Patent Application
20240401560
The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a wind turbine blade shell component and to a reinforcing structure, such as a spar cap, for a wind turbine blade, the reinforcing structure comprising a plurality of pultrusion plates.
Climate change has created an urgent need for sustainable energy, putting the spotlight on wind power as a cost-effective and clean energy source. Wind turbines typically comprise a tower, generator, gearbox, nacelle, and one or more rotor blades, which capture kinetic energy of wind using known airfoil principles. With increasing energy demand, modern wind turbines can have power ratings of above 10 MW and may have rotor blades that exceed 100 meters in length.
Wind turbine blades are typically made from a fibre-reinforced polymer material and comprise a pressure side shell half and a suction side shell half. The cross-sectional profile of a typical blade includes an airfoil for creating an air flow leading to a pressure difference between both sides. The resulting lift force generates torque for producing electricity. Wind turbine blades are usually manufactured by forming two shell parts or shell halves from layers of woven fabric or fibre and resin. Spar caps or main laminates are placed or integrated in the shell halves and may be combined with shear webs or spar beams to form structural support members. Spar caps or main laminates may be joined to, or integrated within, the inside of the suction and pressure halves of the shell.
As the size of wind turbine blades increases, various challenges arise from the blades being subjected to increased forces during operation, requiring improved reinforcing structures. In some known solutions, pultruded fibrous strips of material are used to design spar caps. Pultrusion is a continuous process in which fibres are pulled through a supply of liquid resin and then heated in a chamber where the resin is cured. Such pultruded strips can be cut to any desired length. As such, the pultrusion process is typically characterized by a continuous process that produces composite parts having a constant cross-section. Thus, a plurality of pultrusions can be vacuum infused together in a mould to form the spar caps.
Typically, a spar cap in a wind turbine blade is made from either carbon pultrusions or glass pultrusions. Carbon fibres are typically lighter than glass fibres by volume, and have improved tensile and compressive strength. One of the challenges of wind turbine blade manufacturing is that a lightning protection system of the blade often requires that at least some blade components have a sufficiently high electrical conductivity through the thickness of the components, such as reinforcing sections like spar caps. There is thus an ongoing need for an improved pultruded spar cap and method for incorporating such spar cap in a wind turbine blade.
Also, an existing challenge of known pultrusion processes is to obtain a correct and consistent placement of the fibre material. Some of the known techniques make it difficult to control the fibre location and to maintain the correct distribution within the pultruded article.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a wind turbine blade with an improved reinforcing structure, such as a spar cap, and to provide a method for manufacturing said reinforcing structure that allows for an improved control of the architecture of pultruded articles.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an optimized arrangement of materials used in the manufacture of a spar cap.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a reinforcing structure for a wind turbine blade which is cost efficient structure and has optimized material characteristics for use in a lightning protection system of the blade.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a suitable reinforcing structure for a wind turbine blade which can be manufactured efficiently.
It has been found that one or more of the aforementioned objects can be obtained by providing a method of manufacturing a wind turbine blade shell component, the method comprising the steps of
It was found that this method allows for a significantly improved control of the architecture of the pultrusion plate, in particular with respect to the correct positioning of the carbon fibre material and the glass fibre material. Since the glass fibre material is held together or consolidated, preferably at the centre of the pultrusion plate, it can be ensured that the adjacent or surrounding carbon fibre material is distributed and maintained at the correct location. Using one or more of the suggested approaches to consolidate or hold together the glass fibre material, i.e. providing (i) a glass fibre fabric, (ii) a glass fibre preform comprising a consolidated arrangement of glass fibres and a binding agent, or (iii) a plurality of glass fibres encapsulated by a veil or a foil, provides an even and well-defined distribution of the carbon fibre material in the hybrid pultrusion process. This, in turn, is critical for the intended use of the pultrusion plates, i.e., as part of a lightning protection system of the wind turbined blade.
