Inactivated rabies vaccine for veterinary use

Abstract

The preparation of a vaccine for immunization of canine and feline animals from inactivated HCP-SAD strain of rabies virus is disclosed.

Description

This invention relates to veterinary rabies vaccines. More particularly, the invention relates to the propagation of rabies virus in swine testicle cell cultures, to mono- and polyvalent vaccines containing the inactivated rabies virus so propagated and to the use of such vaccines to vaccinate canine and feline animals. The inactivated rabies vaccine of this invention is particularly useful for vaccinating dogs and cats and produces advantageously high antibody responses in cats.

For many years, research has been directed toward the preparation of safe and effective veterinary rabies vaccines [Crick et al., Vet. Rec. 99 (9): 162 (1976); Plotkin et al., Ann. Rev. Med. 29: 583 (1978)]. A number of rabies vaccines are currently marketed for use in dogs, cats and other animals. These vaccines are classified as nervous tissue vaccines, avian embryo vaccines and tissue culture vaccines, depending on the medium in which the virus was propagated. The inactivated rabies vaccines currently marketed are of murine (nervous tissue) and hamster cell line origin (tissue culture) ["Compendium of Animal Rabies Vaccines", 1980, J. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc. 176 (5): 399 (1980)] and are known to be of limited safety, particularly in use with cats. In fact, high cell passage SAD rabies strain vaccines are no longer approved by the U.S. Department of Agriculture for vaccination of cats.

Many known veterinary rabies vaccines comprise virus which has been programmed in tissue culture. For example, the Flury HEP strain was grown in canine kidney cells [Brown et al., Amer. J. Vet. Res. 28 (124): 751 (1967)], the ERA strain was propagated and attenuated in porcine kidney cells (U.S. Pat. No. 3,423,505), the PRI strain was produced by repeated passage of the ERA strain in porcine kidney cells (U.S. Pat. No. 4,040,904) and the ERA strain has been attenuated in bovine kidney cells (U.S. Pat. No. 3,585,266; German Pat. No. 2,162,013). Other cells used for the production of attenuated or inactivated rabies vaccines include hamster fibroblasts [C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. Ser. D. Sci. Natur. 265 (25): 2143 (1967)], baby hamster kidney cells [Crick et al., Res. Vet. Sci. 12 (2): 156 (1971); U.S. Pat. No. 3,769,415], chick embryo fibroblasts (U.S. Pat. No. 4,115,195; Belgian Pat. No. 863,368), fetal calf kidney cells (French Pat. Nos. 2,261,779 and 2,290,220), fetal canine lung diploid cells (Belgian Pat. No. 859,178), human diploid cells (U.S. Pat. No. 3,397,267), a diploid porcine embryonic cell strain (U.S. Pat. No. 4,070,453), human and murine neuroblastoma cells [Clark, Science 199 (4333): 1072 (1978) and Infect. Immun. 27 (3): 1012 (1980)], African green monkey kidney cells [Nawathe et al., Bull. Anim. Health Prod. Afr. 26 (1): 1 (1978)] and quail embryo primary cells [Bektemirova et al., Arch. Virol. 61 (1-2): 61 (1979)].

Until the present work, rabies virus has not been adapted for growth in swine testicle cell cultures. The present invention consists of the growth of rabies virus in swine testicle cell cultures, particularly in a diploid swine testicle cell line designated the NL-ST-1 cell line, and the preparation of safe and highly effective mono- and polyvalent vaccines from the inactivated virus for immunization of canine and feline animals against rabies. Swine testicle cell cultures used to propagate the rabies virus are described by McClurkin et al., Can. J. Comp. Med. Vet. Sci. 30: 190 (1966). Use of the NL-ST-1 cell line for virus production was approved by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service in November, 1976; a pseudorabies vaccine containing virus propagation on this cell line was licensed and marketed in the United States in 1977.

