Patent Grant
7980596
The invention generally relates to methods and compositions for laser marking or engraving that contain one or more laser enhancing additives, as well as methods for conveying information, images, and security features on data carriers through laser engraving and marking, including laser engraving and marking using such compositions. In particular, the invention relates to techniques and methods for decreasing the marking speeds of images using a laser for marking of ID documents by increasing the thermal conductivity of the host polymer and its' interpenetrating network (IPN).
Identification documents (hereafter “ID documents”) play a critical role in today's society. One example of an ID document is an identification card (“ID card”). ID documents are used on a daily basis—to prove identity, to verify age, to access a secure area, to evidence driving privileges, to cash a check, and so on. Airplane passengers are required to show an ID document during check in, security screening, and prior to boarding their flight. In addition, because we live in an ever-evolving cashless society, ID documents are used to make payments, access an ATM, debit an account, or make a payment, etc.
Many types of identification cards and documents, such as driving licenses, national or government identification cards, bank cards, credit cards, controlled access cards and smart cards, carry thereon certain items of information which relate to the identity of the bearer. Examples of such information include name, address, birth date, signature and photographic image; the cards or documents may in addition carry other variant data (i.e., data specific to a particular card or document, for example an employee number) and invariant data (i.e., data common to a large number of cards, for example the name of an employer). AlI of the cards described above will hereinafter be generically referred to as “ID documents”.
In the production of images useful in the field of identification documentation, it is oftentimes desirable to embody into a document (such as an ID card, drivers license, passport or the like) data or indicia representative of the document issuer (e.g., an official seal, or the name or mark of a company or educational institution) and data or indicia representative of the document bearer (e.g., a photographic likeness, name or address). Typically, a pattern, logo or other distinctive marking representative of the document issuer will serve as a means of verifying the authenticity, genuineness or valid issuance of the document. A photographic likeness or other data or indicia personal to the bearer will validate the right of access to certain facilities or the prior authorization to engage in commercial transactions and activities.
Identification documents, such as ID cards, having printed background security patterns, designs or logos and identification data personal to the card bearer have been known and are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,758,970, issued Sep. 18, 1973 to M. Annenberg; in Great Britain Pat. No. 1,472,581, issued to G. A. O. Gesellschaft Fur Automation Und Organisation mbH, published Mar. 10, 1976; in International Patent Application PCT/GB82/00150, published Nov. 25, 1982 as Publication No. WO 82/04149; in U.S. Pat. No. 4,653,775, issued Mar. 31, 1987 to T. Raphael, et al.; in U.S. Pat. No. 4,738,949, issued Apr. 19, 1988 to G. S. Sethi, et al.; and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,261,987, issued Nov. 16, 1993 to J. W. Luening, et al. AlI of the aforementioned documents are hereby incorporated by reference.
The advent of commercial apparatus (printers) for producing dye images by thermal transfer has made relatively commonplace the production of color prints from electronic data acquired by a video camera. In general, this is accomplished by the acquisition of digital image information (electronic signals) representative of the red, green and blue content of an original, using color filters or other known means. These signals are then utilized to print an image onto a data carrier. For example, information can be printed using a printer having a plurality of small heating elements (e.g., pins) for imagewise heating of each of a series of donor sheets (respectively, carrying sublimable cyan, magenta and yellow dye). The donor sheets are brought into contact with an image-receiving element (which can, for example, be a substrate) which has a layer for receiving the dyes transferred imagewise from the donor sheets. Thermal dye transfer methods as aforesaid are known and described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,621,271, issued Nov. 4, 1986 to S. Brownstein and U.S. Pat. No. 5,024,989, issued Jun. 18, 1991 to Y. H. Chiang, et al. Each of these patents is hereby incorporated by reference.
Commercial systems for issuing ID documents are of two main types, namely so-called “central” issue (CI), and so-called “on-the-spot” or “over-the-counter” (OTC) issue.
CI type ID documents are not immediately provided to the bearer, but are later issued to the bearer from a central location. For example, in one type of CI environment, a bearer reports to a document station where data is collected, the data are forwarded to a central location where the card is produced, and the card is forwarded to the bearer, often by mail. Another illustrative example of a CI assembling process occurs in a setting where a driver passes a driving test, but then receives her license in the mail from a CI facility a short time later. Still another illustrative example of a CI assembling process occurs in a setting where a driver renews her license by mail or over the Internet, then receives a drivers license card through the mail.
Centrally issued identification documents can be produced from digitally stored information and generally comprise an opaque core material (also referred to as “substrate”), such as paper or plastic, sandwiched between two layers of clear plastic laminate, such as polyester, to protect the aforementioned items of information from wear, exposure to the elements and tampering. The materials used in such CI identification documents can offer the ultimate in durability. In addition, centrally issued digital identification documents generally offer a higher level of security than OTC identification documents because they offer the ability to pre-print the core of the central issue document with security features such as “micro-printing”, ultra-violet security features, security indicia and other features currently unique to centrally issued identification documents. Another security advantage with centrally issued documents is that the security features and/or secured materials used to make those features are centrally located, reducing the chances of loss or theft (as compared to having secured materials dispersed over a wide number of “on the spot” locations).
In addition, a CI assembling process can be more of a bulk process facility, in which many cards are produced in a centralized facility, one after another. The CI facility may, for example, process thousands of cards in a continuous manner. Because the processing occurs in bulk, CI can have an increase in efficiency as compared to some OTC processes, especially those OTC processes that run intermittently. Thus, CI processes can sometimes have a lower cost per ID document, if a large volume of ID documents are manufactured.
In contrast to CI identification documents, OTC identification documents are issued immediately to a bearer who is present at a document-issuing station. An OTC assembling process provides an ID document “on-the-spot”. (An illustrative example of an OTC assembling process is a Department of Motor Vehicles (“DMV”) setting where a driver's license is issued to person, on the spot, after a successful exam.). In some instances, the very nature of the OTC assembling process results in small, sometimes compact, printing and card assemblers for printing the ID document.
OTC identification documents of the types mentioned above can take a number of forms, depending on cost and desired features. Some OTC ID documents comprise highly plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or have a composite structure with polyester laminated to 0.5-2.0 mil (13-51 .mu.m) PVC film, which provides a suitable receiving layer for heat transferable dyes which form a photographic image, together with any variant or invariant data required for the identification of the bearer. These data are subsequently protected to varying degrees by clear, thin (0.125-0.250 mil, 3-6 .mu.m) overlay patches applied at the print head, holographic hot stamp foils (0.125-0.250 mil 3-6 .mu.m), or a clear polyester laminate (0.5-10 mil, 13-254 .mu.m) supporting common security features. These last two types of protective foil or laminate sometimes are applied at a laminating station separate from the print head. The choice of laminate dictates the degree of durability and security imparted to the system in protecting the image and other data.
Referring to
To protect the information 26a-c that is printed, an additional layer of overlaminate 24 can be coupled to the card blank 25 and printing 26a-c using, for example, 1 mil of adhesive (not shown). The overlaminate 24 can be substantially transparent. Materials suitable for forming such protective layers are known to those skilled in the art of making identification documents and any of the conventional materials may be used provided they have sufficient transparency. Examples of usable materials for overlaminates include biaxially oriented polyester or other optically clear durable plastic film.
The above-described printing techniques are not the only methods for printing information on data carriers such as ID documents. Laser beams, for example can be used for marking, writing, bar coding, and engraving many different types of materials, including plastics. Lasers have been used, for example, to mark plastic materials to create indicia such as bar codes, date codes, part numbers, batch codes, and company logos. It will be appreciated that laser engraving or marking generally involves a process of inscribing or engraving a document surface with identification marks, characters, text, tactile marks—including text, patterns, designs (such as decorative or security features), photographs, etc.
One way to laser mark thermoplastic materials involves irradiating a material, such as a thermoplastic, with a laser beam at a given radiation. The area irradiated by the laser absorbs the laser energy and produces heat which causes a visible discoloration in the thermoplastic. The visible discoloration serves as a “mark” or indicator; it will be appreciated that laser beams can be controlled to form patterns of “marks” that can form images, lines, numbers, letters, patterns, and the like. Depending on the type of laser and the type of material used, various types of marks (e.g., dark marks on light backgrounds, light marks on dark backgrounds, colored marks) can be produced. Some types of thermoplastics, such as polyvinylchloride (PVC), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET), are capable of absorbing laser energy in their native states. Some materials which are transparent to laser energy in their native state, such as polyethylene, may require the addition of one or more additives to be responsive to laser energy.
For additional background, various laser marking and/or engraving techniques are disclosed, e.g., in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,022,905, 5,298,922, 5,294,774, 5,215,864 and 4,732,410. Each of these patents is herein incorporated by reference. In addition, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,816,372, 4,894,110, 5,005,872, 5,977,514, and 6179338 describe various implementations for using a laser to print information, and these patents are incorporated herein in their entirety.
Using laser beams to write or engrave information to ID cards presents a number of advantages over conventional printing. For example, the foaming of the thermoplastic that can occur with some types of laser engraving can be adapted to provide an indicium having a tactile feel, which is a useful authenticator of a data carrier that also can be very difficult to counterfeit or alter. In addition, laser engraving generally does not require the use of ink, which can reduce the cost of consumables used to manufacture an ID card. Laser engraving can also be more durable than ink printing, and more resistant to abrasion (which can be particularly useful if a counterfeiter attempts to “rub off” an indicium on an ID card). The resolution and print quality of laser engraving often can be higher than that of conventional ink-based printing. Laser engraving also can be a more environmentally friendly manufacturing process than printing with ink, especially because solvents and other chemicals often used with ink generally are not used with laser engraving.
Despite the advantages of laser engraving, certain limitations still exist. Even when using known laser-enhancing additives, laser marking of some types of materials does not produce an adequate contrast for all applications. Some types of materials, such as silica filled polyolefin, TESLIN core ID documents and TESLIN composite structures (TESLIN is available from PPG Industries, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa.) using conventional over-laminate materials, are not easily laser engraved. Further, even with use of known laser additives, laser engraving can take too much time and/or too much laser energy to be useful in some manufacturing environments.
Another limitation of laser engraving has been marking speeds. The ability to mark a rastered image via a laser such as a diode pumped YAG laser requires understanding of at least three primary components: materials (e.g., card or other substrate), image information, and laser conditions. AlI three can work together to determine the speed at which an acceptable mark is made via laser engraving/marking. Depending on the speed required and the volume of documents to be made, a certain number of lasers will be needed to engrave the documents. Laser engraving machines are quite costly at present, and despite various improvements made to laser engraving machines to increase speed, laser engraving documents at an acceptable speed and throughput and image quality continues to require, in many instances, multiple laser engraving machines. We have found, however, that by making certain changes to the materials being engraved (which changes are described further herein), it is possible to decrease the time required for laser engraving/marking of images. Decreasing this marking speed can help to increase throughput and may help to reduce the number of laser engraving machines that are required.
In one aspect, we have found that laser engraving of some types of materials, including materials that are not easily engraved (such as laminated TESLIN core ID documents), can be improved by increasing the sensitivity to laser radiation of a laminate used with the material and/or increasing the sensitivity to laser radiation of a coating applied to the material.
One inventive technique disclosed herein improves the material being laser marked or laser engraved by introducing inventive laser enhancing additives to the material. The material can be a laminate, a coating, an article having a laminate or coating formed thereon, and even an image receiving layer/image capable layer that is used for receiving images printed in a manner such as D2T2, laser xerography, inkjet, and mass transfer printing. Components of the laser enhancing additive described herein also can be added, alone or combined with other components, to a series of materials having a laser-receptive optical path between them, to enhance the laser engraving of at least one material in the series. These additives facilitate material sensitivity, greatly improving the ability to laser engrave laminated ID documents. In some embodiments, these additives can also improve the performance of laser engraving even on even those structures (e.g., fused polycarbonate card structures, polyvinylchloride (PVC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)) that can tend to be more easily engraved by laser energy.
The inventors have found that by using the inventive additives described herein, the processing time for polycarbonate and other ID card structures may be decreased. In addition, user of the laser enhancing additives described herein may enable laser engraving to be accomplished using less laser energy and/or lower levels of laser energy than in known methods. Another inventive technique disclosed herein improves the sensitivity of a material being laser engraved by applying a coating to the material, the coating containing at least one laser enhancing additive as described below. The material can be part of virtually any type of article to be laser marked or laser engraved. For example, in one embodiment the material is a core layer in an identification document.
In one embodiment, the additive used to enhance laser engraving comprises a mixture of at least one of copper potassium iodide (CuKI3) or Copper Iodide (CuI) or potassium iodide (KI) or sodium iodide (NaI) or aluminum iodide (AlI) along with at least one substance selected from the group consisting of zinc sulfide (ZnS), barium sulfide (BaS), alkyl sulfonate (e.g., RSO2Na or R—OSO2Na), and Thioester (e.g., substances containing —SH). This additive can be added to a laminate layer (where the laminate layer itself is to be laser engraved or marked) and/or to a coating (where the surface being coated is to be laser engraved or marked).
Advantageously, in one embodiment, the additive comprises an effective amount of copper iodide, potassium iodide, sodium iodide, aluminum iodide, and zinc sulfide in a host material. The host material can, for example, be a laminate or a coating. The host material also can be another material that is later added to a laminate or coating. The host material can, for example, be a thermoplastic or thermoset. The host material can be a material added or applied to another material to make that material more receptive to another type of printing or marking (e.g., an image receiving layer, such as is disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 6,066,594, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference).
In another advantageous embodiment, the additive comprises an effective amount of any combination thereof of copper iodide, potassium iodide, sodium iodide, aluminum iodide, zinc sulfide, barium sulfide (BaS), alkyl sulfonate (e.g., RSO2Na or R—OSO2Na), and Thioester (e.g., substances containing —SH), in a host material. The host material can, for example, be a laminate or a coating. The host material also can be another material that is later added to a laminate or coating. The host material can, for example, be a thermoplastic or thermoset. The host material can be a material added or applied to another material to make that material more receptive to another type of printing or marking (e.g., an image receiving layer, such as is disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 6,066,594, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference).
For laminates, the host material (as well as the laminate to which the host material may be added) generally can be any material whose laser engraving/marking properties are improved by the addition of the laser enhancing additive described herein, and it is expected that many materials developed in the future will be able to make use of the additive described herein. In at least one embodiment, the addition of the laser enhancing additive described herein enables the laminate to be laser engraved with a grayscale image. In another aspect of the invention, described further herein, we have found that for host materials that are polymers, improving the thermal conductivity of the host material and/or its interpenetrating network (IPN) (e.g., matrices) can help to decrease marking time for laser marking/engraving of images.
In at least one embodiment, the laminate containing the inventive laser enhancing additive can be applied to a layer of material and, after application of heat and pressure to the laminate (e.g., via a platen press), the laminate can comingle with the layer of material enough to actually improve the laser engraving properties of the layer of material that was laminated.
For coatings, in one embodiment, the additive comprises an effective amount of copper potassium iodide and zinc sulfide in a liquid carrier material, which together form a coating that can be applied to an article to be laser engraved. The liquid carrier material can be virtually any known material that can be used as a coating, including resins, polyesters, polycarbonates, vinyls, acrylates, urethanes, and cellulose-base coating. In one embodiment, the liquid carrier material is a material used for coating a surface of a core material (e.g., TESLIN, polycarbonate) of an identification document. The surface being coated generally can be any material (including laminates) whose laser engraving properties are improved by the addition of a coating containing the laser enhancing additive described herein. In at least one embodiment, the addition of the inventive additive to a coating enables the surface to be capable of being engraved with a grayscale image.
For coatings, in another embodiment, the additive comprises an effective amount of at least one of Copper Iodide (CuI), potassium iodide (KI), sodium iodide (NaI), aluminum iodide (AlI), copper potassium iodide, zinc sulfide, and any combination thereof, in a liquid carrier material, which together form a coating that can be applied to an article to be laser engraved. The liquid carrier material can be virtually any known material that can be used as a coating, including resins, polyesters, polycarbonates, vinyls, acrylates, urethanes, and cellulose-base coating. In one embodiment, the liquid carrier material is a material used for coating a surface of a core material (e.g., TESLIN, polycarbonate) of an identification document. The surface being coated generally can be any material (including laminates) whose laser engraving properties are improved by the addition of a coating containing the laser enhancing additive described herein. In at least one embodiment, the addition of the inventive additive to a coating enables the surface to be capable of being engraved with a grayscale image.
In at least one embodiment, the coating containing the inventive laser enhancing laminate can be applied to a layer of material and, after application of heat and pressure to the coating (e.g., via a platen press), the coating can comingle with the layer of material enough to actually improve the laser engraving properties of the layer of material that was coated.
For transparent laminates and/or coatings, the effective amount of the laser enhancing additive can vary depending on the tolerance for possible reduction in the transparency of the laminate or coating. In one embodiment, for transparent laminates or coating, the effective amount of the additive can range from 0.001% by weight up to about 0.1% by weight (based on the total weight of the material to which the additive is added.).
For non-transparent laminates and/or coatings (e.g. colored coatings, colored laminates and/or opaque laminates), the effective amount of the additive can be higher than 1% (e.g., 1%-100%). Those skilled in the art will recognize that the effective amount of the additive for a given use can depend on a number of factors, including the properties of the laminate or coating, the type of laser engraving being performed (e.g., grayscale or non-grayscale), the type of laser used, the desired properties or features of the article or surface being engraved, etc. Advantageously, for at least some transparent laminates and/or coatings used in forming identification documents, the effective amount of the additive is about 0.06% by weight.
In another advantageous embodiment, the constituents of the above-described additive can be present in one or more different layers through which a laser beam can pass. In one example, the copper potassium iodide (or copper Iodide (CuI) or potassium iodide (KI) or sodium iodide (NaI), aluminum iodide (AlI) and any combination thereof) can be present in a first layer of laminate and the zinc sulfide (or barium sulfide (BaS), alkyl sulfonate (e.g., RSO2Na or R—OSO2Na), Thioester (e.g., substances containing —SH) and combinations thereof) can be present in a second layer of laminate, where the first and second layers are either adjacent or separated by one or more layers of material (e.g., another laminate or an adhesive) that is transparent to laser radiation. When a laser beam is directed such that it passes through both of the layers, the combined action of the copper potassium iodide and zinc sulfide enable laser engraving to occur in either or both of the layers. In another example, an effective amount of copper potassium iodide can be present in a coating applied to an article and an effective amount of zinc sulfide can be present in a laminate applied over the coating.
In another example, each of the constituents of the inventive laser enhancing additive (e.g., copper, potassium, iodine, etc.) can be present in a separate layer of coating and/or laminate, where the respective layers are either adjacent or separated by one or more layers of material (e.g., another laminate or an adhesive) that is transparent to laser radiation. When a laser beam is directed such that it passes through all of the layers containing a constituent of the inventive laser enhancing additive, the combined action of the constituents enable laser engraving to occur in at least one of the respective layers. The constituents also can be combined with one or more other constituents, in different layers, in this manner. For example, an effective amount of copper iodide and sodium iodide can be present in a coating applied to an article and an effective amount of zinc sulfide and potassium iodide can be present in a laminate applied over the coating, and an effective amount of aluminum iodide can be present in a coating that is then applied over that laminate. This example is not, of course, limiting; those skilled in the art will appreciate that there are many different ways to combine and/or separate the constituents of the inventive laser enhancing additive into one or more layers of coatings and/or laminates.
