This patent application claims priority from European patent application no. 20216228.5 filed on Dec. 21, 2020, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention relates to an indicator for an aircraft that is capable of hovering.
In particular, the present invention relates to an indicator for a helicopter, a tilt-rotor aircraft or a helicoplane.
The present invention further relates to a method for assisting performing a manoeuvre for the aforesaid aircraft capable of hovering.
Helicopters comprise, as known, a motor system, a main rotor actuated by the motor system and adapted to provide the lift required to sustain the helicopter and the thrust required for the directional control of the helicopter.
Tilt-rotor aircrafts comprise, as known:
The tilt-rotor aircraft can be switched between:
In the airplane configuration, the rotors behave as the traditional propellers of an airplane and generate the thrust required to sustain the airplane itself. In such a configuration, the lift required to sustain the airplane is provided by the fixed wing.
In the helicopter configuration, the rotors provide both the lift required to sustain it and the thrust required to manoeuvre the tilt-rotor aircraft along the aforesaid first and second axes.
Referring to helicopters and tilt-rotor aircrafts arranged in the helicopter configuration, the actuation of the rotor causes, as known, a vertical air flow through the rotor.
In normal operative conditions, the actuation of the rotor generates a lift causing a vertical air flow from the top downwards through the rotor itself.
A portion of such air flow re-circulates upwards near the free ends of the blades joining to the vertical air flow from the top downwards.
More precisely, such portion of air flow generates end vortices which generate aerodynamic drag and degrade the aerodynamic efficiency of the blades. Still in greater detail, at the end of each rotor a vortex is formed, called in fact, end vortex having a toroidal shape.
As long as such end vortices remain below a certain size, the overall efficiency loss of the rotor remains small.
However, while the helicopter/tilt-rotor aircraft arranged in the helicopter configuration is in the descent condition, the aircraft crosses the aforesaid downward flow, causing an increase in the size of end vortices.
This leads to a condition known as “Vortex Ring State”, wherein the rotor power is only used to supply a toroidal-shaped air circulation about the rotor.
In case the rate of descent exceeds a threshold value, the previously described phenomena are intensified and a turbulent flow is generated on a relevant area of the rotor. The aerodynamic efficiency of the rotor is thus heavily reduced even though the motor system keeps on providing power to the rotor.
In such conditions the helicopter/tilt-rotor aircraft becomes unstable and undergoes strong oscillations, for instance pitch and/or roll oscillations.
The Vortex Ring State condition is generated in case the rate of descent of the helicopter/tilt-rotor aircraft arranged in the helicopter configuration is higher than a first threshold value, typical of the aircraft, only a percentage of the motor power is used and the translation forward speed is lower than a second threshold value.
Manoeuvres which are typically likely to generate a Vortex Ring State condition are hovering manoeuvres at bight altitudes with no precise altitude control and landing manoeuvres with significantly high rates of descent.
Patent Application EP-A-1620311 discloses a method for identifying the Vortex Ring State condition and for automatically overcoming such condition.
Patent Applications U.S. Pat. No. 9,037,316 B; EP-B-2212296; EP-B-3263452 and EP-3406562 disclose methods for identifying the Vortex Ring condition and signalling such condition to the aircraft crew.
It is perceived in the field the need to signal, in a way that is concise and immediately clear to the crew, that the aircraft is approaching a Vortex Ring State condition or is in the aforesaid condition.
US-A-2016/288922 discloses an aircraft capable of hovering according to claim 1 and a method for assisting performing a manoeuvre by an aircraft according to claim 3.
CN-A-110901897 discloses an early-warning separation control method for the vortex ring state of an unmanned helicopter, which truly realizes vortex ring early-warning and advanced protection functions, provides a solution for quick and reasonable separation even if the vortex ring state is entered, and guarantees the flight safety of the unmanned helicopter. According to the early-warning separation control method for the vortex ring state of the unmanned helicopter, the current safety state of the unmanned helicopter can be judged in real time, the state information is sent to the control endto be prompted to an operator for early warning, meanwhile, the early-warning separation control method is stable, reliable and high in early-warning precision, and the flight safety of the unmannedhelicopter is greatly improved.
EP-A-3477261 discloses flight instrument warnings that are configured to automatically adjust a low airspeed warning band on an airspeed indicator based on available torque margin and radar altimeter height. Warnings may be presented on a primary flight display or on flight instruments when a low airspeed band is entered.
The object of the present invention is to realise an aircraft capable of hovering, which allows to meet at least one of the needs specified above in a simple and economical way.
