Indirect orthodontic bonding systems and methods for bracket placement

Information

  • Patent Grant
  • 11612459
  • Patent Number
    11,612,459
  • Date Filed
    Monday, September 21, 2020
    4 years ago
  • Date Issued
    Tuesday, March 28, 2023
    a year ago
Abstract
Systems and methods for fabricating indirect bonding trays are disclosed. Physical models of a patient's teeth can be created with non-functional placeholder brackets, impressions of which can be transferred to indirect bonding trays. This can create wells in which functional brackets can be placed into, reducing errors created from transferring functional brackets from the physical model onto the indirect bonding trays.
Description
BACKGROUND
Field of the Invention

This invention relates, in some aspects, to improved indirect bonding systems and methods for orthodontic bracket placement.


SUMMARY

In some embodiments, disclosed herein are methods for fabricating an indirect bonding tray for placement of orthodontic brackets. The methods can involve, for example, providing a physical model of a patient's teeth. The model can include at least one non-functional placeholder orthodontic bracket attached to a tooth of the physical model. A moldable material can be applied over the teeth and at least one placeholder bracket of the physical model, thereby creating an indirect bonding tray. The indirect bonding tray can include at least one well corresponding to the at least one non-functional placeholder bracket. A functional orthodontic bracket can be secured within each well of the indirect bonding tray. The functional orthodontic bracket can include the same external geometry as the non-functional placeholder orthodontic bracket. The moldable material can be cured, and include, for example, polyvinyl siloxane. The model can be a malocclusion model in some cases. The indirect bonding tray can include a plurality of wells corresponding to a plurality of non-functional placeholder brackets. The non-functional placeholder brackets can include the same material as that of the physical model. The non-functional placeholder brackets can be fabricated as integral components of the physical model. The physical model may be rapidly prototyped, such as by three-dimensional (3D) printing in some cases. The physical model may be fabricated according to information from a digital model. The digital modeling and the model fabrication may be performed at remote locations from each other in some instances. The model fabrication and indirect bonding (IDB) tray fabrication may be performed at remote locations from each other in some instances.


Also disclosed herein, in some embodiments, is a method for placing orthodontic brackets onto teeth. The method can include providing an indirect bonding tray comprising wells comprising one or more functional orthodontic brackets. The wells from the functional orthodontic brackets can be created from impressions of non-functional placeholder orthodontic brackets comprising the same external geometry as the functional placeholder orthodontic brackets. The indirect bonding tray can be positioned in contact with a patient's teeth. The functional orthodontic brackets can then be transferred from the indirect bonding tray to the patient's teeth.


Also disclosed herein is a system for use in fabricating an indirect bonding tray for placement of orthodontic brackets. The system can include a physical model of a patient's teeth. The model can include a plurality of non-functional placeholder orthodontic brackets attached to a tooth of the physical model. The non-functional placeholder orthodontic brackets can be permanently attached to respective teeth of the physical model, and as such cannot be transferred for use in the patient's mouth. The non-functional placeholder orthodontic brackets can be specifically configured (e.g., modified from the actual structure of the corresponding functional brackets) to optimize the fabrication (e.g., molding) of an indirect bonding tray to have wells that allow optimal seating or placement of the functional brackets and/or that facilitate transfer of the brackets to a patient's teeth. For example, the placeholder brackets may be optimized by eliminating (e.g., the placeholder brackets may not include) complex internal geometries (e.g., undercuts) that are unnecessary for forming a negative impression that holds and properly positions the functional orthodontic bracket. In other words, the placeholder brackets could include, in some embodiments, only relatively smooth, continuous external surfaces without any undercuts.


In some embodiments, a method for fabricating an indirect bonding tray for placement of orthodontic brackets is disclosed. The method includes providing a physical model of a patient's teeth. The model has at least one, two, or more non-functional placeholder orthodontic brackets attached to a tooth of the physical model. The method further includes applying a moldable material over the teeth and the at least one placeholder bracket of the physical model, thereby creating an indirect bonding tray. The indirect bonding tray has at least one well corresponding to the at least one non-functional placeholder bracket. The method further includes securing a functional orthodontic bracket within each well of the indirect bonding tray. The functional orthodontic bracket has the same external geometry as the non-functional placeholder orthodontic bracket.


The method may include curing the moldable material. The moldable material may be or may include polyvinyl siloxane. The model may be a malocclusion model. The indirect bonding tray may include a plurality of wells corresponding to a plurality of non-functional placeholder brackets. The non-functional placeholder brackets may be the same material as that of the physical model.


The physical model may be fabricated from a digital model of the patient's teeth. The method may include positioning digital brackets on the digital model of the patient's teeth and modifying the geometry of the digital brackets while retaining the overall outline of the external surface of the digital brackets. Modifying the geometry of the digital brackets may include reducing or removing internal undercuts. Modifying the geometry of the digital brackets include removing internal details of the bracket. The method may include digitally moving the teeth from positions of malocclusion to positions of ideal occlusion. The method may further include positioning digital brackets on surfaces of the teeth while in positions of malocclusion and restoring the teeth to positions of malocclusion while maintaining the positioning of the digital brackets on the surfaces of the teeth.


The method may include applying a flexible membrane around the moldable material and shaping the moldable material into the shape of a dental arch. The physical model may include instructive information indicative of proper positioning of the indirect bonding tray on the patient's teeth and/or patient identification and the method may include transferring the instructive information from the physical model to the indirect bonding tray. The method may include transferring instructive information indicative of proper positioning of the indirect bonding tray on the patient's teeth and/or patient identification from an external tray positioned around the moldable material to the indirect bonding tray while the moldable material is moldable. Providing the physical model may include 3D printing the physical model according to a digital model. The physical model may include support structures and the method may include removing the support structures from the physical model prior to applying the moldable material. The physical model can include at least one perforation between two teeth and the method can include sectioning the physical model along the perforation. Providing the physical model may include fabricating the physical model such that only a subset of the patient's teeth corresponding to a segment of the patient's dental arch are fabricated. The indirect bonding tray may correspond in size to the segment of the patient's dental arch.


In some embodiments, a method for placing orthodontic brackets onto teeth is disclosed. The method includes providing an indirect bonding tray having wells. The wells contain a plurality of functional orthodontic brackets. The wells were created from impressions of non-functional placeholder orthodontic brackets comprising the same external geometry as the functional orthodontic brackets. The method further includes positioning the indirect bonding tray in contact with a patient's teeth and transferring the functional orthodontic brackets from the indirect bonding tray to the patient's teeth.


In some embodiments, a system for use in fabricating an indirect bonding tray for placement of orthodontic brackets is disclosed. The system includes a physical model of a patient's teeth. The model includes a plurality of non-functional placeholder orthodontic brackets attached to a plurality of teeth of the physical model. The non-functional placeholder orthodontic brackets are permanently attached to respective teeth of the physical model.


The system may include an indirect bonding tray formed as a negative impression of the physical model. The system may include a plurality of functional orthodontic brackets, each functional orthodontic bracket corresponding in external geometry to one of the plurality of non-functional placeholder orthodontic brackets.


Further features and advantages of various embodiments contemplated by the present disclosure are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.





BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These drawings are illustrative embodiments and do not present all possible embodiments of this invention.



FIGS. 1A-1D schematically illustrate various non-limiting modifications that may be made to the external dimensions or geometry of a digital bracket, according to one embodiment of the invention. FIGS. 1A and 1B depict side views of an example of a functional orthodontic bracket. FIGS. 1C and 1D illustrate the same views of the bracket as FIGS. 1A and 1B, respectively, including schematic depictions of various possible modifications to the outline of the external surface or geometry of the bracket.



FIG. 2 illustrates a digital 3D print of a fabricated bonding model that includes non-functional placeholder brackets, according to some embodiments of the invention.



FIGS. 3A-3C illustrate the progressive fabrication of an indirect bonding tray, using polyvinyl siloxane and applying it over the bonding model and ensuring that all placeholder brackets are captured in the impression, according to some embodiments of the invention.



FIGS. 4A-4C illustrate using poly wrap in the progressive fabrication of an indirect bonding tray, creating a membrane such that the polyvinyl siloxane can be further molded into a desired arch shape, according to some embodiments of the invention.



FIG. 5 illustrates the curing of an indirect bonding tray, by leaving the tray at ambient room temperature for a desired curing time, such as between about 1-10 minutes, or about 3 minutes in some embodiments.



FIGS. 6A-6C illustrate the separation of the indirect bonding tray from the bonding model after curing has occurred, according to some embodiments of the invention.



FIG. 7 schematically depicts an occlusal view of the indirect bonding tray, according to some embodiments of the invention.





DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Indirect bonding (IDB) trays have been used in orthodontics to transfer the planned position of brackets from a digital or physical study model to a patient's teeth. In a physical model, this has traditionally been done by placing the functional brackets on a physical model (e.g., outside of the patient) and then transferring the brackets to the patient through an indirect bonding transfer tray technique.