The monovalent vaccine of this invention is administered parenterally, preferably by intramuscular injection, in one or more doses. Preferably, a single 1.0 ml to 1.2 ml dose of vaccine containing 0.93 ml of inactivated virus-containing fluids having from about 10.sup.4.0 to about 10.sup.9.0 TCID.sub.50 /ml, preferably from about 10.sup.6.0 to about 10.sup.8.0 TCID.sub.50 /ml, combined with a suitable carrier, adjuvant and/or stabilizer is administered. Animals younger than three months of age when initially vaccinated should be revaccinated after reaching the age of three months. Annual revaccination is recommended.

The rabies virus used to prepare the inactivated virus vaccine of this invention is the high cell culture passage of the Street Alabama Dufferin (HCP-SAD) rabies virus strain. This virus was initially isolated from a rabid dog at CDC-Dufferin Laboratories, Montgomery, Ala. in 1935. The isolate was passaged 54 times in mice, followed by 25 passages in hamster kidney cell culture, 10 passages in embryonated chicken eggs and 40 serial passages in porcine kidney cell culture. The virus is then adapted for growth in the swine testicle cell cultures by passaging at least once. The virus may be passaged up to about 25 times in swine testicle cell cultures, with from about 6 to about 12 passages being preferable. Before passaging in swine testicle cells, the virus may be passaged in other mamalian cell cultures such as bovine kidney cell cultures.

After growth in swine testicle cells at from about 34.degree. C. to about 38.degree. C., preferably about 36.degree. C., the virus is inactivated with an inactivating agent which does not destroy the virus particles or antigenicity according to standard methods known to the art. Examples of such inactivating agents are beta-propiolactone or ethyleneimine derivatives, preferably beta-propiolactone.

To prepare the vaccine of this invention, the inactivated rabies virus is combined with an adjuvant, a suitable carrier and/or a stabilizer according to standard, known to the art methods. Any known adjuvant which enhances the antigenicity of the vaccine, for example aluminum hydroxide gel, may be used.

It has been found that a single 1.0 ml intramuscular vaccination with the inactivated rabies vaccine of this invention having a titer of about 10.sup.6.0 to about 10.sup.8.0 TCID.sub.50 /ml elicited significant serological responses in 100% of vaccinated dogs. At one year following vaccination, 96% of these dogs remained protected against challenge with virulent virus which killed 100% of the unvaccinated controls. In cats, vaccination with a single 1.0 ml intramuscular vaccination of the inactivated rabies vaccine of this invention having a titer of about 10.sup.6.0 to about 10.sup.8.0 TCID.sub.50 /ml produced a surprising and highly significant serological response in 100% of the vaccinated animals. At one year following vaccination, 100% of these cats remained protected against challenge with virulent virus which killed 90% of the unvaccinated controls. Thus, the inactivated rabies vaccine of the present invention is a safe and effective veterinary vaccine, being particularly safe, effective and superior to prior art vaccines for protecting felines against rabies.

The inactivated rabies vaccine of this invention has been licensed for use in dogs and cats by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services on June 16, 1980. It is believed to be the only vaccine containing the SAD strain of rabies virus approved for use in cats.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Preparation of the Inactivated Rabies Vaccine

The high cell passage of Street Alabama Dufferin (HCP-SAD) strain of rabies virus was used to prepare the inactivated rabies vaccine of this invention. This virus was obtained from a commercial rabies vaccine manufactured by Jensen-Salsbury Laboratories, Kansas City, Mo. at the 129th passage level and was further transferred for 15 additional serial passages in a bovine kidney cell culture and 6 serial passages in the swine testicle cell line, NL-ST-1. The 150th passage was designated as the master seed virus. The virus was identified by specific immunofluorescence of infected cell cultures stained with fluorescein conjugated rabies specific antiserum. Viral antigen was demonstrated in the cytoplasm of infected cells. The virus was also identified by neutralization with specific rabies antiserum. Virulence was demonstrated by interacerebral inoculation of the master seed virus into young adult mice.

