Patent Application
20110116997
This invention relates to aqueous alkanolamine solutions for the purpose of capturing carbon dioxide from gas streams. The alkanolamines exhibit greater than predicted CO2 absorption capacity based upon their pKa whilst also possessing desirable performance in both their rate of CO2 capture and their CO2 absorption capacity.
There is growing pressure for stationary producers of greenhouse gases to dramatically reduce their atmospheric emissions. Of particular concern is the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere. One method of reducing atmospheric CO2 emissions is through its capture and subsequent storage in geological or deep sea reservoirs.
The process for capturing CO2 from power station or combustion device flue gases is termed post combustion capture. In post combustion capture, the CO2 in flue gas is first separated from nitrogen and residual oxygen using a suitable solvent in an absorber. The CO2 is then removed from the solvent in a process called stripping (or regeneration), thus allowing the solvent to be reused. The stripped CO2 is then liquefied by compression and cooling, with appropriate drying steps to prevent hydrate formation. Post combustion capture in this form is applicable to a variety of stationary CO2 sources including power stations, steel plants, cement kilns, calciners and smelters.
Aqueous alkanolamine solutions have been investigated as solvents in post combustion CO2 capture. The capture process involves a series of chemical reactions that take place between water, the alkanolamine and carbon dioxide. Alkanolamines are weak bases, and may undergo acid-base reactions. Once dissolved into the alkanolamine solution, the aqueous CO2 reacts with water and the neutral form of the alkanolamine react to generate carbonic acid (H2CO3), aqueous bicarbonate (HCO3−) ions and aqueous carbonate (CO32−) ions, according to the generally acknowledged equations described below:
CO2+2H2O⇄HCO3−+H3O+ (equation 1)
CO2+OH−⇄HCO3− (equation 2)
CO32−+H3O+⇄HCO3−+H2O (equation 3)
HCO3−+H3O+⇄H2CO3+H2O (equation 4)
OH−+H3O+⇄2H2O (equation 5)
R1R2R3N+H3O+⇄R1R2R3NH+ (equation 6)
If the alkanolamine contains a primary (R1R2NH, R2=H) or secondary amine (R1R2NH, R2≠H), an additional reaction pathway becomes available, where carbon dioxide and the primary or secondary alkanolamine react to generate a carbamate (R1R2NCOO−). The carbamate may also then participate in acid-base chemistry, according to the generally acknowledged reactions described below. Tertiary alkanolamines (R1R2R3N, R1, R2, R3≠H) cannot form carbamates.
CO2+R1R2NH+H2O ⇄R1R2NCOO−+H3O+ (equation 7)
R1R2NCOO−+H3O+⇄R1R2NCOOH (equation 8)
It is generally acknowledged that the molar absorption capacity of an aqueous alkanolamine solution, as measured by the number of moles of CO2 absorbed per mole of amine functionality in solution, is dependent upon the pH equilibria that operate in the alkanolamine solution. CO2 absorption capacity decreases as the pH of the solution decreases. Furthermore, whilst the interrelationship of aqueous equilibria that operate as CO2 is absorbed into an alkanolamine solution is complex, it is generally accepted that the pH equilibria operating in aqueous alkanolamine solutions are to a large degree dependent upon the pKa of the alkanolamine amine functionality, and the tendency for the alkanolamine to form a carbamate. As the pKa of the alkanolamine amine increases, its aqueous solution becomes relatively more basic, resulting in a greater overall CO2 absorption capacity.
In contrast, carbamate formation by primary and secondary alkanolamines limits the molar CO2 absorption capacity of aqueous alkanolamine solutions. Low molar absorption capacities arise because carbamate formation consumes two moles of amine functionality for every mole of CO2. One mole is required to react with carbon dioxide to generate the carbamate and one mole must then act as a base to capture the proton released from the carboxylic acid functionality of the generated carbamate. This limits the molar absorption capacity nCO2/namine to a value of 0.5. Low molar absorption capacities are problematic for the application of aqueous alkanolamine solutions to industrial CO2 capture because they require more material to absorb the requisite amount of CO2, higher solvent flow rates and greater energy requirements for desorption. Monoethanolamine (MEA, HO—CH2—CH2—NH2), which is currently employed in industrial CO2 capture, possesses an undesirable molar absorption capacity of approximately 0.5.
In summary, there exists a limiting relationship between the molar absorption capacity, whether the amine functionality is primary, secondary or tertiary, and the amine pKa.