Recently, this process has been improved by digitally planning the position of brackets on a computer. This digital position of the bracket is then transferred to the patient through several methods. One method is to print a jig or indirect bonding tray directly from the digital world which holds the information of the bracket position relative to each tooth. The jig or indirect bonding tray would then be able to deliver a physical bracket to the patient in the digitally planned position. However, the ideal material for forming an indirect bonding tray may not be well-suited for precision fabrication of intricate geometries directly from a digital model. For instance, the ideal indirect bonding tray may have a degree of elasticity, which may be less rigid than ideal for convenient and rapid fabrication, such as by 3D printing. Another method is to print out a physical study model from the digitally planned bracket position. This physical model that is printed from the digitally planned bracket position will usually have “wells” or “indentations” in the surface of the teeth allowing for placement of a physical, functional bracket that is able to be bonded to a tooth and secure an archwire. These physical, functional brackets can then be picked up by an indirect bonding transfer tray and then delivered to the patient through conventional methods. A drawback of this method, in some cases, is that there are often times human error in how the brackets are placed on the physical model, which would propagate onto the indirect bonding tray and then to the patient. For example, the depth of the wells may alter the proper positioning of the functional brackets in the indirect bonding tray and/or if insufficiently deep may allow movement of the indirect bonding tray. Other methods may exist that are slight permutations of the two methods mentioned above. Improved systems and methods are needed.


In some embodiments, disclosed herein are improved systems and methods of creating indirect bonding trays. This method can use in some cases digital planning to place brackets in their correct position. Rather than printing out wells or indentations on a physical model to place the actual brackets, some embodiments create placeholder brackets, which are not the actual physical brackets to be transferred to a patient's teeth, but rather a true outline of the physical brackets or a modified version of the true outline, optimized for indirect transfer methods. The placeholder brackets are non-functional in some embodiments (e.g., cannot secure an archwire), and in some cases can be integrally formed with and not removable with respect to the physical model, such as by using 3D printing or other techniques. In some embodiments, the placeholder brackets lack extra undercut and internal details, but have the same or substantially the same external geometry as their respective functional orthodontic brackets. The placeholder brackets can, in some embodiments, be made of the same material as the physical model, and not be made of any metal in some cases. A tray, such as an indirect bonding tray can then be created from this physical model with placeholder brackets from the true actual outline of the physical brackets. Such methods can be advantageous in some cases in that the brackets can now be seated onto the indirect bonding tray directly, without requiring being picked up by a traditional “pick up method” in which the functional brackets are adhered to the physical model prior to being transferred to the indirect bonding tray. In other words, the functional brackets can be placed directly on the indirect bonding tray without requiring them to be previously transferred from a physical model. One potential benefit is that because the physical brackets are not placed for the first time until the indirect bonding tray is formed, there is potentially less chance of errors, such as inaccurate placement or movement of the brackets during the various steps, such as forming the indirect bonding tray. The brackets in the IDB tray can then be transferred to the teeth using a variety of bonding techniques.


In some embodiments, such methods can allow for easy transport of the model which can now be transmitted digitally to the orthodontist or other health care provider enabling the fabrication of the IDB tray either, for example, in a remote location (such as a manufacturing facility) or at the chairside of a doctor who has a 3D printer in their office. In some embodiments, it is not required that the entire IDB tray be printed for all the teeth. A partial/subset of an IDB tray can be created for targeted placement of a set of brackets or proper replacement of a bracket when required, for example in the case of a bracket that has debonded/come off the tooth, or in the case where there is physical interference of the brackets in the malocclusion state preventing the placement of one or more brackets in secondary step once the initial crowding that caused the interference has been resolved.


Some embodiments of methods for fabricating an in-office IDB tray will now be disclosed. The methods can include, for example, any number of the following elements:


A doctor may take one or more malocclusion digital representations of teeth. The digital representations may be obtained, for example, either from a direct intra-oral 3D digital scan of the teeth, a 3D scan of an impression of the teeth, or qv3D scan of a 3D model of patient's teeth. Any other method for obtaining an accurate 3D representation may be used as well;


The malocclusion digital model may be sent, such as electronically (e.g., via the internet), through the internet to a lab;


The lab may isolate the teeth of the patient's malocclusion digital model into individual teeth or groups of teeth. The lab may digitally move the teeth into ideal occlusion positions;


The lab may position digital representations of orthodontic brackets onto the digital ideal occlusion model;


The digital brackets may be modified representations of functional orthodontic brackets. For instance, the digital brackets may represent an outline of the 3D external geometry of a functional bracket. For example, the digital brackets may be modified to block out excessive undercut and internal details of the functional bracket, leaving 3D structural outlines which will be referred to as placeholder brackets.



FIGS. 1A-1D schematically illustrate examples various non-limiting modifications that may be made to the external dimensions or geometry of a functional bracket. FIGS. 1A and 1B depict examples of functional orthodontic brackets 100. FIG. 1A illustrates a side view of the bracket 100 (e.g., a distal or medial view) and FIG. 1B illustrates an orthogonal side view (e.g., a gingival or occlusal view) of the bracket 100. FIGS. 1C and 1D illustrate the same views of the bracket 100 as FIGS. 1A and 1B, respectively, including schematic depictions of various possible modifications 102 (depicted in dashed lines) to the outline of the external surface or geometry of the bracket 100. One or more modifications 102 may be incorporated into a digital representation of a placeholder bracket based on the functional bracket 100. The modifications 102 may simplify the level of complexity of the external geometry of the bracket 100. For example, the archwire slot may be eliminated or reduced in dimension. The modifications 102 may be designed to optimize and/or simplify the fabrication of a negative impression (e.g., an IDB tray) of the placeholder bracket from a physical model of the teeth with placeholder brackets. For instance, the modifications may eliminate (e.g., fill in) void volumes of the bracket 100 which are unnecessary for, do not significantly facilitate, and/or convolute the proper placement and/or retention of a functional bracket 100 in an IDB tray. For example, geometries which would result in very thin and/or flimsy projections protruding from an internal surface of a well in the IDB tray may provide little or no structural support and/or little or no positioning guidance for the functional bracket 100, particularly depending on the physical properties of the material from which the IDB tray is fabricated. In some implementations, the geometry may be modified to facilitate transfer of the functional brackets 100 to the patient's teeth. For example, the geometry may be modified such that the IDB tray may more easily be retracted or withdrawn from the patient's teeth without excessively clinging to the bonded functional brackets 100. The IDB tray may have a degree of deformability that allows the tray to be removed from brackets 100 after they have bonded to the patient's teeth. The geometry of the placeholder brackets may be modified to optimize retention of the functional brackets 100 in the IDB tray (e.g., during movement such as transfer to the patient's mouth) as well as release of the IDB tray from the functional brackets 100 after bonding. The modifications 102 may include reangling of portions of the outer geometry, eliminating or reducing the dimensions of undercuts, etc. In some embodiments, the external geometry of the placeholder brackets may be additionally or alternatively expanded beyond the true dimensions of the functional bracket 100;


The lab may replace the digital brackets with digital placeholder brackets. The digital placeholder brackets can be placed in the same exact position, or substantially similar location, as the digital brackets. The true outline of the bracket interface with the individual tooth may be preserved to ensure proper alignment of the functional bracket 100 with the patient's tooth during transfer;


The digital teeth and placeholder brackets of the ideal occlusion model may be moved back onto the malocclusion digital model. The digital placeholder bracket position relative to the tooth may be maintained as the teeth are repositioned from a state of ideal occlusion back to original state of malocclusion;


The digital placeholder brackets and the malocclusion digital model can be combined into a single file for each arch;


Supports may be added to the model to aid in rapid prototyping. The supports can facilitate fabrication of the physical model and/or handling of the physical model. For instance the supports may provide structural support to the physical model during fabrication;


Digital perforations may be added between one or more teeth. These perforations would allow the clinician to snap off individual teeth or groups of teeth to make sectional indirect bonding (IDB) trays;


The lab may rapid prototype this final digital model that includes the malocclusion digital model with placeholder brackets and supports into a physical model. Alternatively, the lab may send the final digital model to the doctor (e.g., electronically send via the internet) to allow direct fabrication by the doctor. FIG. 2 depicts an image of a physical model 200 of a patient's teeth including placeholder brackets 202. The placeholder brackets 202 may be formed as an integral part of the model 200 during fabrication of the model 200. In some embodiments, the placeholder brackets may be simplified down to a generally cubic representation of the functional orthodontic bracket. Fabrication of the physical model may be performed by a rapid prototyping means, such as 3D printing, or any other suitable means known in the art. In some embodiments, the physical model may comprise the entire set, or only a subset of the patient's teeth. The subset of teeth may correspond to a segment of the dental arch. The physical model may correspond in size (e.g., the length the tray extends along the dental arch) to the segment of the dental arch or may correspond to the entire arch but may not include teeth not selected as part of the subset;


Any added supports may be removed from the rapid prototyped model as necessary. The supports may be fabricated (e.g., with reduce cross sections) such that they allow easy and precise breakage of the support from the remainder of the model with application of a sufficient amount of manual force. The supports can also be kept to be used as handles to hold the physical model 200 for later processes;


If the lab produces the physical model, the lab may either proceed with making the IDB tray, or the lab may mail the rapid prototyped model to the doctor to allow the doctor to make the IDB tray;


The IDB tray can be formed by applying polyvinyl siloxane (PVS) or other impression-forming moldable material, over the rapid prototyped model covering the placeholder brackets and all or selected surfaces of the teeth. FIGS. 3A-3C illustrate images of the progressive application of a moldable material 204 (e.g., PVS) to the physical model 200. As shown in FIGS. 3A-3C, the moldable material may be injected onto the physical model 200 using a delivery device 250 having an application tip 252. Any other suitable application means may be used as well. The placeholder brackets 202 from the rapid prototyped model can create the wells that the orthodontic brackets 100 can be placed into on the IDB tray. In embodiments where the physical model comprises only a segment of the patients' dental arch, the moldable material 204 may be applied only over the segment (which may comprise the entire physical model) such that an IDB tray corresponding in size to only the segment is formed. Alternatively, the moldable material 204 may be applied to only a select subset of teeth to form one or more IDB trays corresponding in size to one or more segments of the dental arch. Partial IDB trays may be useful for performing bracket replacements and/or for subsequent placement of brackets that were initially infeasible to place (e.g., due to physical interference such as overcrowding) as described elsewhere herein;


