Patent Application
20230100258
Absorption, transmittance, and reflection of electromagnetic radiation may be utilized in characterization of chemical fingerprints for gases, liquids, and solids. The electromagnetic radiation, having a frequency ranging from gamma and X-rays to micro- and radio waves, may be incorporated into photonic sensors for oil and gas applications. Real-time in-depth monitoring of the downhole composition, including the oil being produced, the water cut, the surrounding environment, and the presence of compounds that impact corrosion (e.g., H2S and CO2), allows optimization of drilling parameters for maximum production and minimum maintenance.
When a beam of electromagnetic radiation travels from a medium of high refractive index (i.e., evanescent field sensing element) to a medium of low refractive index (e.g., target) at an angle of incidence, an evanescent wave is formed at the interface. At least a portion of the beam is reflected back into the low refractive index medium, which is known as partial internal reflection. When an angle of incidence is greater than a critical angle, the partial internal reflection becomes total internal reflection. At positions where internal reflection occurs, the evanescent wave penetrates with an exponentially decaying amplitude into the adjacent environment. As a result, the evanescent wave directly interacts with the target at the interface, causes changes in the energy distribution (i.e., intensity) of the beam, and generates an absorption spectrum reflecting the chemical fingerprints.
This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts that are further described below in the detailed description. This summary is not intended to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in limiting the scope of the claimed subject matter.
In one aspect, embodiments disclosed herein relate to a system for monitoring a composition. The system comprises: an electromagnetic source that emits a beam; one or more evanescent field sensing element inside a tubular structure, arranged in series along a flow direction of the composition, and configured to be in direct contact with the composition; a waveguide that directs at least a portion of the beam to the evanescent field sensing element as an incident beam; and a detector configured to obtain a spectral distribution of the fingerprint beam. The evanescent field sensing element provides partial or total internal reflection of the incident beam at an interface between the evanescent field sensing element and the composition, and the incident beam interacts with the composition to form a fingerprint beam.
In one aspect, embodiments disclosed herein relate to a method of monitoring a composition. The method comprises: placing one or more evanescent field sensing element in series along a flow direction of the composition; contacting the evanescent field sensing element with the composition such that, due to the arrangement of the evanescent field sensing element in series along the flow direction, turbulence in the wellbore composition is generated; directing an incident beam to the evanescent field sensing element; generating an evanescent field at an interface between the evanescent field sensing element and the composition, where the incident beam interacts with the composition to form a fingerprint beam; detecting spectral distribution of the fingerprint beam to monitor the composition in real-time; and transmitting the spectral distribution to a control unit.
In one or more embodiments, the evanescent field sensing element is modified with meta-materials or meta-surfaces in forms of a 1-dimensional or 2-dimensional array of microstructures of particular shape.
Other aspects and advantages of the claimed subject matter will be apparent from the following description and the appended claims.
Specific embodiments of the disclosure will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying figures. Like elements in the various figures are denoted by like reference numerals for consistency.
In the following detailed description of embodiments of the disclosure, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a more thorough understanding of the disclosure. However, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the disclosure may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known features have not been described in detail to avoid unnecessarily complicating the description.
Embodiments disclosed herein relate generally to systems and methods based on downhole deployment of evanescent field sensing elements to analyze the chemical fingerprints of downhole compositions in real-time and in-situ. The systems and methods utilize one or more of evanescent field sensing elements, frequency combs, and Fourier transform techniques. For example, the system may utilize dual-comb spectroscopy (DCS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), attenuated total reflectance (ATR), or any combination thereof for real-time in-situ monitoring of downhole compositions.
The system according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure integrates the evanescent field sensing elements into downhole structures, providing a monitoring solution with ensured thermal and mechanical stability. By incorporating frequency comb and Fourier transform technologies, the system may advantageously provide higher selectivity and sensitivity. An arrangement of evanescent field sensing elements in series effectively enhances fluid mixing by increasing turbulence thereby reducing the influence of the boundary layer on the sensing.