Amines used for industrial CO2 capture that achieve a larger CO2 absorption capacity than MEA have poor rates of CO2 absorption. Slow CO2 absorption rates are undesirable because to achieve the requisite absorption of CO2 longer gas-liquid contact times are required which means larger absorption columns and greater capital cost. The benefits gained through increased capacity are thus offset by the disadvantages associated with decreased rates.
There thus exists a need to identify alkanolamines whose aqueous solutions possess improved properties for application in CO2 capture technologies.
The present invention seeks to overcome at least one of the problems described above.
The present invention provides a process for the capture of CO2 from gas streams comprising contacting a CO2 containing gas stream with an aqueous alkanolamine solution, wherein the solution contains an alkanolamine selected from the group consisting of: 3-piperidinemethanol; N-[Tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl]glycine (Tricine); 3-quinuclidinol; 3-piperidino-1,2-propanediol, and their salts.
During the course of the inventor's investigations to relate the molar absorption capacity and initial absorption rate to alkanolamine structure and pKa, the absorption capacity and initial absorption rate of a large number of amines was measured. To the inventor's surprise, the alkanolamines described above exhibited absorption capacities exceeding that which would be predicted based on their pKa and the accepted reactions that occur between CO2 and amines. The alkanolamines also displayed improved absorption capacities whilst not suffering a concomitant unacceptable decrease in initial absorption rate.
It can be seen that the alkanolamines in accordance with the present invention have absorption properties which make them particularly suited to carbon dioxide removal from gas streams. These properties are contrary to absorption properties which the person of ordinary skill in the art would normally have expected from these alkanolamines. Moreover, the alkanolamines also possess desirable performance in their molar absorption capacity whilst not demonstrating a loss of absorption rate that is typical of alkanolamines with improved absorption capacities. This unexpected combination of properties is extremely desirable from an industrial perspective because it allows for a dramatic reduction in liquid flow rates and desorption energy requirements without increasing the size of capital equipment. Moreover, the alkanolamines identified by the inventors are expected to be suitable for industrial application, as the amines according to the present invention are either heterocyclic compounds or amino acids. As such, they are likely to be more resistant to oxidative and thermal degradation in a CO2 capture application.
According to one aspect of the invention, the alkanolamine is 3-piperidinemethanol.
In another aspect, the alkanolamine is N-[Tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl]glycine (Tricine).
In another aspect, the alkanolamine is 3-quinuclidinol.
In another aspect, the alkanolamine is 3-piperidino-1,2-propanediol.
Aqueous solutions of the alkanolamines described above possess a molar absorption capacity greater than the predicted molar absorption capacity according to the generally acknowledged relationship between amine pKa and molar absorption capacity, and also possesses a molar absorption capacity, nCO2/Namine, that is equal to or exceeds a value of 0.7, whilst also demonstrating an acceptable initial CO2 absorption rate.
When the alkanolamine contains a primary or secondary amine, an acceptable absorption rate is defined as an initial absorption rate equal to, or exceeding a value of 7×10−5s−1.
When the alkanolamine contains a tertiary amine, an acceptable absorption rate is defined as an initial absorption rate equal to, or exceeding a value of 2.5×10−5s−1. Further objects, features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiment and accompanying figures and examples.
During the course of the inventor's investigations to relate the molar absorption capacity and initial absorption rate to alkanolamine structure and pKa, the absorption capacity and initial absorption rate of a large number of amines was measured. To the inventor's surprise, several alkanolamines exhibited absorption capacities exceeding that which would be predicted based on their pKa and the accepted reactions that occur between CO2 and amines.
It can be seen that the use of alkanolamines in accordance with the invention surprisingly have properties which make them suitable for carbon dioxide removal from gas streams. These properties are contrary to absorption properties which the person of ordinary skill in the art would normally have expected from these alkanolamines.
The process according to the following invention provides a process for CO2 capture using aqueous alkanolamine solutions. The alkanolamines selected in accordance with the invention display a molar absorption capacity greater than the predicted molar absorption capacity according to the generally acknowledged relationship between amine pKa and molar absorption capacity.
They also display improved absorption capacities whilst not suffering a concomitant unacceptable decrease in initial absorption rate.