While the moldable material 204 is still moldable, the moldable material 204 can be molded into the desired arch form. In some embodiments, a flexible membrane 210 may be used to facilitate the molding of the moldable material 204 into the IDB tray. In some embodiments, the membrane may comprise polyethylene (e.g., poly wrap). The membrane 210 can facilitate retaining the somewhat fluidic moldable material 204 into a desired geometry around the physical model 200 while allowing the clinician to bend and shape the moldable material 204 into the desired form. FIGS. 4A-4C illustrate images of the use of a membrane to progressively shape the applied moldable material 204 around the physical model 200 into a desired arch form. The membrane 210 may be particularly useful for shaping the outer surface of the IDB tray;


The moldable material 204 may be cured after shaping. The moldable material 204 may automatically cure over time upon application. FIG. 5 illustrates curing of the moldable material 204 to form a solid IDB tray around the physical model 200. For example, PVS may cure by leaving the PVS material at ambient room temperature for a period of several minutes (e.g., 1-10 minutes, or more or less). In some embodiments, the PVS may be adequately cured after about 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 minutes, or ranges including any two of the aforementioned values. In some embodiments, application of heat and/or light may be used to cure or to facilitate curing the impression material;


The moldable material 204 can be removed from the rapid prototyped model after curing is complete yielding an IDB tray 300 which can be used for indirect bonding of orthodontic brackets. FIG. 6A illustrates an image of the separated IDB tray 300 and the physical model 200, after curing of the moldable material has occurred. FIGS. 6B and 6C depict the separated physical model 200 and IDB tray 300, respectively. FIG. 7 schematically depicts an occlusal view of the IDB tray 300. The IDB tray 300 may be formed as a negative impression of the physical model 200 which includes placeholder brackets 202. The IDB tray 300 may include wells 302 for fitting to a patient's teeth as well as wells 304 for receiving one or more functional orthodontic brackets 100 to be transferred to the patient's teeth. The wells 302 of the teeth may merge with each other. Each dental arch may essentially form one large well or a plurality of wells larger than individual teeth. The wells 304 may also merge into the wells 302 of the teeth. The wells 304 may be formed to match the external outline or geometry of the functional brackets 100 based on the digitally modified placeholder brackets 202. The bracket wells 304 may cause the teeth wells 302 to extend deeper into the impression material of the IDB tray 300, such as in an occlusal and/or lingual direction. Although the brackets 100 depicted herein are depicted as lingual orthodontic brackets, the methods and systems described herein may be equally applied to other arrangements of orthodontic devices, including buccal orthodontic brackets;


The lab or doctor may place the functional brackets 100 securely inside the bracket wells 304 in the IDB tray 300 with the bonding side of the brackets facing outward away from the impression material of the IDB tray and toward the open well 302 conformed to receive the patient's teeth;


Adhesives may be added on the bonding side of the IDB tray 300. Adhesives may be added to the brackets 100 after all the brackets are properly placed in the IDB tray 300 in some cases. The adhesives may be cured or partially cured prior to transferring the tray and/or during application of the IDB tray 300 to the patient's teeth. After allowing sufficient time for the functional brackets 100 to securely bond to the patient's teeth, the IDB tray 300 may be removed from the patient's mouth leaving the functional brackets 100 in place on the patient's teeth; and


If the lab made the IDB tray 300, the lab can mail or otherwise send the IDB tray 300 pre-loaded with brackets 100 and optionally the rapid prototyped model 200 to the doctor;


Alternatively, the IDB tray 300 can be sent to the orthodontic office allowing the office to load the brackets 100 into the IDB tray 200.


A wide range of impression materials is available for taking dental impressions, such as to form the IDB tray 200. The major chemical classes of elastomeric impression materials include irreversible hydrocolloids, reversible hydrocolloids, polysulfide, polyether, condensation reaction silicones and addition reaction silicones. Alginates are examples of irreversible hydrocolloids formed by combining the sodium salt of alginic acid, calcium sulfate and water. Commercially available alginate impression materials include Jeltrate® (Dentsply/Caulk), Coe Alginate® (Coe) and Kromopan® (Lascod S.p.A.). Polyethers come as a two part system consisting of base and catalyst pastes. The base contains a polyether with imine end groups and the catalyst contains an aromatic sulfonic acid. These components may be either mixed by hand or dispensed from a dual chambered cartridge that automatically mixes the correct proportions of base and catalyst material. Commercially available polyether materials include Impregum F® (ESPE), Permadyne® (ESPE) and Polyjel® (Dentsply/Caulk). Like polyethers, addition reaction silicones are a two part system consisting of base and catalyst pastes. These materials are also called polyvinylsiloxanes or vinyl siloxanes since vinyl groups are present as terminal end groups in one paste. The other paste contains terminal hydrogens. When mixed together they form a highly cross-linked elastomeric material which recovers well from deformation. Commercially available PVS impression materials include Splash® (Discus Dental), Aquasil® (Dentsply/Caulk) and Dimension® (ESPE). Depending on the radiopacity of the tray and impression materials in some applications it may be useful to directly compound a radiopaque material into the impression material to achieve a desired attenuation. The radiopaque material may be formulated into the impression materials described previously.


In some embodiments, the IDB tray 300 may comprise indicia, including instructional information printed or otherwise marked on the tray 300. The information may comprise, for example, identification markers that include, for instance, information relevant to placing the proper tray in the proper location on the correct patient's teeth (e.g., tooth number position, upper or lower arch indicator, patient number, etc.). In some cases, the information may be transferred from the physical model 200 to the interior surface of the indirect bonding tray 200. For example, the physical model 300 may be modified with a relief, embossment, stamp, indentation, etc. of text or other markings indicative of the information. The information may be positioned, for example, in a tooth well such that it can be seen even after placement of the functional orthodontic brackets 100. The information may be sized (e.g., in area and/or depth) such that it does not significantly alter negative impression and, therefore, does not interfere with the proper fitting of the IDB tray 300 to the patient's teeth. In some cases, the corresponding wells of the indirect bonding tray may be colored (e.g., with an agent, ink, or paint) to make the information more readily visible. For example, the colored agent, ink, or paint may fill an indentation in the IDB tray 300 before drying such that it makes the information stand out. Residual agent, ink, or dye may be wiped clean form the surface of the IDB tray 300. Additionally or alternatively, information may be transferred to an external surface of the indirect bonding tray by molding the IDB tray 300 with an additional external tray which shapes the outer surface of the IDB tray 300. In some embodiments, the information may be directly transferred onto the IDB tray 300. For example, the information may be written on the tray or a marker comprising the information may be attached to the tray IDB tray 300. In some embodiments, the information may be in non-textual form. For example, the information may be a color or fiduciary marker. In some embodiments, the information can be contained within a barcode, passive or active RFID tag, or other elements that can be positioned in various locations similar to the indicia noted above.


Various other modifications, adaptations, and alternative designs are of course possible in light of the above teachings. For example, features including brackets disclosed in U.S. Pub. No. 2014/0120491 A1 to Khoshnevis et al., hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, can be utilized or modified or use with embodiments as disclosed herein. Therefore, it should be understood at this time that within the scope of the appended claims the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein. It is contemplated that various combinations or subcombinations of the specific features and aspects of the embodiments disclosed above may be made and still fall within one or more of the inventions. Further, the disclosure herein of any particular feature, aspect, method, property, characteristic, quality, attribute, element, or the like in connection with an embodiment can be used in all other embodiments set forth herein. Accordingly, it should be understood that various features and aspects of the disclosed embodiments can be combined with or substituted for one another in order to form varying modes of the disclosed inventions. Thus, it is intended that the scope of the present inventions herein disclosed should not be limited by the particular disclosed embodiments described above. Moreover, while the invention is susceptible to various modifications, and alternative forms, specific examples thereof have been shown in the drawings and are herein described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the invention is not to be limited to the particular forms or methods disclosed, but to the contrary, the invention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the various embodiments described and the appended claims. Any methods disclosed herein need not be performed in the order recited. The methods disclosed herein include certain actions taken by a practitioner; however, they can also include any third-party instruction of those actions, either expressly or by implication. For example, actions such as “transferring an orthodontic bracket” includes “instructing the transferring of an orthodontic bracket.” The ranges disclosed herein also encompass any and all overlap, sub-ranges, and combinations thereof. Language such as “up to,” “at least,” “greater than,” “less than,” “between,” and the like includes the number recited. Numbers preceded by a term such as “approximately”, “about”, and “substantially” as used herein include the recited numbers (e.g., about 10%=10%), and also represent an amount close to the stated amount that still performs a desired function or achieves a desired result. For example, the terms “approximately”, “about”, and “substantially” may refer to an amount that is within less than 10% of, within less than 5% of, within less than 1% of, within less than 0.1% of, and within less than 0.01% of the stated amount.