Additionally, this method and structure of the pultrusion plate are found to enhance the lightning protection properties and structural performance of the blade. In particular, it was found that the present solution reduces the risk for flaring over the pultrusion spar beam. Thus, structural and lightning protection performance can be enhanced at minimum material cost. Carbon fibres usually have high electrical conductivity and high stiffness per weight. These properties are desirable in the spar cap of a wind turbine blade. However, drawbacks of carbon fibres include the relatively low strain to failure and the comparatively high price per kg. Glass fibres are typically cheaper and have higher strain to failure. However, the electrical conductivity of glass fibres is minimal and stiffness per weight is significantly lower.
It is particularly preferred that the glass fibre material of the pultrusion plate is surrounded by the carbon fibre material. Preferably, the glass fibre material of the pultrusion plate is surrounded by the carbon fibre material along the lateral surfaces and along the top and bottom surfaces of the pultrusion plate. In a preferred embodiment of the pultrusion plate, the glass fibre fabric, the glass fibre preform or the plurality of glass fibres encapsulated by a veil or a foil, are encapsulated with carbon fibres.
In a preferred embodiment, the glass fibre material is a glass fibre fabric. In a preferred embodiment, the glass fibre fabric is a stitched fabric, a woven fabric, a knit fabric, a nonwoven fabric or a continuous filament mat. In some embodiments, the glass fibre fabric is a UD-fabric that is woven or stitched.
In a preferred embodiment, the glass fibre material is a glass fibre preform comprising a consolidated arrangement of glass fibres and a binding agent. The glass fibre preform preferably comprises a glass fibre material which is at least partially joined together by means of the binding agent, wherein the binding agent is preferably present in an amount of 0.1-15 wt % relative to the weight of the fibre material of the preform. In some embodiments, the glass fibre material comprises, or consists of, glass fibre rovings. In a preferred embodiment, the binding agent is present in an amount of 0.1-15 wt % relative to the weight of the fibre material. In some embodiments, the binding agent is a thermoplastic binding agent. Typically, for forming the preform, the fibre material is at least partially joined together by means of the binding agent by thermal bonding. The binding agent for preparing the preform could be a binding powder, such as a thermoplastic binding powder.
In a preferred embodiment, the binding agent of the preform is present in an amount of 0.5-10 wt %, preferably 0.5-5 wt %, more preferably 0.5-3.5 wt %, relative to the weight of the fibre material in the preform. The binding agent may also comprise two or more different substances. According to another embodiment, the melting point of the binding agent is between 40° and 220° C., preferably between 4° and 180° C., such as between 4° and 170° C., or between 4° and 160° C. According to a preferred embodiment, the binding agent comprises a polyester, preferably a bisphenolic polyester. An example of such binding agent is a polyester marketed under the name NEOXIL 940. Examples include NEOXIL 940 PMX, NEOXIL 940 KS 1 and NEOXIL 940 HF 2B, all manufactured by DSM Composite Resins AG. Preferably, the binding agent is a polyester, preferably a bisphenolic polyester. In other embodiments, the binding agent is a hotmelt adhesive or based on a prepreg resin.
In a preferred embodiment, the glass fibre preform comprises multiple glass fibre layers stacked on top of each other. The multiple glass fibre layers, such as three or more glass fibre layers, may be consolidated or bound together by, for example, a binding agent or an adhesive, or by a stitching. In a preferred embodiment, the glass fibre preform comprises glass fibre rovings.
In another preferred embodiment, the glass fibre material of the pultrusion plate comprises a plurality of glass fibres encapsulated by a veil or a foil or combinations thereof.
It is preferred that the glass fibre fabric, the glass fibre preform or the plurality of glass fibres encapsulated by a veil or a foil, are substantially slab-shaped. In a preferred embodiment, the glass fibre fabric, the glass fibre preform or the plurality of glass fibres encapsulated by a veil or a foil has the shape of a rectangular cuboid. Typically, the glass fibre fabric, the glass fibre preform or the plurality of glass fibres encapsulated by a veil or a foil, will have a rectangular cross section.
It is also preferred that the glass fibre fabric, the glass fibre preform and/or the plurality of glass fibres encapsulated by a veil or a foil, are formed prior to the pultrusion process. Thus, the glass fibre fabric, the glass fibre preform and/or the plurality of glass fibres encapsulated by a veil or a foil, are used in the pultrusion process, preferably as centre or core reinforcement material, preferably in combination with a plurality of tows of carbon fibre.