According to one or more embodiments, the system for monitoring a downhole composition may include an evanescent field sensing element. The evanescent field sensing element is a medium having a higher refractive index than the surrounding environment, providing internal reflection within the media and forming an evanescent field at the interface of the evanescent field sensing element and chemicals in the surrounding environment (downhole compositions).
According to one or more embodiments, one or more evanescent field sensing elements may be disposed inside, on, as a portion of, or outside a downhole or surface structure. As referred to herein, a downhole structure is generally a tubular structure that carries downhole fluid, such as oil, gas, condensate, and water. The downhole structure may be a piping, a tubing, a liner, or a casing. The evanescent field sensing element may be attached to the wall of the downhole structure or disposed inside the downhole structure at different depth. The evanescent field sensing element is in directly contact with downhole compositions for continuous monitoring. The downhole compositions may be gases or liquids. In one or more embodiments, the evanescent field sensing element may be embedded in a cladding. At least a part of the evanescent field sensing element is exposed to the downhole environment. The evanescent field sensing element may have a configuration of any shape or arrangement, from 0 dimensional to 3 dimensional. The evanescent field sensing element may have various configurations including points, tips, prisms, lines, rods, thin films, rings, half-spheres, spheres, rectangles, helices, polyhedrons, etc.
In one or more embodiments, the evanescent field sensing element may have a point configuration inserted into a downhole structure.
The evanescent field sensing element of the present disclosure may have a line configuration.
In one or more embodiments, the evanescent field sensing element may have a configuration comprising a plurality of lines arranged in a particular pattern. For example,
In one or more embodiments, the evanescent field sensing element may have a curved line shape, for example, ring or helix.
In one or more embodiments, the evanescent field sensing element may have a shape of a curved surface, covering at least a certain length of a downhole structure.
According to one or more embodiments, the system for monitoring a downhole composition may include a plurality of evanescent field sensing elements arranged in series and attached to an inner surface of a downhole structure. Such configuration effectively enhances fluid mixing by increasing turbulence and reduces the influence of the boundary layer on the sensing. When the inner surface of the downhole structure is smooth, a laminar flow of downhole compositions forms with a lower velocity near the inner surface. As such, if a single sensing element is disposed near the inner surface, the monitoring results may not accurately reflect the downhole compositions. Arranging the plurality of evanescent field sensing elements in series effectively introduces turbulence and increases mixing of downhole compositions. Along a flow direction of downhole compositions, each precedent evanescent field sensing element may contribute to a turbulent flow and facilitates detection of the following evanescent field sensing elements. Any of the previously described shapes of sensing elements, as described in
In one or more embodiments, the evanescent field sensing element may be a few-mode or multimode optical fiber, or a crystal with total or partial internal reflection made of silica (SiO2), fluorine-doped SiO2 (F:SiO2), sapphire, silicon carbide (SiC), alumina, titanium nitride (TiN), or other materials providing partial or total internal reflection. The crystal used as evanescent field sensing element may be germanium (Ge), zinc selenide (ZnSe), zinc sulfide (ZnS), thallium bromides (e.g., KRS-5), or (Si). The excellent mechanical properties of diamond make it an ideal material as evanescent field sensing element, with the broad diamond phonon band between 2600 and 1900 cm−1 significantly decreasing signal-to-noise ratio in this region. Other waveguides may be used, including but not limited to glass fibers (e.g., chalcogenides, fluorides), (poly)crystalline fibers (e.g., silver halides, sapphire), hollow waveguides (e.g., hollow silica or sapphire tubes) filled with a gas (e.g., air, nitrogen, or helium), and solid waveguides (e.g., thin film planar GaAs/AlGaAs).