In another aspect, the invention provides a composition having laser engraving properties, comprising a host material and an effective amount of a laser enhancing additive. The laser enhancing additive comprises a first quantity of least one of: copper potassium iodide (CuKI3), Copper Iodide (CuI), potassium iodide (KI), sodium iodide (NaI), aluminum iodide (AlI), and any combination thereof, and a second quantity of at least one substance selected from the group consisting of zinc sulfide (ZnS), barium sulfide (BaS), alkyl sulfonate, and thioester, and any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the first and second quantities are the same (for example, one part copper iodide and one part barium sulfide). In one embodiment, the first and second quantities are different (for example, three parts potassium iodide to one part zinc sulfide, or 2 parts copper iodide to 4 parts thioester). In one embodiment, the composition is markable by at least one of an excimer, Nd:YAG, and C02 laser (including both light pumped and diode pumped Nd:YAG lasers).
In one embodiment, the laser enhancing additive is present in the composition in an amount from about 0.001 to 0.100 percent by weight based on the total weight of the composition. In one embodiment, the laser enhancing additive is present in an amount between 0.1 percent and 100 percent by weight based on the total weight of the composition. In one embodiment, the laser enhancing additive is present in an amount that is about 0.06 percent by weight based on the total weight of the composition. In one embodiment, the laser enhancing additive comprises 0.03 percent by weight of at least one of copper potassium iodide (CuKI3), Copper Iodide (CuI), Potassium Iodide (KI), Sodium Iodide (NaI), Aluminum Iodide (AlI) and any combination thereof, and 0.03 percent by weight of at least one of zinc sulfide (ZnS), barium sulfide (BaS), alkyl sulfonate, and thioester, or any combination thereof, each weight based on the total weight of the composition.
In one embodiment, the host material of the composition is be a material that is not sensitive and/or transparent to laser radiation, such as a material that, by itself, is unable to have acceptable gray scale images laser engraved onto it. The host material can be a laminate or a coating. For example, the host material can comprise at least one of a thermosetting material, thermoplastic, polymer, copolymer, polycarbonate, fused polycarbonate, polyester, amorphous polyester, polyolefin, silicon-filled polyolefin, TESLIN, foamed polypropylene film, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, thermoplastic resins, engineering thermoplastic, polyurethane, polyamide, polystyrene, expanded polypropylene, polypropylene, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), ABS/PC, high impact polystyrene, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), PET-G, PET-F, polybutylene terephthalate PBT), acetal copolymer (POM), polyetherimide (PEI), polyacrylate, poly(4-vinylpyridine, poly(vinyl acetate), polyacrylonitrile, polymeric liquid crystal resin, polysulfone, polyether nitride, and polycaprolactone, and combinations thereof. In one advantageous embodiment, it has been found that selecting host materials with relatively high degrees of crystallinity (e.g., PET) can help to improve the thermal conductivity of the resultant host material when the inventive laser enhancing additive is added to it.
We have further discovered other techniques for improving thermal conductivity of the host material to improve laser engraving efficiency. In one embodiment, the host material comprises a material having cross-linked functionality. In one embodiment, the host material further comprises a second element, such as a transparent, conductive polymer, such as a cross-linked moiety such as polyurethane, glass beads, glass fibers, and CR-39 (a highly cross-linked thermoset prepared by polymerization of diethylene glycol bis(allyl carbonate) monomer, available from PPG Industries). In one advantageous embodiment, a very low concentration of the second element is blended with the host material. In one advantageous embodiment, the host material comprises at least one of glass beads, glass fibers, and glass threads along with a cross-linking agent.
In one embodiment, the thermal conductivity of the host material is changed by processing the host material to change its orientation and/or density. Those skilled in the art will be familiar with the various types of processes and operations that can operate to change orientation and/or density of a host material.
In at least one embodiment, the invention provides an article of manufacture (such as an identification document) capable of being laser engraved with a grayscale image, comprising a core layer, a first layer and a second layer. The core layer has a first surface. The first layer comprises a first host material, the first host material comprising an effective amount of a first laser enhancing additive comprising at least one of one of copper potassium iodide (CuKI3), Copper Iodide (CuI), Potassium Iodide (KI), Sodium Iodide (NaI), Aluminum Iodide (AlI) and any combination thereof. The second layer comprises a second host material and is oriented in relation to the first host material such that a single laser beam can penetrate both at least a portion of the first layer and at least a portion of the second layer. The second host material comprises an effective amount of at least one second laser enhancing additive selected from the group consisting of zinc sulfide (ZnS), barium sulfide (BaS), alkyl sulfonate, and thioester, and any combinations thereof. The first and second layers are operably coupled to each other and at least one of the first and second layers is operably coupled to the first surface of the core layer. In one embodiment, a grayscale image is laser engraved into at least one of the first and second layers.
In one embodiment, first layer is substantially transparent and the first laser enhancing additive is present in an amount from about 0.001 to 0.100 percent by weight based on the total weight of the first host material. In one embodiment, the second layer is substantially transparent, and the second laser enhancing additive is present in an amount from about 0.001 to 0.100 percent by weight based on the total weight of the second host material. In one embodiment, a third layer is disposed between the first and second layers; the third layer comprises a material that permits transmission of a laser beam therethrough.
In another aspect, the invention provides a method of engraving a material by exposing the material to laser radiation. An effective amount of a laser enhancing additive is added to the material. The laser enhancing additive comprises at least one of copper potassium iodide (CuKI3), Copper Iodide (CuI), Potassium Iodide (KI), Sodium Iodide (NaI), Aluminum Iodide (AlI) and any combination thereof, and at least one substance selected from the group consisting of zinc sulfide (ZnS), barium sulfide (BaS), alkyl sulfonate, and thioester, and any combinations thereof. The material is exposed to laser radiation in a manner that causes the material to be engraved by the laser radiation. In one embodiment, the effective amount of the laser enhancing additive comprises 0.01% to 0.1% by weight of the material, e.g. 0.06% by weight. In one embodiment, the effective amount of the laser enhancing additive comprises 0.1% to 100% by weight of the material. In one embodiment, an indicium is formed in grayscale in at least a portion of the material through the exposure of the portion of the material to laser radiation. In one embodiment, the laser engraved material is used in the manufacture of an identification document.
In another embodiment, the invention provides a method of laser engraving a grayscale image on an article having first and second layers. A first effective amount of least one of copper potassium iodide (CuKI3), Copper Iodide (CuI), Potassium Iodide (KI), Sodium Iodide (NaI), Aluminum Iodide (AlI) and any combination thereof, is added to the first layer. A second effective amount of at least one substance selected from the group consisting of zinc sulfide (ZnS), barium sulfide (BaS), alkyl sulfonate, and thioester, and any combination thereof, is added to the second layer. A laser beam, such as a beam from at least one of an Nd:Yag laser and a CO2 laser, is directed so that it passes through at least a portion of the first layer and at least a portion of the second layer to form a grayscale image in at least one of the first and second layers. In one embodiment, the laser beam is directed so that it that it passes through at least a portion of the first layer and at least a portion of the second layer such that the first and second layers become affixed to each other.
In at least one embodiment, the invention provides a multilayer identification document, comprising a core layer and a film layer. The film layer overlays at least a portion of the core layer and is affixed to the portion of the core layer. The film layer comprising an additive that comprises an effective amount of least one of copper potassium iodide (CuKI3), Copper Iodide (CuI),), Potassium Iodide (KI), Sodium Iodide (NaI), Aluminum Iodide (AlI) and any combination thereof, and an effective amount of at least one substance selected from the group consisting of zinc sulfide (ZnS), barium sulfide (BaS), alkyl sulfonate, and thioester, and any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the identification document bears a first indicium thereon, the indicia obtained by exposing the film layer to a laser beam. In one embodiment, the indicia comprises at least one of a gray scale image, photograph, text, tactile text, graphics, information, security pattern, security indicia, and a digital watermark.
In another aspect, the invention provides an identification document having improved laser engraving characteristics. The identification document comprises a TESLIN core coated with a coating containing the laser enhancing additive described above. A grayscale image representing variable data (e.g., personalized data) is laser engraved onto the TESLIN core using an Nd:YAG laser. Optionally, a laminate can be affixed to the TESLIN either before laser engraving or after laser engraving. If the laminate is applied before the TESLIN core is laser engraved, the laminate generally will be transparent to laser radiation.
In one embodiment, the invention provides a composition having laser engraving properties, comprising a host material and a laser enhancing additive. The host material comprises a material, such as a polymer, modified by a first process, whereby the host material as modified by the first process has increased thermal conductivity as compared to the host material before the first process. The laser enhancing additive comprises a first quantity of at least one of copper potassium iodide (CuKI3), Copper Iodide (CuI), potassium iodide (KI), sodium iodide (NaI), and aluminum iodide (AlI), and a second quantity of at least one substance selected from the group consisting of zinc sulfide (ZnS), barium sulfide (BaS), alkyl sulfonate, and thioester.
In another embodiment, the invention provides an article of manufacture, such as an identification document, capable of being laser engraved with a grayscale image, comprising a core layer, a first layer, and a second layer. The core layer has a first surface. The first layer comprises a first host material, the first host material comprising a material modified by a first process, whereby the host material as modified by the first process has increased thermal conductivity as compared to the host material before the first process, the host material further comprising an effective amount of a first laser enhancing additive comprising at least one of one of copper potassium iodide (CuKI3), Copper Iodide (CuI), potassium iodide (KI), sodium iodide (NaI), and aluminum iodide (AI). The second layer comprises a second host material, the second layer being oriented in relation to the first host material such that a single laser beam can penetrate both at least a portion of the first layer and at least a portion of the second layer. The second host material comprises an effective amount of a second laser enhancing additive, the second laser enhancing additive selected from the group consisting of zinc sulfide (ZnS), barium sulfide (BaS), alkyl sulfonate, and thioester. The first and second layers are operably coupled to each other and at least one of the first and second layers is operably coupled to the first surface of the core layer.
In one embodiment, the first process comprises at least one of adding cross linked functionality to the host material, adding a conductive material to the host material, the conductive material being a material that is more thermally conductive than the host material, altering at least a portion of the free volume of the host material, and processing the host material to change at least one of its orientation and density.
In another embodiment, the invention provides a method of engraving a host material by exposing the material to laser radiation. A host material is provided, and a process is performed on the host material such as at least one of adding cross linked functionality to the host material, adding a conductive material to the host material, the conductive material being a material that is more thermally conductive than the host material, altering at least a portion of the free volume of the host material, and processing the host material to change at least one of its orientation and density, to increase the thermal conductivity of the host material. An effective amount of a laser enhancing additive is added to the host material, the laser enhancing additive comprising at least one of copper potassium iodide (CuKI3), Copper Iodide (CuI), potassium iodide (KI), sodium iodide (NaI), and aluminum iodide (AI); and at least one substance selected from the group consisting of zinc sulfide (ZnS), barium sulfide (BaS), alkyl sulfonate, and thioester. The host material is exposed to laser radiation in a manner that causes the material to be engraved by the laser radiation.
Although some companies offer laser engraving document materials, such materials and/or the amount of equipment required to laser engrave such materials (especially for high quality grayscale images on identification documents) can be prohibitively expensive. At least some embodiments of our invention can overcome at least some of these and other limitations of the prior art. At least some embodiments of our invention offer a less expensive option for laser engraving with improved grayscale engraving, and ease of manufacture, without giving up desired security features.
The foregoing and other features and advantages of the present invention will be even more readily apparent from the following Detailed Description, which proceeds with reference to the accompanying drawings.
The advantages, features, and aspects of embodiments of the invention will be more fully understood in conjunction with the following detailed description and accompanying drawings, wherein:
The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead generally being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention. In addition, in the figures, like numbers refer to like elements. Relative dimensions of identification documents, laminate layers, indicia, etc., are provided for illustrative purposes only and are not limiting. Further, throughout this application, laser engraved indicia, information, identification documents, data, etc., may be shown as having a particular cross sectional shape (e.g., rectangular) but that is provided by way of example and illustration only and is not limiting, nor is the shape intended to represent the actual resultant cross sectional shape that occurs during laser engraving or manufacturing of identification documents.
In the foregoing discussion, the use of the word “ID document” is broadly defined and intended to include at least all types of ID documents, including (but are not limited to), documents, magnetic disks, credit cards, bank cards, phone cards, stored value cards, prepaid cards, smart cards (e.g., cards that include one more semiconductor chips, such as memory devices, microprocessors, and microcontrollers), contact cards, contactless cards, proximity cards (e.g., radio frequency (RFID) cards), passports, driver's licenses, network access cards, employee badges, debit cards, security cards, visas, immigration documentation, national ID cards, citizenship cards, social security cards and badges, certificates, identification cards or documents, voter registration and/or identification cards, police ID cards, border crossing cards, security clearance badges and cards, gun permits, badges, gift certificates or cards, membership cards or badges, tags, CD's, consumer products, knobs, keyboards, electronic components, etc., or any other suitable items or articles that may record information, images, and/or other data, which may be associated with a function and/or an object or other entity to be identified.
Note that, for the purposes of this disclosure, the terms “document,” “card,” “badge” and “documentation” are used interchangeably.
In addition, in the foregoing discussion, “identification” includes (but is not limited to) information, decoration, and any other purpose for which an indicia can be placed upon an article in the article's raw, partially prepared, or final state. Also, instead of ID documents, the inventive techniques can be employed with product tags, product packaging, business cards, bags, charts, maps, labels, etc., etc., particularly those items including engraving of an laminate or over-laminate structure. The term ID document thus is broadly defined herein to include these tags, labels, packaging, cards, etc.
“Personalization”, “Personalized data” and “variable” data are used interchangeably herein, and refer at least to data, images, and information that are printed at the time of card personalization. Personalized data can, for example, be “personal to” or “specific to” a specific cardholder or group of cardholders. Personalized data can include data that is unique to a specific cardholder (such as biometric information, image information), but is not limited to unique data. Personalized data can include some data, such as birthdate, height, weight, eye color, address, etc., that are personal to a specific cardholder but not necessarily unique to that cardholder (i.e., other cardholders might share the same personal data, such as birthdate). Depending on the application, however, personalized data can also include some types of data that are not different from card to card, but that are still provided at the time of card personalization. For example, a state seal that is laser engraved onto a portion of an overlaminate in an identification document, where the laser engraving occurs during the personalization of the card, could in some instances be considered to be “personalized” information.
The terms “laser engraving” and “laser marking” are used interchangeably herein.
The terms “indicium” and indicia as used herein cover not only markings suitable for human reading, but also markings intended for machine reading. Especially when intended for machine reading, such an indicium need not be visible to the human eye, but may be in the form of a marking visible only under infra-red, ultra-violet or other non-visible radiation. Thus, in at least some embodiments of the invention, an indicium formed on any layer in an identification document (e.g., the core layer) may be partially or wholly in the form of a marking visible only under non-visible radiation. Markings comprising, for example, a visible “dummy” image superposed over a non-visible “real” image intended to be machine read may also be used.
“Laminate” and “overlaminate” include (but are not limited to) film and sheet products. Laminates usable with at least some embodiments of the invention include those which contain substantially transparent polymers and/or substantially transparent adhesives, or which have substantially transparent polymers and/or substantially transparent adhesives as a part of their structure, e.g., as an extruded feature. Examples of usable laminates include at least polyester, polycarbonate, polystyrene, cellulose ester, polyolefin, polysulfone, or polyamide. Laminates can be made using either an amorphous or biaxially oriented polymer as well. The laminate can comprise a plurality of separate laminate layers, for example a boundary layer and/or a film layer.
The degree of transparency of the laminate can, for example, be dictated by the information contained within the identification document, the particular colors and/or security features used, etc. The thickness of the laminate layers is not critical, although in some embodiments it may be preferred that the thickness of a laminate layer be about 1-20 mils. Lamination of any laminate layer(s) to any other layer of material (e.g., a core layer) can be accomplished using any conventional lamination process, and such processes are will-known to those skilled in the production of articles such as identification documents. Of course, the types and structures of the laminates described herein are provided only by way of example, those skilled in the art will appreciated that many different types of laminates are usable in accordance with the invention.
For example, in ID documents, a laminate can provide a protective covering for the printed substrates and provides a level of protection against unauthorized tampering (e.g., a laminate would have to be removed to alter the printed information and then subsequently replaced after the alteration.). Various lamination processes are disclosed in assignee's U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,783,024, 6,007,660, 6,066,594, and 6,159,327. Other lamination processes are disclosed, e.g., in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,283,188 and 6,003,581. Each of these U.S. patents is herein incorporated by reference.
The material(s) from which a laminate is made may be transparent, but need not be. Laminates can include synthetic resin-impregnated or coated base materials composed of successive layers of material, bonded together via heat, pressure, and/or adhesive. Laminates also includes security laminates, such as a transparent laminate material with proprietary security technology features and processes, which protects documents of value from counterfeiting, data alteration, photo substitution, duplication (including color photocopying), and simulation by use of materials and technologies that are commonly available. Laminates also can include thermosetting materials, such as epoxy.
For purposes of illustration, the following description will proceed with reference to ID document structures (e.g., TESLIN-core, multi-layered ID documents) and fused polycarbonate structures. It should be appreciated, however, that the present invention is not so limited. Indeed, as those skilled in the art will appreciate, the inventive techniques can be applied to many other structures formed in many different ways to improve their laser engraving characteristics. Generally, the invention has applicability for virtually any product which is to be laser engraved, especially products being engraved with grayscale images. For example, in at least some embodiments, the invention is usable with virtually any product which is to be laser engraved or marked, especially articles to which a laminate and/or coating is applied, including articles formed from paper, wood, cardboard, paperboard, glass, metal, plastic, fabric, ceramic, rubber, along with many man-made materials, such as microporous materials, single phase materials, two phase materials, coated paper, synthetic paper (e.g., TYVEC, manufactured by Dupont Corp of Wilmington, Del.), foamed polypropylene film (including calcium carbonate foamed polypropylene film), plastic, polyolefin, polyester, polyethylenetelphthalate (PET), PET-G, PET-F, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and combinations thereof.
In addition, at least one embodiment of the invention relates to virtually any article formed from, laminated with, or at least partially covered by a material that not sufficiently responsive to laser radiation to form a desired indicium (e.g., a grayscale image) thereon, but which is rendered more responsive to laser radiation, at least to a sufficient degree to enable its surface to be marked as desired with a laser beam, by adding the inventive laser enhancing additive to the material itself or to another material (e.g., a coating or laminate) that is substantially adjacent to the material.
It is often desirable to mark a portion of a structure, such as a multi-layered structure (including after lamination), such as an ID document, with text, information, graphics, logos, security indicia, security features, marks, images and/or photographs. It would be advantageous if techniques were available to enable laser engraving to produce some or all of these features, especially gray scale and/or color images and photographs.
