Indole derivatives useful as histamine H3 antagonists

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The present invention relates to novel substituted indoles and derivatives thereof, useful as histamine H3 antagonists. The invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising said compounds and their use in treating inflammatory diseases, allergic conditions and central nervous system disorders. The invention also relates to the use of a combination of novel histamine H3 antagonists of this invention with histamine H1 compounds for the treatment of inflammatory diseases and allergic conditions, as well as pharmaceutical compositions comprising a combination of one or more novel histamine H3 antagonist compounds of the invention with one or more histamine H1 compounds.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] The histamine receptors, H1, H2 and H3 are well-identified forms. The H1 receptors are those that mediate the response antagonized by conventional antihistamines. H1 receptors are present, for example, in the ileum, the skin, and the bronchial smooth muscle of humans and other mammals. Through H2 receptor-mediated responses, histamine stimulates gastric acid secretion in mammals and the chronotropic effect in isolated mammalian atria.

[0004] H3 receptor sites are found on sympathetic nerves, where they modulate sympathetic neurotransmission and attenuate a variety of end organ responses under control of the sympathetic nervous system. Specifically, H3 receptor activation by histamine attenuates nonepinephrine outflow to resistance and capacitance vessels, causing vasodilation.

[0005] Imidazole H3 receptor antagonists are well known in the art. More recently, non-imidazole H3 receptor antagonists have been disclosed in PCT US01/32151, filed Oct. 15, 2001, and U.S. application Ser. No. 10/095,134, filed Mar. 11, 2002.

[0006] U.S. Pat. No. 5,869,479 discloses compositions for the treatment of the symptoms of allergic rhinitis using a combination of at least one histamine H1 receptor antagonist and at least one histamine H3 receptor antagonist.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0007] The present invention provides novel compounds of formula I:

[0008] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein:

[0009] a is 0 to 3;

[0010] b is 0 to 3;

[0011] n is 1, 2 or 3;

[0012] p is 1, 2 or 3;

[0013] r is 0, 1, 2, or 3;

[0014] X is a bond or C1-C6 alkylene;

[0015] M1 is CH or N;

[0016] M2 is C(R3) or N;

[0017] with the provisos that when M2 is N, p is not 1; and that when r is 0, M2 is C(R3); and that the sum of p and r is 1 to 4;

[0018] Y is —C(═O)—, —C(═S)—, —(CH2)q—, —NR4C(═O)—, —C(═O)NR4—, —C(═O)CH2—, SO1-2—, —C(═N—CN)—NH— or —NH—C(═N—CN)—; with the provisos that when M1 is N, Y is not —NR4C(═O)— or —NH—C(═N—CN)—; and when M2 is N, Y is not —C(═O)NR4— or —C(═N—CN)—NH—;

[0019] q is 1 to 5, provided that when M1 and M2 are both N, q is not 1;

[0020] Z is a bond, C1-C6 alkylene, C2-C6 alkenylene, —C(═O)—, —CH(CN)— or —CH2C(═O)NR4—;

[0021] the dotted line represents an optional double bond;

[0022] R and R7 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-C6 alkyl, halo(C1-C6)alkyl-, C1-C6 alkoxy, (C1-C6)alkoxy-(C1-C6)alkyl-, (C1-C6)-alkoxy-(C1-C6)alkoxy, (C1-C6)alkoxy-(C1-C6)alkyl-SO0-2, R32-aryl(C1-C6)alkoxy-, R32-aryl-(C1-C6)alkyl-, R32-aryl, R32-aryloxy, R32-heteroaryl, (C3-C6)cycloalkyl, (C3-C6)cycloalkyl-(C1-C6)alkyl, (C3-C6)cycloalkyl-(C1-C6)alkoxy, (C3-C6)cycloalkyl-oxy-, R37-heterocyclo-alkyl, N(R30)(R31)—(C1-C6)alkyl-, —N(R30)(R31), —NH—(C1-C6)alkyl-O—(C1-C6)alkyl, —NHC(O)NH(R29); R22—S(O)0-2—, halo(C1-C6)alkyl-S(O)0-2—, N(R30)(R31)—(C1-C6)alkyl-S(O)0-2—, benzoyl, (C1-C6)alkoxy-carbonyl, R37-heterocycloalkyl-N(R29)—C(O)—, (C1-C6)alkyl-N(R29)—C(O)—, (C1-C6)alkyl-N(C1-C6 alkoxy)-C(O)—, —C(═NOR36)R36 and —NHC(O)R29; and when the optional double bond is not present, R7 can be OH;

[0023] R8 is H, C1-C6 alkyl, halo(C1-C6)alkyl-, (C1-C6)alkoxy-(C2-C6)alkyl-, R32-aryl(C, —C6)alkyl-, R32-aryl, R32-heteroaryl, R32-heteroaryl(C1-C6)alkyl-, (C3-C6)cycloalkyl, (C3-C6)cycloalkyl-(C1-C6)alkyl, R37-heterocycloalkyl, R37-heterocycloalkyl(C1-C6)alkyl, N(R30)(R31)—(C2-C6)alkyl-, R22-S(O)2—, halo(C1-C6)alkyl-S(O)2—, R22-S(O)—(C2-C6)alkyl-, halo(C1-C6)alkyl-S(O)0-1—(C2-C6)alkyl-, (C1-C6)alkyl-N(R29)—SO2—, or R32-heteroaryl-SO2;

[0024] R is a six-membered heteroaryl ring having 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from N or N—O, with the remaining ring atoms being carbon; a five-membered heteroaryl ring having 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O or S, with the remaining ring atoms being carbon; R32-quinolyl; R32-aryl;

[0025] or heterocycloalkyl; wherein said six-membered heteroaryl ring or said five-membered heteroaryl ring is optionally substituted by R6;

[0026] R3 is H, halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, —OH or (C1-C6)alkoxy;

[0027] R4 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, (C3-C6)cycloalkyl(C1-C6)alkyl, R33-aryl, R33-aryl(C1-C6)alkyl, and R32-heteroaryl;

[0028] R5 is hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, —C(O)R20, —C(O)2R20, —C(O)N(R20)2, R33-aryl(C1-C6)alkyl or (C1-C6)alkyl-SO2—;

[0029] R6 is 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of —OH, halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, —CF3, —NR4R5, —(C1-C6)alkyl-NR4R5, phenyl, R33-phenyl, NO2, —CO2R4, —CON(R4)2, —NHC(O)N(R4)2, R32-heteroaryl-SO2—NH—, R32-aryl-(C1-C6)alkyl-NH—, R32-heteroaryl-(C1-C6)alkyl-NH—, R32-heteroaryl-NH—C(O)—NH—, R37-heterocycloalkyl-N(R29)—C(O)— and R37-heterocycloalkyl-N(R29)—C(O)—NH—;

[0030] R12 is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-C6 alkyl, hydroxyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, or fluoro, provided that when R12 is hydroxy or fluoro, then R12 is not bound to a carbon adjacent to a nitrogen; or R12 forms a C, to C2 alkyl bridge from one ring carbon to another ring carbon;

[0031] R13 is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-C6 alkyl, hydroxyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, or fluoro, provided that when R13 is hydroxy or fluoro then R13 is not bound to a carbon adjacent to a nitrogen; or forms a C1 to C2 alkyl bridge from one ring carbon to another ring carbon; or R13 is ═O;

[0032] R20 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, or aryl, wherein said aryl group is optionally substituted with from 1 to 3 groups independently selected from halogen, —CF3, —OCF3, hydroxyl, or methoxy; or when two R20 groups are present, said two R20 groups taken together with the nitrogen to which they are bound can form a five or six membered heterocyclic ring;

[0033] R22 is C1-C6 alkyl, R34-aryl or heterocycloalkyl;

[0034] R24 is H, C1-C6 alkyl, —SO2R22 or R34-aryl;

[0035] R25 is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-C6 alkyl, halogen, CN, —CF3, —OH, C1-C6 alkoxy, (C1-C6)alkyl-C(O)—, aryl-C(O)—, N(R4)(R5)—C(O)—, N(R4)(R5)—S(O)1-2—, halo-(C1-C6)alkyl- or halo-(C1-C6)alkoxy-(C1-C6)alkyl-;

[0036] R29 is H, C1-C6 alkyl R35-aryl or R35-aryl(C1-C6)alkyl-;

[0037] R30 is H, C1-C6 alkyl, R35-aryl or R35-aryl(C1-C6)alkyl-;

[0038] R31 is H, C1-C6 alkyl-, R35-aryl, R35-aryl(C1-C6)alkyl-, (C1-C6)alkyl-C(O)—, R35-aryl-C(O)—, N(R4)(R5)—C(O)—, (C1-C6)alkyl-S(O)2— or R35-aryl-S(O)2—;

[0039] or R30 and R31 together are —(CH2)4-5—, —(CH2)2—O—(CH2)2— or —(CH2)2—N(R29)—(CH2)2— and form a ring with the nitrogen to which they are attached;

[0040] R32 is 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of H, —OH, halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, R35-aryl-O—, —SR22, —CF3, —OCF3, —OCHF2, —NR4R5, phenyl, R33-phenyl, —NO2, —CO2R4, —CON(R4)2, —S(O)2R22, —S(O)2N(R20)2, —N(R24)S(O)2R22, —CN, hydroxy-(C1-C6)alkyl-, —OCH2CH2OR22, and R35-aryl(C1-C6)— alkyl-O—, wherein said aryl group is optionally substituted with 1 to 3 independently selected halogens;

[0041] R33 is 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C1-C6 alkyl, halogen, —CN, —NO2, —OCHF2 and —O—(C1-C6)alkyl;

[0042] R34 is 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, —CF3, —OCF3, —OH and —OCH3.