In one or more embodiments, a modification layer may be coated, added, or patterned to modify the surface of the evanescent field sensing element. The modification layer may be a protective layer, a sensitivity enhancing layer, a self-cleaning layer, or a combination thereof. The modification layer may be made of polymers, ceramics, oxides, diamond, metals, meta-materials, or other materials as required by their functions. In one or more embodiments, the modification layer may be composed of fluoropolymers (e.g. PVDF, PTFE), diamond, diamond like carbon-based materials, oxides (e.g., ZrO2, HfO2, TiO2, quartz), nitrides (e.g., TiN, AN), carbides (e.g., SiC), or a combination thereof. The sensitivity enhancing layer may modify the propagation of evanescent waves and enhance sensing capabilities by providing continuous evanescent wave along the surface and avoid generation of discrete evanescent waves. The thickness of the modification layer may be adjusted accordingly as needed. A self-cleaning layer may be coated to improve stability and durability of evanescent field sensing element or the waveguide. Under extreme conditions, for example measurements in a wellbore of oil production, a robust sensing system is required for sampling and analysis. A self-cleaning material treated surface is configured to be omniphobic or super omniphobic so that repels water and oil or switchable between hydrophobic and oleophobic, minimizing the damage from hazardous and extreme environments.
In one or more embodiments, the modification layer may be meta-materials or meta-surfaces in forms of a 1-dimensional or 2-dimensional array of microstructures of particular shape, such as cube, cylinder, cross, cone, cavity, prism, T-shape, etc. Examples of the array of microstructures are shown in
According to one or more embodiments, the system for monitoring a downhole composition may comprise a waveguide to direct an incident beam from an electromagnetic source to the evanescent field sensing element and direct a fingerprint beam from the evanescent field sensing element to a detector. In one or more embodiments, the waveguide may also be used to connect a plurality of evanescent field sensing elements. In one or more embodiments, the waveguide may be used as the evanescent field sensing element at positions of interest. In one or more embodiments, the waveguide portion serving as the evanescent field sending element may be functionalized with the modification layer.
According to one or more embodiments, the system for monitoring a downhole composition may comprise an electromagnetic source capable of emitting an incident beam at a single or multiple wavelengths (that is, single-band or wide-band). The electromagnetic source may be selected from lamps, lasers, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), superluminescent diodes (SLEDs), blackbody radiators, antennas, or plasma sources. The electromagnetic source may be continuous or pulsed.
According to one or more embodiments, the system for monitoring a downhole composition may comprise a frequency comb generator (e.g., a resonator having resonant cavities) to generate a beam with optical frequency comb (OFC), when a coherent laser is used as electromagnetic source. A coherent beam with OFC provides higher brightness, increased signal-to-noise ratio, and decreased measurement time. In one or more embodiments, an OFC beam is directed to the evanescent field sensing element and serves as the incident beam. The spectrum of the OFC beam includes a series of discrete, equally spaced frequency lines, and the intensity of comb lines may vary substantially. The OFC beam may be generated by periodic modulation (in amplitude and/or phase) of a continuous-wave laser, four-wave mixing in nonlinear media, or stabilizing a train of pulses generated by a mode-locked laser. For example, a non-linear optical resonator having resonant cavities can be used in conjunction with pulsed laser sources to generate the OFC beam. The non-linear optical resonator can non-linearly transform a beam from a continuous laser with a single frequency to the OFC beam with multiple frequencies.
The use of OFC may provide: improved selectivity and sensitivity with ensured thermal and mechanical stability; well-resolved absorption and dispersion spectra recorded simultaneously; and sensitive detection of multiple chemical species over a broad spectral window. OFC may be utilized at a wide range of frequencies extending from the terahertz to the UV region. Its high spatial coherence allows for longer interrogation paths, higher sensitivity, high frequency resolution, and high accuracy. The aforementioned features of OFC may allow dynamic and real-time sensing with high speed of spectrum and data acquisition and instant feedback to control devices for optimization of oil production.
According to one or more embodiments, the system for monitoring a downhole composition may comprise an electromagnetic wavelength selector, such as a dispersive, dichroic, or bandpass optical or electro-optical element, to select single or multiple frequencies of interest.
According to one or more embodiments, the system for monitoring a downhole composition may comprise a coupler, an optical switch, or a beam splitter to split a beam generated from the electromagnetic source into two or more beams, or to combine two or more beams into one beam. In one or more embodiments, a portion of the beam may serve as an incident beam and is directed to the evanescent field sensing element, where a fingerprint beam is formed after interaction with downhole composition. The rest of the beam, which is not directed to the evanescent field sensing element, may serve as a reference beam. In one or more embodiments, the difference of the reference beam and the fingerprint beam may reflect the chemical fingerprints of downhole compositions. In one or more embodiments, the reference beam and the fingerprint beam are combined to form an interferring beam reflecting the chemical fingerprints of downhole compositions. In one or more embodiments, both the sensing beam and the reference beam may couple to a resonator to generate frequency comb. In one or more embodiments, the system for monitoring a downhole composition may comprise an amplifier.