According to the invention, this object is achieved by an aircraft capable of hovering as claimed in claim 1.
The present invention also relates to a method for assisting performing a manoeuvre by an aircraft configured to be capable of hovering as claimed in claim 3.
Further features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description that follows, provided by way of non-limiting example and with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
With reference to the attached
The aircraft 1 is, in the case illustrated, a tilt-rotor aircraft.
In alternative, the aircraft 1 may be a helicopter or a helicoplane.
It must be specified that in the following present disclosure, expressions such as “upper”, “lower”, “at the front”, “at the back” and the like are used referring to forward flight conditions or “hovering” of the tilt-rotor aircraft 1 shown in
The tilt-rotor aircraft 1 essentially comprises:
The tilt-rotor aircraft 1 further comprises a pair of nacelles 10 housing respective rotors 5.
The tilt-rotor aircraft 1 further comprises a plurality of carriages 6 arranged below the fuselage 2 with reference to a normal operative position of the tilt-rotor aircraft 1 shown in
The tilt-rotor aircraft comprises a pair of axes E associated to respective half-wings 3. Each axis E is parallel to a median line of the relative half-wing 3 and may have a dihedron with respect to the fuselage 2.
In the case shown, the axis E is orthogonal to axis A and arranged horizontally in a plan view of the tilt-rotor aircraft 1.
Each half-wing 3 develops a lift having a main component along an axis Z orthogonal to axes A, E.
The tilt-rotor aircraft 1 may be selectively arranged, by the tilting of the rotors 5 about the axis E:
The tilt-rotor aircraft 1 arranged in the “helicopter” configuration and operating at low forward speed and high rate of descent runs the risk of being in a Vortex Ring State condition.
In such condition, the aerodynamic efficiency of the rotors 5 is heavily reduced, generating a risk for the tilt-rotor aircraft 1.
The tilt-rotor aircraft 1 further comprises (
In greater detail, the indicator 16a is a vertical speed indicator.
The sensor 25a (shown only schematically in FIG. 8) is configured to detect the rate of descent ROD of the tilt-rotor aircraft 1.
The sensor 25b (shown only schematically in
The indicator 16b is an instrument known as Attitude and Direction Indicator “ADI”.
The indicator 16b integrates the functions of attitude indicator or “artificial horizon”, and of “Flight Director” i.e. it provides a representation of the optimal flight trajectory in order to maintain a desired flight path.
In greater detail, the indicator 16b comprises (
The area 18 further comprises:
The position of the indication 17 on scales 19, 20 represents respective pitch and roll angles of the tilt-rotor aircraft 1.
The control unit 30 is configured to:
The indicator 16a comprises in particular, as shown for exemplary purposes in
The control unit 30 further comprises a storing step 50 wherein pairs of values of rate of descent ROD and airspeed ASP are stored.
In greater detail, within the data storing step 50 they are stored:
Within the storing step 50 they are stored:
The broken line 54 comprises, in particular:
The broken line 55 comprises, in particular:
In particular the values ASP1 and ASP4 are each other equal and value ASP2 is greater than value ASP5.
Value ROD6 (ROD5) is greater than value ROD5 (ROD2), which is in turn greater than value ROD 4 (ROD1).
Value ROD6 (ROD5, ROD4) is greater than value ROD 3 (ROD2, ROD1).
The segments 60, 61, 62; 63, 64, 65 are in the case shown conformed as segments of a straight line.
The segments 60, 63; 61, 64; 62, 65 are each other parallel.
The indicator 16a comprises (
The indicator 16a further comprises an area 102 wherein an indication 103 associated to the fact that the tilt-rotor aircraft 1 is in the Vortex Ring State condition can be displayed.
In greater detail, the indications 101, 103 are overlapped to the graduated scale 36.
Still more precisely, the indication 101 is overlapped to respective notches 37a corresponding to first values of rate of descent of the graduated scale 36, and the indication 103 is overlapped to respective notches 37b corresponding to values of the second rate of descent of the graduated scale 36.
The aforesaid second values are greater as an absolute value than the first values.
In particular, the indication 103 is displayed in a first colour, which is yellow in the preferred embodiment.
The indication 101 is displayed by a second colour, which is red in the preferred embodiment.
The control unit 30 is programmed to command, based on the flight parameters detected by the sensors 25a, 25b, displaying the indications 101, 103 on the indicator 16a.