[0043] R35 is 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, C1-C6 alkyl, hydroxy, C1-C6 alkoxy, phenoxy, —CF3, —N(R36)2, —COOR20 and —NO2;

[0044] R36 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C1-C6 alkyl; and

[0045] R37 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-C6 alkyl and (C1-C6)alkoxycarbonyl.

[0046] This invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of at least one compound of formula I and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

[0047] This invention further provides a method of treating: allergy, allergy-induced airway (e.g., upper airway) responses, congestion (e.g., nasal congestion), hypotension, cardiovascular disease, diseases of the GI tract, hyper- and hypo-motility and acidic secretion of the gastro-intestinal tract, obesity, sleeping disorders (e.g., hypersomnia, somnolence, and narcolepsy), disturbances of the central nervous system, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), hypo- and hyperactivity of the central nervous system (for example, agitation and depression), and/or other CNS disorders (such as Alzheimer's, schizophrenia, and migraine) comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of at least one compound of formula I. “Patient” means a mammal, typically a human, although veterinary use is also contemplated.

[0048] Compounds of this invention are particularly useful for treating allergy, allergy-induced airway responses and/or congestion.

[0049] This invention further provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of a combination of at least one compound of formula I and at least one H1 receptor antagonist in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

[0050] This invention further provides a method of treating allergy, allergy-induced airway (e.g., upper airway) responses, and/or congestion (e.g., nasal congestion) comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment (e.g., a mammal, such as a human being) an effective amount of a combination of at least one compound of formula I and at least one H1 receptor antagonist.

[0051] Kits comprising a compound of formula I in a pharmaceutical composition, and a separate H1 receptor antagonist in a pharmaceutical composition in a single package are also contemplated.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0052] Preferred definitions of the variables in the structure of formula I are as follows:

[0053] R1 is preferably 3-indolyl or 1-indolyl. The double bond is preferably present in the R1 substituent.

[0054] R is preferably H, alkyl, R32-aryl, R32-heteroaryl, (C1-C6)alkoxy-carbonyl or (C1-C6)alkyl-N(R29)—C(O)—. When R is (C1-C6)alkyl-N(R29)—C(O)—, R29 is preferably H or C1-C6 alkyl. More preferably, R is R32-aryl or R32-heteroaryl. Especially preferred are R32-phenyl and R32-pyridyl. R7 is preferably H.

[0055] R8 is preferably H, R32-aryl(C1-C6)alkyl-, R32-heteroaryl(C1-C6)alkyl-, R32-aryl, R32-heteroaryl, (C1-C6)alkyl-N(R29)—SO2— or R37-heterocycloalkyl(C1-C6)alkyl-. Especially preferred are H, R32-benzyl, R32-pyridylmethyl, (C1-C6)alkyl-N(R29)—SO2— wherein R29 is H or C1-C6 alkyl, and piperidinoethyl.

[0056] R25 is preferably H, halogen or —CF3 and k is 0 or 1. When R1 is an aza- or diaza derivative of indole, R is preferably as defined above, and k1 and k2 are preferably zero.

[0057] X is preferably a bond.

[0058] R2 is preferably a six-membered heteroaryl ring, optionally substituted with one substituent. More preferably, R2 is pyridyl, pyrimidyl or pyridazinyl, optionally substituted with —NH2.

[0059] Y is preferably —C(O)—.

[0060] Z is preferably straight or branched C1-C3 alkyl. Methylene is an especially preferred Z group.

[0061] M1 is preferably N; a is preferably 0; and n is preferably 2; the optional double bond in the ring containing M1 is preferably not present (i.e., a single bond is present).

[0062] M2 is preferably C(R3) wherein R3 is hydrogen or fluoro; b is preferably 0; r is preferably 1; and p is preferably 2.

[0063] As used herein, the following terms have the following meanings, unless indicated otherwise:

[0064] alkyl (including, for example, the alkyl portions of arylalkyl and alkoxy) represents straight and branched carbon chains and contains from one to six carbon atoms;

[0065] alkylene represents a divalent straight or branched alkyl chain, e.g., ethylene (—CH2—) or propylene (—CH2CH2CH2—);

[0066] haloalkyl or haloalkoxy represent alkyl or alkoxy chains as defined above wherein one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by halogen atoms, e.g., —CF3, CF3CH2CH2—, CF3CF2— or CF3O—;

[0067] aryl (including the aryl portion of arylalkyl) represents a carbocyclic group containing from 6 to 15 carbon atoms and having at least one aromatic ring (e.g., aryl is a phenyl or naphthyl ring), with all available substitutable carbon atoms of the carbocyclic group being intended as possible points of attachment;

[0068] arylalkyl represents an aryl group, as defined above, bound to an alkyl group, as defined above, wherein said alkyl group is bound to the compound;

[0069] cycloalkyl represents saturated carbocyclic rings of from 3 to 6 carbon atoms;

[0070] halogen (halo) represents fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo;

[0071] heteroaryl represents cyclic groups, having 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from O, S or N, said heteroatom interrupting a carbocyclic ring structure and having a sufficient number of delocalized pi electrons to provide aromatic character, with the aromatic heterocyclic groups preferably containing from 2 to 14 carbon atoms. The rings do not contain adjacent oxygen and/or sulfur atoms. Examples include but are not limited to isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, furazanyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, furanyl (furyl), pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, pyranyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyridyl (e.g., 2-, 3-, or 4-pyridyl), pyridyl N-oxide (e.g., 2-, 3-, or 4-pyridyl N-oxide), triazinyl, pteridinyl, indolyl (benzopyrrolyl), pyridopyrazinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinolinyl, naphthyridinyl; the 5- and 6-membered heteroaryl groups included in the definition of R2 are exemplified by the heteroaryl groups listed above; all available substitutable carbon and nitrogen atoms can be substituted as defined.

[0072] heterocycloalkyl represents a saturated, carbocylic ring containing from 3 to 15 carbon atoms, preferably from 4 to 6 carbon atoms, which carbocyclic ring is interrupted by 1 to 3 hetero atoms selected from —O—, —S—, —SO—, —SO2 or —NR40— wherein R40 represents H, C1 to C6 alkyl, arylalkyl, —C(O)R20, —C(O)OR20, or —C(O)N(R20)2 (wherein each R20 is independently selected); examples include but are not limited to 2- or 3-tetrahydrofuranyl, 2- or 3-tetrahydrothienyl, 2-, 3- or 4-piperidinyl, 2- or 3-pyrrolidinyl, 2- or 3-piperizinyl, 2- or 4-dioxanyl, 1,3-dioxolanyl, 1,3,5-trithianyl, pentamethylene sulfide, perhydroisoquinolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, trimethylene oxide, azetidinyl, 1-azacycloheptanyl, 1,3-dithianyl, 1,3,5-trioxanyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, 1,4-thioxanyl, and 1,3,5-hexahydrotriazinyl, thiazolidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl.

[0073] {circle over (N)} for example in the structure

[0074] represents a nitrogen atom that is located at one of the 4 non-fused positions of the ring, i.e., positions 4, 5, 6 or 7 indicated below:

[0075] Similarly,

[0076] means that two nitrogen atoms are located at any two of the 4 non-fused positions of the ring, e.g., the 4 and 6 positions, the 4 and 7 positions, or the 5 and 6 positions.

[0077] A dotted line in the structure of formula I or in the structures defining R1 indicates an option double bond. The presence or absence of a double bond in the structure of formula I is independent of the presence or absence of a double bond in the R1 substituent.

[0078] Also, as used herein, “upper airway” usually means the upper respiratory system—i.e., the nose, throat, and associated structures.

[0079] Also, as used herein, “effective amount” generally means a therapeutically effective amount.

[0080] A line drawn into a ring means that the indicated bond may be attached to any of the substitutable ring carbon atoms.

[0081] Certain compounds of the invention may exist in different isomeric (e.g., enantiomers, diastereoisomers and geometric) forms. The invention contemplates all such isomers both in pure form and in admixture, including racemic mixtures. Enol forms and tautomers are also included.

[0082] The compounds of this invention are ligands for the histamine H3 receptor. The compounds of this invention can also be described as antagonists of the H3 receptor, or as H3 antagonists.

[0083] The compounds of the invention are basic and form pharmaceutically acceptable salts with organic and inorganic acids. Examples of suitable acids for such salt formation are hydrochloric, sulfuric, phosphoric, acetic, citric, oxalic, malonic, salicylic, malic, fumaric, succinic, ascorbic, maleic, methanesulfonic and other mineral and carboxylic acids well known to those skilled in the art. The salts are prepared by contacting the free base form with a sufficient amount of the desired acid to produce a salt in the conventional manner. The free base forms may be regenerated by treating the salt with a suitable dilute aqueous base solution such as dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, ammonia and sodium bicarbonate. The free base forms can differ from their corresponding salt forms somewhat in certain physical properties, such as solubility in polar solvents, but the salts are otherwise equivalent to their corresponding free base forms for purposes of this invention.