In a preferred embodiment, the carbon fibre material of the pultrusion plate comprises a plurality of tows of carbon fibre material, and wherein adjoining tows of carbon fibre material are provided along the entire lateral surfaces of the pultrusion plate.
In a preferred embodiment, the ratio of carbon fibre material to glass fibre material in the pultrusion plate is between 1/5 to 1/1, preferably 1/4 to 1/1. This was found to provide optimised properties of the pultrusion plate in terms of electrical conductivity and overall stiffness. In some embodiments, a conductive material, such as a carbon biax layer, a carbon veil or a glass/carbon hybrid fabric or a glass/carbon hybrid veil, is used to electrically connect the pultrusion plates transversely within a stack of adjacent pultrusion plates. This can be implemented as an interlayer between pultrusion plates or only as the first and/or last layer in the stack of pultrusion plates.
The step of arranging the pultrusion plates on blade shell material in a mould for the blade shell component preferably comprises arranging the pultrusion plates into adjacent stacks of pultrusion plates, wherein adjacent refers to a substantially chordwise direction. These stacks usually extend in a substantially spanwise direction of the shell half. The step of bonding the pultrusion plates with the blade shell material to form the blade shell component usually comprises a resin infusion step in which the pultrusion plates and the blade shell material are infused with a resin, for example in a VARTM process.
The terms tows and rovings are used interchangeably herein. In some embodiments, each tow comprises a plurality of carbon filaments, wherein each filament comprises an outer layer of sizing. In addition, each pultrusion plate preferably comprises a resin or binding agent which is used in the pultrusion process for joining the carbon fibre material and the glass fibre material into a single pultrusion string. Preferably, each pultrusion plate comprises a matrix of fibre tows arranged in columns and rows, as seen in a vertical cross section of the plate. Thus, pultrusion fibre material may comprise glass fibres, carbon fibres, a resin or binding agent, and optionally additional reinforcing material. Typically, the pultrusion plate has a constant cross-section along its length.
Adjoining tows of carbon fibre material are provided along the entire lateral surfaces of the pultrusion plate, that is, from the top surface to the bottom surface. It is thus particularly preferred that the lateral surfaces of the pultrusion plate are free from glass fibre material.
Each stack of pultrusion plates may comprise 2-30, such as 5-20 pultrusion plates successively arranged on top of each other. Thus, each stack will usually extend in a spanwise direction of the blade. In a midsection between a root end and a tip end, each stack may comprise 8-15 layers of pultrusion plates, whereas towards the root end and towards the tip end the number of layered pultrusion plates may decrease to 1-3. Thus, the stack of pultrusion plates is preferably tapered towards both the root end and the distal end. Such configuration advantageously allows for a profile that is consistent with the thickness profile of the shell. Typically, two or more, or three or more stacks of pultrusion plates are arranged next to each other, adjacent to each other in a substantially chordwise direction. Typically, a resin will be infused in the stack of pultrusion plates. This can, for example, be done using vacuum-assisted resin transfer moulding.
The blade shell component is usually a shell half, such as a shell half with a reinforcing structure such as a spar cap. The blade shell material may include one or more fibre layers and/or a gelcoat. The plurality of pultrusion plates will typically extend in a spanwise direction of the shell half or of the blade. Thus, at least some of the pultrusion plates have preferably a length corresponding to 60-95% of the blade length. A polymer resin is typically infused into pultrusion plates following the lay-up into the shell half.
In a preferred embodiment, the pultrusion fibre material comprises a plurality of tows of carbon fibre material. In a preferred embodiment, each tow comprises 10,000 to 100,000 filaments, preferably 20,000 to 60,000 filaments, of carbon fibre.
In a preferred embodiment, the tows of carbon fibre material extend substantially parallel to each other within the pultrusion plate. In a preferred embodiment, the tows of carbon fibre material are arranged in an array, preferably a regular array, of rows and columns of tows, as seen in a vertical cross section of the pultrusion plate. The rows will typically extend in a substantially horizontal or chordwise direction, whereas the columns will typically extend in a substantially vertical or flapwise direction. The array of rows and columns of tows will typically be constant over the length of the pultrusion plate.