In some instances, however, some parts of a multi-layered ID document structure, (for example, a structure that includes polyester or polycarbonate laminate on a core such as TESLIN) can be non-conducive to acceptable engraving of specific types of information. For example, some materials can be laser engraved (using, for example, a CO2 laser) with text information (e.g., dark on light), but cannot be satisfactorily laser engraved with usable grayscale information (e.g., grayscale information conveying up to 256 shades of gray), such as images or photographs, or full color information.
Other materials are difficult to laser engrave even with text information. For example, some materials, such as silica filled polyolefin, TESLIN, polycarbonate and fused polycarbonate, polyethylene, polypropylene (PPRO), polystyrene, polyolefin, and copolymers are not very sensitive to laser radiation and thus are not especially conducive to laser engraving. Attempts to laser engrave structures that include such non-sensitive and non-conducive materials can sometimes result in engraving that appears too faint to be usable to convey information visually (although the engraving might be useful to provide a tactile feel to the structure). Such a multi-layered structure lacks the sensitivity required for favorable laser engraving. The ability to provide gray scale images on an identification document using a laser, in accordance with the invention, can be advantageous because it can provide increased security of the identification document. In addition, it may be possible to use the invention incorporate additional security features (such as digital watermarks) into the laser engraved grayscale image.
As noted previously, three components work together to help determine the speed at which an acceptable laser engraving mark is made with a laser such as a diode pumped YAG laser: materials (card or other substrate), image information, laser conditions. What laser manufacturers have done to aid in this effort (to decrease laser marking time) has been to increase the power of the laser. In so doing, the heat generated per pixel of information is increased, and this heat is dissipated further out. A result of this is an effective decrease in the dots-per-inch (dpi), required of the incoming image data. Reduced dpi can help to decrease marking time. Further improvements, as described herein, have the potential to decrease marking time even further.
In a further aspect of the invention, we have found that, in some instances, certain properties of the material being laser engraved are important factors in the resultant speed of marking of a rastered image. As noted previously, the additives we propose herein can improve the quality of laser engraving, the efficiency of laser engraving, and/or the speed of laser engraving, in a host material to which they are added. We have also discovered various ways that the host material itself (i.e., the material to which the inventive laser enhancing additive is added) can be altered so that the resulting host material plus laser enhancing additive responds to the laser energy in a manner that can help to reduce the marking time. In particular, we have discovered various techniques for designing, processing, and/or selecting the host material to be more heat conductive, which can have an effect of decreasing marking time without requiring increased power from the laser machine.
As noted herein elsewhere herein, we have discovered that an additive system that includes the inventive laser enhancing additive described herein (e.g., an additive that comprises, in one embodiment, (a) an effective amount of least one of copper potassium iodide (CuKI3), Copper Iodide (CuI), potassium iodide (KI), sodium iodide (NaI), and aluminum iodide (AI); and (b) an effective amount of at least one substance selected from the group consisting of zinc sulfide (ZnS), barium sulfide (BaS), alkyl sulfonate, and thioester) can be very sensitive to laser energy. However, even with the use of our inventive laser enhancing additive, there may still be a limitation on dpi of the incoming image to be around 450-600 dpi. This is due at least in part to the thermal properties of amorphous polymers, which can cause amorphous polymers to act as insulators rather than conductors.
In one embodiment of the invention, we have found that increasing the thermal conductivity of the host material (which can, for example be a polymer) and its matrices can help to decrease the marking speed of images. Thermal conductivity relates to the chemical nature of the material and the distance at which heat must travel. Thermal energy generally prefers to travel along covalent bonds and not weak secondary ones. Thus, by performing actions on the host material that help to increase the amount of covalent bonds in the host material, it is possible to further improve the conductivity of the host material (and, of the host material with the inventive laser enhancing additive added to it).
Although we anticipate that nearly any method to increase thermal conductivity in a material can improve laser marking speed of that material, we have determined that for at least some advantageous embodiments of the invention, the material being laser engraved not only has its thermal conductivity has been improved using one or more of the techniques described herein, but also has added to it the inventive laser enhancing additive described herein. Many methods for increasing thermal conductivity in a material should be usable in accordance with the invention, and in certain applications it can be beneficial (or desirable) to increase the thermal conductivity in a manner that permits the host material to remain substantially optically clear to laser radiation.
Accordingly, we have found that any one or more of the following methods can help to improve the thermal conductivity of the host material and/or host material plus inventive laser enhancing additive system while still maintaining an substantially “optically clear to laser energy” polymer:
In one embodiment, we have found that addition of cross linked functionality in the host material, such as by using coupling agents/primers that are reactive and/or form weak secondary bonds between the host material and an additive and/or from additive to additive and/or from host material to additive, can help to improve thermal conductivity in the host material and/or in the host material plus inventive laser enhancing additive. Usable coupling agents include, for example, those that are used in composite systems to aid in mechanical properties. Such a coupling agent can, for example, form a “bridge” between moieties. For example, we have found for this embodiment that a good crosslinking agent that can be added to a host material is gamma-aminopropyltriethoxy silane, which is available from General Electric (GE) Silicones of Wilton, Conn.
We note, however, that virtually any silicon compounds, silicones, silanes, and/or related products are usable as cross linking/coupling agents/primers, as will be understood by those skilled in the art. In other embodiments of the invention, we have found that the technical manual entitled “Silicon Compounds, Register and Review, Silanes and Silicones for Creative Chemists” (5th ed.), published by Hills America of Piscataway, N.J. (later purchased by United Chemical Technologies, inc., whose silicone business was later purchased by Crompton Corporation, whose organosilicone business was later purchased by GE). We also anticipate that many vinyl additives will be usable with at least some embodiments of the invention.
The amount of additional material required to add sufficient cross-linked functionality so as to improve thermal conductivity can be readily determined through experimentation, as those skilled in the art will appreciate. In at least some embodiments of the invention, the additional material can be added in any concentration that does not reduce optical transparency to laser radiation by an unacceptable degree. In at least one embodiment, the concentration of this additional material in the host material by weight is relatively low (e.g., less than 10%). In at least one embodiment, the concentration of this additional material in the host material, by weight, ranges from 0.001% to 75%.
In another embodiment, we have found that the addition to the host material of one or more polymers (or other materials) that are more thermally conductive than the host material and that are substantially optically transparent to laser radiation, can help to improve thermal conductivity in the host material and/or in the host material plus inventive laser enhancing additive. In one embodiment, such polymers can include one or more polymers such as glass beads, glass fibers, glass threads, and cross linked moieties, i.e. CR-39, polyurethane. Those skilled in the art will recognize that many different thermally conductive polymers which also are optically substantially transparent to laser radiation are known and could be usable in accordance with the invention. It also can be possible to use thermally conductive materials that are not necessarily substantially transparent to laser radiation as long as the presence and/or concentrations of the thermally conductive materials does not interfere with the host material's substantial optical transparency to laser radiation in a way that is unacceptable. Companies that can supply many different types of thermally conductive polymers include, for example, Cool Polymers, Inc., of Warwick, R.I., Epoxies, Etc., of Cranston, R.I., can supply.
The concentrations of “more conductive” polymer/material in the host material can be (as with cross linking agents) virtually any concentration that does not negatively impact the host material's optical transparency to laser radiation to an unacceptable degree. In at least one embodiment, the concentration of the “more conductive” polymer/material by weight is relatively low (e.g., less than 10%). In at least one embodiment, the concentration of this additional material in the host material, by weight, ranges from 0.001% to 75%.
In at least some embodiments, selection of a particular thermally conductive polymer will depend at least in part on the particular host material being used. We anticipate that it may be advantageous to select thermally conductive polymers that are readily miscible with the host material. For example, Cool Polymers product number E4503 is a thermally (and electrically) conductive polycarbonate that could be advantageously added to a polycarbonate host material.
In at least one advantageous embodiment, we have found that adding both a cross linking agent (as described above) and a glass product (e.g., beads, threads, and/or fibers, as described above) can provide noticeable improvements in the thermal conductivity of a host material.
We have also found, in accordance with at least some embodiments of the invention, that adding materials or performing processes on the host material to fill up or reduce at least a portion of the free volume in the host material (while still maintaining the optical transparency of the host material to laser radiation at an acceptable level) also can be used to improve the thermal conductivity of the host material. As is understood by those skilled in the art, the free volume of a polymer corresponds to the unoccupied regions of the polymer that are accessible to segmental motions; that is, the excluded volume of a polymer system, i.e. the space not taken up by the polymer atoms. The amount of free volume can be altered by changing the physical state of the polymer. For example, processes such as deformation under compression can reduce free volume. Processes such as adding a volume filling material to the host material also can reduce free volume. Volume filling materials can, for example, include the other techniques and methods described herein that involve adding another material or substance to the host material. We presume that those skilled in the art are aware of processes, materials, and techniques for filling up portions, free volume in material, such as a polymer material.
Another technique that we have found for increasing thermal conductivity of a host material, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention, involves processing the host material to change its orientation and/or density. We have determined that because the thermal conductivity of materials such as polymers can be at least partially dependent on orientation of the polymer, changing properties of the polymer such as orientation may increase thermal conductivity in a manner that can, in accordance with at least one embodiment of the invention, improve the speed and/or efficiency of laser engraving the polymer.
Those skilled in the art will be familiar with the various types of processes and operations that can operate to change orientation and/or density of a host material. For example, in one embodiment of the invention, the host material is processed using a so-called “blowing tunnels” technique. The host material is blown into an elongated tunnel (e.g., a vertical tunnel) and the host material is stretched or oriented in all directions (e.g., cross directions and/or machine directions) to give a strong, substantially stiff material that has a predetermined orientation or high density. Note that oriented polymers can be stiffer along the chain direction, than unoriented polymers, and can be much stiffer than those polymers oriented in a transverse direction. Stretching polymer chains, as by the process known as molecular orientation, can cause the polymer chains to orient preferentially in a particular direction (e.g., monaxial orientation), and this type of orientation can, in at least one embodiment of the invention, increase thermal conductivity of the polymer (or other host material). These methods is not, of course, limiting, and other methods (e.g., spinning, photomanipulation, ribbon extrusion, tubular extrusion, etc.) can, of course, be usable and are intended within the scope of at least some embodiments of the invention. In one embodiment, we anticipate that processing the host material so that it becomes oriented biaxially can be advantageous for increasing the thermal conductivity of the host material to improve laser marking speed.
In at least some embodiments, we have found that selecting host materials having relatively high degrees of crystallinity (e.g., selecting a material such as PET or polyethylene over PC) can help to increase thermal conductivity and speed of laser engraving. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that many other host materials having high degrees of crystallinity (or which have been processed to have high degrees of crystallinity) can be usable as host materials in these embodiments provides such materials do not impact the optical transparency to laser radiation in an unacceptable manner.
In a first aspect, one embodiment of the invention involves sensitizing at least one of the layers in a multi-layered structure, such as at least one laminate layer, to help to overcome the problem of the laminate material not being responsive to laser engraving and/or not being responsive enough to be capable of having grayscale images laser engraved thereon. We have found that the quality of laser engraving can be improved, while reducing engraving time, through over-laminate sensitization using one or more of the inventive formulations described herein. In one implementation of this embodiment, a layer of laminate is modified by adding an effective amount of one or more laser sensitive additives to the laminate material. We also have found that the laser sensitive additives described herein can be divided over two or more layers to provide improved laser engraving performance. Moreover (as described later herein in the second and third aspects of the invention), we have found that the laser sensitive additives also will improve laser engraving if they are present in a coating applied to a material to be engraved.
A least one embodiment of the first aspect of the invention is based on the surprising discovery that the process of laser engraving of materials such as laminates is improved and enhanced by adding to the laminate a first effective amount of a first composition, the first composition being at least one of copper potassium iodide (CuKI3), copper iodide (CuI), Potassium Iodide (KI), Sodium Iodide (NaI), and Aluminum Iodide (AlI), and any combination thereof, together with a second effective amount of a second composition, the second composition being at least one of the following: zinc sulfide (ZnS), barium sulfide (BaS), alkyl sulfonate (e.g., RSO2Na or R—OSO2Na), and Thioester (e.g., substances containing —SH), and any combination thereof. The combination of the first composition and the second composition will hereinafter be referred to as the “inventive laser enhancing additive”. The components of the inventive laser enhancing additive, namely the component comprising at least one of copper potassium iodide (CuKI3) copper iodide (CuI), Potassium Iodide (KI), Sodium Iodide (NaI), and Aluminum Iodide (AlI), and the component comprising at least one of zinc sulfide (ZnS), barium sulfide (BaS), alkyl sulfonate (e.g., RSO2Na or R—OSO2Na), and Thioester, will sometimes be referred to as the “inventive laser enhancing additives”).
As those skilled in the art will appreciate, the effective amounts of the first and second compositions can vary depending on the material to which the inventive laser enhancing additive is added and on the laser engraving technique being employed. In at least one embodiment, the inventive laser enhancing additive includes equivalent amounts of the first and second compositions. In at least one embodiment, the inventive laser enhancing additive includes more of the second composition than the first composition. In at least one embodiment, the inventive laser enhancing additive includes more of the first composition than the second composition.
We have also found an advantageous embodiment of the invention wherein the laser enhancing additive comprises copper iodide (CuI), Potassium Iodide (KI), Sodium Iodide (NaI), Aluminum Iodide (AlI), together with Zinc Sulfide (ZnS).
In addition, we also have found advantageous embodiment of the invention wherein a first part of the inventive laser enhancing additive has been chemically analyzed to have the composition shown in Table 1, below, and a second part of the inventive laser enhancing additive has been chemically analyzed to have the composition shown in Table 2, below.
Note that although the above tables show relative concentrations of particular constituents that make up the additive, these tables do not necessarily represent their respective concentrations when the inventive laser enhancing additive is added to the host material. For example (as discussed further herein), referring to Table 3 in a given embodiment the respective concentrations of materials in the additive itself may be as follows:
However, the overall percentage of the additive in the host material (e.g., a laminate) in this illustrative embodiment is 0.06%. The respective breakdown of the percentages of constituent material in the laminate would thus have to be multiplied by 0.06%, as shown in Table 4 below:
The exact nature of the mechanism by which our various embodiments of the inventive laser enhancing additives work is not yet established. It is possible that the inventive laser enhancing additive increases the molecular activity within the laminate when the heat from the laser is applied, enabling the laminate to respond faster and/or more intensely to the laser energy. It also is possible that the additive increases the opacity of the laminate, enabling it to better respond to laser energy. It also is possible that the components of the inventive laser enhancing additive react with each other and/or with the host material to form black species within the host material.
Using the inventive laser enhancing additive, high quality images and other engravings can be formed on articles such as multi-layered ID documents at acceptable throughput rates by modifying the materials being engraved by adding the inventive laser enhancing additives to the material (or by coating the material with a coating containing the inventive laser enhancing additive, as discussed further in the second aspect of the invention). The inventive laser enhancing additive can not only make a material that is non-sensitive to laser radiation more sensitive to laser radiation, but also can reduce the laser engraving time as well. In addition, because the inventive laser enhancing additive can improve the responsiveness of the material being laser engraved to laser energy, high definition images, such as gray scale images (which can be used on identification documents), can be created with the laser engraving process. We have also found that in situations where a first material containing the laser enhancing additive is able to co-mingle or otherwise mix with a second material during processing (e.g., during application of heat and/or pressure), the responsiveness to laser energy of the second material is improved.
In at least one embodiment, use of any of the above laser enhancement formulations improves the quality of the laser engraving by increasing the contrast, (including at least dark colors on light backgrounds) that can occur when using a laser having a given power level. In at least some embodiments, the increased contrast resulting from use of one of the above-described laser enhancing additives may enable the laser engraving to be accomplished using a lower-power laser than would need to be used without user of the laser enhancing additive. It at least some embodiments, the increased sensitivity resulting from use of one of the above-described laser enhancing additives may reduce the time necessary to accomplish the laser engraving.
In accordance with at least some embodiments of the first aspect of the invention, any of the above-described inventive laser enhancing additives can be added to virtually any material (including all known thermoplastics and thermosets) to enhance the process of laser marking and/or laser engraving of either the material to which the inventive laser enhancing additive is added or any material disposed substantially adjacent thereto. Advantageously, the addition of the inventive laser enhancing additive enables whatever material(s) it has been added to be laser engraved with a grayscale image.
In accordance with another embodiment of the first aspect of the invention, a first part of the inventive laser enhancing additive (i.e., a part that contains an effective amount of at least one of CuI, KI, NaI, an AlI and all combinations thereof) can be added to a first layer of laminate and a second part of the inventive laser enhancing additive (i.e., a second part that contains an effective amount at least one of ZnS, BaS, alkyl sulfonate, and thioester and all combinations thereof) can be added to a second layer of laminate, wherein a single laser beam passes through both layers and enables the laser engraving of either or both layers. In accordance with still another embodiment of the first aspect invention, the inventive laser enhancing additive can be added to a core material that is laminated with a material that is transparent to laser radiation, wherein the core material also can be laser engraved.
In at least one advantageous embodiment, the inventive laser enhancing additive is added to core, laminate and/or over laminate materials used in the manufacture of identification documents, to improve the process of laser engraving or marking of the identification documents and to enable laser engraving of a grayscale image on the identification documents.
In another advantageous embodiment, the inventive laser enhancing additive is added to an image receptive layer (such as the image receiving layer described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,066,594), to make the image receptive layer a layer that can be imaged both with laser energy and with another printing method (e.g., D2T2 printing).
Note that the laser enhancing additives in accordance with the invention are usable for both materials that usually are not sensitive to laser radiation as well as materials that are already sensitive to laser radiation. The inventive laser enhancing additive can be present in a material, such as a laminate, at the same time that other compositions (e.g., other laser enhancing or absorbing additives, reinforcing fillers, antioxidants, flame retardants, stabilizers, plasticizers, lubricants, dispersants, and the like) are present in the same material and/or a separate layer of material. We also note that the presence of other materials (e.g., contaminants) within the additive, in small amounts, does not appear to negatively impact the laser enhancing function of the inventive laser enhancing additive. For example, in one embodiment, chemical analysis (see
Illustrative examples of laminate materials to which the inventive laser enhancing additive may be added include (but are not limited to) polyester, polycarbonate (PC), fused polycarbonate, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene, thermosets, thermoplastic and thermoplastic resins (including those that foam when heated), engineering thermoplastics (ETP), polyurethane, polyamides, expanded polypropylene (EPP), polypropylene, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), ABS/PC and ABS/PC products, high impact polystyrene (HIPS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), PET-G, PET-F, polybutylene terephthalate (PBS), acetal copolymer (POM), and polyetherimide (PEI), polymer, copolymer, polyester, amorphous polyester, polyolefin, silicon-filled polyolefin, TESLIN, foamed polypropylene film, polystyrene, polyacrylate, poly(4-vinylpyridine, poly(vinyl acetate), polyacrylonitrile, polymeric liquid crystal resin, polysulfone, polyether nitride, and polycaprolactone, as well as virtually any known plastic or polymer. Of course, it will be appreciated that embodiments of the invention have applicability for the laser engraving and/or marking of plastic materials used to make many different articles formed by virtually any known method, including molding and extruding.