[0084] Depending upon the substituents on the inventive compounds, one may be able to form salts with bases. Thus, for example, if there is a carboxylic acid substituent in the molecule, a salt may be formed with an inorganic as well as organic base such as, for example, NaOH, KOH, NH4OH, tetraalkylammonium hydroxide, and the like.

[0085] The compounds of formula I can exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms, including hydrated forms, e.g., hemi-hydrate. In general, the solvated form, with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol and the like are equivalent to the unsolvated form for purposes of the invention.

[0086] The compounds of this invention can be combined with an H, receptor antagonist (i.e., the compounds of this invention can be combined with an H1 receptor antagonist in a pharmaceutical composition, or the compounds of this invention can be administered with an H1 receptor antagonist).

[0087] Numerous chemical substances are known to have histamine H1 receptor antagonist activity and can therefore be used in the methods of this invention. Many H1 receptor antagonists useful in the methods of this invention can be classified as ethanolamines, ethylenediamines, alkylamines, phenothiazines or piperidines. Representative H1 receptor antagonists include, without limitation: astemizole, azatadine, azelastine, acrivastine, brompheniramine, cetirizine, chlorpheniramine, clemastine, cyclizine, carebastine, cyproheptadine, carbinoxamine, descarboethoxyloratadine, diphenhydramine, doxylamine, dimethindene, ebastine, epinastine, efletirizine, fexofenadine, hydroxyzine, ketotifen, loratadine, levocabastine, meclizine, mizolastine, mequitazine, mianserin, noberastine, norastemizole, picumast, pyrilamine, promethazine, terfenadine, tripelennamine, temelastine, trimeprazine and triprolidine. Other compounds can readily be evaluated to determine activity at H1 receptors by known methods, including specific blockade of the contractile response to histamine of isolated guinea pig ileum. See for example, WO98/06394 published Feb. 19, 1998.

[0088] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the H1 receptor antagonist is used at its known therapeutically effective dose, or the H1 receptor antagonist is used at its normally prescribed dosage.

[0089] Preferably, said H1 receptor antagonist is selected from: astemizole, azatadine, azelastine, acrivastine, brompheniramine, cetirizine, chlorpheniramine, clemastine, cyclizine, carebastine, cyproheptadine, carbinoxamine, descarboethoxyloratadine, diphenhydramine, doxylamine, dimethindene, ebastine, epinastine, efletirizine, fexofenadine, hydroxyzine, ketotifen, loratadine, levocabastine, meclizine, mizolastine, mequitazine, mianserin, noberastine, norastemizole, picumast, pyrilamine, promethazine, terfenadine, tripelennamine, temelastine, trimeprazine or triprolidine.

[0090] More preferably, said H1 receptor antagonist is selected from: astemizole, azatadine, azelastine, brompheniramine, cetirizine, chlorpheniramine, clemastine, carebastine, descarboethoxyloratadine, diphenhydramine, doxylamine, ebastine, fexofenadine, loratadine, levocabastine, mizolastine, norastemizole, or terfenadine.

[0091] Most preferably, said H1 receptor antagonist is selected from: azatadine, brompheniramine, cetirizine, chlorpheniramine, carebastine, descarboethoxy-loratadine, diphenhydramine, ebastine, fexofenadine, loratadine, or norastemizole.

[0092] Even more preferably, said H1 antagonist is selected from loratadine, descarboethoxyloratadine, fexofenadine or cetirizine. Still even more preferably, said H1 antagonist is loratadine or descarboethoxyloratadine.

[0093] In one preferred embodiment, said H1 receptor antagonist is loratadine.

[0094] In another preferred embodiment, said H1 receptor antagonist is descarboethoxyloratadine.

[0095] In still another preferred embodiment, said H1 receptor antagonist is fexofenadine.

[0096] In yet another preferred embodiment, said H1 receptor antagonist is cetirizine.

[0097] Preferably, in the above methods, allergy-induced airway responses are treated.

[0098] Also, preferably, in the above methods, allergy is treated.

[0099] Also, preferably, in the above methods, nasal congestion is treated.

[0100] In the methods of this invention wherein a combination of an H3 antagonist of this invention (compound of formula I) is administered with an H1 antagonist, the antagonists can be administered simultaneously or sequentially (first one and then the other over a period of time). In general, when the antagonists are administered sequentially, the H3 antagonist of this invention (compound of formula I) is administered first.

[0101] The preparation of compounds of Formula I can be realized in many ways known to those skilled in the art. Following are typical procedures for preparing various compounds; other procedures may also be applicable and the procedures may be modified to prepare other compounds within the scope of Formula I. One skilled in the art will recognize that one route will be optimal depending on the choice of appendage substituents. Additionally, one skilled in the art will recognize that in some cases the order of steps has to be controlled to avoid functional group incompatibilities.

[0102] The structure of formula I can be considered to be made up of four parts, A, B, C and D, as shown below:

[0103] One possible route for preparing compounds of formula I involves a linear sequence of reactions to obtain the desired compounds, i.e.,

A+B→AB+C→ABC+D→ABCD

[0104] The synthesis using this approach is given below for compounds in which R1 is 3-indolyl, M1 is N, M2 is CH, and Y is —C(O)—:

[0105] Indole (1), obtained commercially or through procedures well known in the art, is reacted under acidic conditions such as acetic acid and phosphoric acid or the like at a temperature of 200-100° C. with a ketone for a time sufficient to complete the reaction to give compound (2). Compound (2) can be reduced using a metal catalyst such as palladium, platinum or the like in a solvent such as methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate or the like at a temperature from 200-50° C. under an atmosphere of hydrogen or in the presence of a hydrogen source such as NH4C1 or NH4HCO2 to give the fragment AB. Other AB ring analogs can be prepared using procedures well known to those versed in the art, see for example J. Heterocyclic Chem., 30, (1993), 445, U.S. Pat. No. 5,846,982, WO 01/46181, and EP 470039.

[0106] Amine AB can be coupled to acid C, wherein PG is a protecting group, using a number of methods well known in the art such as using EDC, DCC or PyBOP (benzotriazole-1-yl-oxy-trispyrrolidino-phosphonium hexaflurophosphate). Alternatively, the acid C can be activated by conversion to the acid chloride or mixed anhydride and then reacted with the amine AB to give ABC. Suitable protecting groups for C include t-BOC or the like.

[0107] Compound ABC is deprotected using conditions suitable for the removal of the protecting group, PG, to give ABC″.

[0108] For compounds wherein Z-R2═—(CH2)1-6—R2, ABC″ can be reacted with an aldehyde of the formula R2(CH2)1-5CHO in the presence of a reducing agent such as NaBH4, NaBH(OAc)3 or the like, in a suitable solvent such as methanol, ethanol, dichloromethane or the like, to give ABCD. Alternatively, ABC can be reacted with an alkylating agent R2—(CH2YX, in which X is a leaving group such as a halogen or mesylate or the like, in a solvent such as DMSO, DMF or the like, in the presence of a base, to give ABCD.

[0109] For compounds wherein Z-R2═C(O)—R2, ABC″ can be coupled with an acid R2CO2H in the presence of a coupling agent such as EDC, DCC or PyBOP. Alternatively, the acid can be activated by conversion to the acid chloride or mixed anhydride and then reacted with the amine ABC to give ABCD.

[0110] Other reagents can also be utilized in a similar fashion to introduce Z-R2, including for example, sulfonyl halides, R2SO2X, or isocyanates of the formula R2NCO.

[0111] Introduction of R8:

[0112] For compounds wherein R8 is attached to the indole nitrogen via an alkyl chain, R8 can be introduced by reacting the indole nitrogen with an alkylating agent R8—X, in which X is a leaving group such as a halogen or mesylate or the like, in a solvent like DMSO, DMF or the like, in the presence of a base to give the final product. For compounds wherein R8 is attached to the indole nitrogen through a —SO2— group, the indole nitrogen is reacted with a sulfonyl chloride in the presence of a base such as Et3N in a solvent such as CH2Cl2 at a temperature of 0°-80° C.

[0113] An alternate approach to the synthesis of compounds of formula I comprises the synthesis of the two halves of the molecule (AB and CD), followed by coupling of the two pieces i.e.:

A+B→AB

C+D→CD

AB+CD→ABCD

[0114] The synthesis of the AB fragment is the same as previously described. The CD fragment is synthesized as shown below.

[0115] Step 1

[0116] For Z-R2—(CH2)1-6—R2, C can be reacted with an aldehyde of the formula R2(CH2)1-5CHO in the presence of a reducing agent such as NaBH4, NaBH(OAc)3 or the like in a suitable solvent such as methanol, ethanol, dichloromethane or the like to give CD. Alternatively, C can be reacted with an alkylating agent R2—(CH2)1-6—X, in which X is a leaving group such as a halogen, mesylate or the like, in a solvent such as DMSO, DMF or the like, in the presence of a base to give CD.