For propagation of the master seed virus, frozen ampoules of NL-ST-1 cells were thawed and reconstituted to sufficient volume for seeding in production flasks. The production flasks were allowed to incubate at 36.degree. C. until a confluent cell monolayer formed (3 to 5 days). Passage of these cells was accomplished by use of a combination of versene-trypsin and the cells were expanded in volume to plant sufficient numbers in production flasks for inoculation. While the cells were suspended in the growth medium, master seed virus fluids were added to the suspension at 0.1% of total medium volume. Production flasks were planted with the virus-inoculated growth medium and the cells allowed to multiply until 90-100% confluency of cell monolayer was achieved (3 to 5 days). These virus-infected cells were removed from the production flasks with versene-trypsin and suspended in maintenance medium. Production flasks were planted with maintenance medium containing the virus-infected cell suspension and maintained at 36.degree. C. until harvest. Replication of the rabies virus is complete at the time of appearance of cytopathogenic effects, characterized by rounded cells which subsequently become detached from the cell monolayers. Contamination was detected by gross and microscopic examination. Titer of the master seed virus inoculum was at least 10.sup.6.0 TCID.sub.50 /ml.

Harvest of virus-laden fluids following production flask planting, which is dependent upon the cytophathogenic changes occurring in the infected monolayer, occured after 3 to 6 days. The virus-laden fluid was transferred and pooled into sterile storage containers under sterile environmental conditions. Samples of harvested fluids were tested for sterility and virus titer. Only fluids found to be pure were used for vaccine preparation. Virus titer of the harvested fluids must be from about 10.sup.4.0 to about 10.sup.9.0 TCID.sub.50 /ml.

To inactivate the harvested virus, beta-propiolactone was added to the pooled fluids at pH 6.8 to 7.4 to a final concentration of 1:6000 (0.017%). The virus containing fluids were maintained at 4.degree. C. with constant stirring for 48 hours. Following inactivation, merthiolate (thimersol, N.F.) was added as a preservative to give a final concentration of 1:10,000. After the addition of merthiolate, the product was stored at 4.degree. C. until addition of adjuvant.

The inactivated virus fluids were pooled, the pH was adjusted to 6.0 with 4N HCl and aluminum hydroxide gel (2% Al.sub.2 O.sub.3) was added as adjuvant until a final concentration of 5% by volume. The inactivated virus-aluminum hydroxide gel mixture was stirred for 2 hours at 4.degree. C. The vaccine thus prepared was tested for safety and potency and stored at 4.degree. C.

An accelerated stability study was conducted to determine stability of the vaccine. After incubation of samples of a vaccine prepared as described above at 37.degree. C. for one week, there was a loss of 0.04 relative potency as compared with a sample stored at 4.degree. C.

The relative potency of the vaccine was determined by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) mouse potency test described in Chapter 33 of "Laboratory Techniques in Rabies", 3rd edition, WHO, Geneva (1973) by comparing test results of five samples of the vaccine to test results of five samples of NIH standard reference vaccine. The geometric mean relative potency value was 0.15.

Use of the Inactivated Rabies Vaccine

The inactivated rabies virus vaccine was used to vaccinate susceptible dogs and cats. Rabies-susceptible dogs were obtained from commercial sources and ranged in age from 4.5 to 7.5 months when vaccinated. Rabies-susceptible cats were obtained from commercial sources and ranged in age from 7 to 13 months when vaccinated. Each animal was vaccinated intramuscularly at one site in the thigh with a single 1 ml dose of vaccine having a titer of 10.sup.6.4 TCID.sub.50 /ml, either undiluted (full dose) or diluted 1:2 (half dose). The half dose vaccine was prepared by mixing equal amounts of the undiluted vaccine and diluent containing 5% aluminum hydroxide gel. All vaccinated animals were bled prior to vaccination and at 30, 60, 90, 180, 270 and 365 days following vaccination. Serum was collected and evaluated for the presence of serum neutralizing rabies antibody in accordance with the Quantitative Assay and Potency Test of Antirabies Serum and Immunoglobulin in Chapter 40 of "Laboratory Techniques in Rabies", 3rd edition, WHO, Geneva (1973). Serum-neutralization (SN) antibody titer was determined by the method of Reed and Muench, J. Amer. J. Hygiene 27: 493 (1938).

At 365 days following vaccination, the immunity of the test animals was challenged with virulent NYC strain of street rabies virus. The challenge virus was a dilution of a 20% fox brain suspension.