In a preferred embodiment, the tows of carbon fibre material are arranged in a plurality of rows of tows, and optionally a plurality of columns of tows, as seen in a vertical cross section of the pultrusion plate.
In a preferred embodiment, the lateral surfaces of each pultrusion plate are free from glass fibres, preferably by providing a continuous path of adjoining tows of carbon fibre material along the lateral edges of the pultrusion plate, the continuous path of adjoining tows of carbon fibre material extending from the top surface to the opposing bottom surface of the pultrusion plate. In some embodiments, the adjoining tows of carbon fibre material extend from each lateral surface inward over a chordwise or horizontal distance of 2-25 mm, preferably 2-12 mm. In some embodiments, said chordwise or horizontal distance is longer, e.g. 8-12 mm at the top and bottom surfaces of the pultrusion plate, and shorter towards the midpoint of each lateral surface, such as 1-4 mm.
In a preferred embodiment, the glass fibre material and the plurality of tows of carbon fibre material form a non-random pattern, preferably a symmetrical pattern, as seen in a vertical cross section of the pultrusion plate. Typically, the pattern is constant over the length of the pultrusion plate. In another preferred embodiment, the pattern comprises one more vertical columns of carbon fibre tows extending from the top surface to the bottom surface of the pultrusion plate, as seen in a vertical cross section of the pultrusion plate. It is preferred that the pattern has reflectional symmetry or bilateral symmetry as appearing on the vertical cross section of the pultrusion plate, such that the left and right sides are mirror images of each other.
In a preferred embodiment, the pultrusion plates are arranged into adjacent stacks of pultrusion plates, and wherein a continuous path of adjoining tows of carbon fibre material extends from the top surface of the uppermost pultrusion plate to the bottom surface of the lowermost pultrusion plate of each stack of pultrusion plates. Said continuous path of adjoining tows of carbon fibre material within the stack is preferably an electrically conducting path. Thus, the entire stack may conduct a lightning current from the top surface of the stack to the bottom surface of the stack, preferably in a substantially vertical or flapwise direction.
It is particularly preferred that the pultrusion plates, and the reinforcing structure comprising the pultrusion plates, do not comprise any isolated tows of carbon fibre material, such as tows of carbon fibre material that are not electrically coupled to another tow of carbon fibre material. Thus, in a particularly preferred embodiment, all tows of carbon fibre material within the pultrusion plate are electrically coupled, i.e. providing a conduction path for electrical energy, such as a lightning current, between the tows of carbon fibre material. This is found to effectively prevent flashovers inside the spar cap when the blade is hit by a lightning strike, thus preventing damage to the pultrusion plate and to the reinforcing structure, such as the spar cap.
In some embodiments, the stacked pultrusion plates are pre-bonded together prior to being bonded to the blade shell. Alternatively, the stacked pultrusion plates are co-bonded with the blade shell materials. In a preferred embodiment, the stacked pultrusion plates are bonded with the blade shell material using an adhesive or in a vacuum assisted resin transfer moulding (VARTM) process.
Usually, the top and bottom surfaces face opposing flapwise directions, whereas the lateral surface typically face towards the trailing edge and towards the leading edge of the blade half, respectively. The present inventors have found that an efficient lightning protection system benefits from the conductive carbon fibre materials being connected electrically and/or physically throughout the reinforcing structure, in particular in the vertical or flapwise direction, along the lateral edges of the stacked pultrusion plates, to ensure that flashovers do not occur inside the spar cap when the blade is hit by a lightning strike. Thus, it is advantageous that the electrical conductivity through the thickness of the pultrusion plates is relatively high. Thus, the continuous path of adjoining tows of carbon fibre material extending from the top surface to the opposing bottom surface of the pultrusion plate may advantageously provide an electrically conducting path, in particular for lightning strikes, throughout the vertical direction of the pultrusion plate. In a preferred embodiment, the continuous path of adjoining tows of carbon fibre material extends substantially vertically within the pultrusion plate.
In a preferred embodiment, adjoining tows of carbon fibre material means adjacent tows of carbon fibre material that are spaced apart by a distance not more than 100 μm, such as not more than 50 μm, preferably not more 30 μm, such as not more than 20 μm, preferably not more than 10 μm. Such maximum distances are found to provide a sufficiently electrically conductive path between adjoining tows of carbon fibre material.