[0117] For Z-R2═C(O)—R2, C can be coupled with an acid R2CO2H in the presence of a coupling agent such as EDC, DCC or PyBOP. Alternatively, the acid can be activated by conversion to the acid chloride or mixed anhydride and then reacted with the amine C to give CD.

[0118] Other reagents can also be utilized in a similar fashion to introduce Z-R2 including for example, sulfonyl halides, R2SO2X, or isocyanates of the formula R2NCO.

[0119] Compound CD is saponified in a mixed solvent such as a combination of EtOH or CH3OH and water, or a combination of THF, water, and CH3OH, using an alkali metal base such as LiOH or NaOH at a temperature of from 20 to 100° C. to give CD′.

[0120] Amine AB can be coupled to CD′ using a number of methods well known in the art, such as by using EDC, DCC or PyBOP. Alternatively, CD′ can be activated by conversion to the acid chloride or mixed anhydride and then reacted with the amine AB to give ABCD.

[0121] The starting material and reagents used in preparing compounds described are either available from commercial suppliers such as Aldrich Chemical Co. (Wisconsin, USA) and Acros Organics Co. (New Jersey, USA) or were prepared by literature methods known to those skilled in the art.

[0122] Compounds of formula I can be prepared by the general methods outlined above. Specifically exemplified compounds were prepared as described in the examples below, from starting materials known in the art or prepared as described below. These examples are being provided to further illustrate the present invention. They are for illustrative purposes only; the scope of the invention is not to be considered limited in any way thereby.

[0123] Unless otherwise stated, the following abbreviations have the stated meanings in the Examples below:

[0124] Me=methyl; Et=ethyl; Bu=butyl; Pr=propyl; Ph=phenyl; t-BOC=tert-butoxycarbonyl;

[0125] and Ac=acetyl

[0126] DCC=dicyclohexylcarbodiimide

[0127] DMAP=4-dimethylaminopyridine

[0128] DMF=dimethylformamide

[0129] EDCI=1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide

[0130] HOBT=1-hydroxybenzotriazole

[0131] NaBH(OAc)3=sodium triacetoxyborohydride

[0132] RT=room temperature

[0133] TFA=trifluoroacetic acid

[0134] THF=tetrahydrofuran

[0135] TEMPO=2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy, free radical

[0136] TLC=thin layer chromatography

[0137] HRMS=High Resolution Mass Spectrometry

[0138] LRMS=Low Resolution Mass Spectrometry

[0139] nM=nanomolar

[0140] Ki=Dissociation Constant for substrate/receptor complex

[0141] pA2=−logEC50, as defined by J. Hey, Eur. J. Pharmacol., (1995), Vol. 294, 329-335.

[0142] Ci/mmol=Curie/mmol (a measure of specific activity)

Preparation 1

[0143]

[0144] To a solution of 2-amino-4-methylpyridine (10.81 g, 100 mmol) in tert-butanol (250 ml) was added BOC anhydride (26.19 g, 120 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at RT overnight, concentrated—dry loaded on silica gel and flash chromatographed (from 30% hexanes/CH2Cl2 to 0-2% acetone/CH2Cl2) to produce 1 (15.25 g, 73.32 mmol; 73%) as a white solid.

[0145] To a −78° C. solution of 1 (35.96 g, 173 mmol) in THF (1.4 l) was added n-BuLi (272 ml of a 1.4 M solution in hexanes, 381 mmol) in portions over 30 min. The reaction mixture was then allowed to warm up and was stirred for 2 h at RT, resulting in the formation of an orange precipitate. The mixture was cooled back to −78° C., and pre-dried oxygen (passed through a Drierite column) was bubbled through the suspension for 6 h while the temperature was maintained at −78° C. Reaction mixture color changed to yellow during this time. The reaction was then quenched at −78° C. with (CH3)2S (51.4 ml, 700 mmol), followed by AcOH (22 ml, 384 mmol). The reaction mixture was allowed to warm up and was stirred for 48 h at RT. Dilution with water and extraction with EtOAc were followed by concentration and flash chromatography (0-15% acetone/CH2Cl2) to provide alcohol 2 (20.15 g, 90 mmol; 52%) as a pale yellow solid.

[0146] To a solution of alcohol 2 (19.15 g, 85.5 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (640 ml) was added a saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO3 (8.62 g, 103 mmol) and NaBr (444 mg, 4.3 mmol). The reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C., and TEMPO (140 mg, 0.90 mmol) was introduced. Upon vigorous stirring, commercial bleach solution (122 ml of 0.7 M, 85.4 mmol; 5.25% in NaOCl) was added in portions over 40 min. After an additional 20 min at 0° C., the reaction mixture was quenched with saturated aqueous Na2S2O3 and allowed to warm to RT. Dilution with water and extraction with CH2Cl2 were followed by concentration and flash chromatography (from 30% hexanes/CH2Cl2 to 0-2% acetone/CH2Cl2) to afford aldehyde 3 (15.97 g, 71.9 mmol; 84%) as an off-white solid.

[0147] To a solution of aldehyde 3 (11.87 g, 53.5 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (370 ml) was added ethyl isonipecotate (9.07 ml, 58.8 mmol) followed by 4 drops of AcOH. The reaction mixture was then stirred for 40 min at RT, after which NaBH(OAc)3 (22.68 g, 107 mmol) was introduced. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight at RT, neutralized with saturated aqueous NaHCO3, diluted with water and extracted with CH2Cl2. Concentration and flash chromatography (04% sat. NH3 in CH3OH/CH2Cl2) provided 4 (19.09 mg, 52.6 mmol; 98%) as an off-white solid.

[0148] Step 5:

[0149] To a solution of ester 4 (1.57 g, 4.33 mmol) in a 3:1:1 mixture of THF:water:CH3OH (10 ml) was added LiOH (0.125 g, 5.21 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred overnight at RT, concentrated and exposed to high vacuum to obtain crude acid Preparation 1 (1.59 g) as a yellowish solid which was used without purification.

Preparation 2

[0150]

[0151] To a solution of 5 (10 g, 79.4 mmol) and DMAP (0.029 g, 0.24 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (150 ml) at 0° C. was added phthaloyl dichloride (16.1 g, 79.4 mmol) dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred at RT overnight, then washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO3, water, dried and concentrated to give compound 6 as a yellow solid (20 g, 99.8%) which was used without further purification.

[0152] A solution of compound 6, NBS and benzoyl peroxide in CCl4 was refluxed at 80° C. for 5 h, cooled and stirred at RT overnight. The reaction was filtered and concentrated, and the residue was purified by flash column (30% EtOAc/Hexane) to obtain the desired compound 7.

[0153] Step 3:

[0154] Compound 7 (0.5 g, 1.5 mmol) and hydrazine (0.5 M in ethanol, 5 ml, 2.5 mmol) were combined and stirred at RT overnight. The reaction was diluted with water and extracted with CH2Cl2. The organic layer was dried, concentrated and the residue purified on a flash column (3% CH3OH in EtOAc) to give the title compound (0.2 g, 66%).

[0155] To a mixture of dialdehyde 19 (900 mg, 7.1 mmol) and guanidine hydrochloride (678 mg, 7.1 mmol) in absolute EtOH (20 ml) was added sodium ethoxide (483 mg, 7.1 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at 90° C. for 12 h, cooled to RT, concentrated-dry loaded on silica gel and flash chromatographed (0-10% CH3OH/20-30% acetone/CH2Cl2) to produce 20 (355 mg, 2.9 mmol; 41%) as a yellowish solid. Alternatively, 20 can be prepared according to the procedure described in JP Patent 63227573.

[0156] To a mixture of 20 (166 mg, 1.35 mmol), DMAP (17 mg, 0.14 mmol) and Et3N (418 μl, 3.00 mmol) in THF (10 ml) was added (BOC)2O (589 mg, 2.7 mmol). The mixture was stirred at RT for 5 h, concentrated-dry loaded on silica gel and flash chromatographed (1-3% acetone/CH2Cl2) to produce 21 (117 mg, 0.36 mmol; 27%) as a clear oil.

[0157] To a solution of aldehyde 21 (117 mg, 0.36 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (7 ml) was added ethyl isonipecotate (67 μl, 0.43 mmol) and AcOH (5 μl). 30 min. later, NaBH(OAc)3 (153 mg, 0.72 mmol) was introduced. The mixture was stirred overnight at RT, diluted with CH2Cl2, washed with aqueous NaHCO3, dried and concentrated, and the crude residue was flash chromatographed (0-4% sat. NH3 in CH3OH/CH2Cl2) to produce 22 (133 mg, 0.29 mmol; 81%) as a white film.

[0158] Step 4:

[0159] To a solution of 22 in a 3:1:1 mixture of THF:water: CH3OH (5 ml) was added LiOH (11 mg, 0.44 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred overnight at RT, concentrated to dryness and exposed to high vacuum to obtain Preparation 3 (134 mg) as a yellowish solid which was used without purification.

[0160] Using a similar procedure, but omitting Step 2, Preparation 3A is obtained.