The tilt-rotor aircraft 1 further comprises:
The generator 80 is commanded by the control unit 30 based on the flight parameters detected by the sensors 25a, 25b to generate (
In particular, the first and second visual signals 121, 122 are respectively reproduced in a first colour—yellow in the embodiment shown—and in a second colour
The first and second visual signals 121, 122 have a rectangular shape and are displayed in the same area inside the area 18 of the indicator 16b.
In particular, the visual signals 121, 122 are displayed as blinking for a predefined time range, such as 5 seconds.
The generator 90 is commanded by the control unit 30 based on the flight parameters detected by the sensors 25a, 25b to generate:
In the case shown, the first and second acoustic signals are obtained by voice synthesis respectively of “Sink Rate” and “Vortex vortex” messages.
The control unit 30 can be connected to an autopilot system in order to perform an automatic emergency manoeuvre in case the tilt-rotor aircraft 1 is in the flight envelopes 52, 53.
The operation of the tilt-rotor aircraft 1 is hereinafter disclosed with reference to a condition wherein the tilt-rotor aircraft 1 is in the “helicopter” condition.
The indicator 16a indicates to the crew the value of the vertical speed of the tilt-rotor aircraft 1. At the same time, the indicator 16b indicates the attitude of the tilt-rotor aircraft 1 and provides a representation of the optimal flight trajectory so that the tilt-rotor aircraft 1 keeps a desired flight path.
The control unit 30 determines, based on the flight parameters detected by sensors 25a, 25b, if the tilt-rotor aircraft 1 is in the flight envelope 51, 52, 53.
In case the tilt-rotor aircraft 1 is in the flight envelope 51 wherein there is substantially no risk of undergoing the Vortex Ring condition, indications 101, 103 are not displayed, visual signals 121, 122 are not displayed inside the area 18. Furthermore, the first and second acoustic signals are not generated by the generator 90.
In case the tilt-rotor aircraft 1 is in the flight envelope 52 wherein the Vortex Ring condition is approaching, the control unit 30 determines displaying the indication 103 in the area 102 of the indicator 16a and the generator 80 displays the visual signal 122 in yellow colour inside the area 18 of the indicator 16b. The generator 90 further determines displaying the second acoustic signal.
Thereby, the pilot is promptly warned of the fact that the tilt-rotor aircraft 1 is approaching a dangerous condition and can perform the manoeuvre to move away from the Vortex Ring condition.
In case the tilt-rotor aircraft 1 is in the flight envelope 53 wherein the Vortex Ring condition is approaching, the control unit 30 determines displaying the indication 101 in the area 100 of the indicator 16a and the generator 80 displays the visual signal 121 in red colour inside the area 18 of the indicator 16b. The generator 90 further determines displaying the first acoustic signal.
Thereby, the pilot is promptly warned of the fact that the tilt-rotor aircraft 1 is in a dangerous condition and must promptly perform the manoeuvre to move away from the Vortex Ring condition.
After considering the characteristics of the indicator 16a, of the method for assisting performing a manoeuvre for the tilt-rotor aircraft 1 according to the present invention, the advantages it allows to obtain are clear.
In greater detail, the indication 101 associated to the Vortex Ring State condition being reached is displayed in the area 100 of the indicator 16a provided to display the vertical speed of the tilt-rotor aircraft 1 itself.
Similarly, the indication 103 associated to the Vortex Ring State approaching is displayed in the area 102 of the indicator 16a.
Thereby, the indications 101, 103 signal in a way that is concise and immediately clear to the crew that the tilt-rotor aircraft 1 is approaching a Vortex Ring State condition or is in the such condition, enabling the crew to perform the suitable corrective manoeuvre.
By virtue of the fact that the indications 101, 103 are reported on the vertical speed indicator 16a, they are immediately visible to the pilot. In fact, the Vortex Ring State condition preferably occurs in a condition of high vertical speed, i.e. in a condition wherein the crew monitors constantly the indicator 16a.
The visual signals 121, 122 and the first and second acoustic signals further signal to the crew that the tilt-rotor aircraft 1 is respectively in the flight envelopes 52, 53.
It is therefore clear that modifications and variations may be brought to the indicator 16a and method for assisting performing a manoeuvre for the previously disclosed tilt-rotor aircraft 1 without departing from the scope of protection of the present invention.
In particular, the aircraft 1 may not have a crew or may be a drone.
In such case, the indicator 16a would be arranged on a remote interface controlled by a user on the ground.
Number | Date | Country | Kind |
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20216228.5 | Dec 2020 | EP | regional |
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
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PCT/IB2021/061143 | 11/30/2021 | WO |