In a particularly preferred embodiment, the distance between adjoining tows of carbon fibre material is less than 100 μm, preferably less than 50 μm, more preferably less than 20 μm, most preferably less than 10 μm. In some embodiments, the distance between adjoining tows of carbon fibre material is zero.
In a preferred embodiment, adjoining tows of carbon fibre material are provided along the top surface of each pultrusion plate. In another preferred embodiment, adjoining tows of carbon fibre material are provided along the bottom surface of each pultrusion plate. The adjoining tows of carbon fibre material may extend from the top and from the bottom surface, respectively, inward along a vertical distance of 1-3 mm, such as 1.5-2.0 mm.
In a preferred embodiment, several adjacent columns of adjoining tows of carbon fibre material are provided along the entire lateral surfaces of the pultrusion plate.
In a preferred embodiment, a continuous, preferably substantially horizontal, row of adjoining tows of carbon fibre material extends between the lateral surfaces, said continuous row being spaced apart from the top surface and from the bottom surface of the pultrusion plate.
In another aspect, the present invention relates to pultrusion plate comprising a top surface, an opposing bottom surface and two lateral surfaces, wherein the pultrusion plate is formed of a pultrusion fibre material comprising a glass fibre material and a carbon fibre material, wherein carbon fibre material is provided along the entire lateral surfaces of the pultrusion plate, and wherein the glass fibre material is selected from
In a preferred embodiment of the pultrusion plate, the glass fibre preform comprises multiple glass fibre layers stacked on top of each other. In a preferred embodiment of the pultrusion plate, the glass fibre fabric is a stitched fabric, a woven fabric, a knit fabric, a nonwoven fabric or a continuous filament mat. In a preferred embodiment, the glass fibre preform comprises glass fibre rovings.
Preferably, the carbon fibre material comprises a plurality of tows of carbon fibre material, and wherein adjoining tows of carbon fibre material are provided along the entire lateral surfaces of the pultrusion plate. In a preferred embodiment, the tows of carbon fibre material are arranged in a plurality of rows of tows, and optionally a plurality of columns of tows, as seen in a vertical cross section of the pultrusion plate.
In a preferred embodiment, the lateral surfaces of the pultrusion plate are free from glass fibres, preferably by providing a continuous path of adjoining tows of carbon fibre material along the lateral edges of the pultrusion plate, the continuous path of adjoining tows of carbon fibre material extending from the top surface to the opposing bottom surface of the pultrusion plate.
In a preferred embodiment, the glass fibre material and the carbon fibre material form a non-random pattern, preferably a symmetrical pattern, as seen in a vertical cross section of the pultrusion plate.
In another aspect, the present invention relates to a reinforcing structure for a wind turbine blade, the reinforcing structure comprising a plurality of pultrusion plates according to the present invention.
In another aspect, the present invention relates to a pultrusion plate comprising a top surface, an opposing bottom surface and two lateral surfaces, wherein the pultrusion plate is formed of a pultrusion fibre material comprising a glass fibre material and a plurality of tows of carbon fibre material, and wherein adjoining tows of carbon fibre material are provided along the entire top surface and along the entire bottom surface of the pultrusion plate. The present invention also relates to a method of manufacturing a wind turbine blade shell component, the method comprising the steps of providing a plurality of pultrusion plates, wherein each pultrusion plate comprises a top surface, an opposing bottom surface and two lateral surfaces, arranging the pultrusion plates on a blade shell material in a mould for the blade shell component, and bonding the pultrusion plates with the blade shell material to form the blade shell component, wherein each pultrusion plate is formed of a pultrusion fibre material comprising a glass fibre material, such as a glass fibre fabric or a glass fibre preform, and a plurality of tows of carbon fibre material, and wherein adjoining tows of carbon fibre material are provided along the entire top surface and along the entire bottom surface of the pultrusion plate.
The top and bottom surfaces of the pultrusion plate may be covered by peel ply. In a preferred embodiment, the pultrusion plates have a length corresponding to an entire length of a spar cap for a wind turbine blade shell. In a preferred embodiment, the pultrusion plates are bonded with the blade shell material in a resin infusion process.