In one or more embodiments, the system for monitoring a downhole composition may use two OFC beams with slightly different comb tooth spacing, namely dual-comb spectroscopy (DCS). A beam generated from an electromagnetic source may be split into a reference beam and an incident beam, both modified by a resonator (e.g., Kerr frequency comb microresonator) to generate OFC. The incident OFC beam is directed to the evanescent field sensing element for interaction with downhole compositions. The interaction modifies the intensity and spectral distribution of the incident OFC beam, causing a slightly different repetition frequency thus generating a fingerprint OFC beam. The reference OFC beam and the fingerprint OFC beam are subsequently recombined using a recombiner, generating a recombined beam with an interferogram spectrum that interferes with both the reference OFC beam and the fingerprint OFC beam. In one or more embodiments, the recombined beam is recorded as a function of time and may be Fourier transformed to reveal the spectrum. The line spacing of the interferogram spectrum is converted to a radio frequency (RF) signal whose signatures reflect the chemical fingerprints of downhole compositions. The information containing the fingerprints is then feedback to a controller for control and optimization of downhole compositions.
In one or more embodiments, the system for monitoring a downhole composition may comprise a detector. In one or more embodiments, the detector may be a dispersive spectrometer allowing detection at different wavelengths. The dispersive spectrometer may couple with virtual imaging phase array (VIPA) to achieve a time resolution at microseconds, allowing dynamic and real-time monitoring of chemical fingerprints. In one or more embodiments, a single detector without dispersive elements may be utilized. In one or more embodiments, the detector may be a cooled (solid state) or uncooled photodiode or a photoelectric sensor. The type of the detector depends primarily on the range of wavelengths to be measured. For example, silicon-based charge-coupled devices (CCDs) are suitable for UV, visible, and the shorter end of the IR range. For detection at longer wavelengths, an IR detector may be used. The IR detector may be photodetectors (photon detectors) which are sensitive in a relatively long wavelength region, or thermal detectors based on sensing small temperature changes induced by absorption of IR light. In one or more embodiments, semiconductor materials with a lower band gap energy may be used in the detector, such that photons with lower energy are sufficient to create a carrier which contribute to photocurrent. Indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) detectors are suitable for wavelengths up to ≈1.7 μm. Germanium (Ge) photodiodes can be used at about 0.9 μm to 1.6 μm. For wavelengths beyond 5 μm, indium antimonide (InSb) photodiodes may be used. The IR detector may be a mercury cadmium telluride (MCT) detector, quantum dot infrared photodetectors (QDIPs), or quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs) based on GaAs/AlGaAs. A thermal IR detector may include pyroelectric detectors based on ferroelectric materials such as lithium tantalate, or bolometers containing a thin IR-absorbing plate made of amorphous silicon or vanadium oxide. Alternatively, detectors with up converting crystals, such as lithium niobite, or nanoparticles could be used as sensors with lower temperature noise sensitivity. In one or more embodiments, the detector may be a scintillation detector (e.g., sodium iodide detector).
In one or more embodiments, the system for monitoring a downhole composition may comprise a detector based on Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTS). FTS uses mathematical process (Fourier transform) to translate a raw data into an actual spectrum including information of chemical fingerprints. In one or more embodiments, FTS may use an interferometer to generate a wide band interferogram in the time-domain whose Fourier transform is the optical spectrum. Laser arrays or wide band electromagnetic sources, capable of switching rapidly through fibers of different lengths, may provide the time delay required to capture the time-domain interferogram for FTS. In one or more embodiments, the detector based on FTS may include optical spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI), mass spectrometry and electron spin resonance spectroscopy. In one or more embodiments, the FTS may be associated with a microprocessor, performing calculation using algorithms to identify or correlate spectral information (i.e., peak positions and intensities) to the downhole compositions, as well as desired properties of downhole fluids such as density and viscosity. Instead of transmitting the full spectral information, data transmitted may be compressed into only the relevant information.