[0161] Prep. 3B is prepared by substituting ethyl 4-(4-fluoropiperidine)carboxylate for ethyl isonipecotate. Ethyl 4-(4-fluoropiperidine)carboxylate is prepared according to the following procedure:

[0162] A solution of (a) (100 g, 0.389 mol) in THF (400 ml) was added dropwise over 1.0 h to a solution of LDA (233 ml, 2.0 M in THF/heptane/ethyl-benzene, 0.466 mol) in THF (300 ml) at 0° C. The solution was stirred at 0° C. for 30 min, and then transferred by cannula to a 0° C. solution of N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide (153 g, 0.485 mol) in dry THF (600 ml). The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 min, and then at 20° C. for 18 h. The total solvent volume was reduced to approximately one third, and EtOAc (1 l) was added. The solution was washed successively with water, 0.1 N aq. HCl, saturated aq. NaHCO3, and brine. The organic layer was dried over MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield a crude liquid. Separation by flash chromatography (6:1 hexanes-EtOAc) gave compound (b) (93.5 g, 87%). The BOC protecting group was removed using standard procedures known in the art.

[0163] A solution of indole 31 (10 g) and piperidone hydrochloride (19.7 g) in glacial AcOH (100 ml) and H3PO4 (40 ml of 1 M solution in water) was heated to 80° C. and stirred for 90 min. The reaction mixture was then poured into ice-cooled NH4OH (500 ml) and extracted thrice with EtOAc (200 ml) and twice with CH2Cl2 (200 ml). The organic extracts were combined and concentrated on the rotary evaporator to provide crude Preparation 4. Flash chromatography on silica gel, using 10-20% NH3 saturated CH3OH in CH2Cl2 as the eluant, provided pure Preparation 4.

[0164] Preparation 4A:

[0165] A solution of Preparation 4 (1.1 g) in CH3OH (100 ml) was treated with 10% Pd/C (250 mg) and ammonium formate (2.8 g) and refluxed overnight. The reaction mixture was filtered through celite. Concentration of the filtrate provided crude Preparation 4A.

[0166] In a similar manner, Preparations 4B, 4C, 4D and 4E were prepared:

[0167] 3,4 Pyridine-dicarboximide (10.0 g, 67.5 mmol) was dissolved in 10% aqueous NaOH (162 g) and the solution was cooled to an internal temperature of 7° C. in an ice-salt bath. Bromine (3.6 ml; 70 mmol) was added dropwise. After the addition, the solution was heated for 45 min at a bath temperature of 80-85° C. The yellow solution was then cooled to an internal temperature of 37° C., and glacial AcOH (17 ml) were added dropwise to a pH of 5.5. The resulting mixture was refrigerated overnight. The solid formed was filtered and washed with water (5 ml) and CH3OH (5 ml). The reaction yielded 6.35 g. of product, m.p. 280-285° C. (decomp.).

[0168] Solid compound 61 (9.5 g, 69 mmol) was carefully added in 3 aliquots to a slurry of LiAlH4 (9.5 g, 250 mmol) in dry THF (200 ml). The resulting hot mixture was stirred at RT for 2 days. After cooling in an ice bath, the reaction was quenched with careful sequential dropwise addition of water (10 ml), followed by 15% aqueous NaOH (10 ml), then by water (30 ml). The resulting solid was filtered through a pad of Celite and washed several times with THF. The oil obtained after evaporation of the solvent solidified on standing. The reaction mixture was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel using 5% CH3OH(NH3)/EtOAc as eluent, yielding 6.21 g (72%) of 62. LC-MS: m/z=125 (M+1).

[0169] MnO2 (29 g, 334 mmol) was added, in one portion, at RT, to a suspension of 3-amino-4-hydroxymethylpyridine (5.0 g, 40.3 mmol) in CHCl3 (500 ml) with good stirring. After 2 days, the solid was filtered through a pad of Celite and washed with CHCl3. Removal of the solvent using reduced pressure yielded 4.2 g (85%) of a yellow solid.

[0170] A dry solution of ethyl isonipecotate (12.5 g, 79.5 mmol) and the product of Step 3 (3.33 g, 27.3 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (400 ml) was stirred at RT for 1 h, then 60 g of activated 3A molecular sieves were added. The mixture was stirred for an additional 90 min, then NaHB(OAc)3 (20 g, 96.4 mmol) was added at RT in one portion. After stirring for 3 days, the solid was filtered through a pad of Celite and washed with CH2Cl2. The solution was stirred for 15 min with saturated aqueous NaHCO3 (100 ml), then separated from the aqueous layer. The organic layer was washed 2 more times with saturated aqueous NaHCO3, then with brine and dried with anhydrous Na2SO4. After evaporation of the solvent, the resulting oil was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel using EtOAc:Hexanes:CH3OH(NH3) [50:45:5] as eluent.

[0171] The procedure yielded 6.8 gr.(94%) of 64. FAB-MS: m/z=264 (M+1).

[0172] Step 5:

[0173] The product of Step 4 (4.75 g, 18.04 mmol) was stirred for 24 h at RT with LiOH monohydrate (1.51 g, 36 mmol) in CH3OH (75 ml). Removal of the solvent using reduced pressure yielded the title compound as a white solid.

[0174] (Modified published procedure: G. Heinisch, E. Luszczak, and M. Pailer: Monatshefte für Chemie, 1973 (104), 1372.

[0175] 65 (4.5 g, 47.8 mmoles), 66 (8.12 g, 76.5 mmoles), and anhydrous ZnCl2 were heated, under N2, in a dry apparatus, at a bath temperature of 160° C. for 5 h. The resulting oil was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel using 30% Hexanes/EtOAc, yielding 5.92 grams (67%) of 67.

[0176] Step 2:

[0177] OSO4 (5.0 ml in t-butanol, 2.5% w/w) was added to 67 (5.9 g, 32.38 mmoles) dissolved in p-dioxane (87 ml) and water (29 ml). NalO4 (14.1 g, 65.92 mmoles) was added, with good stirring, in small portions, over a period of 6 h. The mixture was then diluted with p-dioxane and filtered. After removing most of the solvent under reduced pressure, the residue was taken in CH2Cl2 (600 ml) and dried over anhydrous Na2SO4. After removal of the solvent, the mixture was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel using 5% CH3OH/CH2Cl2 as eluent to obtain Preparation 6. Yield: 2.89 g (82%).

[0178] A solution of 68 (50 g, 0.41 mol) in CH3OH (300 ml) was cooled to 0° C. and carefully treated with NaBH4 (20 g, 0.53 mol in 6 batches) over 20 min. The reaction was then allowed to warm to 20° C. and was stirred for 4 h. The mixture was again cooled to 0° C., carefully quenched with saturated aqueous NH4Cl, and concentrated. Flash chromatography (5-10% 7N NH3—CH3OH/CH2Cl2) provided 69 (31 g, 62%) as a light yellow solid.

[0179] Step 2: A slurry of 69 (31 g, 0.25 mol) in CH2Cl2 (500 ml) was cooled to 0° C. and slowly treated with SOCl2 (55 ml, 0.74 mol over 30 min). The reaction was then stirred overnight at 20° C. The material was concentrated, slurried in acetone, and then filtered. The resulting beige solid Preparation 7 was dried overnight in vacuo (38.4 g, 52%, HCl salt).

EXAMPLE 1

[0180]

[0181] Preparation 1 (1.85 g, 5.43 mmol), Preparation 4E (1.0 g, 3.62 mmol), DEC (1.04 g, 5.43 mmol), HOBT (0.73 g, 5.43 mmol) and DMF/CH2Cl2 (1:1, 30 ml) were combined and stirred at RT overnight. The reaction was diluted with CH2Cl2 and washed with 0.5 N NaOH, water, brine, and dried (Na2SO4). Concentration gave a residue that was triturated with ether to give 11 (2.0 g, 93%). M.S. (M+H)=594.

[0182] Step 2:

[0183] Compound 11 (0.18 g, 0.3 mmol) was stirred at RT in a 1:1 mixture of TFA:CH2Cl2 (4 ml) for 2.5 h. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue taken up in CH2Cl2 and washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO3. The organic layer was dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated to give a residue that was purified by flash column chromatography (SiO2, 15% CH3OH in EtOAc) to give the title compound (0.14 g, 94%). MS (M+H)=494.

[0184] Using a similar procedure and the appropriate starting material of the formula

[0185] wherein Q is O or S, prepared as described in J. Heterocyclic Chem., 30 (1993), p. 445, compounds of the following structure are prepared:

[0186] wherein Q and R are as defined in the table

1Ex.QRMS (M + 1)1AO

5131BO—CH34511CS—CH34671DS—C(O)—O—CH2CH35251EOH427

Example 2

[0187]

[0188] To a solution of Example 1 (0.1 g, 0.2 mmol) in DMF (5 ml) at 0° C. was added NaH (0.016 g, 0.4 mmol). The reaction was stirred at 0° C. for 15 min and at RT for 45 min. Benzyl bromide (0.34 g, 0.2 mmol) was added and the reaction stirred for 2 h. The reaction was diluted with EtOAc and washed with saturated aqueous NH4Cl, water and brine. The organic layer was dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated to give a residue that was purified on a flash column (10% CH3OH in EtOAc) to give the title compound (0.02 g, 17%). MS (M+H)=584.