Vaccination and Challenge of Dogs

Twenty-six dogs determined to be serologically negative to rabies virus were vaccinated with a full dose of the inactivated rabies vaccine. At 30 days following vaccination, the sera of the vaccinates contained a geometric mean antibody titer of 1:109, with titers ranging from 1:32 to 1:431. During a one year serological evaluation, titers gradually declined to a geometric mean antibody titer of 1:10 at 365 days following vaccination. Twenty susceptible control dogs were inoculated with virulent NYC strain of street rabies virus, ten animals receiving virus diluted 1:150 and ten receiving virus diluted 1:300. One year (365 days) following vaccination, the vaccinated dogs were challenged with a 1:150 dilution of the virulent rabies virus (NYC strain of street rabies virus). Twenty-five out of twenty-six (96%) of the vaccinates remained normal throughout the 90 day period following challenge. The results from this test appear in Table 1; results from the control animals appear in Table 3.

Twenty-five dogs determined to be serologically negative to rabies virus were vaccinated with a half dose (1:2) of the inactivated rabies vaccine. At 30 days following vaccination, the sera of the vaccinates contained a geometric mean antibody titer of 1:42, with titers ranging from 1:8 to 1:204. Titers gradually declined to a geometric mean antibody titer of 1:7 at 365 days following vaccination. The immunity of the animals was challenged with virulent NYC strain of street rabies virus 365 days following vaccination. Twenty-three out of twenty-five (92%) of the vaccinated dogs survived challenge. The results from this test appear in Table 2; results from the control animals appear in Table 3.

Vaccination and Challenge of Cats

Twenty-five cats determined to be serologically negative to rabies virus were vaccinated with a full dose of the inactivated rabies vaccine. At 30 days following vaccination, the sera of the vaccinates contained a geometric mean antibody titer of 1:1328, with titers ranging from 1:214 to 1:8192. At 365 days following vaccination, the geometric mean antibody titer was 1:88 with titers ranging from 1:26 to 1:1024. As controls, twenty susceptible cats were inoculated with virulent NYC strain of street rabies virus, ten animals receiving virus diluted 1:30 and ten receiving virus diluted 1:60. The immunity of the vaccinated cats was challenged at 365 days following vaccination with virulent rabies virus (NYC strain of street rabies virus). All (100%) of the vaccinated cats remained normal throughout the 90 day period following challenge. The results from this test appear in Table 4; results from the control animals appear in Table 5.