The invention provides a process for the capture of CO2 from gas streams comprising contacting a CO2 containing gas stream with an aqueous alkanolamine solution, wherein the solution contains an alkanolamine selected from the group consisting of: 3-piperidinemethanol; N-[Tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl]glycine (Tricine); 3-quinuclidinol; 3-piperidino-1,2-propanediol, and their salts.
In one embodiment, the alkanolamine is 3-piperidinemethanol.
In another embodiment, the alkanolamine is N-[Tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl]glycine (Tricine).
In another embodiment, the alkanolamine is 3-quinuclidinol.
In another embodiment, the alkanolamine is 3-piperidino-1,2-propanediol.
Of the alkanolamines described above, 3-piperidinemethanol is a preferred embodiment.
As used herein, an “aqueous alkanolamine solution” is intended to refer to a solution that includes an alkanolamine and water. The definition is not intended to exclude the inclusion of other solvents (for example alcohols) or other additives (for example corrosion and oxidation inhibitors). Typically, the solution may contain from 90 to about 50% (w/w) water.
The alkanolamine compounds are known and are available in commercial quantities from several chemical suppliers, including, for example, Sigma-Aldrich Pty. Ltd.
It will be understood that, owing to the basicity of the amine functionality present in all of the alkanolamines, these compounds may exist in their protonated forms as salts. For example, the alkanolamines according to the current invention may be available or present as their hydrochloride or hydrobromide salts. Furthermore, it will be understood that, owing to the presence of acidic groups within the structure of tricine, this compound may exist as a salt. Typically, tricine will be available as a sodium, potassium or lithium salt, however these examples of counterions are not intended to be limiting. The use of salt forms of the alkanolamines according to the present invention for the capture of CO2 from gas streams is intended to be included within the scope of the current invention.
There is a generally acknowledged qualitative relationship between the pKa of the amine functionality of an alkanolamine and the CO2 absorption capacity of its aqueous solutions. In one embodiment, the alkanolamines of the current invention display a molar absorption capacity greater than the predicted molar absorption capacity according to the generally acknowledged relationship between amine pKa and molar absorption capacity.
Theoretical methods have also been developed that allow a quantitative relationship between molar absorption capacity and pKa for aqueous alkanolamine solutions to be predicted. See, for example, McCann, N.; Maeder, M.; Attalla, M.; Simulation of Enthalpy and Capacity of CO2 Absorption by Aqueous Amine Systems Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.;47, 2008; 2002-2009. In another embodiment, the alkanolamines of the current invention display a molar absorption capacity greater than the predicted molar absorption capacity according to an accepted theoretical relationship between amine pKa and molar absorption capacity.
Theoretical calculations of CO2 absorption capacity as a function of amine pKa are determined by calculating the speciation of the chemical equilibria defined by equations 1 to 8. Speciation can be determined by using known values of the chemical equilibrium constants for equations 1 through 8, where an equilibrium constant K is defined according to equation 9.
aA+bB⇄cC+dD K=[C]
c
×[D]
d
/[A]
a
×[B]
b (equation 9)
The equilibrium constants can be arranged into a system of nonlinear simultaneous equations. Given a CO2 partial pressure and amine concentration, these equation can be solved for the concentration of each chemical species using root finding methods such as the Newton-Raphson method. Once the concentrations have been obtained, the CO2 absorption capacity can be easily determined. For amines where the values of some equilibrium constants are unknown, their values can be varied over a realistic range to determine the CO2 absorption capacity limits at a particular pKa.
The alkanolamines described herein also demonstrate acceptable rates of initial CO2 absorption. For alkanolamines that contain a primary or secondary amine, the above described alkanolamines demonstrate an initial absorption rate that is equal to, or exceeds a value of 7×10−5s−1; preferably is equal to, or exceeds 1.13×10−4s−1; and most preferably is equal to, or exceeds 2.26×10−4s−1. For alkanolamines that contain a tertiary amine, the above described alkanolamines demonstrate an initial absorption rate that is equal to, or exceeds a value of 2.5×10−5s−1; preferably is equal to, or exceeds 1.13×10−4s−1; and most preferably is equal to, or exceeds 2.26×10−4 s−1.
A person of ordinary skill in the art would readily be able to determine the initial rate of CO2 absorption of the above described alkanolamine solutions using methods described in various publications, such as, for example, S. Ma'mum, H. F. Svendsen, K. A. Hoff and O. Juliusson, Selection of new absorbents for carbon dioxide capture, Energ. Conyers. Manage., 48, 2007, 251-258.