[0189] In a similar manner to the procedure of Example 2, the following compounds were obtained:

2StartingMSEx.MaterialProductYield(M + H)A

67%602B

72%585C

15%620D

61%585

EXAMPLE 3

[0190]

[0191] A solution of 11 (0.2 g, 0.34 mmol) in CH2Cl2/DMF (1:1, 10 ml) at 0° C. was treated with Et3N (0.1 g) and dimethylsulfamoyl chloride (0.097 g, 0.68 mmol). The reaction was warmed to RT and stirred overnight. Additional dimethylsulfamoyl chloride and Et3N was added and the reaction heated at 50° C. for 6 h. The reaction was cooled and concentrated, and the residue purified on a flash column (SiO2, EtOAc to 5% CH3OH in EtOAc) to give 12 (0.08 g, 34%). MS (M+H)=701.

[0192] Step 2:

[0193] In a manner similar to that described in Example 1, Step 2, 12 (0.08 g, 0.11 mmol) was converted to the title compound (0.06 g, 100%). MS (M+H)=601.

EXAMPLE 4

[0194]

[0195] A solution of 13 (5.07 g, 35 mmol of HCl salt which was converted to the free base by treatment with NH3 saturated CH3OH) and 14 (4.25 g, 35 mmol) in EtOH (10 mol) was heated to 80° C. for 2 h. The reaction was cooled and the solvent removed in vacuo to give a yellow solid, which was washed with cold EtOH to give 15 (6.9 g, 94%). MS (M+H)=212.

[0196] Compound 15 (1.86 g, 8.8 mmol) and polyphosphoric acid (30 g) were heated to 110° C. for 6 h. The reaction was cooled to RT and stirred overnight. The reaction was cooled to 0° C., neutralized with 10% aqueous NaOH and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic extracts were washed with water and brine and dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated to give 16 (1.1 g, 64%). MS (M+H)=195.

[0197] To a solution of 16 (1.6 g, 8.24 mmol) in AcOH (30 ml) at 80° C. was added 4-piperidone hydrochloride (3.7 g, 23.9 mmol) and H3PO4 (10 ml). The reaction was stirred at this temperature for 72 h and at 100° C. for 24 h. The reaction was cooled to RT and poured into ice/NH4OH and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were washed with water and brine, dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated. The residue was purified on a flash column (20% EtOAc in hexane to 10% CH3OH/NH3 in CH2Cl2) to give 17 (0.5 g, 44% based on recovered starting material). MS (M+H)=276.

[0198] Compound 17 (0.5 g, 1.8 mmol), 10% Pd/C (0.05 g), and NH4CHO2 (0.92 g, 14.5 mmol) were combined in CH3OH (20 ml) and heated to reflux overnight. The reaction was cooled, filtered through celite, and the filter cake washed with additional CH3OH. The solvent was concentrated to give 18 (0.6 g, >100%) which was used without further purification. MS (M+H)=278.

[0199] Step 5:

[0200] In a manner similar to that described in Example 1, steps 1 and 2, 18 (0.6 g, 2.2 mmol) was converted to the title compound (0.08 g, 72% over two steps). MS (M+H)=495.

EXAMPLE 5

[0201]

[0202] In a manner similar to that described in Example 2, the compound of Example 4 (0.12 g, 0.24 mmol) was converted to the title compound (0.05 g, 36%). MS spectrum (M+H)=586.

EXAMPLE 6

[0203]

[0204] Compound 23 (0.08 g, 0.13 mmol), 3,5-difluorophenylboronic acid (0.04 g, 0.26 mmol), Cu(OAc)2 (0.005 g, 0.026 mmol), TEMPO (0.023 g, 0.143 mmol), pyridine (0.021 g, 0.26 mmol) and 3 A molecular sieves (0.1 g) were combined in CH2Cl2 (10 ml) and heated to reflux overnight. The CH2Cl2 was removed in vacuo, DMF (5 ml) was added and the reaction heated to 70° C. for 7 h. The reaction was cooled to RT and stirred for 48 h. The solvent was removed and the residue purified using flash chromatography (SiO2, 3% CH3OH in EtOAc) to give 24 (0.031 g, 33%). MS (M+H)=725.

[0205] Step 2:

[0206] In a manner similar to that described in Example 1, Step 4, 24 (0.031 g) was converted to the title compound (0.02 g). MS (M+H)=625.

[0207] Using the appropriate starting material and the procedures of Examples 4 and 5, the following compounds were prepared:

3MSEx.Product(M + H)6A

6056B

5136C

6046D

6236E

6066F

6086G

5876H

6206I

6196J

4796K

6226L

5096M

5516N

4966O

5276P

6186Q

4366R

495

EXAMPLE 7 AND 7A

[0208]

[0209] A mixture of 25 (10 g, 51.2 mmol) and the piperidone HCl salt (8 g, 51.2 mmol) in AcOH (100 ml) and H3PO4 (40 ml of 1 M solution in water) was refluxed for 2 days. The reaction mixture was then concentrated in vacuo, partitioned between EtOAc (200 ml) and water (100 ml) and basified with KOH. The organic layer was isolated, washed with brine and dried with anhydrous Na2SO4. Concentration in vacuo provided crude 26 which was purified by flash chromatography on a silica gel column, eluting with 5% CH3OH in CH2Cl2 (with 0.5% saturated aqueous NH4OH). Pure 26 was obtained (2.5 g, 18% yield) as a light brown solid.

[0210] 26 (1.15 g) was coupled with Preparation 1 with EDC under standard amide-coupling conditions. After work up, flash chromatography over silica gel using 5% CH3OH in CH2Cl2 with 0.5% saturated aqueous NH4OH as eluant provided pure 28 (1.5 g, 60% yield). HCl deprotection of the pyridine amine provided, quantitatively, the title compound. MS (ES) m/e=488 (MH+).

[0211] Starting from Preparation 4B, the following compound was made in a similar manner to Example 7:

EXAMPLE 8

[0212]

[0213] 26 (1.4 g) was dissolved in EtOH, treated with Pd(OH)2 (0.1 g), acidified with HCl (12N, 1 ml) and stirred under a hydrogen atmosphere supplied by a balloon for 60 h. The reaction mixture was then filtered through celite and concentrated to provide 29.

[0214] 29 (0.8 g) was coupled with Preparation 1 under standard amide-coupling conditions to provide 30 (1.1 g, 64% yield), as an off-white solid after flash chromatography over silica gel (5% CH3OH in CH2Cl2 with 0.5% saturated aqueous NH4OH). HCl deprotection of the pyridine amine provided, quantitatively, the title compound as an off-white solid. MS (ES) m/e=490 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 9

[0215]

[0216] Starting from Preparation 4A, the title compound was made in a manner similar to Example 7. MS (ES) m/e=418 (MH+).

EXAMPLES 10, 10A, 10B AND 10C

[0217]

[0218] A solution of isopropylamine (59 mg, 1 mmol) in toluene (10 ml), at RT was treated with trimethylaluminum (2.0 M solution in toluene, 2 mmol) and stirred at RT for 30 min, whereupon compound 28 (0.21 g, 0.35 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was heated to 80° C., stirred overnight at that temperature and then cooled to RT and carefully quenched with saturated aqueous Na2SO4. After the bubbling of hydrogen had ceased, solid Na2SO4 was added to absorb water. Filtration through a filter paper and concentration in vacuo provided crude Example 10 and 33. The entire product mixture was treated with HCl (1.5 N CH3OH/dioxane) and stirred at 60° C. for 2 h. The mixture was then concentrated in vacuo and run through a silica gel flash column (10% CH3OH in CH2Cl2 with 0.5% saturated aqueous NH4OH). Two products were obtained:

[0219] Example 10 (45 mg, off-white solid) MS (ES) m/e=586 (MH+); and

[0220] Example 10A (7 mg, light-orange solid) MS (ES) m/e=501 (MH+).

[0221] In a similar manner, using 28 and commercially available 1-methyl-4-(methylamino)piperidine, Example 10B was prepared:

[0222] In a similar manner, using 28 (only the t-butyl carbamate portion of the molecule, and not the ester, reacted with the amine) and commercially available 2-aminopyridine, Example 10C was prepared:

EXAMPLES 11 AND 11A

[0223]

[0224] A solution of 32 (0.2 g, 0.38 mmol) in DMF (5 ml) at RT was treated with NaH (0.12 g, 60% dispersion in mineral oil) and stirred for 30 min. 3-Picolyl chloride (0.38 mmol, HCl salt) was then added and the resulting mixture stirred overnight. CH2Cl2 (20 ml) was then added to solubilize the substrate and the mixture stirred over the weekend. The reaction was then quenched with saturated aqueous Na2SO4 until the bubbling of hydrogen ceased and dried with solid Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product mixture was taken up in 2 N HCl (CH3OH/dioxane), stirred for 2 h at 60° C. and concentrated in vacuo. Silica gel prep plate separation (10% CH3OH in CH2Cl2 with 0.3% saturated aqueous NH4OH) afforded Example 11A (40 mg) as an off-white solid (MS (ES) m/e=509 (MH+)) and Example 11 (22 mg) as an off-white solid (MS (ES) m/e=600 (MH+)).