In at least some embodiments, the resultant concentration of the inventive laser enhancing additive in the laminate, by weight, ranges from 0.001% to 0.1% by weight. Note that in at least some embodiments, the inventive laser enhancing additive is added at larger concentrations (e.g., from 0.1% to 100%). At concentrations larger than 0.1%, the inventive laser enhancing additive can still be used to enhance laser marking or engraving, but at possible sacrifice of some of the transparency of the laminating material (if, in fact, the laminating material is substantially transparent or translucent to begin with).
Advantageously, in at least one embodiment, the laser enhancing additive is about 0.06% by weight in the laminate. In another advantageous embodiment, the 0.06% by weight includes 0.03% by weight of at least one of CuI, CuKI3, KI, NaI, and AlI (and any combinations thereof), and 0.03% by weight of at least one of ZnS, BaS, alkyl sulfonate, and thioester (and any combinations thereof). Of course, those skilled in the art will appreciate that other concentration ranges for the laser enhancing formulations may be usable, especially when using opaque materials and colored materials. In addition, it will be appreciated that the proportions of the at least one of CuI, KI, NaI, AlI, and CuKI3 (and any combinations thereof) and of the at least one of ZnS, BaS, alkyl sulfonate, and thioester (and any combinations thereof) also can vary.
The concentration of the inventive laser enhancing additive that is usable with a given laminate is at least in part dependent on the properties of the laminate and the ultimate use, durability, environmental conditions, etc., to which the laminate is subject. It is possible that higher concentrations of the laser enhancing formulations in the laminate may affect one or more properties of the laminate, such as transparency, durability, malleability, opacity, rigidity, etc. Of course, appropriate quantities of the additives can be determined for a particular over-laminate application without undue experimentation. Additional factors may include engraving time and process, base over-laminate material or composition, and desired engraving quality.
It is contemplated that the inventive laser enhancing additive can be added to a laminate that is affixed (e.g., by adhesive, lamination, chemical reaction, etc.) to virtually any product, to enable the laminate to be laser engraved, especially with a grayscale image, thereby producing (especially if the laminate is substantially transparent or translucent) a laser engraving or marking on the laminate affixed to the article. Accordingly, we believe that the inventive laser enhancing laminate has applicability to the manufacture many different articles that can be laminated, including but not limited to identification documents, identification cards, credit cards, prepaid cards, phone cards, smart cards, contact cards, contactless cards, combination contact-contactless cards, proximity cards (e.g., radio frequency (RFID) cards), electronic components, tags, packaging, containers, building materials, construction materials, plumbing materials, automotive, aerospace, and military products, computers, recording media, labels, tools and tooling, medical devices, consumer products, and toys. Further, we contemplate that entire articles of manufacture could be formed wholly or partially using a material that contains the inventive laser enhancing additive and then laser engraved or marked.
The inventive laser enhancing additive can be added to the laminate in many different ways. The following technique describes the preparation and addition of the inventive laser enhancing additive to the laminate in accordance with one embodiment of the first aspect of the invention. By way of example only, the technique will be described in connection with an illustrative embodiment wherein the laminate comprises polycarbonate and the inventive laser enhancing additive comprises CuI, KI, NaI, and AlI and ZnS, but illustration of this particular formulation should not be viewed as limiting.
In this example, preparation of the inventive laser enhancing additive can be accomplished by using a twin screw extruder to create a highly concentrated polymer blend (so-called “masterbatch”) of the inventive laser enhancing additive. The masterbatch is created by combining the desired host material (e.g., polycarbonate) with the inventive laser enhancing additive, (e.g., ZnS and CuI, KI, NaI, and AlI). The host material and the inventive laser enhancing additive are dried prior to blending to minimize any degradation of each of the components. The following are illustrative examples of inventive laser enhancing additive preparations that can be utilized in at least some embodiments of the invention:
The above masterbatch formulations are taken and drawn down to the desired concentration using a single screw extruder to form a monolayer film. To reduce costs, a colayer can be made whereby sensitized material (i.e., material to which the inventive laser enhancing additive is added) is extruded against nonsensitive material. In one embodiment, the optimum concentration for marking of polycarbonate and maximizing optical properties is 0.06% by weight. Concentrations can be used up to 0.1% by weight; concentrations higher than 0.1% may cause visible reductions of the transparency of transparent materials. In one embodiment, more than one of the previously described inventive laser-enhancing additives can be used as an additive (e.g., ZnS and CuI, KI, NaI, and AlI, along with CuKI3 along with BaS and CuI), and other known laser-enhancing additives can also be combined with one or more of the previously described inventive laser-enhancing additives in the above techniques.
Of course, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the above examples of masterbatch formulations and materials are provided by way of example and are not limiting. For example, those skilled in the art will readily understand how the inventive laser enhancing additive can be adapted to work with acrylics, acetates, polystyrenes, urethanes, polyesters (aromatic and aliphatic), polyether nitrides, ABS and polyvinyl chloride, as well as the other laminate materials previously described.
After the film for the laminate is made, various known processes can be used to adapt it for use with the article being laser engraved or marked. In the example of an ID document to be laser engraved or marked, the following are illustrative exemplary embodiments for constructing an ID document using a film and/or laminate containing the inventive laser enhancing additive.
In this example, the core material 50 is 10 mils of a substantially opaque white laminate core, such as a TESLIN-based core. Prior to lamination, the core material 50 can be pre-printed to include an indicium 54A such as fixed or variable information or data. The pre-printing can include screen-printing, offset printing, laser or ink-jet printing, flexography printing, or the like. “Fixed” information may include non-individual dependent information, such as department or company information, state information, etc., etc. Variable information, or information that is unique to the ID document holder, can be printed, for example, via a color laser XEROGRAPHY process.
The fixed and/or variable information can also include one or more built in security features, as well, to help reduce identity fraud. For example, in one embodiment of the invention, portions of the ID document 10, including either or both of the core material 50 and/or the laminate 52, can include a security feature such as a security indicia or security pattern. The security pattern can be applied in an ordered arrangement having a tightly-printed pattern, i.e., having a plurality of finely-divided printed and unprinted areas in close proximity to one another. A tightly-printed pattern may, for example, appear as an often-repeated logo or design or a fine-line printed security pattern such is used in the printing of banknote paper, stock certificates and like and may take the form of filigree, guilloche or other fine-line printing. U.S. Pat. No. 4,653,775 provides an example of such security printing and is hereby incorporated by reference. Note that the laser engraving facilitated by the invention can be used to print a security indicia or security pattern.
In addition, the laser engraving facilitated by the invention can be used to add a digital watermark to any indicia printed (whether conventionally or by laser engraving) on any layer of the ID document 10. Digital watermarking is a process for modifying physical or electronic media to embed a machine-readable code therein. The media may be modified such that the embedded code is imperceptible or nearly imperceptible to the user, yet may be detected through an automated detection process. The code may be embedded, e.g., in a photograph, text, graphic, image, substrate or laminate texture, and/or a background pattern or tint of the photo-identification document. The code can even be conveyed through ultraviolet or infrared inks and dyes.
Digital watermarking systems typically have two primary components: an encoder that embeds the digital watermark in a host media signal, and a decoder that detects and reads the embedded digital watermark from a signal suspected of containing a digital watermark. The encoder embeds a digital watermark by altering a host media signal. To illustrate, if the host media signal includes a photograph, the digital watermark can be embedded in the photograph, and the embedded photograph can be printed on a photo-identification document. The decoding component analyzes a suspect signal to detect whether a digital watermark is present. In applications where the digital watermark encodes information (e.g., a unique identifier), the decoding component extracts this information from the detected digital watermark.
Several particular digital watermarking techniques have been developed. The reader is presumed to be familiar with the literature in this field. Particular techniques for embedding and detecting imperceptible watermarks in media are detailed, e.g., in Digimarc's U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/503,881 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,122,403. Techniques for embedding digital watermarks in identification documents are even further detailed, e.g., in Digimarc's U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 10/094,593, filed Mar. 6, 2002, and 10/170,223, filed Jun. 10, 2002, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/358,321, filed Feb. 19, 2002, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,841,886. Each of the above-mentioned U.S. Patent documents is herein incorporated by reference. Additionally, it is noted that the invention encompasses ID documents including more or less features than the illustrated ID document 10.
Referring again to
In at least some embodiments of the first aspect of the invention, usable laminates usable include those which contain substantially transparent polymers and/or substantially transparent adhesives, or which have substantially transparent polymers and/or substantially transparent adhesives as a part of their structure, e.g., as an extruded feature. The first laminate 52 can comprise a plurality of separate laminate layers, for example a boundary layer and/or a film layer. The first laminate 52 can comprise an optically clear durable plastic film, such as amorphous or biaxially oriented polyester. In at least some embodiments, the laminate need not be substantially transparent, but can be colored or opaque, so long as a grayscale image can be laser engraved onto it. Of course, the types and structures of the laminates described herein are provided only by way of example, those skilled in the art will appreciated that many different types of laminates are usable in accordance with the invention.
In at least some embodiments, the first laminate layers 52 can provide additional security features for the identification document 10. For example, the first laminate 52 may include a low cohesivity polymeric layer, an optically variable ink, an image printed in an ink which is readable in the infra-red or ultraviolet but is invisible in normal white light, an image printed in a fluorescent or phosphorescent ink, or any other available security feature which protects the document against tampering or counterfeiting, and which does not compromise the ability of the first laminate 52 to be laser engraved.
In at least one embodiment (not shown), the first laminate is formed into a pouch into which the core material 50 slips. With a pouch, methods such as heat, pressure, adhesives, and the like, are usable to bond the core material 50 to the first laminate 52 formed into a pouch. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that many known structures and configurations for laminating are usable with the invention.
Referring again to
When first laminate 52 is appropriately coupled to the core material 50, the ID document 10 is ready for laser engraving. In at least one embodiment, the laser engraving is used to personalize the ID document. In at least one embodiment, a usable laser for engraving is a neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser using both 3 Watt (W) (103 D) and 10 W (Powerline E) power outputs (a laser that is usable with at least one embodiment of the invention can be purchased from Rofin Baasel Lasertech of Boxborough, Mass.). The 10 W laser of this device uses a true grey scale marking software compared to the 3 W which does not. In at least one embodiment, the Nd:YAG laser emits light at a wavelength of about 1064 nanometers (nm).
Because the inventive laser enhancing additive improves the responsiveness of the first laminate 52 to the laser, the time to laser engrave a given area can be decreased as compare to the time to mark a given area in a laminate that does not have the inventive laser enhancing additive, when using the same laser”. In addition, the improvement in responsiveness can enable grayscale images, such as images with up to 256 different shades of gray, to be laser engraved into the laminate 52, especially when an Nd:Yag laser (including lamp pumped YAG lasers, diode pumped Nd:Yag lasers, and light pumped Nd:Yag lasers) is used. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the effective amount of the inventive laser enhancing additive used and the material in which it is used can be adapted to achieve similar improvements in laser engraving when using other types of lasers, such as, excimer lasers and CO2 lasers.
In addition, use of the inventive laser enhancing additive can improve the laser engraving of so-called “vector information” of an identification document. Vector information is non-captured information (such as logos) in an identification document and generally does not include so-called “pixel” information, which is information that is captured, such as signature images and/or photographic images. When the inventive laser enhancing additive is added to a material being laser engraved with vector information, it is possible to sufficiently sensitize the material such that the vector information can be engraved to achieve the “tactile feel” known in the art of laser engraving.
Referring again to
Although the embodiment of
For example,
It should be understood that although the example of
Referring again to
In at least one embodiment, the first laminate 52 can be made from a material that is inherently (i.e., even without the addition of the inventive laser enhancing additive or any portion thereof) more responsive to laser radiation than is the second laminate 55. In this embodiment, when a laser beam is directed through the second and first laminate layers 55, 52, the area in the first laminate 52 that is irradiated can “bubble up” to the second layer 55, to form a bond 68 between the first laminate 52, second laminate 55, and (optionally) the third layer.
In one embodiment, the ID document 10 of the embodiment of
The core material 50 and first laminate 52 are fused (e.g., using heat and pressure, such as by a platen press) together to form a structure 53, which helps to deter delaminating attempts. The structure 53 in this example is a solid PC ID document 10. Adjusting the time, temperature and pressure can help to bond the first laminate 52 to the polycarbonate core material 50. The second laminate 55 can be an overlaminate material.
In one experiment, we compared the engraving properties of an inventive fused polycarbonate structure, including a titanium dioxide filled polycarbonate core and polycarbonate over-laminates with ZnS and (CuI+KI+NaI+AlI) additives, against a Muhlbauer polycarbonate card. The comparison involved engraving a 0.75 by 1.0 inch photograph at 750 dpi. The Muhlbauer engraving required between 20 and 25 seconds, while the inventive fused polycarbonate structure required 11-15 seconds engraving time to achieve similar acceptable gray scale tones by adjusting the frequency of the laser.
The inventive laser enhancing additive also can be used in a laminate that has one or more additional laminate layers bonded over it. For example,
Although
We have found that the inventive laminates described herein may offer one or more advantages. For example, using the inventive laminates can enable the inventive laminates to be laser marked or engraved with usable grayscale images. In addition, using the inventive laminates can enable faster laser engraving or marking at lower laser power levels. Further, the laser engraving that is possible using the inventive laminates is durable, abrasion resistant, and environmentally friendly.
We anticipate that at least the following combinations, and others like them, can be useful embodiments of the first aspect of the invention:
1. A composition having laser engraving properties, comprising:
a host material; and
an effective amount of a laser enhancing additive, the laser enhancing additive comprising:
2. The composition as recited in 1 above, wherein the laser enhancing additive is present in an amount from about 0.001 to 100 percent by weight based on the total weight of the composition.
3. The composition as recited in 1 above wherein host material is substantially transparent and the laser enhancing additive is present in an amount from about 0.001 to 0.1 percent by weight based on the total weight of the composition.
4. The composition as recited in 1 above wherein the laser enhancing additive is present in an amount that is about 0.06 percent by weight based on the total weight of the composition.
5. The composition as recited in 4 above, wherein the first and second quantities each comprise about 0.03 percent by weight based on the total weight of the composition.
6. The composition as recited in 1 above wherein the first quantity and the second quantity are the same.
7. The composition as recited in 1 above wherein the first quantity is greater than the second quantity.
8. The composition as recited in 1 above wherein the first quantity is less than the second quantity.
9. The composition as recited in 1 above wherein the composition is laser engraveable by at least one of a diode pumped Nd:Yag laser, light pumped Nd:Yag laser, CO2 laser and excimer laser.
10. The composition as recited in 8 above wherein the composition is laser engraveable to form a grayscale image.
11. The composition as recited in 1 above wherein the host material comprises a material that is not, by itself, sufficiently sensitive to laser radiation to permit gray scale images to be laser engraved in the host material.
12. The composition as recited in 1 above wherein the host material comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of thermosetting material, thermoplastic, polymer, copolymer, polycarbonate, fused polycarbonate, polyester, amorphous polyester, polyolefin, silicon-filled polyolefin, TESLIN, foamed polypropylene film, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, thermoplastic resins, engineering thermoplastic, polyurethane, polyamide, polystyrene, expanded polypropylene, polypropylene, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), ABS/PC, high impact polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), PET-G, PET-F, polybutylene terephthalate PBT), acetal copolymer (POM), polyetherimide (PEI), polyacrylate, poly(4-vinylpyridine, poly(vinyl acetate), polyacrylonitrile, polymeric liquid crystal resin, polysulfone, polyether nitride, and polycaprolactone.
13. An article of manufacture capable of being laser engraved with a grayscale image, comprising:
a core layer having a first surface;
a first layer comprising a first host material, the first host material comprising an effective amount of a first laser enhancing additive comprising at least one of one of copper potassium iodide (CuKI3), Copper Iodide (CuI), Potassium Iodide (KI), Sodium Iodide (NaI), and Aluminum Iodide (AlI); and
a second layer comprising a second host material, the second layer oriented in relation to the first host material such that a single laser beam can penetrate both at least a portion of the first layer and at least a portion of the second layer, the second host material comprising an effective amount of a second laser enhancing additive, the second laser enhancing additive selected from the group consisting of zinc sulfide (ZnS), barium sulfide (BaS), alkyl sulfonate, and thioester;
wherein the first and second layers are operably coupled to each other and at least one of the first and second layers is operably coupled to the first surface of the core layer.
14. The article of manufacture as recited in 13 above, further comprising a grayscale image laser engraved into at least one of the first and second layers.
15. The article of manufacture recited in 13 above, wherein the article of manufacture is an identification document.
16. The article of manufacture of recited in 13 above, wherein the first layer is substantially transparent and the first laser enhancing additive is present in an amount from about 0.001 to 0.100 percent by weight based on the total weight of the first host material.
17. The article of manufacture recited in 13 above, wherein the second layer is substantially transparent and the second laser enhancing additive is present in an amount from about 0.001 to 1.00 percent by weight based on the total weight of the second host material.
18. The article of manufacture recited in 13 above wherein at least one of the first and second host materials comprises a material that is less sensitive to laser radiation than the other of the first and second host materials.
19. The article of manufacture recited in 13 above, wherein at least one of the first and second host materials comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of thermosetting material, thermoplastic, polymer, copolymer, polycarbonate, fused polycarbonate, polyester, amorphous polyester, polyolefin, silicon-filled polyolefin, foamed polypropylene film, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, thermoplastic resins, engineering thermoplastic, polyurethane, polyamide, polystyrene, expanded polypropylene, polypropylene, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), ABS/PC, high impact polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), PET-G, PET-F, polybutylene terephthalate PBT), acetal copolymer (POM), polyetherimide (PEI), polyacrylate, poly(4-vinylpyridine, poly(vinyl acetate), polyacrylonitrile, polymeric liquid crystal resin, polysulfone, polyether nitride, and polycaprolactone.
20. The article of manufacture recited in 13 above further comprising a third layer disposed between the first and second layers, the third layer comprising a material that permits transmission of a laser beam therethrough.
21. The article of manufacture recited in 13 above, wherein the first and second layers are substantially transparent.
22. The article of manufacture recited in 13 above, wherein the core layer is substantially opaque.
23. A method of engraving a material by exposing the material to laser radiation, comprising:
adding to the material an effective amount of a laser enhancing additive, the laser enhancing additive comprising:
exposing the material to laser radiation in a manner that causes the material to be engraved by the laser radiation.
24. The method recited in 23 above wherein the effective amount of the laser enhancing additive comprises 0.001% to 100% by weight of the material.
25. The method recited in 23 above wherein the material is substantially transparent and wherein the effective amount of the laser enhancing additive comprises 0.001% to 0.1% by weight of the material.
26. The method recited in 23 above further comprising laser engraving an indicium in grayscale in at least a portion of the material.
27. The method recited in 23 above further comprising using the laser engraved material in the manufacture of an identification document.