TABLE 1______________________________________Protection Afforded Dogs by Vaccination with InactivatedRabies Vaccine, Swine Testicle Cell Line Origin (Full Dose) Serum Neutralization StatusDog Titer* Following Vac. (days) PostNo. 0 30 60 90 180 270 365 Challenge______________________________________10 Neg. 81 16 8 4 13 64 Normal11 Neg. 38 5 4 3 Neg. Neg. Normal16 Neg. 38 41 13 5 2 2 Normal20 Neg. 206 19 8 3 5 10 Normal22 Neg. 128 10 4 3 4 13 Died (Rabies, Day 19)23 Neg. 128 54 64 19 19 2 Normal27 Neg. 64 76 81 54 64 51 Normal29 Neg. 203 41 19 25 32 38 Normal31 Neg. 203 41 65 54 25 32 Normal45 Neg. 431 12 11 13 5 5 Normal62 Neg. 128 5 4 6 2 4 Normal79 Neg. 98 5 8 13 25 16 Normal82 Neg. 87 214 54 13 11 10 Normal83 Neg. 431 13 64 76 64 128 Normal94 Neg. 182 19 19 19 19 54 Normal97 Neg. 203 25 21 19 13 6 Normal98 Neg. 38 16 64 16 6 3 Normal99 Neg. 203 54 16 16 10 6 Normal100 Neg. 32 5 54 25 13 13 Normal101 Neg. 256 19 54 19 16 10 Normal107 Neg. 81 3 3 4 4 10 Normal112 Neg. 38 10 54 6 4 2 Normal144 Neg. 81 128 46 13 10 19 Normal145 Neg. 107 20 16 6 16 10 Normal154 Neg. 81 41 6 2 Neg. 2 Normal155 Neg. 85 32 19 2 3 2 NormalGeo. Neg. 109 21 19 10 10 10Mean______________________________________ *Titer expressed as reciprocal of serumneutralization end point. TABLE 2______________________________________Protection Afforded Dogs by Vaccination with InactivatedRabies Vaccine, Swine Testicle Cell Line Origin (Half Dose) Serum Neutralization StatusDog Titer* Following Vac. (days) Post-No. 0 30 60 90 180 270 365 Challenge______________________________________ 2 Neg. 8 3 5 5 3 2 Normal 3 Neg. 20 4 2 4 5 3 Normal 4 Neg. 204 54 25 13 6 16 Normal 19 Neg. 20 5 5 4 5 3 Normal 21 Neg. 81 5 10 4 4 3 Normal 42 Neg. 51 41 10 3 2 Neg. Normal 43 Neg. 151 46 25 5 4 3 Normal 64 Neg. 32 5 14 8 13 4 Normal 67 Neg. 27 Neg. 2 5 3 Neg. Normal 74 Neg. 32 6 3 Neg. 6 3 Normal 78 Neg. 16 2 2 2 2 4 Normal 81 Neg. 32 3 3 13 6 10 Normal103 Neg. 13 4 3 4 3 4 Normal104 Neg. 13 22 10 Neg. 3 2 Died (Rabies, day 14)108 Neg. 51 13 6 13 10 32 Normal109 Neg. 51 11 8 4 4 5 Normal110 Neg. 32 5 5 3 3 4 Normal111 Neg. 28 4 2 3 Neg. Neg. Normal115 Neg. 38 10 3 8 6 6 Died (Rabies, day 14)118 Neg. 166 32 41 13 20 21 Normal123 Neg. 81 41 25 25 11 54 Normal125 Neg. 81 13 3 Neg. 4 Neg. Normal126 Neg. 27 13 16 13 10 13 Normal143 Neg. 128 19 19 16 20 19 Normal147 Neg. 151 16 41 41 102 54 NormalGeo. Neg. 42 10 7 7 6 7Mean______________________________________ *Titer expressed as reciprocal of serumneutralization end point. TABLE 3______________________________________Dog Controls - 20% Fox Brain Suspension of NYC Strain ofStreet Rabies Virus (0.5 ml Bilateral Masseter Muscles)Challenge Dog.Dilution No. Observations______________________________________1:150 70 Rabies - Day 11 71 Rabies - Day 10 87 Rabies - Day 10 106 Rabies - Day 10 116 Rabies - Day 10 130 Rabies - Day 13 132 Rabies - Day 12 135 Rabies - Day 13 136 Rabies - Day 10 137 Rabies - Day 141:300 1 Rabies - Day 13 5 Rabies - Day 13 9 Rabies - Day 12 49 Rabies - Day 13 86 Rabies - Day 11 91 Rabies - Day 10 105 Survived 124 Rabies - Day 13 134 Rabies - Day 11 150 Rabies - Day 10______________________________________ TABLE 4______________________________________Protection Afforded Cats by Vaccination with InactivatedRabies Vaccine, Swine Testicle Cell Line Origin (Full Dose) Serum Neutralization StatusCat Titer* Following Vac. (days) Post-No. 0 30 60 90 180 270 365 Challenge______________________________________NA6 Neg. 6166 64 102 64 100 64 NormalNF3 Neg. 407 646 407 151 263 64 NormalWK1 Neg. 8192 102 151 128 407 101 NormalWQ3 Neg. 2028 64 32 32 64 64 NormalSA2 Neg. 302 64 23 32 42 40 NormalWV4 Neg. 304 64 41 20 51 64 NormalNC1 Neg. 5248 256 128 324 214 64 NormalOG4 Neg. 1024 64 32 64 64 50 NormalNA1 Neg. 512 1024 1230 603 1622 256 NormalXB2 Neg. 1622 64 64 51 51 64 NormalSB3 Neg. 1024 64 91 128 214 64 NormalWD2 Neg. 1445 302 813 603 817 215 NormalNF4 Neg. 1660 76 64 128 54 54 NormalNA3 Neg. 8192 302 813 151 76 64 NormalNC4 Neg. 407 64 54 128 162 54 NormalBA1 Neg. 6457 302 128 151 407 215 NormalLD3 Neg. 256 56 32 46 32 16 NormalSB1 Neg. 8192 1622 1122 1738 1445 406 NormalSC3 Neg. 1318 102 162 151 427 101 NormalSA1 Neg. 512 64 16 64 107 64 NormalLC3 Neg. 407 64 81 107 128 40 NormalSG5 Neg. 4096 646 512 1230 1024 1024 NormalBC1 Neg. 214 102 151 427 646 304 NormalOF1 Neg. 407 54 38 64 256 64 NormalBB2 Neg. 6456 214 43 50 51 64 NormalGeo. Neg. 1328 138 112 130 178 88Mean______________________________________ *Titer expressed as reciprocal of serumneutralization end point. TABLE 5______________________________________Cat Controls - 20% Fox Brain Suspension of NYC Strain StreetRabies Virus (0.25 ml Bilateral Neck Muscles)Challenge CatDilution No. Observations______________________________________1:30 22 Rabies - Day 15 23 Rabies - Day 20 24 Rabies - Day 14 WQ2 Rabies - Day 13 WL1 Survived 25 Rabies - Day 20 26 Rabies - Day 29 28 Rabies - Day 35 OF6 Rabies - Day 57 SC2 Rabies - Day 291:60 ND1 Survived ND2 Rabies - Day 12 NC3 Rabies - Day 31 NA4 Survived NF2 Rabies - Day 17 BF2 Rabies - Day 11 BA3 Rabies - Day 34 WS3 Rabies - Day 36 OG2 Rabies - Day 13 OF3 Rabies - Day 36______________________________________