In one or more embodiments, the system for monitoring a downhole composition may comprise a detector based on FTS including a Michelson interferometer. The Michelson interferometer measures, on a single photo detector, an interference between two time-delayed signals from two arms as a function of the optical path difference. The time-domain interferogram may be obtained with mirrors on movable arms. In one or more embodiments, the fingerprint beam may be directed into the Michelson interferometer containing a certain configuration of mirrors, at least one of which is movable using a motor.
In one or more embodiments, the system for monitoring a downhole composition may comprise an electromagnetic source, a waveguide (e.g., optical fiber), an evanescent field sensing element, and a detector. In one or more embodiments, the electromagnetic source and the detector may be disposed above ground in a derrick. The waveguide directs an incident beam to the one or more subterranean evanescent field sensing element and directs a fingerprint beam to the detector.
In one or more embodiments, a beam generated from the electromagnetic source may be split into a plurality of beams for monitoring at different positions or depths. In one or more embodiments, each of the beams may serve an incident beam for interaction at an interface between the evanescent field sensing element and downhole compositions to form a fingerprint beam. Each fingerprint beam is directed to a detector for analysis of fingerprint information. Alternatively, a plurality of fingerprint beams may be combined and directed to the detector. In one or more embodiments, a part of the plurality of beams may serve as incident beams and the others may serve as reference beams. The incident beams are directed to the evanescent field sensing elements for interaction with downhole compositions, forming fingerprint beams. The fingerprint beams and reference beams may be detected, and a difference reflects the chemical fingerprint of downhole compositions. Alternatively, the reference beam may be recombined with the fingerprint beam, generating a recombined beam having an interferogram spectrum (an interfering beam), and directed to the detector.
In one or more embodiments, the system for monitoring a downhole composition may comprise a control unit for control and optimization of downhole production. The control unit may be controlled by production personnel, production algorithms, or other systems of interest. In one or more embodiments, the control unit may be an inflow and injection control device (ICD) that controls actuation to optimize the downhole production. The ICD may be an electrical actuator, a fluid actuator, a mechanical actuator, or the like.
In one or more embodiments, a beam, for example a fingerprint beam or a reference beam, may be converted to an electrical signal for analysis via an opto-electrical detector or an array thereof (e.g., thermopile, photodetector, pyroelectric detector, electrocaloric detector, microbolometer, diode, pyrometer, or radiometer). A digitizer may be used in addition, in order to digitalize the signals obtained from a detector.
In one or more embodiments, the system for monitoring a downhole composition may comprise a communication device that receives the real-time chemical fingerprints monitoring results from the detector and provide feedback information to the control unit for instant operation decisions based on compositions of produced oil in the wellbore. A method of monitoring a downhole composition according to one or more embodiments is provided in
While the system according to one or more embodiments described above are associated with downhole structures and applications, a person having ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that the system would also apply to surface applications for flowline monitoring, or other applications where monitoring a composition is desired.
The following examples are merely illustrative and should not be interpreted as limiting the scope of the present disclosure.
As a first example, the system of monitoring a downhole composition may comprise an evanescent field sensing element having a point configuration. The system shown in
The IR spectra of the series solutions are shown in
Although only a few example embodiments have been described in detail above, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that many modifications are possible in the example embodiments without materially departing from this invention. Accordingly, all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of this disclosure as defined in the following claims. In the claims, any means-plus-function clauses are intended to cover the structures described herein as performing the recited function and not only structural equivalents, but also equivalent structures. Thus, although a nail and a screw may not be structural equivalents in that a nail employs a cylindrical surface to secure wooden parts together, whereas a screw employs a helical surface, in the environment of fastening wooden parts, a nail and a screw may be equivalent structures. It is the express intention of the applicant not to invoke 35 U.S.C. § 112(f) for any limitations of any of the claims, except for those in which the claim expressly uses the words ‘means for’ together with an associated function.