Claims
  • 1. A method for fabricating indirect bonding trays for placement of orthodontic brackets, the method comprising: providing a digital model of a patient's teeth in maloccluded first positions;digitally moving the patient's teeth from the first positions to desired second positions of ideal occlusion in the digital model;digitally positioning digital brackets on respective surfaces of the patient's teeth while in the second positions in the digital model, the digital brackets each representing an outline of a 3D external geometry of a respective functional bracket;digitally restoring the patient's teeth from the second positions to the first positions while maintaining the positioning of the digital brackets on the respective surfaces of the patient's teeth in the digital model and while retaining the outline of the external geometry of the digital brackets, wherein the digitally restored model comprises one or more digital perforations each arranged between respective teeth thereof;forming a physical model of the patient's teeth by rapid prototyping based on the digitally restored model, the physical model comprising non-functional placeholder orthodontic brackets each positioned on a respective tooth of the physical model corresponding to the positioning of a corresponding one of the digital brackets on a corresponding one of the surfaces of the patient's teeth in the digitally restored model, and the physical model comprising one or more perforations each positioned between respective teeth of the physical model corresponding to the positioning of a corresponding one of the one or more digital perforations in the digitally restored model;sectioning the physical model along each of the one or more perforations to form sectioned physical models each of a portion of the patient's teeth; andforming indirect bonding trays using respective ones of the sectioned physical models, the indirect bonding trays comprising wells each corresponding to a respective one of the non-functional orthodontic placeholder brackets and each configured to receive a functional orthodontic bracket therein.
  • 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising positioning a functional orthodontic bracket within a corresponding one of the wells of the indirect bonding trays.
  • 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the functional orthodontic bracket is one of a plurality of functional orthodontic brackets each secured within a respective one of the wells of the indirect bonding trays.
  • 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the functional orthodontic bracket comprises substantially the same external geometry as a respective one of the non-functional placeholder orthodontic brackets.
  • 5. The method of claim 1, wherein forming the indirect bonding trays comprise shaping a moldable material over each of the sectioned physical models.
  • 6. The method of claim 5, wherein forming the indirect bonding trays further comprises curing the moldable material.
  • 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the moldable material comprises polyvinyl siloxane.
  • 8. The method of claim 5, wherein forming the indirect bonding trays further comprises applying a flexible membrane around the moldable material and shaping the moldable material into a shape of a dental arch of the patient.
  • 9. The method of claim 5, further comprising transferring instructive information indicative of proper positioning of the indirect bonding trays on the patient's teeth and/or patient identification from a respective external tray positioned around the moldable material to the indirect bonding trays while the moldable material is moldable.
  • 10. The method of claim 5, wherein the physical model comprises support structures, the method further comprising removing the support structures prior to shaping the moldable material over the sectioned physical models.
  • 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the non-functional placeholder orthodontic brackets comprise a same material as the physical model.
  • 12. The method of claim 1, further comprising modifying the digital brackets while retaining the external geometry of the digital brackets.
  • 13. The method of claim 12, wherein modifying the digital brackets comprises reducing or removing internal undercuts thereof.
  • 14. The method of claim 12, wherein modifying the digital brackets comprises removing internal details of the digital brackets.
  • 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the physical model is formed to include instructive information indicative of proper positioning of the indirect bonding trays on the patient's teeth and/or patient identification, the method further comprising transferring the instructive information from the physical model to the indirect bonding trays.
  • 16. The method of claim 1, wherein forming the physical model by rapid prototyping comprises 3D printing the physical model according to the digitally restored model.
  • 17. The method of claim 1, wherein providing the digital model of the patient's teeth comprises performing a direct intra-oral 3D scan of the patient's teeth, performing a 3D scan of an impression of the patient's teeth, or performing a 3D scan of a 3D model of the patient's teeth.
  • 18. The method of claim 1, wherein forming the physical model comprises fabricating the physical model such that only a subset of the patient's teeth corresponding to a segment of a dental arch of the patient are represented in the physical model, and wherein the indirect bonding trays correspond in size to the segment of the dental arch of the patient.
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/827,723, filed on Nov. 30, 2017, which claims the priority benefit under at least 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of U.S. Prov. App. No. 62/429,664, filed on Dec. 2, 2016, the entirety of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Any and all applications for which a foreign or domestic priority claim is identified in the Application Data Sheet as filed with the present application are hereby incorporated by reference under at least 37 CFR 1.57.