A further aspect of this invention is the preparation and use of combination polyvalent vaccines comprising vaccinal amounts of the adjuvanted inactivated rabies virus described herein and one or more canine or feline viruses. For example, feline vaccines comprising vaccinal amounts of modified feline rhinotracheitis virus, calicivirus, and/or panleukopenia virus combined with the inactivated rabies virus can be prepared. Such polyvalent vaccine will, preferably, contain from about 30% to about 70% total volume of the inactivated rabies virus, depending on the number of viruses in combination. An example of such a polyvalent feline vaccine contemplated by this invention comprises about 40% of the inactivated rabies virus, about 20% of feline rhinotracheitis virus, about 20% of calicivirus and about 20% of panleukopenia virus (all percentages based on total volume).

Likewise, canine vaccines comprising vaccinal amounts of distemper virus, canine adenovirus type 2 and para-influenza virus combined with the inactivated rabies virus can be prepared. Leptospira bacterin may also be added to such polyvalent vaccine. The polyvalent vaccine will, preferably, contain from about 30% to about 40% total volume of the inactivated rabies virus. An example of a polyvalent canine vaccine contemplated by this invention comprises about 40% of the inactivated rabies virus, about 40% of distemper virus and about 20% total of all other micro-organisms in the combination (all percentages based on total volume).

The polyvalent vaccines of this invention are administered parenterally, preferably by intramuscular injection.

Claims

1. A combination vaccine capable of inducing immunity in canine animals without serious side effects comprising vaccinal amounts of inactivated HCP-SAD strain of rabies virus which has been adapted to grow, before inactivation, in swine testicle cell cultures and one or more vaccinal canine viruses or bacteria selected from distemper virus, canine adenovirus type 2, para-influenza virus and leptospira, and a carrier therefor.

2. The combination vaccine of claim 1 which contains from about 30% to about 40% total volume of the inactivated rabies virus.

3. The combination vaccine of claim 2 which contains about 40% total volume of the inactivated rabies virus, about 40% total volume of distemper virus and about 20% total volume of all other micro-organisms.

4. A method of vaccinating canine animals comprising administering parenterally to said animals the combination vaccine of claim 1, 2 or 3.

5. The method of claim 4 wherein the vaccine is administered by intramuscular injection.