In one aspect, the present invention relates to a wind turbine blade shell component, such as shell half, obtainable by the method of the present invention. The present invention also relates to a wind turbine blade having a pressure side shell and a suction side shell, wherein the suction and pressure side shells are joined along a leading and trailing edge of the blade. One or both of the suction and pressure side shell components further include a reinforcing structure, such as a spar cap bonded to an interior surface of the shell, wherein the spar cap includes a plurality of pultrusion plates according to the present invention. The pultrusion plates preferably have a continuous unbroken length along an entire length of the spar cap.
In a preferred embodiment, the pultrusion plate has a rectangular cross section. In a preferred embodiment, the pultrusion plate has the shape of a rectangular cuboid. The pultrusion plate has a length, which typically extend in a substantially spanwise direction when the pultrusion plate is arranged in the blade shell. The pultrusion plate also has a width, which typically extends in a substantially chordwise direction when the pultrusion plate is arranged in the blade shell. The pultrusion plate also has a height or thickness, which typically extends in a substantially flapwise direction when the pultrusion plate is arranged in the blade shell. The thickness of the pultrusion plate is preferably between 3 and 10 mm, more preferably between 4 and 7 mm. The length of the plate is typically its largest dimension. The length of the plate extends in the same direction as its longitudinal axis.
The length of the pultrusion plate is typically between 50 and 150 meters, preferably between 50 and 100 meters, more preferably between 70 and 100 meters. The height/thickness of the pultrusion plate is preferably between 2 and 10 millimeters, preferably between 3 and 7 millimeters, most preferably between 4 and 6 millimeters. The width of the plate is preferably between 20 and 300 millimeters, most preferably between 80 and 150 millimeters. In a preferred embodiment, the reinforcing structure, such as the spar cap, comprises between 1 and 15 stacks of pultrusion plates arranged next to each other, more preferably between 3 and 9 stacks. Each stack may comprise up to 20 pultrusion plates arranged on top of each other, such as 2-20 pultrusion plates or 2-10 pultrusion plates. Thus, each reinforcing section, such as each spar cap, may comprise 10 to 200 pultrusion plates.
The pultrusion fibre material preferably comprises a plurality of tows or rovings of carbon fibre material. Thus, each pultrusion plate may comprise 20-200 tows of carbon fibre material in total. The tows will usually extend in the length direction of the pultrusion plate, i.e. substantially parallel to its longitudinal axis, or parallel to the spanwise direction when arranged in the blade shell. In a preferred embodiment, the tows of carbon fibre material are arranged in a regular array or regular grid of rows and columns of tows, as seen in a vertical cross section of the pultrusion plate. The pultrusion plate preferably comprises at least 10 rows and at least 10 columns of tows.
All features and embodiments discussed above with respect to the method of manufacturing a wind turbine blade shell component likewise apply to the pultrusion plate or to the reinforcing structure of the present invention and vice versa.
In another aspect, the present invention relates to a reinforcing structure for a wind turbine blade, the reinforcing structure comprising a plurality of pultrusion plates according to the present invention. The reinforcing structure will typically be a spar cap or a main laminate. In some embodiments, the reinforcing structure comprises a box spar. In other embodiments, the reinforcing structure comprises a spar beam. In a preferred embodiment, the elongate reinforcing structure is a spar structure, such as a spar cap, a spar beam or a box spar. It is preferred that the reinforcing structure extends along the blade in a spanwise direction. Typically, the reinforcing structure will extend over 60-95% of the blade length. The wind turbine blade is usually manufactured from two shell halves, a pressure side shell half and a suction side shell half. Preferably, both shell halves comprise an elongate reinforcing structure, such as a spar cap or a main laminate, according to the present invention.
In another aspect, the present invention relates to a wind turbine blade or to a wind turbine blade component comprising a reinforcing structure according to the present invention, or to a wind turbine blade shell component obtainable by the afore-mentioned method of manufacturing a wind turbine blade shell component. In another aspect, the present invention relates to a wind turbine blade shell component comprising a plurality of pultrusion plates according to the present invention.
