LNG (heating grade) into LNG (vehicle engine fuel grade) by removing the undesirable compounds. See in this regard U.S. Pat. No. 6,986,266. One characteristic of conversion methods is the requirement for refrigeration. This raises both the capital cost and operating cost.
Large LNG receiving and send-out terminals present a unique opportunity to use already available LNG refrigeration, as well as pressurization to produce power. The present invention involves use of the refrigeration of the LNG being pumped and sent out (injected into a pipeline) to provide refrigeration necessary to convert a portion of the stream into a more purified stream of LNG (vehicle grade); and/or to employ the pressurization of the LNG supplied at such terminals, to produce mechanical power.
In a first basic aspect, the invention concerns the process of treating heating grade source LNG to form engine fuel grade LNG, which includes the steps
a) distilling a stream of source LNG to form purified distillate,
b) providing a heat exchanger/condenser,
c) and passing such distillate in heat exchange relation with refrigerated source LNG in the heat exchanger/condenser to condense the distillate thereby forming condensate which constitutes the engine fuel grade LNG.
In a second basic aspect, the invention concern the process of employing imported heating grade source LNG to produce power, which includes the steps
a) providing a heat exchanger/condenser,
b) providing a vaporizer
c) providing an expansion turbine,
d) passing a pressurized and refrigerated stream of source LNG through the heat exchanger and then to the vaporizer for conversion to commercially distributable gas at elevated pressure,
e) directing some of said gas to flow through the expansion turbine producing turbine output power, and a turbine exhaust stream for return to the process.
As respects the first basic aspect, additional process objectives include:
As respects the second basic aspect, additional process objective includes:
A further object is to use the turbine to drive a pump that pressurizes the source LNG to flow to the heat exchanger and vaporizer units.
These and other objects and advantages of the invention, as well as the details of an illustrative embodiment, will be more fully understood from the following specification and drawings, in which:
In
The refrigerated heating grade LNG supplied as from storage 11 is pumped at 15 for delivery at 16 to heat exchanger/condenser apparatus 17, from which it flows at 18 to a vaporizer 19. The pump elevates the LNG to pipeline pressure, typically 50 to 100 atmospheres; and the vaporizer operates to heat the cold LNG to warm temperature, typically 10 to 20 degrees Centigrade, for conversion to gas. The gasified LNG is then delivered at 21 to a commercial pipeline 41.
The process utilizes the “cold” containing in the LNG exiting the pump to provide refrigeration to operate a distillation column 26 which will purify the LNG to vehicle grade (typically 99% methane). A by-product of the process is the production of power (typically electric).
The liquid LNG flowing through one side of the exchanger 17 is heated slightly (typically from 115 degK to 120 degK). The other side involves condensing a near pure methane gas stream at a higher than atmospheric pressure (typically 7 to 14 atm). Most of the condensed methane is delivered at 28 to pump 29, and pumped at 30 (or may flow by gravity) to the top of the distillation column 26 as reflux.
A warm slip stream of natural gas (typically at about 10 degrees Centigrade and about 90 atmospheres) is split off at 23, and delivered at 24 to an expansion turbine 25, operating to reduce the gas stream pressure to a level compatible with the operating pressure of distillation column 26. Gas from the turbine is delivered at 27 to a lower level in that column 26. Shaft output power from the turbine may be delivered to an electric generator, as indicated at 28′.
The turbine exhaust gas rises up the column, counter current with the reflux injected at the top. This separates the natural gas into two streams; a near pure methane gas 31 and a heavier liquid product 33 at the column bottom (containing ethane and other heavies). The top product 31 flows to the heat exchanger/condenser described above, where it is condensed. The portion of the condensate not returned to the column as reflux is diverted at 34 and flows at 35 to the vehicle grade LNG tank 13 as product. The column bottom products 33 may be returned by pumping at 36 to pipeline pressure, and vaporized at 39 prior to joining the supply at 40 to the pipeline 41. Alternatively, it may be further processed to a quality that may be used separately (for instance as a feedstock for olefin production).
There is a tradeoff between the maximum amount of vehicle grade LNG that may be extracted and column operating pressure. For typical applications, the maximum yield is about 10% (this keeps the column operating pressure reasonable).
The power generation is beneficial to the economics of the process. The use of the turbine is one form of throttling process, and the same result could be achieved with a throttle valve; but no power is then generated and the yield (percent vehicle grade product to send out gas) will be reduced.
Referring to
In
Referring to
Pump speed (RPM) is controlled or regulated as shown, as by control of the turbine nozzles 84 (variable flow area) as a function of flow rate of vaporizer discharge at 94 to the commercial pipeline 96. See the flow sensing device indicated at 77, sensing flow at 94 and controlling the nozzles, to increase nozzle openings in respond to reduced flow sensing, to maintain desired flow rate. An electric boost pump 98 boosts flow pressure to inlet of pump 80. Condensate from 17 flows at 57 back to the inlet side of pump 80.
In summary, Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is transported by ship to receiving terminals where it is unloaded into large low temperature tanks and stored at near atmospheric pressure. The LNG is then pumped to pressures between 70 and 80 bara, heated in a send out vaporizer to near atmospheric temperatures and injected into a pipeline for distribution to users. Normally the send out pumps are powered by electric motors. The power required by these pumps represents a significant power demand.
This
Next the LNG is heated to near atmospheric temperature by the send out vaporizer 83. The send-out vaporizer may employ a variety of heat sources such as natural gas combustion, co-generation waste heated, sea water or ambient air. Before the warm natural gas is injected into the pipeline, a small slip stream (about 10 to 15% of the total flow) is diverted at 82 to supply the expansion turbine 81. In the turbine the gas is expanded down to about 170 psia where it is fed into the condenser/heat exchanger. All of the vapor is condensed and exits the heat exchanger as a liquid and is blended with the liquid between the two pumps.
Pipelines typically have multiple sources of supply, which requires each of them to have controls to regulate the amount of gas injected into the pipeline. By equipping the expansion turbine with adjustable inlet nozzles the speed of the turbine/high speed pump is regulated, which in turn permits flow control as measured by the flow sensing device.
The boost pump represents the only power draw in the system and its power draw is very low (less than 12% of the pumping power demand). The separate pump 98 provides the Net Positive Suction pressure required to prevent the high speed send out pump 80 from cavitating. Pump 98 could be powered by the turbine, but it needs to turn at low speed to prevent it from cavitating, and would require a gear box between the high speed turbine 81 and the low speed pump 98.
The process described above may be combined with the use of a distillation column as in
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Number | Date | Country | |
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Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 11493133 | Jul 2006 | US |
Child | 12660323 | US |