US Referenced Citations (693)
Number Name Date Kind
1005131 Angle et al. Oct 1911 A
1307382 Stanton Jun 1919 A
1429749 Maeulen et al. Sep 1922 A
1638006 Aderer Feb 1926 A
2257069 Peak Sep 1941 A
2495692 Brusse Jan 1950 A
2524763 Brusse Oct 1950 A
2582230 Brusse Jan 1952 A
3256602 Broussard Jun 1966 A
3262207 Kesling Jul 1966 A
3374542 Moylan, Jr. Mar 1968 A
3593421 Brader Jul 1971 A
3600808 Reeve Aug 1971 A
3683502 Wallshein Aug 1972 A
3691635 Wallshein Sep 1972 A
3762050 Dal Pont Oct 1973 A
3765091 Northcutt Oct 1973 A
3878610 Coscina Apr 1975 A
3936938 Northcutt Feb 1976 A
3949477 Cohen et al. Apr 1976 A
3975823 Sosnay Aug 1976 A
4103423 Kessel Aug 1978 A
4171568 Forster Oct 1979 A
4192070 Lemchen et al. Mar 1980 A
4193195 Merkel et al. Mar 1980 A
4197643 Burstone et al. Apr 1980 A
4268250 Reeve May 1981 A
4330273 Kesling May 1982 A
4354833 Fujita Oct 1982 A
4354834 Wilson Oct 1982 A
4382781 Grossman May 1983 A
4385890 Klein May 1983 A
4412819 Cannon Nov 1983 A
4424033 Wool Jan 1984 A
4436510 Klein Mar 1984 A
4479779 Wool Oct 1984 A
4483674 Schütz Nov 1984 A
4490112 Tanaka et al. Dec 1984 A
4501554 Hickham Feb 1985 A
4516938 Hall May 1985 A
4533320 Piekarsky Aug 1985 A
4561844 Bates Dec 1985 A
4582487 Creekmore Apr 1986 A
4585414 Kottermann Apr 1986 A
4592725 Goshgarian Jun 1986 A
4634662 Rosenberg Jan 1987 A
4656860 Orthuber et al. Apr 1987 A
4659310 Kottermann Apr 1987 A
4664626 Kesling May 1987 A
4674978 Acevedo Jun 1987 A
4676747 Kesling Jun 1987 A
4725229 Miller Feb 1988 A
4797093 Bergersen Jan 1989 A
4797095 Armstrong et al. Jan 1989 A
4838787 Lerner Jun 1989 A
4842514 Kesling Jun 1989 A
4872449 Beeuwkes Oct 1989 A
4881896 Bergersen Nov 1989 A
4892479 McKenna Jan 1990 A
4897035 Green Jan 1990 A
4900251 Andreasen Feb 1990 A
4978323 Freedman Dec 1990 A
5011405 Lemchen Apr 1991 A
5044947 Sachdeva et al. Sep 1991 A
5055039 Abbatte et al. Oct 1991 A
5092768 Korn Mar 1992 A
5114339 Guis May 1992 A
5123838 Cannon Jun 1992 A
5127828 Suyama Jul 1992 A
5131843 Hilgers et al. Jul 1992 A
5154606 Wildman Oct 1992 A
5174754 Meritt Dec 1992 A
5176514 Viazis Jan 1993 A
5176618 Freedman Jan 1993 A
5238404 Andreiko Aug 1993 A
5242304 Truax et al. Sep 1993 A
5248257 Cannon Sep 1993 A
5259760 Orikasa Nov 1993 A
5312247 Sachdeva et al. May 1994 A
5344315 Hanson Sep 1994 A
5368478 Andreiko Nov 1994 A
5380197 Hanson Jan 1995 A
5399087 Arndt Mar 1995 A
5431562 Andreiko Jul 1995 A
5447432 Andreiko Sep 1995 A
5454717 Andreiko Oct 1995 A
RE35169 Lemchen et al. Mar 1996 E
5516284 Wildman May 1996 A
5624258 Wool Apr 1997 A
5630715 Voudouris May 1997 A
5683243 Andreiko Nov 1997 A
5683245 Sachdeva et al. Nov 1997 A
5722827 Allesee Mar 1998 A
5816800 Brehm Oct 1998 A
5820370 Brosius Oct 1998 A
5863198 Doyle Jan 1999 A
5890893 Heiser Apr 1999 A
5971754 Sondhi et al. Oct 1999 A
5975893 Chishti et al. Nov 1999 A
5993208 Jonjic Nov 1999 A
6015289 Andreiko Jan 2000 A
6036489 Brosius Mar 2000 A
6042374 Farzin-Nia et al. Mar 2000 A
6086364 Brunson Jul 2000 A
6089861 Kelly Jul 2000 A
6095809 Kelly et al. Aug 2000 A
6099304 Carter Aug 2000 A
6123544 Cleary Sep 2000 A
6183250 Kanno et al. Feb 2001 B1
6190166 Sasakura Feb 2001 B1
6196839 Ross Mar 2001 B1
6217325 Chishti et al. Apr 2001 B1
6227850 Chishti et al. May 2001 B1
6244861 Andreiko Jun 2001 B1
6250918 Sachdeva et al. Jun 2001 B1
6315553 Sachdeva et al. Nov 2001 B1
6318994 Chishti et al. Nov 2001 B1
6318995 Sachdeva et al. Nov 2001 B1
6334853 Kopelman et al. Jan 2002 B1
6350120 Sachdeva et al. Feb 2002 B1
6358045 Farzin-Nia et al. Mar 2002 B1
6371761 Cheang et al. Apr 2002 B1
6394801 Chishti et al. May 2002 B2
6398548 Muhammad et al. Jun 2002 B1
6413084 Rubbert et al. Jun 2002 B1
6431870 Sachdeva Aug 2002 B1
6450807 Chishti et al. Sep 2002 B1
6464495 Voudouris Oct 2002 B1
6464496 Sachdeva et al. Oct 2002 B1
6471511 Chishti et al. Oct 2002 B1
6471512 Sachdeva et al. Oct 2002 B1
6512994 Sachdeva Jan 2003 B1
6514074 Chishti et al. Feb 2003 B1
6532299 Sachdeva et al. Mar 2003 B1
6540512 Sachdeva et al. Apr 2003 B1
6554613 Sachdeva et al. Apr 2003 B1
6572693 Wu et al. Jun 2003 B1
6582226 Jordan et al. Jun 2003 B2
6587828 Sachdeva Jul 2003 B1
6595774 Risse Jul 2003 B1
6554611 Chishti et al. Aug 2003 B2
6602070 Miller et al. Aug 2003 B2
6612143 Butscher et al. Sep 2003 B1
6616444 Andreiko Sep 2003 B2
6626666 Chishti et al. Sep 2003 B2
6629840 Chishti et al. Oct 2003 B2
6632089 Rubbert Oct 2003 B2
6648640 Rubbert Nov 2003 B2
6663385 Tepper Dec 2003 B2
6679700 McGann Jan 2004 B2
6682344 Stockstill Jan 2004 B1
6685469 Chishti et al. Feb 2004 B2
6685470 Chishti et al. Feb 2004 B2
6688885 Sachdeva et al. Feb 2004 B1
6699037 Chishti et al. Mar 2004 B2
6702575 Hilliard Mar 2004 B2
6705863 Phan et al. Mar 2004 B2
6722880 Chishti et al. Apr 2004 B2
6728423 Rubbert et al. Apr 2004 B1
6729876 Chishti et al. May 2004 B2
6732558 Butscher et al. May 2004 B2
6733285 Puttler et al. May 2004 B2
6733287 Wilkerson May 2004 B2
6733288 Vallittu et al. May 2004 B2
6736638 Sachdeva et al. May 2004 B1
6738508 Rubbert et al. May 2004 B1
6739869 Taub et al. May 2004 B1
6744914 Rubbert et al. Jun 2004 B1
6744932 Rubbert et al. Jun 2004 B1
6746241 Townsend-Hansen Jun 2004 B2
6755064 Butscher Jun 2004 B2
6771809 Rubbert et al. Aug 2004 B1
6776614 Wiechmann Aug 2004 B2
6830450 Knopp et al. Dec 2004 B2
6845175 Kopelman et al. Jan 2005 B2
6846179 Chapouland Jan 2005 B2
6851949 Sachdeva et al. Feb 2005 B1
6860132 Butscher Mar 2005 B2
6893257 Kelly May 2005 B2
6928733 Rubbert et al. Aug 2005 B2
6948931 Chishti et al. Sep 2005 B2
6971873 Sachdeva Dec 2005 B2
6988889 Abels Jan 2006 B2
7008221 McGann Mar 2006 B2
7013191 Rubbert Mar 2006 B2
7020963 Cleary et al. Apr 2006 B2
7029275 Rubbert Apr 2006 B2
7033171 Wilkerson Apr 2006 B2
7037107 Yamamoto May 2006 B2
7056115 Phan et al. Jun 2006 B2
7063531 Maijer et al. Jun 2006 B2
7068836 Rubbert et al. Jun 2006 B1
7076980 Butscher Jul 2006 B2
7077646 Hilliard Jul 2006 B2
7077647 Choi et al. Jul 2006 B2
7080979 Rubbert et al. Jul 2006 B2
7092107 Babayoff et al. Aug 2006 B2
7094053 Andreiko Aug 2006 B2
7112065 Kopelman et al. Sep 2006 B2
7125248 Phan et al. Oct 2006 B2
7134874 Chishti et al. Nov 2006 B2
7137812 Cleary et al. Nov 2006 B2
7155373 Jordan et al. Dec 2006 B2
7156661 Choi et al. Jan 2007 B2
7160110 Imgrund et al. Jan 2007 B2
7168950 Cinader, Jr. et al. Jan 2007 B2
7172417 Sporbert et al. Feb 2007 B2
7175428 Nicholson Feb 2007 B2
7186115 Goldberg et al. Mar 2007 B2
7188421 Cleary et al. Mar 2007 B2
7214056 Stockstill May 2007 B2
7229282 Andreiko Jun 2007 B2
7234934 Rosenberg Jun 2007 B2
7234936 Lai Jun 2007 B2
7234937 Sachdeva et al. Jun 2007 B2
7240528 Weise et al. Jul 2007 B2
7244121 Brosius Jul 2007 B2
7245977 Simkins Jul 2007 B1
7252506 Lai Aug 2007 B2
7267545 Oda Sep 2007 B2
7283891 Butscher Oct 2007 B2
7296996 Sachdeva Nov 2007 B2
7335021 Nikodem Feb 2008 B2
7347688 Kopelman et al. Mar 2008 B2
7354268 Raby et al. Apr 2008 B2
7357634 Knopp Apr 2008 B2
7361017 Sachdeva Apr 2008 B2
7364428 Cinader, Jr. et al. Apr 2008 B2
7404714 Cleary et al. Jul 2008 B2
7410357 Cleary et al. Aug 2008 B2
7416408 Farzin-Nia et al. Aug 2008 B2
7442041 Imgrund et al. Oct 2008 B2
7452205 Cinader, Jr. et al. Nov 2008 B2
7458812 Sporbert et al. Dec 2008 B2
7471821 Rubbert et al. Dec 2008 B2
7556496 Cinader, Jr. et al. Jul 2009 B2
7578673 Wen Aug 2009 B2
7578674 Chishti et al. Aug 2009 B2
7585172 Rubbert Sep 2009 B2