The present invention also relates to a lightning protection system for a wind turbine blade, the lightning protection system comprising a lightning conductor, such as a cable, for example a copper cable, disposed at least partially in the interior of the blade, one or more electrically conducting lightning receptors disposed on one or more of the surfaces of the blade, wherein the one or more electrically conducting lightning receptors are electrically connected to a plurality of pultrusion plates according to the present invention, or to a reinforcing structure, such as a spar cap, of the present invention. In another aspect, the present invention relates to a wind turbine blade comprising a lightning protection system as described above, i.e. the lightning protection system comprising a lightning conductor, such as a cable, for example a copper cable, disposed at least partially in the interior of the blade, one or more electrically conducting lightning receptors disposed on one or more of the surfaces of the blade, wherein the one or more electrically conducting lightning receptors are electrically connected to a plurality of pultrusion plates according to the present invention, or to a reinforcing structure, such as a spar cap, of the present invention.
The shell halves will typically be produced by infusing a fibre lay-up of fibre material with a resin such as epoxy, polyester or vinyl ester. Usually, the pressure side shell half and the suction side shell half are manufactured using a blade mould. Each of the shell halves may comprise spar caps or main laminates provided along the respective pressure and suction side shell members as reinforcing structures. The spar caps or main laminates may be affixed to the inner faces of the shell halves.
The spar structure is preferably a longitudinally extending load carrying structure, preferably comprising a beam or spar box for connecting and stabilizing the shell halves. The spar structure may be adapted to carry a substantial part of the load on the blade. In some embodiments, the reinforcing structure is arranged within the pressure side shell half. In other embodiments, the reinforcing structure is arranged within the suction side shell half.
In a preferred embodiment, the pressure side shell half and the suction side shell half of the blade are manufactured in respective mould halves, preferably by vacuum assisted resin transfer moulding. According to some embodiments, the pressure side shell half and the suction side shell half each have a longitudinal extent L of 50-110 m, preferably 60-90 m.
According to some embodiments, the method further comprises a step of arranging one or more shear webs in at least one of the shell halves, usually at the location of the reinforcing structure. Each shear web may comprise a web body, a first web foot flange at a first end of the web body, and a second web foot flange at a second end of the web body. In some embodiments, the shear webs are substantially I-shaped. Alternatively, the shear webs may be substantially C-shaped.
In another aspect, the present invention relates to a pultrusion process for manufacturing the pultrusion plate of the present invention, and to a pultrusion plate obtainable by said pultrusion process. Said pultrusion process preferably comprises the provision of a plurality of bobbins carrying respective tows of carbon fibre material. A centre reinforcement material is provided in the form of a glass fibre fabric, a glass fibre preform comprising a fibre material, or a glass fibre material encapsulated by a veil or foil, as further explained above. The tows of carbon fibre material and the centre reinforcement material are preferably pulled through guide plates, a resin bath, and a heated die by a pulling mechanism. The continuous pultrusion string can be cut into individual pultrusion plates with a length of between 30-200 meters, preferably 50-100 meters, by a cutter. The shaped impregnated plates are then advantageously cured. The guide plates and/or the die may take the form of a spreader or inlet comprising multiple apertures, some of the apertures receiving a respective carbon fibre tow, and other apertures receiving the glass fibre material, preferably a glass fibre fabric or preform. The apertures can be spaced and they are located so as to guide the fibre to form a desired pattern of glass fibre material and carbon fibre material in the pultrusion plates.
As used herein, the term “vertical cross section of the pultrusion plate” refers to a cross section of the pultrusion plate on a plane perpendicular to its longitudinal axis, i.e. the axis along the length direction of the pultrusion plate, which is usually the direction in which the pultrusion plate has its greatest extension. When arranged in the blade shell, the longitudinal axis or the length extension of the pultrusion plate will usually coincide substantially with a spanwise direction of the blade.
As used herein, the term “spanwise” is used to describe the orientation of a measurement or element along the blade from its root end to its tip end. In some embodiments, spanwise is the direction along the longitudinal axis and longitudinal extent of the wind turbine blade.