[0225] Using 32 and 2-picolyl chloride in a procedure similar to Example 11, the following compound was prepared:

EXAMPLE 12

[0226]

[0227] A solution of 30 (1.1 g) in dioxane/H2O (12:1, 25 ml) was treated with LiOH.H2O (0.3 g) and stirred overnight at 70° C. Concentration in vacuo provided crude 35 that was used in the next step without further purification. 35 (0.27 g) was coupled with isopropyl amine, using EDC under standard amide-coupling conditions, to provide crude 36. Separation on a silica gel prep plate (10% CH3OH in CH2Cl2 with 0.25% saturated aqueous NH4OH) provided pure 36. Cleavage of the BOC-protecting group with HCl provided the title compound (90 mg, HCl salt) as an off-white solid. MS (ES) m/e=503 (MH+).

[0228] Using the appropriate amine in the procedure of Example 12, the compounds of the following structure were prepared:

[0229] wherein R is as defined in the table

4Ex.RPhysical Data12A—C(O)—NH—CH3MS (ES) m/e = 475 (MH+)12B—C(O)—NH—CH2CH3MS (ES) m/e = 489 (MH+)12C

MS (ES) m/e = 616 (MH+)12D

MS (ES) m/e = 572 (MH+)

EXAMPLE 13

[0230]

[0231] Example 13 was prepared using Preparation 4B and 2-picolyl chloride in a procedure similar to Example 12. MS (ES) m/e=521 (MH+).

[0232] Using Preparation 4B or Preparation 4C and the appropriate halide, the following compounds were prepared in a manner similar to Example 13:

[0233] wherein R is as defined in the table

5OptionalDoubleEx.R8BondPhysical Data13A

presentMS (ES) m/e = 520 (MH+)13BCF3—(CH2)3—presentMS (ES) m/e = 540 (MH+)13CCH3—CH2—presentMS (ES) m/e = 458 (MH+)13D

absentMS (ES) m/e = 523 (MH+)13EHabsentMS (ES) m/e = 432 (MH+)13F

100

absentMS (ES) m/e = 523 (MH+)

EXAMPLE 14

[0234]

101

102

[0235] A solution of Preparation 4 (4.5 g, 22.6 mmol) in CH3OH (100 ml) was treated with BOC2O (9.9 g, 45.2 mmol) and stirred overnight. Concentration to dryness and purification by flash chromatography on silica gel using 7% NH3 saturated CH3OH in CH2Cl2 provided clean 37. A solution of 37 (2.5 g, 8.4 mmol) in DMF (15 ml) at 0° C. was treated with 3 mole equivalents of NaH and stirred for ten minutes at 0° C. and 45 min at RT. One mole equivalent of CH3I was added and the mixture stirred overnight.

[0236] The mixture was then concentrated and partitioned between NH4Cl saturated water (100 ml) and EtOAc (100 ml). The organic layer was isolated and concentrated to provide crude 38 (2.3 g), which was converted to 39 in similar manner to 29.

[0237] All of 39 was taken up in CH2Cl2 (50 ml) and treated successively with silica gel (15 ml), and N-bromosuccinimide (0.3 g, 1.6 mmol) in the dark and stirred at RT for 1.5 h. Filtration through a fritted funnel and concentration provided crude 40 which was purified on a silica gel flash column, eluting with 20% EtOAc in hexane.

[0238] A mixture of 40 (0.45 g, 1.14 mmol), 3-fluorophenyl boronic acid (176 mg, 1.26 mmol), Ba(OH)2.8H2O (0.54 g, 1.7 mmol) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)-palladium(0) (26 mg, 0.022 mmol) in dimethoxyethane/H2O (2:1, 100 ml) was refluxed for 4 h. and then concentrated in vacuo. The crude product mixture was partitioned between CH2Cl2 (100 ml) and water (75 ml). The organic layer was isolated and dried with MgSO4. Separation on silica gel prep plates using hexane/EtOAc (9:1) as eluant provided pure 41 (0.4 g). HCl cleavage of the BOC-protecting group gave amine 42 that was converted to the title compound in a similar manner to Example 7. MS (ES) m/e=526 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 15

[0239]

103

[0240] With the piperidine amine protected with a BOC group, the indole nitrogen of 29 was deprotonated with NaHMDS in DMF and alkylated with CH3I. HCl-deprotection of the resulting intermediate provided 43. Standard amide-coupling of 43 and Preparation 3A gave the title compound. MS (ES) m/e=505 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 16

[0241]

104

[0242] The title compound was obtained by standard amide-coupling of Preparation 4B to Preparation 3. MS (ES) m/e=431 (MH+).

105

EXAMPLE 17

[0243]

106

[0244] A solution of 44 (225 mg, 0.42 mmol), obtained by amide-coupling of Preparation 4C and 28 in DMF (3 ml) at 0° C. was treated with NaH (51 mg, 1.3 mmol) and stirred at 0° C. for 10 min and at RT for 30 min. CH3I (0.43 mmol) was then added and the resulting mixture stirred overnight at RT. The reaction mixture was then concentrated in vacuo and partitioned between saturated aqueous NH4Cl (30 ml) and CH2Cl2 (50 ml). Concentration and flash chromatography on silica gel (2% NH3 saturated CH3OH in CH2Cl2) provided the N,N′-dimethyl amine precursor of the title compound (48 mg). Cleavage of the BOC group with TFA provided the title compound. MS (ES) m/e=460 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 18

[0245]

107

[0246] A mixture of 45 (2.1 g, 10 mmol), BOC-piperidone (3.4 g, 17 mmol) and KOH (0.28 g, 5 mmol) in CH3OH (150 ml) was refluxed for eight days. The reaction mixture was then concentrated in vacuo, partitioned between water (50 ml) and CH2Cl2 (100 ml), and acidified with AcOH. The organic layer was isolated and concentrated to provide crude 46. Cleavage of the BOC group with HCl provided 47. Standard amide-coupling of 47 to 48 (Prep. 3B) using EDC provided the title compound. MS (ES) m/e=526 (MH+).

EXAMPLE 19

[0247]

108

109

[0248] 4-Fluoro aniline (13.3 g, 120 mmol) and 1-benzyl-4-piperidone (18.9 g, 100 mmol) were stirred at RT, under N2, in dry CH2Cl2 (120 ml) for 4 h. NaHB(OAc)3 (32 g, 151 mmoles) was then added and the mixture stirred at RT for 60 h. After dilution with CH2Cl2 (100 ml), the solution was stirred for 30 min. with saturated aqueous NaHCO3. The aqueous layer was separated and extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic solutions were washed with brine and dried over anhydrous Na2SO4. The reaction mixture was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel using 30% EtOAc/Hexanes as eluent, followed by 50% EtOAc/Hexanes, then by 20% Hexanes/EtOAc. Yield: 22.13 g. (78%). MS: m/z=285 (M+1).

110

[0249] 4 M HCl in p-dioxane (20 ml, 80 mmol) was added to a precooled solution (ice bath) of 49 (4.06 g, 14.28 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (80 ml). To the resulting mixture were added, dropwise with good stirring, NaNO2 (1.97 g, 28.6 mmol) dissolved in water (10 ml). After the addition, the mixture was stirred in the ice bath for another 3 h, then made basic with saturated aqueous NaHCO3 and stirred at RT for an additional 30 min. After separating the organic layer, the aqueous layer was extracted with CH2Cl2. The organic layers were combined, washed with brine and dried over anhydrous Na2SO4. The reaction mixture was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel using 20% EtOAc/Hexanes as eluent. Yield: 3.0 g (67%). MS: m/z=314 (M+1).

111

[0250] A dry THF solution (25 ml) of 50 (3.0 g, 9.6 mmol) was added, slowly, dropwise, under N2 to a pre-cooled (ice bath) slurry of LiAlH4 (0.76 g, 20 mmol) in dry THF (30 ml). After the addition, the mixture was allowed to warm up and was stirred at RT for 15 h. The mixture was then cooled again in an ice bath and the reaction was quenched by adding, dropwise under N2, water (1.0 ml), then aqueous NaOH (1.0 ml of 15%), followed by 3.0 ml of water. The resulting solid was filtered through a pad of “Celite” and washed several times with THF. The reaction mixture was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel using 50% EtOAc/Hexanes as eluent. Yield: 1.95 g. (66%). MS: m/z=300 (M+1).

112

[0251] Neat 2-acetyl pyridine (0.73 g, 6.0 mmol) and 51 (1.0 g, 3.34 mmol) were heated in a pressure tube at a bath temperature of 140° C. for 19 h. The reaction mixture was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel using 20% EtOAc/Hexanes as eluent. Yield: 1.09 g. (81%). MS: m/z=403 (M+1).

113

[0252] Trifluoroacetic anhydride (0.37 ml, 2.6 mmol) was added dropwise, under N2, to a dry THF solution of 52 (0.816 g, 2.03 mmol) precooled in an ice bath. After the addition, the solution was stirred at 0° C. for 90 min, then heated to reflux for 5 h. After removing the solvent using reduced pressure, the residue was treated with saturated aqueous NaHCO3 and extracted with CH2Cl2. The organic extracts were combined, washed with brine and dried over anhydrous Na2SO4. The reaction mixture was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel using 15% EtOAc/Hexanes as eluent. Yield: 0.56 g. (71%). MS: m/z=386 (M+1).