7590462 Rubbert Sep 2009 B2
7621743 Bathen Nov 2009 B2
7641473 Sporbert Jan 2010 B2
7674110 Oda Mar 2010 B2
7677887 Nicholson Mar 2010 B2
7699606 Sachdeva Apr 2010 B2
7704072 Damon Apr 2010 B2
7717708 Sachdeva May 2010 B2
7722354 Dumas May 2010 B1
7726470 Cinader, Jr. et al. Jun 2010 B2
7726968 Raby et al. Jun 2010 B2
7751925 Rubbert Jul 2010 B2
7762815 Cinader, Jr. et al. Jul 2010 B2
7811087 Wiechmann Oct 2010 B2
7837464 Marshall Nov 2010 B2
7837466 Griffith et al. Nov 2010 B2
7837467 Butscher Nov 2010 B2
7845938 Kim et al. Dec 2010 B2
7850451 Wiechmann Dec 2010 B2
7871267 Griffith et al. Jan 2011 B2
7878806 Lemchen Feb 2011 B2
7909603 Oda Mar 2011 B2
7950131 Hilliard May 2011 B2
7993133 Cinader, Jr. Aug 2011 B2
8021146 Cinader, Jr. et al. Sep 2011 B2
8029275 Kesling Oct 2011 B2
8033824 Oda et al. Oct 2011 B2
8038444 Kitching et al. Oct 2011 B2
8047034 Butscher Nov 2011 B2
8057226 Wiechmann Nov 2011 B2
8070487 Chishti et al. Dec 2011 B2
8082769 Butscher Dec 2011 B2
8092215 Stone-collonge et al. Jan 2012 B2
8102538 Babayoff Jan 2012 B2
8113828 Greenfield Feb 2012 B1
8113829 Sachdeva Feb 2012 B2
8114327 Cinader, Jr. et al. Feb 2012 B2
8121718 Rubbert Feb 2012 B2
8142187 Sporbert Mar 2012 B2
8152519 Dumas et al. Apr 2012 B1
8192196 Singh Jun 2012 B2
8192197 Sporbert Jun 2012 B2
8194067 Raby Jun 2012 B2
8220195 Maijer et al. Jul 2012 B2
8251699 Reising et al. Aug 2012 B2
8266940 Riemeir et al. Sep 2012 B2
8297970 Kanomi Oct 2012 B2
8308478 Primus et al. Nov 2012 B2
8313327 Won Nov 2012 B1
8359115 Kopelman et al. Jan 2013 B2
8363228 Babayoff Jan 2013 B2
8366440 Bathen Feb 2013 B2
8376739 Dupray Feb 2013 B2
8382917 Johnson Feb 2013 B2
8393896 Oda Mar 2013 B2
8417366 Getto Apr 2013 B2
8439671 Cinader, Jr. May 2013 B2
8439672 Matov et al. May 2013 B2
8451456 Babayoff May 2013 B2
8454364 Taub et al. Jun 2013 B2
8459988 Dumas Jun 2013 B2
8465279 Bathen Jun 2013 B2
8469704 Oda et al. Jun 2013 B2
8479393 Abels et al. Jul 2013 B2
8485816 Macchi Jul 2013 B2
8491306 Raby et al. Jul 2013 B2
8500445 Borri Aug 2013 B2
8517727 Raby et al. Aug 2013 B2
8545221 Sonte-collenge et al. Oct 2013 B2
8562337 Kuo et al. Oct 2013 B2
8573972 Matov et al. Nov 2013 B2
8591225 Wu et al. Nov 2013 B2
8591226 Griffith et al. Nov 2013 B2
8636505 Fornoff Jan 2014 B2
8638447 Babayoff et al. Jan 2014 B2
8638448 Babayoff et al. Jan 2014 B2
8675207 Babayoff Mar 2014 B2
8678818 Dupray Mar 2014 B2
8690568 Chapouland Apr 2014 B2
8708697 Li et al. Apr 2014 B2
8714972 Eichenberg May 2014 B2
8734149 Phan et al. May 2014 B2
8734690 Komori May 2014 B2
8780106 Chishti et al. Jul 2014 B2
8805048 Batesole Aug 2014 B2
8805563 Kopelman et al. Aug 2014 B2
8807995 Kabbani et al. Aug 2014 B2
8827697 Cinader, Jr. et al. Sep 2014 B2
8845330 Taub et al. Sep 2014 B2
8871132 Abels et al. Oct 2014 B2
8931171 Rosenberg Jan 2015 B2
8932054 Rosenberg Jan 2015 B1
8936464 Kopelman Jan 2015 B2
8961172 Dupray Feb 2015 B2
8968365 Aschmann et al. Mar 2015 B2
8979528 Macchi Mar 2015 B2
8986004 Dumas Mar 2015 B2
8992215 Chapouland Mar 2015 B2
8998608 Imgrund et al. Apr 2015 B2
9022781 Kuo et al. May 2015 B2
9066775 Bukhary Jun 2015 B2
9089386 Hagelganz Jul 2015 B2
9101433 Babayoff Aug 2015 B2
9119689 Kabbani Sep 2015 B2
9127338 Johnson Sep 2015 B2
9144473 Aldo Sep 2015 B2
9161823 Morton et al. Oct 2015 B2
9204942 Phan et al. Dec 2015 B2
9299192 Kopelman Mar 2016 B2
9301815 Dumas Apr 2016 B2
9329675 Ojelund et al. May 2016 B2
9339352 Cinader et al. May 2016 B2
9387055 Cinader, Jr. et al. Jul 2016 B2
9402695 Curiel et al. Aug 2016 B2
9427291 Khoshnevis et al. Aug 2016 B2
9427916 Taub et al. Aug 2016 B2
9433477 Borovinskih et al. Sep 2016 B2
9439737 Gonzales et al. Sep 2016 B2
9451873 Kopelman et al. Sep 2016 B1
9492246 Lin Nov 2016 B2
9498302 Patel Nov 2016 B1
D774193 Makmel et al. Dec 2016 S
9510757 Kopelman Dec 2016 B2
9517112 Hagelganz et al. Dec 2016 B2
9529970 Andreiko Dec 2016 B2
9539064 Abels et al. Jan 2017 B2
9554875 Gualano Jan 2017 B2
9566132 Stone-collonge et al. Feb 2017 B2
9566134 Hagelganz et al. Feb 2017 B2
9585733 Voudouris Mar 2017 B2
9585734 Lai et al. Mar 2017 B2
9597165 Kopelman Mar 2017 B2
9610628 Riemeier Apr 2017 B2
9615901 Babyoff et al. Apr 2017 B2
9622834 Chapouland Apr 2017 B2
9622835 See et al. Apr 2017 B2
9629551 Fisker et al. Apr 2017 B2
9629694 Chun et al. Apr 2017 B2
9642678 Kuo May 2017 B2
9675435 Karazivan et al. Jun 2017 B2
9707056 Machata et al. Jul 2017 B2
9763750 Kim et al. Sep 2017 B2
9788917 Mah Oct 2017 B2
9814543 Huang et al. Nov 2017 B2
9844420 Cheang Dec 2017 B2
9848958 Matov et al. Dec 2017 B2
9867678 Macchi Jan 2018 B2
9867680 Damon Jan 2018 B2
9872741 Gualano Jan 2018 B2
9877804 Chester Jan 2018 B2
9877805 Abels et al. Jan 2018 B2
9925020 Jo Mar 2018 B2
9937018 Martz et al. Apr 2018 B2
9937020 Choi Apr 2018 B2
9956058 Kopelman May 2018 B2
9962244 Esbech et al. May 2018 B2
9975294 Taub et al. May 2018 B2
9987105 Dupray Jun 2018 B2
10028804 Schulhof et al. Jul 2018 B2
10045834 Gualano Aug 2018 B2
10052177 Andreiko Aug 2018 B2
10058400 Abels et al. Aug 2018 B2
10058401 Tan Aug 2018 B2
10064706 Dickerson Sep 2018 B2
10070943 Fornoff Sep 2018 B2
10076780 Riemeier et al. Sep 2018 B2
10098709 Kitching et al. Oct 2018 B1
10130987 Riemeier et al. Nov 2018 B2
10136966 Reybrouck et al. Nov 2018 B2
10149738 Lee Dec 2018 B2
10179035 Shivapuja et al. Jan 2019 B2
10179036 Lee Jan 2019 B2
10219877 Khoshnevis et al. Mar 2019 B2
10226312 Khoshnevis et al. Mar 2019 B2
10238476 Karazivan et al. Mar 2019 B2
10241499 Griffin Mar 2019 B1
10278791 Schumacher May 2019 B2
10278792 Wool May 2019 B2
10278793 Gonzalez et al. May 2019 B2
10292789 Martz et al. May 2019 B2
10307221 Cinader, Jr. Jun 2019 B2
10314673 Schulhof et al. Jun 2019 B2
10327867 Nikolskiy et al. Jun 2019 B2
10342640 Cassalia Jul 2019 B2
10368961 Paehl et al. Aug 2019 B2
10383707 Roein Peikar et al. Aug 2019 B2
D859663 Cetta et al. Sep 2019 S
10413386 Moon et al. Sep 2019 B2
10426575 Raslambekov Oct 2019 B1
10456228 Karazivan et al. Oct 2019 B2
10478271 Patel Nov 2019 B2
10485638 Salah Nov 2019 B2
10492889 Kim et al. Dec 2019 B2
10492890 Cinader, Jr. et al. Dec 2019 B2
10555792 Kopelman et al. Feb 2020 B2
10588717 Chun et al. Mar 2020 B2
10595966 Carrier, Jr. et al. Mar 2020 B2
10603137 Alauddin et al. Mar 2020 B2
10636522 Katzman et al. Apr 2020 B2
10639130 Blees et al. May 2020 B2
10639134 Shangjani et al. May 2020 B2
10754325 Griffin, III Aug 2020 B1
10758323 Kopelman Sep 2020 B2
10772706 Schumacher Sep 2020 B2
10806376 Lotan et al. Oct 2020 B2
10809697 Grapsas Oct 2020 B2
10828133 Tong et al. Nov 2020 B2
10849723 Yancey et al. Dec 2020 B1
10869738 Witte et al. Dec 2020 B2
10881488 Kopelman Jan 2021 B2
10881489 Tong et al. Jan 2021 B2
10905527 Roein Peikar et al. Feb 2021 B2
10952820 Song et al. Mar 2021 B2
10980614 Roein Peikar et al. Apr 2021 B2
10993782 Raslambekov May 2021 B1
10993785 Roein Peikar et al. May 2021 B2
11045281 Tsai et al. Jun 2021 B2
11045295 Karazivan et al. Jun 2021 B2
11058517 Tong et al. Jul 2021 B2
11058518 Roein Peikar et al. Jul 2021 B2
11058520 Khoshnevis et al. Jul 2021 B2
11072021 Riemeier et al. Jul 2021 B2
11083411 Yancey et al. Aug 2021 B2
11083546 Cassalia Aug 2021 B2
11103330 Webber et al. Aug 2021 B2
11129696 Khoshnevis et al. Sep 2021 B2
11147652 Mason et al. Oct 2021 B2
11154382 Kopelman et al. Oct 2021 B2
11229505 Schumacher et al. Jan 2022 B2
11234794 Pokotilov et al. Feb 2022 B2