Selection based upon preferred embodiments of rate versus capacity would readily be made by a person skilled in the art, and will depend upon the particular conditions under which the process according to this invention will be applied.
At least one of the above defined alkanolamines is present in the aqueous solution of the present invention in an amount effective to remove CO2 from a gas stream.
When the one of the above defined alkanolamines is used according to the following invention, it is typically present in an amount from approximately 5-30, preferably from about 10-30, more preferably from about 20-30, percent by weight based upon the total weight of the aqueous solution.
The optimal amount of the alkanolamines according to the present invention will depend upon the gas stream composition, outlet fluid requirement, and circulation rate. A person of ordinary skill in the art would readily determine the amount of the alkanolamine selected from the above defined alkanolamines.
The process of the present invention can be carried out in any conventional equipment for the removal of carbon dioxide from gas streams by reactive chemical absorption and detailed procedures are well known to a person of ordinary skill in the art. See, for example, the flow-diagram of
In the embodiment described by
The process according to the present invention can be conveniently carried out in any suitable absorber. The great number of absorbers used for gas purification operations include packed, plate or spray towers. These absorbers are interchangeable to a considerable extent although certain specific conditions may favour one over the other. In addition to conventional packed, plate or spray towers, specialised absorber towers have been developed to meet specific process requirements. Examples of these specific towers include impingement-plate scrubbers and turbulent contact scrubbers.
The process of the present invention can be carried out in either packed, plate or spray towers, or specialised towers developed to meet specific process requirements, and can contain other peripheral equipment as necessary for optimal process operation. Such peripheral equipment may include but is not limited to an inlet gas separator, a treated gas coalescor, a solvent flash tank, a particulate filter and a carbon bed purifier. The inlet gas flow rate varies according to the size of the equipment but is typically between 5 000 and 25 000 cubic metres per second. The solvent circulation rate is typically between 10 and 40 cubic metres per tonne of CO2. The operating pressure of the absorber is typically 1 atm.
In the process of the present invention, a gas stream containing carbon dioxide at or above atmospheric pressure is contacted with an aqueous solvent system, containing any of the above defined alkanolamines at a temperature at or above ambient temperature, preferably between 30° C.-60° C., and more preferably between 35° C.-45° C. to effect absorption of CO2 from the gas stream. Optionally, corrosion inhibitors, scale inhibitors, antifoam agents and other additives known to those in the art that may assist in the CO2 capture process of the present invention may be employed.
The following examples are offered to illustrate but not to limit the present invention.
A mixture of 13% CO2 (99.5% purity, BOC Australia) and 87% N2 (>99.99% purity, BOC Australia) was delivered using mass-flow controllers (Bronkhurst High-Tech El-Flow). The gas was passed through a mixing chamber, humidified and then sparged via a sintered glass frit through a 30% w/w amine solution in a glass reactor vessel at ambient pressure. Gas flow rates and solution volumes of 1.7 L min−1 and 300 mL or 1.0 L min−1 and 20 mL respectively were used depending on the quantity of amine available. The CO2 content of the gas outflow was measured using a Horiba VS-3001 general purpose gas sampling unit and Horiba VA-3000 NDIR multi-gas analyser. The difference between the inflow and outflow CO2 concentration was used to determine the amount of CO2 absorbed. The humidifier and amine solution were thermostated to 40° C. by immersion in a temperature controlled water bath (Techne).
The experiments were run by initially allowing the humidifier and reactor containing the amine solution to thermally equilibrate. During this period the system was flushed with N2 and calibration of the CO2 analyser was completed. The appropriate gas mix was first established with the gas flow passing through the saturator but bypassing the reactor and passing directly to the CO2 analyser. The gas flow was then switched to pass through the reactor to begin the experiment. Each experiment was run until the measured CO2 concentration in the outflow returned to the original value.
Data is presented in
This data demonstrates that the example alkanolamines all exhibit a molar absorption capacity, nCO2/namine, exceeding a value of 0.7. Furthermore, all alkanolamines demonstrate absorption capacities that exceed that based upon their pKa. In contrast, the absorption capacity of MEA falls below a value of 0.7 and also falls within the range of values predicted based upon amine pKa.