114

[0253] 1-chloroethyl chloroformate (0.42 g, 3.9 mmol) was added, under N2, at RT, to a solution of 53 (0.5 g, 1.3 mmol) dissolved in 1,2-dichloroethane (10 ml). The solution was then refluxed for 2 h, cooled to RT, CH3OH (5.0 ml) was added, and the solution refluxed again for 90 min. After removing the solvent with reduced pressure, the reaction mixture was purified by preparative TLC using 10% CH3OH(NH3)/EtOAc as eluent. Yield: 0.23 g. (59%). MS: m/z=296 (M+1).

[0254] Step 7:

[0255] 54 (92 mg, 1.58 mmol), Preparation 5 (113 mg, 0.47 mmol), EDC.HCl (0.105 mg, 0.55 mmol), and HOBT (74 mg, 0.55 mmol) were stirred at RT in dry DMF (2.0 ml) for 2 days. The reaction was quenched with 0.5 N aqueous NaOH (5.0 ml), then the solution was extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined extracts were washed with brine and dried over anhydrous Na2SO4. The title compound was isolated by preparative TLC on silica gel using EtOAc:Hexanes:CH3OH(NH3) (70:25:5) as eluent. Yield: 82 mg. (51%). MS: m/z=513 (M+1).

[0256] Using a similar procedure, the following compounds were prepared:

115

[0257] Ex. 19E: MS: m/z=517 (M+1).

[0258] Using the appropriate starting materials and the appropriate procedures shown above, the following compounds were made:

116

[0259] wherein R, R8 and R2 are as defined in the table:

6DataEx.RR8YR2MS (M + H)20

117

118

—C(O)—

119

67421

120

121

—C(O)—

122

71022

123

124

—C(O)—

125

81023

126

Hbond

127

46624

128

CH3CH2——C(O)—

129

55125

130

131

—C(O)—

132

67826

133

134

—C(O)—

135

76627

136

137

—C(O)—

138

57428

139

140

—C(O)—

141

60729

142

H—C(O)—

143

520

EXAMPLE 30

[0260]

144

[0261] A mixture of indoline carboxylic acid 55 (10 g, 6.1 mmol) and amine 56, HCl salt (5.97 g, 6.1 mmol) in DMF (100 ml) was treated with EDC (9.15 mmol), HOBT (6.1 mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (2 ml) at RT and stirred overnight. The reaction mixture was then concentrated under vacuum, partitioned between water (100 ml) and CH2Cl2 (100 ml) and basified with NaHCO3. The organic layer was isolated, dried and concentrated to provide crude 57. All of 57 was dissolved in AcOH (100 ml) and treated successively with BOC-piperidone (6.1 mmol) and Na(OAc)3BH (12.2 mmol) and stirred at RT overnight. The reaction mixture was then partitioned between water (300 ml) and CH2Cl2 (200 ml) and basified with NaOH. The organic layer was isolated, washed with brine and dried with crystalline Na2SO4. Concentration under vacuum provided crude 58, quantitatively, as an off white solid. HCl cleavage of the BOC group provided 59. Using standard amide coupling techniques as described above, 59 was converted to the title compound. MS (M+1)=508.

[0262] Using the appropriate indolene starting materials in a similar procedure, the following compounds were prepared:

145

[0263] General Procedure for H1 Receptor Binding Assay

[0264] The source of the H3 receptors in this experiment was guinea pig brain. The animals weighed 400-600 g. The brain tissue was homogenized with a solution of 50 mM Tris, pH 7.5. The final concentration of tissue in the homogenization buffer was 10% w/v. The homogenates were centrifuged at 1,000×g for 10 min. in order to remove clumps of tissue and debris. The resulting supernatants were then centrifuged at 50,000×g for 20 min. in order to sediment the membranes, which were next washed three times in homogenization buffer (50,000×g for 20 min. each). The membranes were frozen and stored at −70° C. until needed.

[0265] All compounds to be tested were dissolved in DMSO and then diluted into the binding buffer (50 mM Tris, pH 7.5) such that the final concentration was 2 μg/ml with 0.1% DMSO. Membranes were then added (400 μg of protein) to the reaction tubes. The reaction was started by the addition of 3 nM [3H]R-α-methyl histamine (8.8 Ci/mmol) or 3 nM [3H]Nα-methyl histamine (80 Ci/mmol) and continued under incubation at 30° C. for 30 min. Bound ligand was separated from unbound ligand by filtration, and the amount of radioactive ligand bound to the membranes was quantitated by liquid scintillation spectrometry. All incubations were performed in duplicate and the standard error was always less than 10%. Compounds that inhibited more than 70% of the specific binding of radioactive ligand to the receptor were serially diluted to determine a Ki (nM).

[0266] Compounds of formula I have a Ki within the range of about 1 to about 1000 nM. Preferred compounds of formula I have a Ki within the range of about 1 to about 100 nM. More preferred compounds of formula I have a Ki within the range of about 1 to about 20 nM. The compound of Example 5 has a Ki of 1.50 nM.

[0267] In this specification, the term “at least one compound of formula I” means that one to three different compounds of formula I may be used in a pharmaceutical composition or method of treatment. Preferably one compound of formula I is used. Similarly, “at least one H1 receptor antagonist” means that one to three different H, antagonists may be used in a pharmaceutical composition or method of treatment.

[0268] Preferably, one H, antagonist is used.

[0269] For preparing pharmaceutical compositions from the compounds described by this invention, inert, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers can be either solid or liquid. Solid form preparations include powders, tablets, dispersible granules, capsules, cachets and suppositories. The powders and tablets may be comprised of from about 5 to about 95 percent active ingredient. Suitable solid carriers are known in the art, e.g. magnesium carbonate, magnesium stearate, talc, sugar or lactose. Tablets, powders, cachets and capsules can be used as solid dosage forms suitable for oral administration. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and methods of manufacture for various compositions may be found in A. Gennaro (ed.), The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 20th Edition, (2000), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Md.

[0270] Liquid form preparations include solutions, suspensions and emulsions. As an example may be mentioned water or water-propylene glycol solutions for parenteral injection or addition of sweeteners and opacifiers for oral solutions, suspensions and emulsions. Liquid form preparations may also include solutions for intranasal administration.

[0271] Aerosol preparations suitable for inhalation may include solutions and solids in powder form, which may be in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, such as an inert compressed gas, e.g. nitrogen.

[0272] Also included are solid form preparations which are intended to be converted, shortly before use, to liquid form preparations for either oral or parenteral administration. Such liquid forms include solutions, suspensions and emulsions.

[0273] The compounds of the invention may also be deliverable transdermally. The transdermal compositions can take the form of creams, lotions, aerosols and/or emulsions and can be included in a transdermal patch of the matrix or reservoir type as are conventional in the art for this purpose.

[0274] Preferably the compound is administered orally.

[0275] Preferably, the pharmaceutical preparation is in a unit dosage form. In such form, the preparation is subdivided into suitably sized unit doses containing appropriate quantities of the active component, e.g., an effective amount to achieve the desired purpose.

[0276] The quantity of active compound in a unit dose of preparation may be varied or adjusted from about 1 mg to about 150 mg, preferably from about 1 mg to about 75 mg, more preferably from about 1 mg to about 50 mg, according to the particular application.

[0277] The actual dosage employed may be varied depending upon the requirements of the patient and the severity of the condition being treated. Determination of the proper dosage regimen for a particular situation is within the skill of the art. For convenience, the total daily dosage may be divided and administered in portions during the day as required.

[0278] The amount and frequency of administration of the compounds of the invention and/or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof will be regulated according to the judgment of the attending clinician considering such factors as age, condition and size of the patient as well as severity of the symptoms being treated. A typical recommended daily dosage regimen for oral administration can range from about 1 mg/day to about 300 mg/day, preferably 1 mg/day to 75 mg/day, in two to four divided doses.

[0279] When the invention comprises a combination of H3 antagonist and H1 antagonist compounds, the two active components may be co-administered simultaneously or sequentially, or a single pharmaceutical composition comprising a H3 antagonist and an H1 antagonist in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier can be administered. The components of the combination can be administered individually or together in any conventional dosage form such as capsule, tablet, powder, cachet, suspension, solution, suppository, nasal spray, etc. The dosage of the H1 antagonist can be determined from published material, and may range from 1 to 1000 mg per dose. When used in combination, the dosage levels of the individual components are preferably lower than the recommended individual dosages because of the advantageous effect of the combination.

[0280] When separate H3 and H1 antagonist pharmaceutical compositions are to be administered, they can be provided in a kit comprising in a single package, one container comprising an H3 antagonist in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and a separate container comprising an H1 antagonist in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, with the H3 and H1 antagonists being present in amounts such that the combination is therapeutically effective. A kit is advantageous for administering a combination when, for example, the components must be administered at different time intervals or when they are in different dosage forms.

[0281] While the present invention has been described in conjunction with the specific embodiments set forth above, many alternatives, modifications and variations thereof will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. All such alternatives, modifications and variations are intended to fall within the spirit and scope of the present invention.

Indole derivatives useful as histamine H3 antagonists

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