11304781 Chun et al. Apr 2022 B2
11317994 Peikar et al. May 2022 B2
11317995 Peikar et al. May 2022 B2
11324572 Peikar et al. May 2022 B2
11337486 Oda et al. May 2022 B2
11382720 Kopelman et al. Jul 2022 B2
11433658 Friedrich et al. Sep 2022 B2
11435142 Hauptmann Sep 2022 B2
11446117 Paehl et al. Sep 2022 B2
11446219 Kohler et al. Sep 2022 B2
11471254 Owen Oct 2022 B2
11471255 Cinader, Jr. et al. Oct 2022 B2
20010055741 Dixon et al. Dec 2001 A1
20020006597 Andreiko et al. Jan 2002 A1
20020010568 Rubbert et al. Jan 2002 A1
20020081546 Tricca et al. Jun 2002 A1
20020098460 Farzin-Nia Jul 2002 A1
20020192617 Phan et al. Dec 2002 A1
20030049582 Abels et al. Mar 2003 A1
20030180689 Arx et al. Sep 2003 A1
20030194677 Sachdeva et al. Oct 2003 A1
20040048222 Forster et al. Mar 2004 A1
20040072120 Lauren Apr 2004 A1
20040083611 Rubbert et al. May 2004 A1
20040166459 Voudouris Aug 2004 A1
20040219471 Cleary et al. Nov 2004 A1
20050043837 Rubbert et al. Feb 2005 A1
20050074716 Cleary et al. Apr 2005 A1
20050106529 Abolfathi et al. May 2005 A1
20050181332 Sernetz Aug 2005 A1
20050191592 Farzin-Nia et al. Sep 2005 A1
20050233276 Kopelman et al. Oct 2005 A1
20050244780 Abels et al. Nov 2005 A1
20050244781 Abels et al. Nov 2005 A1
20050244790 Kuperman Nov 2005 A1
20060068354 Jeckel Mar 2006 A1
20060223021 Cinader, Jr. et al. Oct 2006 A1
20060223031 Cinader, Jr. et al. Oct 2006 A1
20060257813 Highland Nov 2006 A1
20060257821 Cinader, Jr. et al. Nov 2006 A1
20070015103 Sorel Jan 2007 A1
20070031773 Scuzzo Feb 2007 A1
20070031775 Andreiko Feb 2007 A1
20070087302 Reising et al. Apr 2007 A1
20070111154 Sampermans May 2007 A1
20070134611 Nicholson Jun 2007 A1
20070141525 Cinader, Jr. Jun 2007 A1
20070154859 Hilliard Jul 2007 A1
20070172788 Hill, II et al. Jul 2007 A1
20070190478 Goldberg et al. Aug 2007 A1
20070231768 Hutchinson Oct 2007 A1
20070287121 Cinader et al. Dec 2007 A1
20080032250 Kopelman et al. Feb 2008 A1
20080057460 Hicks Mar 2008 A1
20080063995 Farzin-Nia et al. Mar 2008 A1
20080160475 Rojas-Pardini Jul 2008 A1
20080199825 Jahn Aug 2008 A1
20080227049 Sevinc Sep 2008 A1
20080233530 Cinader Sep 2008 A1
20080248439 Griffith et al. Oct 2008 A1
20080254403 Hilliard Oct 2008 A1
20080286711 Corcoran et al. Nov 2008 A1
20080305450 Steen Dec 2008 A1
20090004619 Oda et al. Jan 2009 A1
20090042160 Ofir Feb 2009 A1
20090191502 Cao et al. Jul 2009 A1
20090197217 Butscher et al. Aug 2009 A1
20090220907 Suyama Sep 2009 A1
20090220920 Primus et al. Sep 2009 A1
20100092903 Sabilla Apr 2010 A1
20100092905 Martin Apr 2010 A1
20100105000 Scommegna Apr 2010 A1
20100129765 Mohr et al. May 2010 A1
20100129766 Hilgers May 2010 A1
20100178628 Kim Jul 2010 A1
20100179789 Sachdeva et al. Jul 2010 A1
20100193979 Goldberg et al. Aug 2010 A1
20100279243 Cinader, Jr. et al. Nov 2010 A1
20100304321 Patel Dec 2010 A1
20110008745 McQuillan et al. Jan 2011 A1
20110027743 Cinader, Jr. et al. Feb 2011 A1
20110059414 Hirsch Mar 2011 A1
20110091832 Kim et al. Apr 2011 A1
20110220612 Kim Sep 2011 A1
20110250556 Heiser Oct 2011 A1
20110270583 Getto et al. Nov 2011 A1
20110287376 Walther Nov 2011 A1
20110314891 Gilbert Dec 2011 A1
20120148972 Lewis Jun 2012 A1
20120208144 Chiaramonte Aug 2012 A1
20120315595 Beaudoin Dec 2012 A1
20120322019 Lewis Dec 2012 A1
20130065193 Curiel et al. Mar 2013 A1
20130122443 Huang et al. May 2013 A1
20130196281 Thornton Aug 2013 A1
20130196282 Eichelberger et al. Aug 2013 A1
20130315595 Barr Nov 2013 A1
20140120491 Khoshnevis et al. May 2014 A1
20140154637 Hansen et al. Jun 2014 A1
20140170586 Cantarella Jun 2014 A1
20140255864 Machata et al. Sep 2014 A1
20140287376 Hultgren et al. Sep 2014 A1
20150010879 Kurthy Jan 2015 A1
20150064641 Gardner Mar 2015 A1
20150072299 Alauddin et al. Mar 2015 A1
20150140501 Kim May 2015 A1
20150265376 Kopelman Sep 2015 A1
20150313687 Blees Nov 2015 A1
20150351872 Jo Dec 2015 A1
20150359610 Gonzalez et al. Dec 2015 A1
20150366638 Kopelman et al. Dec 2015 A1
20160074139 Machata et al. Mar 2016 A1
20160095670 Witte et al. Apr 2016 A1
20160106522 Kim Apr 2016 A1
20160166357 Portalupi Jun 2016 A1
20160175073 Huang Jun 2016 A1
20160206403 Ouellette et al. Jul 2016 A1
20160228214 Sachdeva et al. Aug 2016 A1
20160242871 Morton et al. Aug 2016 A1
20160270885 Kwon et al. Sep 2016 A1
20160278883 Fasci et al. Sep 2016 A1
20160287354 Viecilli et al. Oct 2016 A1
20160310239 Paehl et al. Oct 2016 A1
20160361141 Tong et al. Dec 2016 A1
20160361142 Tong et al. Dec 2016 A1
20160374780 Carrillo Gonzalez et al. Dec 2016 A1
20170086948 Von Mandach Mar 2017 A1
20170105817 Chun et al. Apr 2017 A1
20170128169 Lai et al. May 2017 A1
20170135793 Webber et al. May 2017 A1
20170151037 Lee Jun 2017 A1
20170156823 Roein et al. Jun 2017 A1
20170165532 Khan et al. Jun 2017 A1
20170196660 Lee Jul 2017 A1
20170224444 Viecilli et al. Aug 2017 A1
20170231721 Akeel et al. Aug 2017 A1
20170252140 Murphy et al. Sep 2017 A1
20170281313 Kim Oct 2017 A1
20170281314 Freimuller Oct 2017 A1
20170296304 Tong et al. Oct 2017 A1
20170312052 Moss et al. Nov 2017 A1
20170325911 Marshall Nov 2017 A1
20180014916 Cinader, Jr. et al. Jan 2018 A1
20180021108 Cinader, Jr. et al. Jan 2018 A1
20180049847 Oda et al. Feb 2018 A1
20180071057 Rudman Mar 2018 A1
20180110589 Gao Apr 2018 A1
20180132974 Rudman May 2018 A1
20180153651 Tong et al. Jun 2018 A1
20180185120 Wool Jul 2018 A1
20180185121 Pitts et al. Jul 2018 A1
20180214250 Martz Aug 2018 A1
20180221113 Tong et al. Aug 2018 A1
20180235437 Ozerov et al. Aug 2018 A1
20180303583 Tong et al. Oct 2018 A1
20180338564 Oda et al. Nov 2018 A1
20190001396 Riemeier et al. Jan 2019 A1
20190019187 Miller et al. Jan 2019 A1
20190053876 Sterental et al. Feb 2019 A1
20190090988 Schumacher et al. Mar 2019 A1
20190090989 Jo Mar 2019 A1
20190125494 Li et al. May 2019 A1
20190142551 Dickenson et al. May 2019 A1
20190159871 Chan et al. May 2019 A1
20190163060 Skamser et al. May 2019 A1
20190175304 Morton et al. Jun 2019 A1
20190231488 Dickerson Aug 2019 A1
20190247147 Grande et al. Aug 2019 A1
20190252065 Katzman et al. Aug 2019 A1
20190321136 Martz et al. Oct 2019 A1
20190321138 Peikar et al. Oct 2019 A1
20190328491 Hostettler et al. Oct 2019 A1
20190343606 Wu et al. Nov 2019 A1
20190350682 Cinader, Jr. et al. Nov 2019 A1
20190365507 Khoshnevis et al. Dec 2019 A1
20190388189 Shivapuja et al. Dec 2019 A1
20200000551 Li et al. Jan 2020 A1
20200066391 Sachdeva et al. Feb 2020 A1
20200107911 Roein Peikar et al. Apr 2020 A1
20200129272 Roein Peikar et al. Apr 2020 A1
20200138549 Chun et al. May 2020 A1
20200146779 Zhang May 2020 A1
20200170757 Kopelman et al. Jun 2020 A1
20200188063 Cinader, Jr. et al. Jun 2020 A1
20200197131 Matov et al. Jun 2020 A1
20200229903 Sandwick Jul 2020 A1
20200275996 Tong et al. Sep 2020 A1
20200345455 Roein Peikar et al. Nov 2020 A1
20200345459 Schueller et al. Nov 2020 A1
20200345460 Roein Peikar et al. Nov 2020 A1
20200375699 Roein Peikar et al. Dec 2020 A1
20200390524 Roein Peikar et al. Dec 2020 A1
20200405191 Lotan et al. Dec 2020 A1
20200405452 Song et al. Dec 2020 A1
20210007830 Roein Peikar et al. Jan 2021 A1
20210007832 Roein Peikar et al. Jan 2021 A1
20210068928 Witte et al. Mar 2021 A1
20210128275 Suh et al. May 2021 A1
20210134450 Katzman et al. May 2021 A1
20210145547 Roein Peikar et al. May 2021 A1
20210177551 Roein Peikar et al. Jun 2021 A1
20210186662 Roein Peikar et al. Jun 2021 A1