28. A method of laser engraving a gray scale image on an article having first and second layers, comprising:
adding to the first layer a first effective amount of least one of copper potassium iodide (CuKI3), Copper Iodide (CuI), Potassium Iodide (KI), Sodium Iodide (NaI), and Aluminum Iodide (AlI);
adding to the second layer a second effective amount of at least one substance selected from the group consisting of zinc sulfide (ZnS), barium sulfide (BaS), alkyl sulfonate, and thioester; and
directing a laser beam so that it passes through at least a portion of the first layer and at least a portion of the second layer to form a grayscale image in at least one of the first and second layers.
29. The method recited in 23 above, further comprising:
directing a laser beam so that it that it passes through at least a portion of the first layer and at least a portion of the second layer such that the first and second layers become affixed to each other.
30. The method recited in 28 above wherein the first effective amount and the second effective amount together comprise about 0.001 to 0.1 percent by weight of the total weight of the first and second layers.
31. The method recited in 28 above further comprising using the material in the manufacture of an identification document.
32. A multilayer identification document, comprising:
a core layer;
a film layer overlaying at least a portion of the core layer and affixed to the portion of the core layer, the film layer comprising an additive that comprises:
33. The identification document recited in 32 above, wherein the identification document bears a first indicium thereon, the indicia obtained by exposing the film layer to a laser beam.
34. The identification document recited in 33 above, wherein the indicia comprises at least one of a gray scale image, photograph, text, tactile text, graphics, information, security pattern, security indicia, and digital watermark.
35. The identification document recited in 33 above wherein the first indicium comprises variable information.
36. The identification document recited in 32 above, wherein the film layer is substantially transparent and wherein the additive comprises about 0.001 to 0.10 percent by weight of the film layer.
37. The identification document recited in 36 above, wherein the film layer further comprises:
a first sub layer comprising an effective amount of least one of copper potassium iodide (CuKI3), Copper Iodide (CuI), Potassium Iodide (IU), Sodium Iodide (NaI), and Aluminum Iodide (AlI); and
a second sub layer comprising an effective amount of at least one substance selected from the group consisting of zinc sulfide (ZnS), barium sulfide (BaS), alkyl sulfonate, and thioester.
38. A process for making an identification document, comprising:
overlaying at least a portion of a core layer with a film layer, the film layer comprising:
39. The process recited in 38 above, further comprising directing a laser beam to at least a portion of the film layer to produce a first grayscale indicium in the portion of the film layer.
In a second aspect of the invention, the above-described inventive laser enhancing additive can be added to a coating on a at least a portion of a surface to be laser engraved or marked, to help to overcome the problem that the material being laser engraved or marked is responsive to laser engraving and/or is not responsive enough to be capable of having grayscale images laser engraved thereon. We have found that the ability to laser engrave at least some materials can be improved and/or the time to laser engrave at least some materials can be reduced, by coating the area of the given material to be engraved with a coating that contains the inventive laser enhancing additive. Note also that the coating containing the inventive laser enhancing additive can be applied to a laminate or another coating. We also have found that the compounds that make up the inventive laser sensitive additives described herein can be divided over two or more coatings, or a coating and a laminate, to provide improved laser engraving performance.
A least one embodiment of the second aspect of the invention is based on the surprising discovery that the process of laser engraving of materials, especially materials used in the manufacture of identification documents, is improved and enhanced by coating the area of the material to be engraved with a coating that includes a first effective amount of a first composition, the first composition being at least one of copper potassium iodide (CuKI3), copper iodide (CuI), Potassium Iodide (KI), Sodium Iodide (NaI), and Aluminum Iodide (AlI) (and any combination thereof) together with a second effective amount of a second composition, the second composition being at least one of the following: zinc sulfide (ZnS), barium sulfide (BaS), alkyl sulfonate (e.g., RSO2Na or R—OSO2Na), and Thioester (e.g., substances containing —SH) (and any combination thereof). As with the first aspect of the invention, the combination of at least one of CuI, KI, NaI, AlI (and any combination thereof), and CuKI3 together with at least one of ZnS, BaS, alkyl sulfonate, and thioester (and any combination thereof) continues to be referred to as the “inventive laser enhancing additive”.
In at least some embodiments, the resultant concentration of the inventive laser enhancing additive in the coating, by weight, ranges from 0.001% to 0.1% by weight. In at least some embodiments, the inventive laser enhancing additive is added at larger concentrations (e.g., from 0.1% to 100%). At concentrations larger than 0.1%, the inventive laser enhancing additive can still be used to enhance laser marking or engraving of an article or surface being coated, but at possible sacrifice of some of the transparency of the coating (if, in fact, the coating is substantially transparent or translucent to begin with). Advantageously, in at least one embodiment, the laser enhancing additive is about 0.06% by weight in the coating. In another advantageous embodiment, the 0.06% by weight includes 0.03% by weight of at least one of CuI, KI, NaI, AlI, and CuKI3 (and any combination thereof) and 0.03% by weight of at least one of ZnS, BaS, alkyl sulfonate, and thioester (and any combination thereof).
We further note that the previous examples and concentrations discussed in connection with
Of course, those skilled in the art will appreciate that other concentration ranges for the laser enhancing formulations may be usable, especially when the coating is applied to opaque materials and colored materials. In addition, it will be appreciated that the proportions of the at least one of CuI, KI, NaI, AlI, and CuKI3 can vary, as can proportions of the at least one of ZnS, BaS, alkyl sulfonate, and thioester also can vary. That is, a given composition could have, for example (using for purely illustrative purposes the example of a composition containing CuI and BaS), equal amounts of CuI and BaS, or 3 parts CuI to 5 parts BaS, 2 parts CuI to 1 part BaS, etc. We expect that those skilled in the art will be able to determine optimum proportions without undue experimentation. In addition, we note that at least one advantageous compound that we have tested uses the two sub compositions (e.g., the CuI and BaS, in this example) in equal proportions.
The concentration of the inventive laser enhancing additive that is usable with a given coating is at least in part dependent on the properties of the coating (especially the binder material in the coating) laminate and the ultimate use, durability, environmental conditions, etc., to which the coating is subject. It is possible that higher concentrations of the laser enhancing formulations in the coating may affect one or more properties of the coating, such as transparency, durability, malleability, opacity, rigidity, etc. Of course, appropriate quantities of the additives can be determined for a particular coating application without undue experimentation. Additional factors may include engraving time and process and desired engraving quality.
It is contemplated that the inventive laser enhancing additive can be added to a coating that is applied (by virtually any known method) to virtually any surface, article, or product, to enable the surface, article, or product to be laser engraved, especially with a high quality grayscale image. Accordingly, we believe that the inventive laser enhancing laminate has applicability to the manufacture many different articles that can be coated, including but not limited to identification documents, identification cards, credit cards, prepaid cards, phone cards, smart cards, contact cards, contactless cards, combination contact-contactless cards, proximity cards (e.g., radio frequency (RFID) cards), electronic components, tags, packaging, containers, building materials, construction materials, plumbing materials, automotive, aerospace, and military products, computers, recording media, labels, tools and tooling, medical devices, consumer products, and toys. Further, we contemplate that entire articles of manufacture could be formed wholly or partially using a coating material that contains the inventive laser enhancing additive and then laser engraved or marked.
As those skilled in the art will appreciate, the effective amounts of the first and second compositions that are added to the coating can vary depending on the type of coating (e.g., the binder material and/or other additives present in the coating), the material being coated, and on the laser engraving technique being employed. In at least one embodiment, the inventive laser enhancing additive in the coating includes equivalent amounts of the first and second compositions described above. In at least one embodiment, the coating includes more of the second composition than the first composition. In at least one embodiment, the coating includes more of the first composition than the second composition.
As those skilled in the art also will appreciate, the inventive laser enhancing additive can be added to many different types of coatings, including organic coatings and aqueous coatings, substantially transparent coatings and non-transparent coatings. In addition, in at least some embodiments, the coating containing the inventive laser enhancing additive can further comprise a binder, which can be, for example, latex, emulsion, a thermoset binder or a thermoplastic binder. Illustrative examples of binder materials which we have found to be usable include resins, polyesters, polycarbonates, vinyls, acrylates, urethanes, and cellulose based materials. We anticipate that those skilled in the art will readily be able to formulate coatings containing the inventive laser enhancing additive using many other binder materials, such as lacquer, varnish, latex, acrylic, epoxy resins, nitrocellulose, alkyd resins, melamine formaldehyde, polyamides, silicone, and polyvinyl butyral. Those skilled in the art also will appreciate that virtually any resin able to be formed into a coating could be used with the invention. Of course, a coating containing the inventive laser enhancing additive can also include other additives known in the art, such as colorants (e.g., pigments or dyes), stabilizers, lubricants, adhesion promoting agents, toners, surfactants, anti-static agents, thickeners, thixotropic agents, and the like.
By applying a coating containing the inventive laser enhancing additive (also referred to herein as the “inventive coating”) to a surface of a material to be laser engraved, we have found that we can form high quality images and other engravings on articles such as multi-layered ID documents, at acceptable throughput rates. The high quality images can include both grayscale laser engraved images (as described herein) and full color laser engraved images (which are more particularly described in applicants' commonly assigned U.S. patent application, application Ser. No. 10/330,034, entitled “Systems, Compositions, and Methods for Full Color Laser Engraving of ID Documents,” attorney docket no. P0734D, filed Dec. 24, 2002). Further, we anticipate that the inventive coating can be applied to virtually any part of the surface of any article where laser marking, especially laser engraving of grayscale images, is desired. The entire article or surface need not be coated.
We believe that the laser engraving or marking of various articles, including but not limited to identification documents, identification cards, credit cards, prepaid cards, phone cards, smart cards, contact cards, contactless cards, combination contact-contactless cards, proximity cards (e.g., radio frequency (RFID) cards), electronic components, tags, packaging, containers, building materials, construction materials, plumbing materials, automotive, aerospace, and military products, computers, recording media, labels, tools and tooling, medical devices, consumer products, toys, etc., can be improved by coating the surface of the article to be engraved with the inventive coating. This improvement can be achieved on articles whose surface is a laminate to be laser engraved. In addition, the inventive coating, as contemplated herein, can be applied over other coatings (or materials) that cover the surface of an article to be laser engraved or marked, so long as the “intervening” materials between the surface being laser engraved or marked and the inventive coating are transparent to laser radiation.
In at least one embodiment, the inventive coating is used to improve the manufacture of an identification document, such as the identification document 10 shown in
In one embodiment, the inventive coating is applied to an identification document and the issuing authority for the identification document (e.g., a state's DMV, a passport authority, etc.) can be involved with the design layout, creating unique coating patterns for the document's core. The coating layout can be held secret, further enhancing the security of the document, while creating obstacles for the counterfeiter. Changing the coating materials (e.g., the binder) or additive concentration or adhesive will alter the coating placement and response, creating even further obstacles for the counterfeiter and may make one or more portions of the identification document impossible to engrave with a usable indicia and difficult to duplicate.
Note also that use of the inventive coating described herein may provide at least some of the same advantages (especially in the production of grayscale images) previously described in connection with use of the inventive laser enhancing laminate, and they are not repeated here. Further, the lasers previously described in connection with the first aspect of the invention are similarly usable in this second aspect of the invention, and their description is not repeated here.
In another embodiment of the invention (illustrated further herein in connection with
For example, assume that a layer that is optically “closer” to the laser beam (e.g., a top layer) has a first concentration of the inventive laser enhancing additives and a second layer that is optically more distant (e.g., a layer below the top layer) has a second, higher concentration of the inventive laser enhancing additives. When these two layers are laser engraved, the bottom layer will have a visible laser engraved image (e.g., a grayscale image) and the top layer will have a so-called “latent” laser engraved image that can be fainter but still visually perceptible to the naked human eye. It also is contemplated that the either of the two layers could contain colorants (e.g., both visible and non visible (e.g., IR, UV) colorants that further differentiate between the visible laser engraved image and the latent laser engraved image.
By “optically adjacent”, it is meant that a laser can pass through from one layer (e.g., a laminate) to another layer (e.g., a second laminate or a core layer or layer having a coating thereon), such that both layers can be laser engraved by the same laser beam at substantially the same time. Two layers that are optically adjacent need not be literally adjacent, although they can be. The two layers can be directly adjacent (e.g., two layers that are fused together), or can be separated by a material that permits the laser beam to pass therethrough but does not itself necessarily have to react to the laser beam. As an example, for optical adjacency, the two layers can be separated by an adhesive that permits laser light to pass therethrough), or can be separated by another type of layer (e.g., a thin film layer) that permits laser light to pass through).
By “dividing the laser enhancing additive”, at least any one or more of the following embodiments is included:
(a) the entire additive in the entire desired concentration, e.g. 0.06% by weight, is divided between two optically adjacent layers, for example 0.03% in a first layer of laminate and 0.03% in a coating applied to a second laminate that is optically adjacent to the first laminate, or 0.06% by weight in one layer comprising a coating and 0.03% by weight in another layer comprising a coating); or
(b) a first component of the inventive laser enhancing additive is provided in a first layer (the “first component” is one of the two components in the inventive laser enhancing additive, either the component comprising at least one of copper iodide, copper potassium iodide, potassium iodide, sodium iodide, and aluminum iodide (and any combination thereof) or the component comprising at least one of zinc sulfide, barium sulfide, alkyl sulfonate, and thioester (and any combination thereof)) and a second component of the inventive laser enhancing additive (e.g., the other of the two components in the inventive laser enhancing additive) is provided in another layer that is optically adjacent to the first layer; or
(c) Each of the constituents of the inventive laser enhancing additive (e.g., copper, potassium, iodine, etc.) can be present in a separate layer of coating and/or laminate, where the respective layers are either adjacent or separated by one or more layers of material (e.g., another laminate or an adhesive) that is transparent to laser radiation. When a laser beam is directed such that it passes through all of the layers containing a constituent of the inventive laser enhancing additive, the combined action of the constituents enable laser engraving to occur in at least one of the respective layers. The constituents also can be combined with one or more other constituents, in different layers, in this manner. For example, an effective amount of copper iodide and sodium iodide can be present in a coating applied to an article and an effective amount of zinc sulfide and potassium iodide can be present in a laminate applied over the coating, and an effective amount of aluminum iodide can be present in a coating that is then applied over that laminate. This example is not, of course, limiting; those skilled in the art will appreciate that there are many different ways to combine and/or separate the constituents of the inventive laser enhancing additive into one or more layers of coatings and/or laminates.
For any of (a), (b), and (c), above, the layers can be, for example:
(i) a plurality of laminates
(ii) a plurality of coatings applied to a given laminate;
(iii) a plurality of coatings applied to a given coating;
(iv) a mixture of a plurality of laminates and/or a plurality of coatings
(v) a core layer with a one or more coatings and one or more laminates coupled to the core layer;
(vi) at least on layer of laminate and at least one layer of coating applied over the at least one layer of laminate;
(vii) at least a first laminate with a coating coupled to at least a second laminate with a coating.
Finally, in another aspect of the invention, we have made the surprising discovery, however, that the LAZERFLAIR pigment can be added to a coating (in a similar manner as adding the above described inventive laser enhancing additive to a coating) to enable the laser engraving or marking of grayscale indicia on the article. It is known that the LAZERFLAIR pigment is a laser enhancing additive when added to the actual material to be engraved (see, e.g., the Internet web page http://www.empigments.com/LazerFlair.cfm) such that contrast can be improved. Our testing has shown, however, that LAZERFLAIR also can be added to a coating to improve the laser engraving of an article (e.g., a core layer in an identification document) to which the coating is applied. The LAZERFLAIR additive is available from EM Pigments (EM Pigments can be contacted through 7 Skyline Drive, Hawthorne, N.Y. 10532 USA)
Embodiments of the inventive coating can be prepared in any customary manner known to those skilled in the art. For example, in one embodiment where the inventive coating comprises an organic polymeric binder, copper potassium iodide, and zinc sulfide, the copper potassium iodide and zinc sulfide can be mixed into the organic polymeric binder during mixing using a blender; the additive can be ground using, for example, a ball mill to reduce particle size.
In another embodiment, the inventive laser enhancing additive can be added to the coating as part of a masterbatch, such as was described previously for the inventive laser enhancing additives that were added to laminates. For example, a masterbatch containing 0.03% by weight of at least one of copper potassium iodide, copper iodide, potassium iodide, sodium iodide, and aluminum iodide and 0.03% by weight of zinc sulfide can be produced and mixed with orgy, each of the two compounds.
Although at least one advantageous embodiment of the invention uses a coating that is a liquid form when applied to the ID document, use of a liquid coating is not necessary. For example, those skilled in the art can, without undue experimentation, use the inventive laser enhancing additive in a coating that is applied in a non-liquid form (e.g., solid or powder that liquefies upon heating).
In
Another anti-fraud advantage can be seen in the embodiment of
In
The inventive coating 70 can be applied to the surface 67 by any known method (e.g., by offset, flexography, screen-printing, spraying, dipping, immersion, brushing, rolling, masking desired coating areas, etc.). The thickness of the coating 70 is dependent on the article being coated, but can range from about 0.01 microns to about 50 microns for ID documents such as ID cards. It will be appreciated that other articles being laser engraved may require or use coatings having different thicknesses.
Although
We have found that the inventive coatings described herein may offer one or more advantages. For example, using the inventive coatings can enable the materials being coated to be laser marked or engraved with usable grayscale images. In addition, using the inventive coatings can enable faster laser engraving or marking, at lower laser power levels. Also, the inventive coatings can be selectively applied to articles such as identification documents to increase security and deter fraud. Further, the laser engraving that is possible using the inventive coatings is durable, abrasion resistant, and environmentally friendly.
We anticipate that at least the following combinations, and others like them, can be useful embodiments of the second aspect of the invention:
1. A coating having laser engraving properties, comprising:
a liquid carrier material; and
an effective amount of a laser enhancing additive, the laser enhancing additive comprising:
2. The coating recited in 1 above wherein the laser enhancing additive is present in an amount from about 0.001 to 100 percent by weight based on the total weight of the composition.
3. The coating recited in 1 above wherein the liquid carrier material is substantially transparent and the laser enhancing additive is present in an amount from about 0.001 to 0.1 percent by weight based on the total weight of the composition.
4. The coating recited in 1 above wherein the laser enhancing additive is present in an amount that is about 0.06 percent by weight based on the total weight of the composition.
5. The coating recited in 4 above, wherein the first and second quantities each comprise about 0.03 percent by weight based on the total weight of the composition.
6. The coating recited in 1 above wherein the first quantity and the second quantity are the same.
7. The coating recited in 1 above wherein the first quantity is greater than the second quantity.
8. The coating recited in 1 above wherein the first quantity is less than the second quantity.
9. The coating recited in 1 above wherein a substrate coated with the coating is laser engraveable by at least one of a diode pumped Nd:Yag laser, light pumped Nd:Yag laser, CO2 laser and excimer laser.