As used herein, the term “horizontal” refers to a direction that is substantially parallel to the chord of the blade when the pultrusion plates are arranged in the blade shell. The vertical direction is substantially perpendicular to the horizontal direction, extending in a substantially flapwise direction of the blade.
As used herein, the term “fabric” means a material comprising a network of fibres including, but not limited to, woven or knitted materials, tufted or tufted-like materials, nonwoven webs, and so forth.
As used herein, the term “glass fibre preform” means a consolidated arrangement of glass fibres, such as a plurality of glass fibre rovings, and a binding agent. The preform is a solid structure, preferably a flexible solid structure, and maintains a defined shape that holds the fibres in the consolidated position, preferably by virtue of the binding agent. The defined shape of the preform is maintained until the preform is processed, e.g., mechanically, or chemically, such as by infusing the preform with a resin and curing said resin.
The invention is explained in detail below with reference to an embodiment shown in the drawings, in which
The airfoil region 34 (also called the profiled region) has an ideal or almost ideal blade shape with respect to generating lift, whereas the root region 30 due to structural considerations has a substantially circular or elliptical cross-section, which for instance makes it easier and safer to mount the blade 10 to the hub. The diameter (or the chord) of the root region 30 may be constant along the entire root area 30. The transition region 32 has a transitional profile gradually changing from the circular or elliptical shape of the root region 30 to the airfoil profile of the airfoil region 34. The chord length of the transition region 32 typically increases with increasing distance r from the hub. The airfoil region 34 has an airfoil profile with a chord extending between the leading edge 18 and the trailing edge 20 of the blade 10. The width of the chord decreases with increasing distance r from the hub.
A shoulder 40 of the blade 10 is defined as the position, where the blade 10 has its largest chord length. The shoulder 40 is typically provided at the boundary between the transition region 32 and the airfoil region 34.
It should be noted that the chords of different sections of the blade normally do not lie in a common plane, since the blade may be twisted and/or curved (i.e. pre-bent), thus providing the chord plane with a correspondingly twisted and/or curved course, this being most often the case in order to compensate for the local velocity of the blade being dependent on the radius from the hub.
The blade is typically made from a pressure side shell part 36 and a suction side shell part 38 that are glued to each other along bond lines at the leading edge 18 and the trailing edge of the blade 20.
The spar cap 41 of the pressure side shell part 36 and the spar cap 45 of the suction side shell part 38 are connected via a first shear web 50 and a second shear web 55. The shear webs 50, 55 are in the shown embodiment shaped as substantially I-shaped webs. The first shear web 50 comprises a shear web body and two web foot flanges. The shear web body comprises a sandwich core material 51, such as balsawood or foamed polymer, covered by a number of skin layers 52 made of a number of fibre layers. The blade shells 36, 38 may comprise further fibre-reinforcement at the leading edge and the trailing edge. Typically, the shell parts 36, 38 are bonded to each other via glue flanges.
The tows 68 and the glass fibre fabric 94 are pulled through guide plates 95, resin bath 96, and heated die 97 by pulling mechanism 98. The pultrusion string 100 is cut into individual pultrusion plates 64 by cutter 99. The shaped impregnated fibres are cured and can optionally be wound onto a roll. The guide plates and/or the die may take the form of a spreader or inlet comprising multiple apertures, each aperture receiving a respective carbon fibre tow or glass fibre two. The apertures can be spaced and they are located so as to guide the fibre tows and the fabric/preform/encapsulated glass fibre part to form a desired pattern of glass fibre material and carbon fibre material in the pultrusion plates 64. The enlarged view of the pultrusion plate 64 in
Various of the patterns of a hybrid pultrusion plate are illustrated in
As illustrated in
As seen in the various embodiments of
Another embodiment of a pultrusion plate 64 of the present invention is illustrated in
Advantageously, the glass fibre fabric 110, the glass fibre preform 112 or the plurality of glass fibres encapsulated by a veil 116 or a foil are joined with the carbon fibre material, such as a plurality of tows of carbon fibre material in the pultrusion process, as illustrated in
The invention is not limited to the embodiments described herein and may be modified or adapted without departing from the scope of the present invention.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 22156266.3 | Feb 2022 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2023/052712 | 2/3/2023 | WO |