20210205049 Cinader, Jr. Jul 2021 A1
20210212803 Tong et al. Jul 2021 A1
20210244505 Tong et al. Aug 2021 A1
20210244507 Curiel et al. Aug 2021 A1
20210251730 Curiel et al. Aug 2021 A1
20210275286 Karazivan et al. Sep 2021 A1
20210330430 Khoshnevis et al. Oct 2021 A1
20210338380 Park et al. Nov 2021 A1
20210346127 Cassalia Nov 2021 A1
20210353389 Peikar et al. Nov 2021 A1
20210369413 Li et al. Dec 2021 A1
20210378792 Akopov et al. Dec 2021 A1
20210401548 Oda et al. Dec 2021 A1
20220023009 Tong et al. Jan 2022 A1
20220031428 Khoshnevis et al. Feb 2022 A1
20220039921 Kopelman et al. Feb 2022 A1
20220061964 Khoshnevis et al. Mar 2022 A1
20220087783 Khoshnevis et al. Mar 2022 A1
20220133438 Wratten, Jr. et al. May 2022 A1
20220137592 Cramer et al. May 2022 A1
20220168072 Tong et al. Jun 2022 A1
20220183797 Khoshnevis et al. Jun 2022 A1
Foreign Referenced Citations (84)
Number Date Country
1372872 Oct 2002 CN
201079455 Jul 2008 CN
201320224 Oct 2009 CN
102215773 Oct 2011 CN
202365955 Aug 2012 CN
202892116 Apr 2013 CN
203074896 Jul 2013 CN
103505293 Jan 2014 CN
203506900 Apr 2014 CN
104188728 Dec 2014 CN
204049881 Dec 2014 CN
205126459 Apr 2016 CN
105596098 May 2016 CN
105662615 Jun 2016 CN
205569100 Sep 2016 CN
106029002 Oct 2016 CN
106137419 Nov 2016 CN
3915807 Nov 1990 DE
10 2015 017 301 Mar 2022 DE
1 139 902 Oct 2001 EP
1276433 Jan 2003 EP
1 379 193 Feb 2007 EP
2076207 Jul 2009 EP
1 073 378 Jan 2012 EP
2522298 Nov 2012 EP
2617383 Jul 2013 EP
3 285 678 May 2021 EP
2 726 049 Aug 2022 EP
3 019 141 Aug 2022 EP
4 035 649 Aug 2022 EP
3 691 559 Sep 2022 EP
4 056 144 Sep 2022 EP
2 315 046 Apr 2010 ES
2 525 469 Oct 1983 FR
3 056 393 Oct 2018 FR
2009205330 Sep 2009 JP
100549294 Jan 2006 KR
100737442 Jul 2007 KR
100925286 May 2009 KR
101583547 Jan 2016 KR
101584737 Jan 2016 KR
101723674 Apr 2017 KR
133408 Oct 2013 RU
WO 0180761 Nov 2001 WO
WO 0185047 Nov 2001 WO
WO 03045266 Jun 2003 WO
WO 2005008441 Jan 2005 WO
WO 2005094716 Oct 2005 WO
WO 2007069286 Jun 2007 WO
WO 2008051774 May 2008 WO
WO 2011034522 Mar 2011 WO
WO 2011090502 Jul 2011 WO
WO 2011103669 Sep 2011 WO
WO 2012089735 Jul 2012 WO
WO 2012140021 Oct 2012 WO
WO 2013019398 Feb 2013 WO
WO 2014070920 May 2014 WO
WO 2016148961 Sep 2016 WO
WO 2016149008 Sep 2016 WO
WO 2016199972 Dec 2016 WO
WO 2016210402 Dec 2016 WO
WO 2017007079 Jan 2017 WO
WO 2017112004 Jun 2017 WO
WO 2017172537 Oct 2017 WO
WO 2017184632 Oct 2017 WO
WO 2017194478 Nov 2017 WO
WO 2017198640 Nov 2017 WO
WO 2018102588 Jun 2018 WO
WO 2018122862 Jul 2018 WO
WO 2018144634 Aug 2018 WO
WO 2018195356 Oct 2018 WO
WO 2020178353 Sep 2020 WO
WO 2020180740 Sep 2020 WO
WO 2020223744 Nov 2020 WO
WO 2020223745 Nov 2020 WO
WO 2021087158 May 2021 WO
WO 2021105878 Jun 2021 WO
WO 2021214613 Oct 2021 WO
WO 2021225916 Nov 2021 WO
WO 2021226618 Nov 2021 WO
WO 2021225916 Dec 2021 WO
WO 2021252675 Dec 2021 WO
WO 2022099263 May 2022 WO
WO 2022099267 May 2022 WO
Non-Patent Literature Citations (29)
Entry
U.S. Appl. No. 15/249,262, filed Aug. 26, 2016, Tong et al.
Coro, Jorge C. et al., “MEAW Therapy” MEAW Therapy-Orthodontic Products, accessed via http://www.orthodonticproductsonline.com/2012/11/meaw-therapy/ on Mar. 14, 2016, published Nov. 12, 2012 in 6 pages.
ElSheikh, Moaaz Mohamed, et al. “A Forsus Distalizer: A Pilot Typodont Study”. Jul.-Dec. 2004, KDJ, vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 107-115.
EP Search Report dated Jun. 23, 2016 in EP application No. 13850778.5 in 5 pages.
EP Search Report dated May 29, 2020 in EP Application No. 17875658.1.
CN Office Action dated Nov. 11, 2020 in CN Application No. 2018800149154.
EP Search Report dated Aug. 28, 2020 in EP Application No. 18748336.7.
Extended European Search Report dated Nov. 9, 2020 in EP Application No. 18787728.7.
CN Office Action dated Jun. 30, 2020 in CN Application No. 201780033738X.
Gilbert, Alfredo. An in-office wire-bending robot for lingual orthodontics. ResearchGate. Article in Journal of clinical orthodontics: JCO, Apr. 2011.
Glauser-Williams Orthodontics: Appliances, http://www.glauserwilliamsorthodontics.com/treatments/orthodontic-appliances.php, accessed Nov. 30, 2015 in 4 pages.
Jiang et al. Bending Process Analysis and Structure Design of Orthodontic Archwire Bending Robot. International Journal of Smart Home. vol. 7, No. 5 (2013), pp. 345-352. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijsh.2013.7.5.33.
Jiang et al. A Reviewon Robot in Prosthodontics and Orthodontics. Hindawi Publishing Corporation. Advances in Mechanical Engineering. Article ID 198748. 2014. 11 pages.
Korean Intellectual Property Office (ISA/KR), International Search Report and Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, dated Feb. 14, 2014, for PCT Application No. PCT/US2013/067560, filed Oct. 30, 2013, entitled Orthodontic Appliance with Snap Fitted, Non-Sliding Archwire.
Mahony, Derek, “How We Got From There to Here and Back”. Dental Learning Hub (Capture of web page dated Jun. 24, 2013 downloaded from http://web.archive.org/web/20130624145806/http://www.dental-learninghub.com/Clinical/Orthodontics.aspx, downloaded Feb. 7, 2014).
Miller, R.J. et al. “Validation of Align Technology's Treat III™ Digital Model Superimposition Tool and Its Case Application”. Orthodontic Craniofacial Res.,2003, vol. 6 (Suppl 1): pp. 143-149.
SureSmile. 2013. About SureSmile. (Capture of web page dated Jun. 21, 2013 downloaded from http://web.archive.org/web/20130621031404/http://suresmile.com/About-SureSmile, downloaded Feb. 7, 2014).
Xia, et al. Development of a Robotic System for Orthodontic Archwire Bending. 2016 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA). Stockholm, Sweden, May 16-21, 2016. pp. 730-735.
Yang, Won-Sik, et al. “A Study of the Regional Load Deflection Rate of Multiloop Edgewise Arch Wire.” Angle Orthodontist, 2001, vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 103-109.
International Search Report for International Application No. PCT/US2013/067560 dated Feb. 13, 2014.
International Search Report for International Application No. PCT/US2017/028180 dated Aug. 14, 2017.
International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/US 2017/064021 dated Mar. 2, 2018.
International Search Report for International Application No. PCT/US2018/016293 dated May 10, 2018.
International Search Report for International Application No. PCT/US2018/028437 dated Aug. 9, 2018.
International Search Report for International Application No. PCT/US2020/020526 dated May 22, 2020.
IPhone 3D scanning to dental software, screen shots at 0:09 and 7:00 of YouTube video, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QONGdQ3QiFE, listed as uploaded Oct. 1, 2018 in 2 pages.
Invisalign® SmileView™, How Would You Look with Straight Teeth?, https://www.invisalign.com/get-started/invisalign-smiieview?v=0#start, printed Jun. 7, 2022 in 2 pages.
A ScanBox demo, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MsCfv2PDQ0o, screen shots at 0:08 and 0:19 of YouTube video, listed as uploaded May 5, 2019 in 2 pages.
Southern Maine Orthodontics, Virtual Orthodontic Treatment, https://southernmainebraces.com/virtual-orthodontic-treatment/, printed Jun. 7, 2022 in 3 pages.
Related Publications (1)
Number Date Country
20210093422 A1 Apr 2021 US
Provisional Applications (1)
Number Date Country
62429664 Dec 2016 US
Continuations (1)
Number Date Country
Parent 15827723 Nov 2017 US
Child 17026747 US