10. The coating recited in 1 above wherein the liquid carrier material comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of resins, polyesters, polycarbonates, vinyls, acrylates, urethanes, and cellulose based materials, thermosetting material, thermoplastic, polymer, copolymer, polycarbonate, fused polycarbonate, polyester, amorphous polyester, polyolefin, silicon-filled polyolefin, TESLIN, foamed polypropylene film, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, thermoplastic resins, engineering thermoplastic, polyurethane, polyamide, polystyrene, expanded polypropylene, polypropylene, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), ABS/PC, high impact polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), PET-G, PET-F, polybutylene terephthalate PBT), acetal copolymer (POM), polyetherimide (PEI), polyacrylate, poly(4-vinylpyridine, poly(vinyl acetate), polyacrylonitrile, polymeric liquid crystal resin, polysulfone, polyether nitride, and polycaprolactone.
11. A substrate capable of being laser engraved with a grayscale indicia, comprising:
a core layer having a first surface; and
a coating applied to at least a first area of the first surface, the coating comprising:
wherein laser energy directed at the first area of the core layer is capable of forming a grayscale indicium therein.
12. A substrate capable of being laser engraved with a grayscale indicia, comprising:
a core layer having a first surface;
a first coating applied to at least a first area of the first surface, the first coating comprising an effective amount of a first laser enhancing additive comprising at least one of one of copper potassium iodide (CuKI3), copper iodide (CuI), potassium iodide (KI), sodium iodide (NaI), and aluminum iodide (AlI); and
a second coating applied to at least a second area of the core layer, the second coating comprising an effective amount of a second laser enhancing additive, the second laser enhancing additive selected from the group consisting of zinc sulfide (ZnS), barium sulfide (BaS), alkyl sulfonate, and thioester;
the first and second areas at least partially overlapping on the core layer to define a third area on the core layer;
wherein laser energy directed at the third area of the core layer is capable of forming a grayscale indicium therein.
13. A method of producing an identification document, comprising:
providing a core including a top surface and a bottom surface; and
coating at least a portion of the top surface with a laser sensitive additive, the laser sensitive additive comprising:
14. The method recited in 13 above further comprising laminating at least the top surface of the core with a laminate.
15. The method recited in 13 above further comprising directing a laser beam so that it passes through at least a portion of the coating and reaches the core layer to form a grayscale indicium on the core layer.
16. The method recited in 13 above, wherein the core comprises at least one of TESLIN, polycarbonate, polyester, and polyvinyl chloride.
17. The method of recited in 13 above wherein the coating comprises Copper Iodide (CuI) potassium iodide (KI), sodium iodide (NaI), and aluminum iodide (AlI).
In a third aspect of the invention, the invention utilizes the inventive laser enhancing laminate (or components thereof) in more than one layer on the identification document. Several embodiments of this aspect already have been presented above in the first and second aspects of the invention. Still another embodiment of this aspect is provided below.
In the embodiment of
The latent indicia 82, 84 can be advantageous as a security feature because a counterfeiter may remove the middle laminate 78 in an attempt to alter information in the middle laminate 78, but the information will still be present on the core layer 50 that has the first coating 76. Similarly, a counterfeiter may attempt to remove then replace the middle laminate 78, in order to alter information on the core layer 78, but the latent indicia 82, 84 will still be present and visible in the middle laminate 78. As those skilled in the art will appreciate, the type and placement of an indicia is formed on the core layer 50 depends on the particular type of laser used the manner in which the laser is used (e.g., pumped), and the duration of the application of laser energy.
It should be understood that although the example of
Depending on the availability of lasers, identification documents manufactured in accordance with the invention can be produced in both over the counter and central issue environments. One example of a printing device that may be usable for at least some over the counter embodiments of the invention is the DATACARD DCL30 Desktop Card Laser Personalization System, available from Datacard Group of Minnetonka, Minn.
In one embodiment, following lamination and laser engraving, the ID document 10 is cooled and is cut (e.g., by die-cutting) to a predetermined size. In at least one embodiment, however, the substrate and laminate can be sized such that cutting the laminated printed substrate is not necessary.
The identification document 10 of the invention may be manufactured in any desired size. For example, identification documents can range in size from standard business card size (47.6.times.85.7 mm) up to identification booklet documents (127.times.177.8 mm), and can have thicknesses in the range of from about 0.3 to about 1.3 mm. At least some identification documents produced in accordance with embodiments of the invention conform to all the requirements of ISO 7810, 1985 and will thus be of the CR-80 size, 85.47-85.73 mm wide, 53.92-54.03 mm high and 0.69-0.84 mm thick. The corners of such CR-80 documents are rounded with a radius of 2.88-3.48 mm.
In addition, while the preferred embodiments have been described with reference to cyan, magenta and yellow dyes, the present invention is not so limited. The present invention can include addition color, alternative color schemes and even spot colors. Also, while the present invention has been described with reference to NIR, the inventive technique can be expanded to include dyes responsive in the ultra-violet spectrum and other IR ranges.
Further, while some of the examples above are disclosed with specific core components (e.g., TESLIN), we note that our inventive compositions, methods, articles, features, and processes can be applied to other core-based identification documents as well, including those documents manufactured from other materials. For example, where an embodiment has shown polycarbonate or polyester as an example over-laminate, those skilled in the art will appreciate that many other over laminate materials can be used as well.
We specifically contemplate that embodiments of the invention described herein will be usable and can be combined with at least some of the card structures disclosed in many of our previous patent applications, including at least commonly assigned patent application Ser. No. 60/471,429 entitled “Identification Document” (especially card structures that include polycarbonate) and in commonly assigned patent application Ser. No. 60/500,204, entitled “Identification Document with Optical Memory and Related Method of Manufacture”. The contents of these patent documents are incorporated by reference in their entirety.
We also specifically contemplate that embodiments of the invention described herein will be usable and can be combined with the teachings of commonly assigned patent application Ser. No. 10/330,034, entitled “Systems, Compositions, and Methods for Full Color Laser Engraving of ID Documents”.
We further specifically contemplate that embodiments of the invention described herein will be usable and can be combined with the teachings of a commonly assigned patent application filed on Sep. 15, 2003, entitled “Enhanced Shadow Reduction System and Related Technologies for Digital Image Capture”, Attorney Docket No. P0883D.
The inventive coatings described herein may be used to sensitize other core components as well. Also, we note that the coating can be applied to both a document core and to an over-laminate, and that the laser engraving can be preformed in both (or either) the core and over-laminate.
To provide a comprehensive disclosure without unduly lengthening the specification, applicants herein incorporate by reference each of the patent documents referenced previously, along with U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,022,905, 5,298,922, 5,294,774, 4,652,722, 5,824,715 and 5,633,119, and U.S. patent Ser. Nos. 09/747,735 (filed Dec. 22, 2000) and 09/969,200 (filed Oct. 2, 2001).
Having described and illustrated the principles of the technology with reference to specific implementations, it will be recognized that the technology can be implemented in many other, different, forms.
Although certain words, languages, phrases, terminology, and product brands have been used herein to describe the various features of the embodiments of the invention, their use is not intended as limiting. Use of a given word, phrase, language, terminology, or product brand is intended to include all grammatical, literal, scientific, technical, and functional equivalents. The terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and not limitation.
The technology disclosed herein can be used in combination with other technologies. Examples include the technology detailed in the following applications, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference: 09/747,735 (filed Dec. 22, 2000), 09/969,200 (filed Oct. 2, 2001). Also, instead of ID documents, the inventive techniques can be employed with product tags, product packaging, business cards, bags, charts, maps, labels, etc., etc., particularly those items including engraving of an over-laminate structure. The term ID document is broadly defined herein to include these tags, labels, packaging, cards, etc. In addition, while some of the examples above are disclosed with specific core components, it is noted that-laminates can be sensitized for use with other core components.
To provide a comprehensive disclosure without unduly lengthening the specification, applicant hereby incorporates by reference each of the patents and patent applications referenced above.
The particular combinations of elements and features in the above-detailed embodiments are exemplary only; the interchanging and substitution of these teachings with other teachings in this and the incorporated-by-reference patents/applications are also expressly contemplated. As those skilled in the art will recognize, variations, modifications, and other implementations of what is described herein can occur to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit and the scope of the invention as claimed. Accordingly, the foregoing description is by way of example only and is not intended as limiting. The invention's scope is defined in the following claims and the equivalents thereto.
The present application is a continuation of Ser. No. 10/677,092, filed Sep. 30, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,728,047 which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 10/326,886, filed Dec. 20, 2002 now abandoned and claims priority to 60/471,429, filed May 16, 2003 and claims priority to 60/500,204, filed Sep. 3, 2003, and claims priority to 60/504,352, filed Sep. 19, 2003, the contents of which are incorporated hereby by reference in their entirety: The present application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 09/747,735, filed Dec. 22, 2000, 09/602,313, filed Jun. 23, 2000, and 10/094,593, filed Mar. 6, 2002, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/358,321, filed Feb. 19, 2002, as well as U.S. Pat. No. 6,066,594. Each of the above U.S. Patent documents is herein incorporated by reference. The present application also is related to the following U.S. patent application documents: Systems, Compositions, and Methods for Full Color Laser Engraving of ID Documents (application Ser. No. 10/330,034, filed Dec. 24, 2002—Inventor Robert Jones);Laser Etched Security Features for Identification Documents and Methods of Making Same (application Ser. No. 10/330,033, filed Dec. 24, 2002—Inventors George Theodossiou and Robert Jones);Identification Document and Related Methods (Application No. 60/421,254, Inventors: Geoff Rhoads, et al);Identification Document and Related Methods (Application No. 60/418,762, Inventors: Geoff Rhoads, et al);Enhanced Shadow Reduction System and Related Technologies for Digital Image Capture (Application No. 60/447,502, filed Feb. 13, 2003—Inventors Scott D. Haigh, Tuan A. Hoang, Charles R. Duggan, David Bohaker, and Leo M. Kenen);Enhanced Shadow Reduction System and Related Technologies for Digital Image Capture (application Ser. No. 10/663,439, filed Sep. 15, 2003—Inventors Scott D. Haigh, Tuan A. Hoang, Charles R. Duggan, David Bohaker, and Leo M. Kenen);
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3153166 | Thorton, Jr. et al. | Oct 1964 | A |
| 3413171 | Hannon | Nov 1968 | A |
| 3569619 | Simjian | Mar 1971 | A |
| 3571957 | Cumming et al. | Mar 1971 | A |
| 3582439 | Thomas | Jun 1971 | A |
| 3601913 | Pollock | Aug 1971 | A |
| 3614839 | Thomas | Oct 1971 | A |
| 3647275 | Ward | Mar 1972 | A |
| 3665162 | Yamamoto et al. | May 1972 | A |
| 3703628 | Philipson, Jr. | Nov 1972 | A |
| 3737226 | Shank | Jun 1973 | A |
| 3758970 | Annenberg | Sep 1973 | A |
| 3802101 | Scantlin | Apr 1974 | A |
| 3805238 | Rothfjell | Apr 1974 | A |
| 3838444 | Loughlin et al. | Sep 1974 | A |
| 3845391 | Crosby | Oct 1974 | A |
| 3860558 | Klemchuk | Jan 1975 | A |
| 3914877 | Hines | Oct 1975 | A |
| 3922074 | Ikegami et al. | Nov 1975 | A |
| 3975291 | Claussen et al. | Aug 1976 | A |
| 3984624 | Waggener | Oct 1976 | A |
| 4035740 | Schafer et al. | Jul 1977 | A |
| 4051374 | Drexhage et al. | Sep 1977 | A |
| 4069487 | Kasai et al. | Jan 1978 | A |
| 4072911 | Walther et al. | Feb 1978 | A |
| 4096015 | Kawamata et al. | Jun 1978 | A |
| 4097279 | Whitehead | Jun 1978 | A |
| 4100509 | Walther et al. | Jul 1978 | A |
| 4119361 | Greenaway | Oct 1978 | A |
| 4131337 | Moraw et al. | Dec 1978 | A |
| 4171766 | Ruell | Oct 1979 | A |
| 4179686 | Bonicalzi et al. | Dec 1979 | A |
| 4225967 | Miwa et al. | Sep 1980 | A |
| 4230990 | Lert, Jr. et al. | Oct 1980 | A |
| 4231113 | Blasbalg | Oct 1980 | A |
| 4238849 | Gassmann | Dec 1980 | A |
| 4252995 | Schmidt et al. | Feb 1981 | A |
| 4256900 | Raue | Mar 1981 | A |
| 4270130 | Houle et al. | May 1981 | A |
| 4271395 | Brinkmann et al. | Jun 1981 | A |
| 4274062 | Brinkmann et al. | Jun 1981 | A |
| 4289957 | Neyroud et al. | Sep 1981 | A |
| 4301091 | Schieder et al. | Nov 1981 | A |
| 4304809 | Moraw et al. | Dec 1981 | A |
| 4313197 | Maxemchuk | Jan 1982 | A |
| 4313984 | Moraw et al. | Feb 1982 | A |
| 4317782 | Eckstein et al. | Mar 1982 | A |
| 4324421 | Moraw et al. | Apr 1982 | A |
| 4326066 | Eckstein et al. | Apr 1982 | A |
| 4338258 | Brinkwerth et al. | Jul 1982 | A |
| 4356052 | Moraw et al. | Oct 1982 | A |
| 4367488 | Leventer et al. | Jan 1983 | A |
| 4379947 | Warner | Apr 1983 | A |
| 4380027 | Leventer et al. | Apr 1983 | A |
| 4384973 | Harnisch | May 1983 | A |
| 4395600 | Lundy et al. | Jul 1983 | A |
| 4425642 | Moses et al. | Jan 1984 | A |
| 4450024 | Haghiri-Tehrani et al. | May 1984 | A |
| 4467209 | Maurer et al. | Aug 1984 | A |
| 4468468 | Benninghoven et al. | Aug 1984 | A |
| 4476468 | Goldman | Oct 1984 | A |
| 4506148 | Berthold et al. | Mar 1985 | A |
| 4507346 | Maurer et al. | Mar 1985 | A |
| 4510311 | Eckstein | Apr 1985 | A |
| 4523508 | Mayer et al. | Jun 1985 | A |
| 4523777 | Holbein et al. | Jun 1985 | A |
| 4527059 | Benninghoven et al. | Jul 1985 | A |
| 4528588 | Lofberg | Jul 1985 | A |
| 4529992 | Ishida et al. | Jul 1985 | A |
| 4532508 | Ruell | Jul 1985 | A |
| 4536013 | Haghiri-Therani et al. | Aug 1985 | A |
| 4544181 | Maurer et al. | Oct 1985 | A |
| 4547804 | Greenberg | Oct 1985 | A |
| 4551265 | Brinkwerth et al. | Nov 1985 | A |
| 4553261 | Froessl | Nov 1985 | A |
| 4590366 | Rothfjell | May 1986 | A |
| 4595950 | Lofberg | Jun 1986 | A |
| 4596409 | Holbein et al. | Jun 1986 | A |
| 4597592 | Maurer et al. | Jul 1986 | A |
| 4597593 | Maurer | Jul 1986 | A |
| 4617216 | Haghiri-Tehrani et al. | Oct 1986 | A |
| 4621271 | Brownstein | Nov 1986 | A |
| 4629215 | Maurer et al. | Dec 1986 | A |
| 4637051 | Clark | Jan 1987 | A |
| 4652722 | Stone et al. | Mar 1987 | A |
| 4653775 | Raphael et al. | Mar 1987 | A |
| 4653862 | Morozumi | Mar 1987 | A |
| 4654290 | Spanjer | Mar 1987 | A |
| 4654867 | Labedz et al. | Mar 1987 | A |
| 4660221 | Dlugos | Apr 1987 | A |
| 4663518 | Borror et al. | May 1987 | A |
| 4665431 | Cooper | May 1987 | A |
| 4670882 | Telle et al. | Jun 1987 | A |
| 4672605 | Hustig et al. | Jun 1987 | A |
| 4672891 | Maurer et al. | Jun 1987 | A |
| 4675746 | Tetrick et al. | Jun 1987 | A |
| 4677435 | Causse D'Agraives et al. | Jun 1987 | A |
| 4682794 | Margolin | Jul 1987 | A |
| 4687526 | Wilfert | Aug 1987 | A |
| 4689477 | Goldman | Aug 1987 | A |
| 4703476 | Howard | Oct 1987 | A |
| 4711690 | Haghiri-Tehrani | Dec 1987 | A |
| 4712103 | Gotanda | Dec 1987 | A |
| 4718106 | Weinblatt | Jan 1988 | A |
| 4723072 | Naruse | Feb 1988 | A |
| 4735670 | Maurer et al. | Apr 1988 | A |
| 4738949 | Sethi et al. | Apr 1988 | A |
| 4739377 | Allen | Apr 1988 | A |
| 4741042 | Throop et al. | Apr 1988 | A |
| 4748452 | Maurer | May 1988 | A |
| 4750173 | Bluthgen | Jun 1988 | A |
| 4751525 | Robinson | Jun 1988 | A |
| 4754128 | Takeda et al. | Jun 1988 | A |
| 4765656 | Becker et al. | Aug 1988 | A |
| 4766026 | Lass et al. | Aug 1988 | A |
| 4775901 | Nakano | Oct 1988 | A |
| 4776013 | Kafri et al. | Oct 1988 | A |
| 4782342 | Walton | Nov 1988 | A |
| 4790566 | Boissier et al. | Dec 1988 | A |
| 4803114 | Schledorn | Feb 1989 | A |
| 4805020 | Greenberg | Feb 1989 | A |
| 4807031 | Broughton et al. | Feb 1989 | A |
| 4811357 | Betts et al. | Mar 1989 | A |
| 4811408 | Goldman | Mar 1989 | A |
| 4816372 | Schenk et al. | Mar 1989 | A |
| 4816374 | Lecomte | Mar 1989 | A |
| 4820912 | Samyn | Apr 1989 | A |
| 4822973 | Fahner et al. | Apr 1989 | A |
| 4835517 | van der Gracht et al. | May 1989 | A |
| 4837422 | Dethloff et al. | Jun 1989 | A |
| 4855827 | Best | Aug 1989 | A |
| 4861620 | Azuma et al. | Aug 1989 | A |
| 4864618 | Wright et al. | Sep 1989 | A |
| 4866771 | Bain | Sep 1989 | A |
| 4876617 | Best et al. | Oct 1989 | A |
| 4877713 | Fujita et al. | Oct 1989 | A |
| 4879747 | Leighton et al. | Nov 1989 | A |