A Setaram TG-DTA/DSC thermal gravimetric analyser (Setaram) was used in isothermal mode at 40° C. to monitor the increase in mass of an aqueous amine solution when exposed to an atmosphere of 15% CO2 and 85% N2 by volume at ambient pressure. This CO2 concentration was chosen as it closely represents that of a coal fired power station flue gas. Two separate isothermal gravimetric analysis (IGA) experiments were performed in order to determine the total CO2 uptake of the amine test solution. The first experimental run determined the mass loss due to evaporation and the second determined the mass increase of the test solution when exposed to CO2 over the same length of time. Each experiment was performed on a fresh 100 μL aliquot of the test solution in a 100 μL alumina crucible (Setaram). The test solutions were made to an amine concentration of 30% w/w in deionised water, unless solubility constraints did not allow this. All chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used without further purification. The purity of all the amines used was in the range 95-99.5% with the highest purity available always chosen.
The IGA instrument was setup with two gas stream inputs, one providing a beta mix of 15% CO2 and 85% N2 (99.9% purity, BOC Australia) and the other N2 (>99.99% purity, BOC Australia). Both flows were controlled using mass flow controllers (Bronkhurst High-Tech El-Flow) with a total gas flow of 30 mL min−1 used for all experiments. For calculations of absorption capacities the mass at time t from the evaporation run is subtracted from the mass at time t of the absorption run. An absorption curve can then be plotted by converting this data to moles of CO2 per mole of amine in solution versus time. The CO2 absorption capacity is then determined as the maximum point on the absorption curve.
The initial absorption rate was calculated as the slope of the initial linear region of the measured CO2 absorption capacity versus time curve.
Data is presented in
The CO2 molar absorption capacity of several alkanolamines were tested at different partial pressures of CO2. The amines tested were: 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol (AMPD)—a sterically hindered primary alkanolamine; 3-piperidinemethanol—a heterocyclic secondary alkanolamine; N,N-dimethylethanolamine—a short chain tertiary alkanolamine; and MEA.
An apparatus was developed using a stirred glass batch reactor to measure vapour liquid equilibria (VLE) data at a range of temperatures and pressures. The apparatus consisted of a 160 mL stirred and jacketed glass reactor vessel coupled to a temperature control and gas delivery system.
For three amines in addition to MEA, the CO2 absorption capacity data was collected at 40° C. over the pressure range ˜0.3 to 900 kPa for 1 M aqueous solutions. The method was validated by comparing measurements of CO2 absorption by water to literature data and titration of amine samples to determine CO2 loading.
The following procedure was used for the experiments:
The virial equation of state used to calculate the amount of gas in the head space is described below:
PV=znRT
where:
Results of this experiment are presented in
Over the entire pressure range 3-piperidinemethanol maintains a larger loading than MEA and an equivalent or larger loading than all the other amines. Over the pressure range 1 to 10 kPa MEA has a larger loading than AMPD and N,N-dimethylethanolamine. Above 10 kPa, N,N-dimethylethanolamine has a larger loading than MEA and AMPD. MEA and AMPD are similar between 15 to 25 kPa.
AMPD, 3-piperidinemethanol and N,N-dimethylethanolamine all show a larger absorption capacity than MEA over the range 25 to 900 kPa. Above 100 kPa the absorption that occurs is attributable to increased CO2 solubility in water as a function of increasing pressure.
The reason for 3-piperidinemethanol's larger capacity is likely due to its basicity being greater, in combination with it being a secondary amine and less likely than MEA to form a carbamate. MEA's large capacity at low partial pressure is likely due to its preference to rapidly form a stable carbamate. It takes a higher CO2 partial pressure, and thus larger dissolved CO2 concentration, to push the CO2-MEA-H2O system to form bicarbonate, but at higher CO2 partial pressures little free MEA remains. The other amines, being likely to favour bicarbonate formation, continue to absorb CO2 as the pressure increases.
It will be understood that the invention disclosed and defined in this specification extends to all alternative combinations of two or more of the individual features mentioned or evident from the text or drawings. All of these different combinations constitute various alternative aspects of the invention.
As used herein, except where the context requires otherwise, the term “comprises” (and its grammatical variants) are not intended to exclude further additives, components, integers or steps.
Reference to any prior art in the specification is not, and should not be taken as, an acknowledgment or any form of suggestion that this prior art forms part of the common general knowledge in Australia or any other jurisdiction or that this prior art could reasonably be expected to be ascertained, understood and regarded as relevant by a person skilled in the art.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2008901559 | Apr 2008 | AU | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/AU2009/000398 | 4/1/2009 | WO | 00 | 12/17/2010 |