| 4884139 | Pommier | Nov 1989 | A |
| 4888798 | Earnest | Dec 1989 | A |
| 4889749 | Ohashi et al. | Dec 1989 | A |
| 4894110 | Lass et al. | Jan 1990 | A |
| 4903301 | Kondo et al. | Feb 1990 | A |
| 4908836 | Rushforth et al. | Mar 1990 | A |
| 4908873 | Philibert et al. | Mar 1990 | A |
| 4915237 | Chang et al. | Apr 1990 | A |
| 4916300 | Ishida | Apr 1990 | A |
| 4921278 | Shiang et al. | May 1990 | A |
| 4939515 | Adelson | Jul 1990 | A |
| 4941150 | Iwasaki | Jul 1990 | A |
| 4943973 | Werner | Jul 1990 | A |
| 4943976 | Ishigaki | Jul 1990 | A |
| 4944036 | Hyatt | Jul 1990 | A |
| 4945215 | Fukushima et al. | Jul 1990 | A |
| 4947028 | Gorog | Aug 1990 | A |
| 4959406 | Foltin et al. | Sep 1990 | A |
| 4963998 | Maufe | Oct 1990 | A |
| 4965827 | McDonald | Oct 1990 | A |
| 4967273 | Greenberg | Oct 1990 | A |
| 4968063 | McConville et al. | Nov 1990 | A |
| 4969041 | O'Grady et al. | Nov 1990 | A |
| 4972471 | Gross et al. | Nov 1990 | A |
| 4972476 | Nathans | Nov 1990 | A |
| 4977594 | Shear | Dec 1990 | A |
| 4979210 | Nagata et al. | Dec 1990 | A |
| 4990759 | Gloton et al. | Feb 1991 | A |
| 4993068 | Piosenka et al. | Feb 1991 | A |
| 4994831 | Marandi | Feb 1991 | A |
| 4996530 | Hilton | Feb 1991 | A |
| 4999065 | Wilfert | Mar 1991 | A |
| 5010405 | Schreiber et al. | Apr 1991 | A |
| 5013900 | Hoppe | May 1991 | A |
| 5023907 | Johnson et al. | Jun 1991 | A |
| 5024989 | Chiang et al. | Jun 1991 | A |
| 5027401 | Soltesz | Jun 1991 | A |
| 5036513 | Greenblatt | Jul 1991 | A |
| 5053956 | Donald et al. | Oct 1991 | A |
| 5060981 | Fossum et al. | Oct 1991 | A |
| 5061341 | Kildal et al. | Oct 1991 | A |
| 5063446 | Gibson | Nov 1991 | A |
| 5073899 | Collier et al. | Dec 1991 | A |
| 5079648 | Maufe | Jan 1992 | A |
| 5086469 | Gupta et al. | Feb 1992 | A |
| 5095196 | Miyata | Mar 1992 | A |
| 5103459 | Gilhousen et al. | Apr 1992 | A |
| 5113445 | Wang | May 1992 | A |
| 5113518 | Durst, Jr. et al. | May 1992 | A |
| 5122813 | Lass et al. | Jun 1992 | A |
| 5128779 | Mallik | Jul 1992 | A |
| 5138070 | Berneth | Aug 1992 | A |
| 5138604 | Umeda et al. | Aug 1992 | A |
| 5138712 | Corbin | Aug 1992 | A |
| 5146457 | Veldhuis et al. | Sep 1992 | A |
| 5148498 | Resnikoff et al. | Sep 1992 | A |
| 5150409 | Elsner | Sep 1992 | A |
| 5156938 | Foley et al. | Oct 1992 | A |
| 5157424 | Craven et al. | Oct 1992 | A |
| 5161210 | Druyvesteyn et al. | Nov 1992 | A |
| 5166676 | Milheiser | Nov 1992 | A |
| 5169707 | Faykish et al. | Dec 1992 | A |
| 5171625 | Newton | Dec 1992 | A |
| 5173840 | Kodai et al. | Dec 1992 | A |
| 5179392 | Kawaguchi | Jan 1993 | A |
| 5181786 | Hujink | Jan 1993 | A |
| 5185736 | Tyrrell et al. | Feb 1993 | A |
| 5199081 | Saito et al. | Mar 1993 | A |
| 5200822 | Bronfin et al. | Apr 1993 | A |
| 5208450 | Uenishi et al. | May 1993 | A |
| 5212551 | Conanan | May 1993 | A |
| 5213337 | Sherman | May 1993 | A |
| 5215864 | Laakmann | Jun 1993 | A |
| 5216543 | Calhoun | Jun 1993 | A |
| 5228056 | Schilling | Jul 1993 | A |
| 5237164 | Takada | Aug 1993 | A |
| 5243423 | DeJean et al. | Sep 1993 | A |
| 5244861 | Campbell et al. | Sep 1993 | A |
| 5245329 | Gokcebay | Sep 1993 | A |
| 5249546 | Pennelle | Oct 1993 | A |
| 5253078 | Balkanski et al. | Oct 1993 | A |
| 5258998 | Koide | Nov 1993 | A |
| 5259025 | Monroe et al. | Nov 1993 | A |
| 5261987 | Luening et al. | Nov 1993 | A |
| 5262860 | Fitzpatrick et al. | Nov 1993 | A |
| 5267334 | Normille et al. | Nov 1993 | A |
| 5267755 | Yamauchi et al. | Dec 1993 | A |
| 5272039 | Yoerger | Dec 1993 | A |
| 5280537 | Sugiyama et al. | Jan 1994 | A |
| 5284364 | Jain | Feb 1994 | A |
| 5288976 | Citron et al. | Feb 1994 | A |
| 5293399 | Hefti | Mar 1994 | A |
| 5294944 | Takeyama et al. | Mar 1994 | A |
| 5295203 | Krause et al. | Mar 1994 | A |
| 5298922 | Merkle et al. | Mar 1994 | A |
| 5299019 | Pack et al. | Mar 1994 | A |
| 5304513 | Haghiri-Tehrani et al. | Apr 1994 | A |
| 5305400 | Butera | Apr 1994 | A |
| 5315098 | Tow | May 1994 | A |
| 5319453 | Copriviza et al. | Jun 1994 | A |
| 5319724 | Blonstein et al. | Jun 1994 | A |
| 5319735 | Preuss et al. | Jun 1994 | A |
| 5321751 | Ray et al. | Jun 1994 | A |
| 5325167 | Melen | Jun 1994 | A |
| 5334573 | Schild | Aug 1994 | A |
| 5336657 | Egashira et al. | Aug 1994 | A |
| 5336871 | Colgate, Jr. | Aug 1994 | A |
| 5337361 | Wang et al. | Aug 1994 | A |
| 5351302 | Leighton et al. | Sep 1994 | A |
| 5354097 | Tel | Oct 1994 | A |
| 5374976 | Spannenburg | Dec 1994 | A |
| 5379344 | Larsson et al. | Jan 1995 | A |
| 5379345 | Greenberg | Jan 1995 | A |
| 5380695 | Chiang et al. | Jan 1995 | A |
| 5384846 | Berson et al. | Jan 1995 | A |
| 5385371 | Izawa | Jan 1995 | A |
| 5387013 | Yamauchi et al. | Feb 1995 | A |
| 5393099 | D'Amato | Feb 1995 | A |
| 5394274 | Kahn | Feb 1995 | A |
| 5396559 | McGrew | Mar 1995 | A |
| 5404377 | Moses | Apr 1995 | A |
| 5408542 | Callahan | Apr 1995 | A |
| 5409797 | Hosoi et al. | Apr 1995 | A |
| 5421619 | Dyball | Jun 1995 | A |
| 5422230 | Boggs et al. | Jun 1995 | A |
| 5422963 | Chen et al. | Jun 1995 | A |
| 5422995 | Aoki et al. | Jun 1995 | A |
| 5428607 | Hiller et al. | Jun 1995 | A |
| 5428731 | Powers, III | Jun 1995 | A |
| 5432870 | Schwartz | Jul 1995 | A |
| 5436970 | Ray et al. | Jul 1995 | A |
| 5446273 | Leslie | Aug 1995 | A |
| 5448053 | Rhoads | Sep 1995 | A |
| 5449200 | Andric et al. | Sep 1995 | A |
| 5450490 | Jensen et al. | Sep 1995 | A |
| 5450492 | Hook et al. | Sep 1995 | A |
| 5451478 | Boggs et al. | Sep 1995 | A |
| 5463209 | Figh et al. | Oct 1995 | A |
| 5466012 | Puckett et al. | Nov 1995 | A |
| 5469506 | Berson et al. | Nov 1995 | A |
| 5471533 | Wang et al. | Nov 1995 | A |
| 5473631 | Moses | Dec 1995 | A |
| 5474875 | Loerzer et al. | Dec 1995 | A |
| 5479168 | Johnson et al. | Dec 1995 | A |
| 5489639 | Faber et al. | Feb 1996 | A |
| 5490217 | Wang et al. | Feb 1996 | A |
| 5493677 | Balogh et al. | Feb 1996 | A |
| 5495411 | Ananda | Feb 1996 | A |
| 5495581 | Tsai | Feb 1996 | A |
| 5496071 | Walsh | Mar 1996 | A |
| 5499294 | Friedman | Mar 1996 | A |
| 5505494 | Belluci et al. | Apr 1996 | A |
| 5509693 | Kohls | Apr 1996 | A |
| 5515081 | Vasilik | May 1996 | A |
| 5522623 | Soules et al. | Jun 1996 | A |
| 5523125 | Kennedy et al. | Jun 1996 | A |
| 5524933 | Kunt et al. | Jun 1996 | A |
| 5528222 | Moskowitz et al. | Jun 1996 | A |
| 5529345 | Kohls | Jun 1996 | A |
| 5530852 | Meske, Jr. et al. | Jun 1996 | A |
| 5534372 | Koshizuka et al. | Jul 1996 | A |
| 5548645 | Ananda | Aug 1996 | A |
| 5550346 | Andriash et al. | Aug 1996 | A |
| 5553143 | Ross et al. | Sep 1996 | A |
| 5576377 | El Sayed et al. | Nov 1996 | A |
| 5579479 | Plum | Nov 1996 | A |
| 5579694 | Mailloux | Dec 1996 | A |
| 5594226 | Steger | Jan 1997 | A |
| 5594809 | Kopec et al. | Jan 1997 | A |
| 5612943 | Moses et al. | Mar 1997 | A |
| 5613004 | Cooperman et al. | Mar 1997 | A |
| 5617119 | Briggs et al. | Apr 1997 | A |
| 5629980 | Stefik et al. | May 1997 | A |
| 5633119 | Burberry et al. | May 1997 | A |
| 5634012 | Stefik et al. | May 1997 | A |
| 5635012 | Belluci et al. | Jun 1997 | A |
| 5636276 | Brugger | Jun 1997 | A |
| 5636292 | Rhoads | Jun 1997 | A |
| 5638443 | Stefik et al. | Jun 1997 | A |
| 5639819 | Farkas et al. | Jun 1997 | A |
| 5640193 | Wellner | Jun 1997 | A |
| 5640647 | Hube | Jun 1997 | A |
| 5646997 | Barton | Jul 1997 | A |
| 5646999 | Saito | Jul 1997 | A |
| 5652626 | Kawakami et al. | Jul 1997 | A |
| 5652714 | Peterson et al. | Jul 1997 | A |
| 5657462 | Brouwer et al. | Aug 1997 | A |
| 5659164 | Schmid et al. | Aug 1997 | A |
| 5659726 | Sandford, II et al. | Aug 1997 | A |
| 5663766 | Sizer, II | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5664018 | Leighton | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5665951 | Newman et al. | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5668636 | Beach et al. | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5669995 | Hong | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5671005 | McNay et al. | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5671282 | Wolff et al. | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5673316 | Auerbach et al. | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5680223 | Cooper et al. | Oct 1997 | A |
| 5681356 | Barak et al. | Oct 1997 | A |
| 5684885 | Cass et al. | Nov 1997 | A |
| 5687191 | Lee et al. | Nov 1997 | A |
| 5687236 | Moskowitz et al. | Nov 1997 | A |
| 5689620 | Kopec et al. | Nov 1997 | A |
| 5691757 | Hayashihara et al. | Nov 1997 | A |
| 5694471 | Chen et al. | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5698296 | Dotson et al. | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5706364 | Kopec et al. | Jan 1998 | A |
| 5715403 | Stefik | Feb 1998 | A |
| 5717018 | Magerstedt et al. | Feb 1998 | A |
| 5719667 | Miers | Feb 1998 | A |
| 5721583 | Harada et al. | Feb 1998 | A |
| 5721781 | Deo et al. | Feb 1998 | A |
| 5721788 | Powell et al. | Feb 1998 | A |
| 5734119 | France et al. | Mar 1998 | A |
| 5734752 | Knox | Mar 1998 | A |
| 5740244 | Indeck et al. | Apr 1998 | A |
| 5742845 | Wagner | Apr 1998 | A |
| 5744792 | Imataki et al. | Apr 1998 | A |
| 5745308 | Spangenberg | Apr 1998 | A |
| 5745604 | Rhoads | Apr 1998 | A |
| 5748763 | Rhoads | May 1998 | A |
| 5751854 | Saitoh et al. | May 1998 | A |
| 5754675 | Valadier | May 1998 | A |
| 5760386 | Ward | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5761686 | Bloomberg | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5763868 | Kubota et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5765152 | Erickson | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5768001 | Kelley et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5768426 | Rhoads | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5769301 | Hebert et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5774168 | Blome | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5774452 | Wolosewicz | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5776278 | Tuttle et al. | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5778102 | Sandford, II et al. | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5783024 | Forkert | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5786587 | Colgate, Jr. | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5787186 | Schroeder | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5790662 | Valerij et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5790703 | Wang | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5795643 | Steininger et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5799092 | Kristol et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5801687 | Peterson et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5801857 | Heckenkamp et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5804803 | Cragun et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5808758 | Solmsdorf | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5809139 | Girod et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5809160 | Powell et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5809317 | Kogan et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5809633 | Mundigl et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5815292 | Walters | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5816619 | Schaede | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5818441 | Throckmorton et al. | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5822436 | Rhoads | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5824715 | Hayashihara et al. | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5825892 | Braudaway et al. | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5828325 | Wolosewicz et al. | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5828814 | Cyman et al. | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5835639 | Honsinger et al. | Nov 1998 | A |
| 5840791 | Magerstedt et al. | Nov 1998 | A |
| 5841886 | Rhoads | Nov 1998 | A |
| 5841978 | Rhoads | Nov 1998 | A |
| 5844685 | Gontin | Dec 1998 | A |
| 5845281 | Benson et al. | Dec 1998 | A |
| 5848413 | Wolff | Dec 1998 | A |
| 5848424 | Scheinkman et al. | Dec 1998 | A |
| 5852673 | Young | Dec 1998 | A |
| 5853955 | Towfiq | Dec 1998 | A |
| 5855969 | Robertson | Jan 1999 | A |
| 5857038 | Owada et al. | Jan 1999 | A |
| 5859920 | Daly et al. | Jan 1999 | A |
| 5861662 | Candelore | Jan 1999 | A |
| 5862260 | Rhoads | Jan 1999 | A |
| 5864622 | Marcus | Jan 1999 | A |
| 5864623 | Messina et al. | Jan 1999 | A |
| 5866644 | Mercx et al. | Feb 1999 | A |
| 5867199 | Knox et al. | Feb 1999 | A |
| 5869819 | Knowles et al. | Feb 1999 | A |
| 5871615 | Harris | Feb 1999 | A |
| 5872589 | Morales | Feb 1999 | A |
| 5872627 | Miers | Feb 1999 | A |
| 5875249 | Mintzer et al. | Feb 1999 | A |
| 5879502 | Gustafson | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5879784 | Breen et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5888624 | Haghiri et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5892661 | Stafford et al. | Apr 1999 | A |
| 5892900 | Ginter et al. | Apr 1999 | A |
| 5893910 | Martineau et al. | Apr 1999 | A |
| 5895074 | Chess et al. | Apr 1999 | A |
| 5900608 | Iida | May 1999 | A |
| 5902353 | Reber et al. | May 1999 | A |
| 5903729 | Reber et al. | May 1999 | A |
| 5905248 | Russell et al. | May 1999 | A |
| 5905251 | Knowles | May 1999 | A |
| 5905800 | Moskowitz et al. | May 1999 | A |
| 5907149 | Marckini | May 1999 | A |
| 5912974 | Holloway et al. | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5913210 | Call | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5915027 | Cox et al. | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5915588 | Stoken et al. | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5918213 | Bernard et al. | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5918214 | Perkowski | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5919853 | Condit et al. | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5920861 | Hall et al. | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5920878 | DeMont | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5925500 | Yang et al. | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5926822 | Garman | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5928989 | Ohnishi et al. | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5930369 | Cox et al. | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5930377 | Powell et al. | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5930767 | Reber et al. | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5932863 | Rathus et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5933798 | Linnartz | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5933829 | Durst et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5936986 | Cantatore et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5938726 | Reber et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5938727 | Ikeda | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5939695 | Nelson | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5939699 | Perttunen et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5940595 | Reber et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5943422 | Van Wie et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5944356 | Bergmann et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5949055 | Fleet et al. | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5950173 | Perkowski | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5951055 | Mowry, Jr. | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5953710 | Fleming | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5955021 | Tiffany, III | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5955961 | Wallerstein | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5958528 | Bernecker | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5962840 | Haghiri-Tehrani et al. | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5963916 | Kaplan | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5965242 | Patton et al. | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5969324 | Reber et al. | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5971277 | Cragun et al. | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5973842 | Spangenberg | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5974141 | Saito | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5974548 | Adams | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5977514 | Feng et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5978773 | Hudetz et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5979757 | Tracy et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5983218 | Syeda-Mahmood | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5984366 | Priddy | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5985078 | Suess et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5991876 | Johnson et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5995105 | Reber et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 6000607 | Ohki et al. | Dec 1999 | A |
| 6002383 | Shimada | Dec 1999 | A |
| 6003581 | Aihara | Dec 1999 | A |
| 6007660 | Forkert | Dec 1999 | A |
| 6007929 | Robertson et al. | Dec 1999 | A |
| 6012641 | Watada | Jan 2000 | A |
| 6017972 | Harris et al. | Jan 2000 | A |
| 6022905 | Harris et al. | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6024287 | Takai et al. | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6026193 | Rhoads | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6028134 | Zhang et al. | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6036099 | Leighton | Mar 2000 | A |
| 6036807 | Brongers | Mar 2000 | A |
| 6037102 | Loerzer et al. | Mar 2000 | A |
| 6042249 | Spangenberg | Mar 2000 | A |
| 6047888 | Dethloff | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6049463 | O'Malley et al. | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6052486 | Knowlton et al. | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6054170 | Chess et al. | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6060981 | Landes | May 2000 | A |
| 6064764 | Bhaskaran et al. | May 2000 | A |
| 6065119 | Sandford, II et al. | May 2000 | A |
| 6066437 | Kosslinger | May 2000 | A |
| 6066594 | Gunn et al. | May 2000 | A |
| 6075223 | Harrison | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6078664 | Moskowitz et al. | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6086971 | Haas et al. | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6100804 | Brady et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6101602 | Fridrich | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6104812 | Koltai et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6110864 | Lu | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6111506 | Yap et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6122403 | Rhoads | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6127475 | Vollenberg et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6127928 | Issacman et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6128401 | Suzuki et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6131161 | Linnartz | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6141438 | Blanchester | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6143852 | Harrison et al. | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6148091 | DiMaria | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6157330 | Bruekers et al. | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6159327 | Forkert | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6160526 | Hirai et al. | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6163842 | Barton | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6165696 | Fischer | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6179338 | Bergmann et al. | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6185312 | Nakamura et al. | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6185316 | Buffam | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6185683 | Ginter et al. | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6186404 | Ehrhart et al. | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6196460 | Shin | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6199144 | Arora et al. | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6202932 | Rapeli | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6205249 | Moskowitz | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6207344 | Ramlow et al. | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6208735 | Cox et al. | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6209923 | Thaxton et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6214916 | Mercx et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6214917 | Linzmeier et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6221552 | Street et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6226387 | Tewfik et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6233347 | Chen et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6233684 | Stefik et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6237786 | Ginter et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6238840 | Hirayama et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6240121 | Senoh | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6243480 | Zhao et al. | Jun 2001 | B1 |
| 6244514 | Otto | Jun 2001 | B1 |
| 6246775 | Nakamura et al. | Jun 2001 | B1 |
| 6246777 | Agarwal et al. | Jun 2001 | B1 |
| 6247644 | Horne et al. | Jun 2001 | B1 |
| 6250554 | Leo et al. | Jun 2001 | B1 |
| 6256736 | Coppersmith et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6257486 | Teicher et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6259506 | Lawandy | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6264106 | Bridgelall | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6268058 | Tahon et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6272176 | Srinivasan | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6272634 | Tewfik et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6275599 | Adler et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6283188 | Maynard et al. | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| 6285775 | Wu et al. | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| 6285776 | Rhoads | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| 6286036 | Rhoads | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| 6286761 | Wen | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| 6289108 | Rhoads | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| 6291551 | Kniess et al. | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| 6292092 | Chow et al. | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| 6311214 | Rhoads | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6313436 | Harrison | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6314192 | Chen et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6314457 | Schena et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6321981 | Ray et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6324091 | Gryko et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6324573 | Rhoads | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6326128 | Telser et al. | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6327576 | Ogasawara | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6332031 | Rhoads et al. | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6332194 | Bloom et al. | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6334187 | Kadono | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6343138 | Rhoads | Jan 2002 | B1 |
| 6345104 | Rhoads | Feb 2002 | B1 |
| 6357664 | Zercher | Mar 2002 | B1 |
| 6369904 | Bhattacharjya et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6370258 | Uchida | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6372394 | Zientek | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6381415 | Terada | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6389151 | Carr et al. | May 2002 | B1 |
| 6390375 | Kayanakis | May 2002 | B2 |
| 6398245 | Gruse et al. | Jun 2002 | B1 |
| 6400386 | No | Jun 2002 | B1 |
| 6404643 | Chung | Jun 2002 | B1 |
| 6408082 | Rhoads et al. | Jun 2002 | B1 |
| 6411392 | Bender et al. | Jun 2002 | B1 |
| 6413399 | Kasevich | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6413687 | Hattori et al. | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6418232 | Nakano et al. | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6421013 | Chung | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6424029 | Giesler | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6424249 | Houvener | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6424725 | Rhoads et al. | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6425081 | Iwamura | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6427020 | Rhoads | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6427140 | Ginter et al. | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6439465 | Bloomberg | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6442284 | Gustafson et al. | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6444068 | Koops et al. | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6446865 | Holt et al. | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6456726 | Yu et al. | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6463416 | Messina | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6466012 | Mouri et al. | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6470090 | Oami et al. | Oct 2002 | B2 |
| 6475588 | Schottland et al. | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| 6478228 | Ikefuji et al. | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| 6482495 | Kohama et al. | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| 6485319 | Bricaud et al. | Nov 2002 | B2 |
| 6487301 | Zhao | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| 6496933 | Nunally | Dec 2002 | B1 |
| 6512837 | Ahmed | Jan 2003 | B1 |
| 6519352 | Rhoads | Feb 2003 | B2 |
| 6536665 | Ray et al. | Mar 2003 | B1 |
| 6542618 | Rhoads | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 6542933 | Durst, Jr. et al. | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 6546112 | Rhoads | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 6577746 | Evans et al. | Jun 2003 | B1 |
| 6577759 | Caron et al. | Jun 2003 | B1 |
| 6580819 | Rhoads | Jun 2003 | B1 |
| 6581839 | Lasch et al. | Jun 2003 | B1 |
| 6608911 | Lofgren et al. | Aug 2003 | B2 |
| 6609659 | Sehr | Aug 2003 | B2 |
| 6614914 | Rhoads et al. | Sep 2003 | B1 |
| 6616993 | Usuki et al. | Sep 2003 | B2 |
| 6625295 | Wolfgang et al. | Sep 2003 | B1 |
| 6636615 | Rhoads et al. | Oct 2003 | B1 |
| 6638635 | Hattori et al. | Oct 2003 | B2 |
| 6650761 | Rodriguez et al. | Nov 2003 | B1 |
| 6668068 | Hashimoto | Dec 2003 | B2 |
| 6671387 | Chen et al. | Dec 2003 | B1 |
| 6674886 | Davis et al. | Jan 2004 | B2 |
| 6679425 | Sheppard et al. | Jan 2004 | B1 |
| 6687345 | Swartz et al. | Feb 2004 | B1 |
| 6704869 | Rhoads et al. | Mar 2004 | B2 |
| 6709333 | Bradford et al. | Mar 2004 | B1 |
| 6711465 | Tomassi | Mar 2004 | B2 |
| 6712397 | Mayer et al. | Mar 2004 | B1 |
| 6732924 | Ishigame et al. | May 2004 | B2 |
| 6748533 | Wu et al. | Jun 2004 | B1 |
| 6752432 | Richardson | Jun 2004 | B1 |
| 6761316 | Bridgelall et al. | Jul 2004 | B2 |
| 6764014 | Lasch et al. | Jul 2004 | B2 |
| 6768808 | Rhoads | Jul 2004 | B2 |
| 6786420 | Silverbrook | Sep 2004 | B1 |
| 6788800 | Carr et al. | Sep 2004 | B1 |
| 6794115 | Telser et al. | Sep 2004 | B2 |
| 6803114 | Vere et al. | Oct 2004 | B1 |
| 6804378 | Rhoads | Oct 2004 | B2 |
| 6823075 | Perry | Nov 2004 | B2 |
| 6827277 | Bloomberg et al. | Dec 2004 | B2 |
| 6827283 | Kappe et al. | Dec 2004 | B2 |
| 6843422 | Jones et al. | Jan 2005 | B2 |
| 6869023 | Hawes | Mar 2005 | B2 |
| 6882737 | Lofgren et al. | Apr 2005 | B2 |
| 6883716 | De Jong | Apr 2005 | B1 |
| 6900767 | Hattori | May 2005 | B2 |
| 6910628 | Sehr | Jun 2005 | B1 |
| 6913199 | He | Jul 2005 | B2 |
| 6923378 | Jones et al. | Aug 2005 | B2 |
| 6926203 | Sehr | Aug 2005 | B1 |
| 6932378 | Thomas | Aug 2005 | B2 |
| 6944650 | Urien | Sep 2005 | B1 |
| 6947571 | Rhoads et al. | Sep 2005 | B1 |
| 6954293 | Heckenkamp et al. | Oct 2005 | B2 |
| 6958346 | Stoltefuss et al. | Oct 2005 | B2 |
| 6959098 | Alattar | Oct 2005 | B1 |
| 6970573 | Carr et al. | Nov 2005 | B2 |
| 6975746 | Davis et al. | Dec 2005 | B2 |
| 6978036 | Alattar et al. | Dec 2005 | B2 |
| 6991174 | Zuili | Jan 2006 | B2 |
| 6999936 | Sehr | Feb 2006 | B2 |
| 7007852 | Silverbrook et al. | Mar 2006 | B2 |
| 7016516 | Rhoads | Mar 2006 | B2 |
| 7024563 | Shimosato et al. | Apr 2006 | B2 |
| 7113596 | Rhoads | Sep 2006 | B2 |
| 7152786 | Brundage et al. | Dec 2006 | B2 |
| 7159116 | Moskowitz | Jan 2007 | B2 |
| 7167844 | Leong et al. | Jan 2007 | B1 |
| 7181042 | Tian | Feb 2007 | B2 |
| 7185201 | Rhoads et al. | Feb 2007 | B2 |
| 7191156 | Seder | Mar 2007 | B1 |
| 7199456 | Krappe et al. | Apr 2007 | B2 |
| 7206820 | Rhoads et al. | Apr 2007 | B1 |
| 7289643 | Brunk et al. | Oct 2007 | B2 |
| 20010002035 | Kayanakis | May 2001 | A1 |
| 20010007975 | Nyberg et al. | Jul 2001 | A1 |
| 20010008557 | Stefik et al. | Jul 2001 | A1 |
| 20010020270 | Yeung et al. | Sep 2001 | A1 |
| 20010021144 | Oshima et al. | Sep 2001 | A1 |
| 20010024510 | Iwamura | Sep 2001 | A1 |
| 20010026377 | Ikegami | Oct 2001 | A1 |
| 20010028725 | Nakagawa et al. | Oct 2001 | A1 |
| 20010028727 | Naito et al. | Oct 2001 | A1 |
| 20010037455 | Lawandy et al. | Nov 2001 | A1 |
| 20010040980 | Yamaguchi | Nov 2001 | A1 |
| 20010047478 | Mase | Nov 2001 | A1 |
| 20010051996 | Cooper et al. | Dec 2001 | A1 |
| 20010052076 | Kadono | Dec 2001 | A1 |
| 20010053235 | Sato | Dec 2001 | A1 |
| 20010054144 | Epstein et al. | Dec 2001 | A1 |
| 20010054149 | Kawaguchi et al. | Dec 2001 | A1 |
| 20020010684 | Moskowitz | Jan 2002 | A1 |
| 20020011519 | Shults | Jan 2002 | A1 |
| 20020015509 | Nakamura et al. | Feb 2002 | A1 |
| 20020018430 | Heckenkamp et al. | Feb 2002 | A1 |
| 20020019767 | Babbitt et al. | Feb 2002 | A1 |
| 20020023148 | Ritz et al. | Feb 2002 | A1 |
| 20020023218 | Lawandy et al. | Feb 2002 | A1 |
| 20020027359 | Cobben et al. | Mar 2002 | A1 |
| 20020033844 | Levy et al. | Mar 2002 | A1 |
| 20020034305 | Noyama et al. | Mar 2002 | A1 |
| 20020037091 | Terasaki | Mar 2002 | A1 |
| 20020037093 | Murphy | Mar 2002 | A1 |
| 20020046171 | Hoshino | Apr 2002 | A1 |
| 20020049908 | Shimosato et al. | Apr 2002 | A1 |
| 20020052885 | Levy | May 2002 | A1 |
| 20020054317 | Matsunoshita et al. | May 2002 | A1 |
| 20020059880 | Klinefelter et al. | May 2002 | A1 |
| 20020061120 | Carr et al. | May 2002 | A1 |
| 20020061121 | Rhoads et al. | May 2002 | A1 |
| 20020061122 | Fujihara et al. | May 2002 | A1 |
| 20020064298 | Rhoads et al. | May 2002 | A1 |
| 20020064759 | Durbin et al. | May 2002 | A1 |
| 20020067914 | Schumann et al. | Jun 2002 | A1 |
| 20020068987 | Hars | Jun 2002 | A1 |
| 20020070280 | Ikefuji et al. | Jun 2002 | A1 |
| 20020071556 | Moskowitz et al. | Jun 2002 | A1 |
| 20020073317 | Hars | Jun 2002 | A1 |
| 20020080396 | Silverbrook et al. | Jun 2002 | A1 |
| 20020095577 | Nakamura et al. | Jul 2002 | A1 |
| 20020096562 | Lewis | Jul 2002 | A1 |
| 20020097873 | Petrovic | Jul 2002 | A1 |
| 20020097891 | Hinishi | Jul 2002 | A1 |
| 20020105679 | Haynes | Aug 2002 | A1 |
| 20020106102 | Au et al. | Aug 2002 | A1 |
| 20020112171 | Ginter et al. | Aug 2002 | A1 |
| 20020114458 | Belenko et al. | Aug 2002 | A1 |
| 20020122568 | Zhao | Sep 2002 | A1 |
| 20020146549 | Kranenburg-Van Dijk et al. | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20020150277 | Nishimoto et al. | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20020158137 | Grey et al. | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20020164051 | Reed et al. | Nov 2002 | A1 |
| 20020176114 | Zeller et al. | Nov 2002 | A1 |
| 20030002710 | Rhoads | Jan 2003 | A1 |
| 20030005303 | Auslander et al. | Jan 2003 | A1 |
| 20030038174 | Jones | Feb 2003 | A1 |
| 20030039360 | Younis | Feb 2003 | A1 |
| 20030050961 | Rodriguez et al. | Mar 2003 | A1 |
| 20030089764 | Meadow et al. | May 2003 | A1 |
| 20030099374 | Choi et al. | May 2003 | A1 |
| 20030117262 | Anderegg et al. | Jun 2003 | A1 |
| 20030141358 | Hudson et al. | Jul 2003 | A1 |
| 20030178487 | Rogers | Sep 2003 | A1 |
| 20030178495 | Jones et al. | Sep 2003 | A1 |
| 20030211296 | Jones et al. | Nov 2003 | A1 |
| 20030234286 | Labrec et al. | Dec 2003 | A1 |
| 20040026496 | Zuili | Feb 2004 | A1 |
| 20040064415 | Abdallah et al. | Apr 2004 | A1 |
| 20040076310 | Hersch et al. | Apr 2004 | A1 |
| 20040158724 | Carr et al. | Aug 2004 | A1 |
| 20040181671 | Brundage et al. | Sep 2004 | A1 |
| 20040245346 | Haddock | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20050063027 | Durst et al. | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050063562 | Brunk et al. | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050092849 | Silverbrook | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050094848 | Carr et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050258248 | Silverbrook et al. | Nov 2005 | A1 |
| 20060016107 | Davis | Jan 2006 | A1 |
| 20060040726 | Szrek et al. | Feb 2006 | A1 |
| 20070016790 | Brundage et al. | Jan 2007 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 2235002 | Dec 1998 | CA |
| 689680 | Aug 1999 | CH |
| 2943436 | May 1981 | DE |
| 3806411 | Sep 1989 | DE |
| 19099 | Nov 1980 | EP |
| 0058482 | Aug 1982 | EP |
| 0279104 | Aug 1988 | EP |
| 0372601 | Jun 1990 | EP |
| 0411232 | Feb 1991 | EP |
| 0441702 | Aug 1991 | EP |
| 0479265 | Apr 1992 | EP |
| 0493091 | Jul 1992 | EP |
| 0581317 | Feb 1994 | EP |
| 0629972 | Dec 1994 | EP |
| 0637514 | Feb 1995 | EP |
| 0642060 | Mar 1995 | EP |
| 0650146 | Apr 1995 | EP |
| 0697433 | Feb 1996 | EP |
| 0705025 | Apr 1996 | EP |
| 0734870 | Oct 1996 | EP |
| 0739748 | Oct 1996 | EP |
| 0975147 | Jan 2000 | EP |
| 0991014 | Apr 2000 | EP |
| 1035503 | Sep 2000 | EP |
| 1041815 | Oct 2000 | EP |
| 1077570 | Feb 2001 | EP |
| 1134710 | Sep 2001 | EP |
| 1147495 | Oct 2001 | EP |
| 1173001 | Jan 2002 | EP |
| 1202250 | May 2002 | EP |
| 1909971 | Apr 2008 | EP |
| 1088318 | Oct 1967 | GB |
| 1472581 | May 1977 | GB |
| 2063018 | May 1981 | GB |
| 2067871 | Jul 1981 | GB |
| 2132136 | Jul 1984 | GB |
| 2196167 | Apr 1988 | GB |
| 2204984 | Nov 1988 | GB |
| 2227570 | Aug 1990 | GB |
| 2240948 | Aug 1991 | GB |
| 2325765 | Dec 1998 | GB |
| 2346110 | Aug 2000 | GB |
| 2346111 | Aug 2000 | GB |
| 3185585 | Aug 1991 | JP |
| 4-248771 | Sep 1992 | JP |
| 5242217 | Sep 1993 | JP |
| 7115474 | May 1995 | JP |
| 10171758 | Jun 1998 | JP |
| 10177613 | Jun 1998 | JP |
| 11259620 | Sep 1999 | JP |
| WO-8204149 | Nov 1982 | WO |
| WO-8908915 | Sep 1989 | WO |
| WO-9116722 | Oct 1991 | WO |
| WO-9403333 | Feb 1994 | WO |
| WO-9427228 | Nov 1994 | WO |
| WO-9510835 | Apr 1995 | WO |
| WO-9509084 | Apr 1995 | WO |
| WO-9514289 | May 1995 | WO |
| WO-9513597 | May 1995 | WO |
| WO-9520291 | Jul 1995 | WO |
| WO-9603286 | Feb 1996 | WO |
| WO-9626494 | Aug 1996 | WO |
| WO-9627259 | Sep 1996 | WO |
| WO-9636163 | Nov 1996 | WO |
| WO-9701446 | Jan 1997 | WO |
| WO-9743736 | Nov 1997 | WO |
| WO-9814887 | Apr 1998 | WO |
| WO-9820642 | May 1998 | WO |
| WO-9819869 | May 1998 | WO |
| WO-9820411 | May 1998 | WO |
| WO-9824050 | Jun 1998 | WO |
| WO-9840823 | Sep 1998 | WO |
| WO-9849813 | Nov 1998 | WO |
| WO-9924934 | May 1999 | WO |
| WO-9934277 | Jul 1999 | WO |
| WO-0043214 | Jul 2000 | WO |
| WO-0039953 | Jul 2000 | WO |
| WO-0043216 | Jul 2000 | WO |
| WO-0045344 | Aug 2000 | WO |
| WO-0078554 | Dec 2000 | WO |
| WO-0100719 | Jan 2001 | WO |
| WO-0105075 | Jan 2001 | WO |
| WO-0108405 | Feb 2001 | WO |
| WO-0129764 | Apr 2001 | WO |
| WO-0139121 | May 2001 | WO |
| WO-0143080 | Jun 2001 | WO |
| WO-0145559 | Jun 2001 | WO |
| WO-0173997 | Oct 2001 | WO |
| WO-0196112 | Dec 2001 | WO |
| WO-0197128 | Dec 2001 | WO |
| WO-027425 | Jan 2002 | WO |
| WO-027442 | Jan 2002 | WO |
| WO-0217631 | Feb 2002 | WO |
| WO-0219589 | Mar 2002 | WO |
| WO-0226507 | Apr 2002 | WO |
| WO-0227647 | Apr 2002 | WO |
| WO-0242371 | May 2002 | WO |
| WO-02053499 | Jul 2002 | WO |
| WO-02077380 | Oct 2002 | WO |
| WO-02078965 | Oct 2002 | WO |
| WO-03005291 | Jan 2003 | WO |
| WO-03055684 | Jul 2003 | WO |
| WO-03056507 | Jul 2003 | WO |
| WO-2004102353 | Nov 2004 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20100181754 A1 | Jul 2010 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60344677 | Dec 2001 | US | |
| 60344675 | Dec 2001 | US | |
| 60344676 | Dec 2001 | US | |
| 60471429 | May 2003 | US | |
| 60500204 | Sep 2003 | US | |
| 60504352 | Sep 2003 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10677092 | Sep 2003 | US |
| Child | 12687270 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10326886 | Dec 2002 | US |
| Child | 10677092 | US |
